SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District

Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

AR 6902- HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING

KEY NOTES- Regulation 2013

UNIT - 1

1. Define Settlement.
The concept of human settlements to consist of several elements like - housing,
building, planning and the relationship of these and such other activities as
environmental change and national and international development.

2. Define Human Settlement.

Human settlements mean the totality of the human community -whether city,
town or village -with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural
elements that sustain it.

The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to

which these elements provide the material support.

The physical components comprise of shelter, infrastructure & Services.

3. Define Ekistics.

 The science of human settlements

 Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design
 Involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a view to geography
and ecology —the physical environment —and human psychology and
anthropology, and cultural, political, and occasionally aesthetics. coined by
Constantin’s Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.
4. List out the elements of Human Settlements.

5. What is the role of Nature as an element of Human settlement?

The key element of human settlement or Ekistics is nature. This element decides
the form, structure and entire fabric of the settlement. Nature is part of its
geographical condition of the place. This also includes the Flora & Fauna of the
place and the eco system of the settlement.
6. What is the role of Man as an element of Human settlement?
The man or the Anthropos of the settlement are key user of the place. This
element or they decide the entire development of the settlement. Humans forms
the cluster, cluster forms the community, community forms the society. Humans
are the key element or content in the container called nature & Shell.

7. What is the role of Society as an element of Human settlement?

Group or cluster of people, shell or shelter forms the society. This society decides
the socio, economic & political nature of the settlement. These three factors tell
about the nature of the settlement and eco-system of the place.

8. What is the role of Shell as an element of Human settlement?

The shell is the second container of the human settlement. This holds all the
building typology ranging from public to private with different uses. These are one
of the key elements for the proper functioning of the entire settlement or the
place.

9. What is the role of Network as an element of Human settlement?

This is one of the key and young elements among five. This is something which
keeps the society young and vibrant. These networks include road, electricity,
water and sanitation. These are the key factors which makes the settlement to run
or function properly. If these networks are not updated regularly, the place will
start decaying by itself.
10. What is a Town?
As per the census of India, if a place has to be termed as town it should have the
following requirements.
 Population up to one lakh.
 75% of its population should be working in Non-Agricultural Fields.
 Density should be 800 ppl per Sq.Km.

11. List out the classification of Polis with respect to population.

12. What is Dynapolis?

 First expansion of the urban settlement.
 30 miles in diameter.
 All part of the land it covers is not sterilized.
 The microorganisms in the soil no longer exist.
 The original animal inhabitants have largely been banished.
 Rivers are foul and the atmosphere is polluted.
 Climate and micro climate have retro grassed.

13. What is Megapolis?

Mega polis is settlement with population up to 150 million. These are resultant of
conurbation of different cities and towns of varies scales.

14. What is Ecumenopolis?

The whole Earth will be covered by one human settlement.
16. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Location.
 Urban
 Rural
 Peri-urban
 villages

17. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Resource.

18. List out the classification of Human settlement based on Population.

CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE NO OF EXPLANATION

POPULATION
Anthropos 1 Human as an individual is described as Anthropos
Room 2 persons Social, psychological and sexual relationship arising in
this category
House (Single family) 5 persons Isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or
families in it. It would have negligible service.
House Groups (hamlet) 40 A hamlet has a tiny population of less than 100 with
few buildings and very few or no services.
Small 250 A village is a human settlement or community that is
Neighbourhood(village) larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town. A village
generally does not have many services, most likely a
church or only a small shop or post office.
Polis (City) 75,000 large population and many services
Metropolis 4 million It is a large city and its suburbs consisting of multiple
cities and towns.
Conurbation 10 million A group of large cities and their suburbs, consisting of
three to ten million people.
Megalopolis 150 million A group of conurbations, consisting of more than ten
million people each. Scale of megapolis would be
1,000 sq.km
Ecumenopolis 50,000 million The entire area of Earth that is taken up by human
settlements

19. List out the classification of Human settlement based on occupational structure.
 Port town
 Industrial town
 Market town
 Tech City
 SEZ

20. What is the significance of Human studies?

The human studies are a key area understanding of the anthropology of any
given place.
This subject or area of study will give us a better understanding on the evolution of
the place.
This will give a better understanding of the logics behind each element of the
place. Human studies also help us to understand the positive and negative
changes happened to the place.
 UNIT-II FORM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

1. Sketch the structure of Human Settlement.

A settlement pattern means the shape of a settlement. The shape of early
settlements was usually influenced by the surrounding landscape. Originally,
people built their homes together for: companionship, safety and to share
services. Over a long period of time, many villages grow as more people want to
live in them. This creates a distinct shape or pattern of land use:

2. List out the various forms of Human settlement

 Nucleated
 Linear
 Dispersed
 Grid iron
 Radical
 Circular
 Fan shaped

3. Sketch a Linear Human Settlement with an Example.

4. Sketch a Non-Linear Human Settlement with an Example.

5. Sketch a Circular Human Settlement with an Example.

6. List out any 2 factors influencing the growth and decay of the settlement.
 Migration
 Pressure on infrastructure
 Lack of land
 Lack of services
 Lack of open spaces
 Lack of social security
 Decrease in economy
7. Outline any 2 reasons for development of a settlement.
 New economy growth
 New investments
 Development of new policies and schemes
 Heritage, culture and Character.
 Expansion of boundaries
  Tax benefits
 Proposing of new cities.

8. Differentiate Dispersed and Nucleated Settlements.

9. Write the advantages and disadvantages of linear settlement.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy access to roads / high • Not much open space (houses
accessibility are in a straight line meaning
• Not having to walk far distances there is less space in between
because the sidewalks are each house---smaller backyard or
straight lawns etc.)
• Straight to destination • Very sensitive to blockage,
• Social (getting to know requires control of growth
neighbor’s) • Lacks focus
• Different sized buildings • The choice of connection or of
• Useful along the limited edge direction of movement are less
• Adaptability to linear growth • Linked houses (if you are not
comfortable with your house
 linked to another then the house • Linear settlements may have no
won't be comfortable for you) obvious center, such as a road
• Some houses that are a part of a junction or green. Linear
linear settlement don't have big settlements have a long and
garages or they aren't really good narrow shape
because they are cramped up

10. What are the determinants of settlement pattern?

 Natural factor
 Manmade factor
 Social factor
 Economical factor
 Political factor
 Functional factor
11. what are the factors influencing city form?

12. What is Hoyt model?

The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land
use proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modification of
the concentric zone model of city development.
13. List down the advantages of clustered settlement.

 Open space can provide community members with larger recreation areas and
create a sense ofopenness that many people desire.

 Open space can benefit the environment by providing habitat for wildlife,
naturally filtering storm water,reducing storm water runoff from impervious
surfaces, and protecting the natural feature of asite.
  Linking the open space of several conservation design subdivisions can help
develop larger and more effective “environmental corridors” within and
between communities.

 Developers may benefit because these designs usually reduce the costs of site
development and increase the market price of individual plots in comparison
with traditional subdivisions.

 These designs can benefit rural areas by reinforcing the policy of maintaining the
local rural character that is included in many comprehensive land use plans.
14. List down the disadvantages of clustered settlement.

• During the planning phases, lot and home layout may take extra work to ensure
that while homes areCluster/Conservation Development - Land Use Planning -
Local Community located closer together, they still take advantage of the
open-space goals of the design.

• Although not necessarily a restricting disadvantage, the management of waste

water must be carefully designed for smaller lots. While these disadvantages
should be acknowledged and addressed, none should preclude the use of
cluster development.
15. What is Multi nuclei model?

 A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent
points rather than from one central business district.
 Apart from the CBD, there are several separated, secondary centres.
 Certain functions require specialized facilities or sites, e.g. a port district needs a
suitable waterfront.

16. List down the advantages and disadvantages of multi nuclei model?
Advantages

 Optional locations for focal activities and system terminals,

 Good psychological orientation
 Adaptability to existing conditions
Disadvantages

 Depends on stability to key points,

 Potential accessibility problems
 Tendency to dilute focal activities
 UNIT III- PLANNING CONCEPTS
1. State the need of a planning concept.
The need for planning concept in any city or any time period is to encourage an
ordered, systematic and holistic approach to address the present condition, issue
and situation
Any planning concept from Garden City to Smart cities, it to address the raising
issues and exact situation in that time period.
Any idea or concept of city planning is to encourage and develop the city in a
holistic way.

2. What is garden city?

 Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems
 The garden city is part of urban movement and is a method of urban planning
that was initiated in1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.
 Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities
surrounded by “greenbelts”, containing proportionate areas of residences,
industry and agriculture.

3. Write short note in conservative surgery.

 There are always problems in the cities which need immediate attention such
as growing slums, increasing traffic, urban renewal etc. to deal with these
relatively Short –term problems, Geddes developed special technique
described as “conservative surgery”.
 Conservative surgery is more or less a renewal process than a removal from
places.
Highlights
 Removal/renewal process
 Slum removal
 Not encourage grid pattern
 Smooth traffic
 Spot study is necessity
 More species

4. Write notes on Le Corbusier principles.

5. What is a planned city?
A city can be termed as planned is when more human intervention is seen from
the base till the end.

These cities will be the reflection of ideology coined by the planner or the
architect. Mostly these cities are newly proposed to address the growth
influenced by economic and political situations.

All the planned cities are developed holistically and orderly.

6. What influenced the city development in early 20 th century?

Its impact and influence can be seen mainly in the following aspects:
1) The growth of industry in city attracted a large number of people flowing into
the city causing the increase of the density of urban population.
2) The traditional urban pattern has been broken by the industrialization needs,
and a new structure with the commercial and industrial centers, transport hub
centers has been formed.
3) The industrial development as well as population expansion has led to the
traffic congestions.
4) The city has been polluted because of the industrial production and the living
condition was very poor.

7. Sketch an outlook tower?

8. Write the three magnets of garden city?

9. Sketch the following Contemporary city, radiant city and Linear city.
10. Sketch garden city-concept.
 UNIT IV- URBAN PLANNING AND RENEWAL

1. Write a short note on land use.

Land-use planning is the general term used for a branch of urban planning
encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in
an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts.

Governments use land-use planning to manage the development of land within

their jurisdictions. In doing so, the governmental unit can plan for the needs of
the community while safeguarding natural resources. To this end, it is the
systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use,
and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-
use options.

2. What is PUD?
The term Planned Unit Development (PUD) is used to describe a type of
development and the regulatory process that permits a developer to meet
overall community density and land use goals without being bound by existing
zoning requirements.

PUD is a special type of floating overlay district which generally does not appear
on the municipal zoning map until a designation is requested. This is applied at
the time a project is approved and may include provisions to encourage
clustering of buildings, designation of common open space, and incorporation
of a variety of building types and mixed land uses.

3. What is a planned city?

A city can be termed as planned is when more human intervention is seen from
the base till the end. These cities will be the reflection of ideology coined by the
planner or the architect. Mostly these cities are newly proposed to address the
growth influenced by economic and political situations.

All the planned cities are developed holistically and orderly.

4. State needs for zoning.

 In order to promote public health, safety and the general social welfare of
the community, it is necessary to apply control and reasonable limitation on
the development of land and buildings. This is to ensure that most
appropriate, economical and healthy development of the town takes place
 in accordance with the land use plan, and its continued maintenance over
the years.
 For this purpose, the town is divided in to a number of use zones, such as
residential, commercial, industrial, public and semi-public etc.
 Each zone has its own regulations, as the same set of regulations cannot be
applied to the entire town.


5. Write a short note on DCR

• Development Control is the process involving land use control in which the
development carried out by any agencies both private and public is checked in
the benefit of whole society.
• Modern town planning helps in a systematic regulation to be followed in the use
of land.

6. What is master plan?

A master plan comprises three dimensional images and text describing how an
area will be developed. It is a plan that describes and maps an overall
development concept, including present and future land use, urban design and
landscaping, built form, infrastructure, circulation and service provision. It is
based upon an understanding of place and it is intended to provide a
structured approach to creating a clear and consistent framework for
development.

7. What is the need for master plan?

We therefore rely on master plans to:

• Provide the appropriate physical environments to support strong

communities;
• Support a rich and pleasurable quality of life for inhabitants and visitors;

• Connect people and places by providing ease of movement within, and

through, developments; and
• Create places of distinction and enduring quality.

Master planning can help to achieve these outcomes by providing a structured

approach and framework to a wide range of complex issues. If done well,
master planning can promote sustainability, in its widest sense, and deliver
places where people will want to live.
8. List down the different types of land use.

9. Write a short note on zonal plan.

The Zonal Development Plan contains the detailed land use plan for the
purposes of Roads, Housing, School, Recreation, Hospitals, Industry, Markets,
Business, public Utilities and other categories.

Zonal development plans are the next level hierarchical policy plans after the
Master plans which detail out the broad objectives of the Master plan at
comparatively smaller regions while incorporating the guidelines and proposals
by the Master plan without deviating far from the primary goal of development
set by Master plan. Unlike Master plans here these zonal plans are prepared for
shorter terms with more focus on detailing

9. Write a short note on DCR.\

Development control Regulation

Development controls have been defined as the mechanism through which

entire process of urban development is regulated to achieve the objective of
promoting overall benefit of the society and creating a distinct image of the
city.

It includes guiding the development and use of land, curbing misuse of land
and promoting rational and orderly development of built environment.
Development controls are required to meet situations and contexts which are
generally static.
 The Development Control Regulations are divided into two sets: General
Development Control Regulations and Special Development Control
Regulations.

11. What are the physical benefits of Urban Renewal?

1.Provision for urgently needed facilities in the urban area or at least land for it
(such as a hospital, school, bus terminal, park etc.)

2.Traffic betterments in the form of rearrangement of an obsolete street system;

increasing traffic carrying capacity of streets by widening or channelizing,
providing space for transit facilities, etc.

3.Enhancement of utilities by replacing worn-out or obsolete water lines and

sewage facilities and installing drainage facilities to eliminate flooding in low
lying areas, and reducing water pollution by installation of sewage treatment
facilities.
12. What is the mission of JnNURM.
The aim is to encourage reforms and FastTrack planned development of
identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service
delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs
towards citizens.
13. list the submission of JnNURM.
Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance

Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor

14. Eligible Projects under JnNURM.

 Urban Renewal  Parking spaces (through PPP)

 Water Supply  Development of heritage areas
 Sewerage & Sanitation  Preservation of water bodies
 Solid Waste Management  Prevention & rehabilitation of soil
 Storm Water Drains erosion
 Urban Transport
15. Objectives of JnNURM.

 Planned development  Ensuring adequate investment of

 Integrated development of funds
infrastructure  Scaling up delivery of services
 Linkages between asset creation and emphasis on universal access
& asset management  Renewal of inner-city areas
16. Types of Road Networks?

Outline of Road Network

National highway
State high way
Road Length
Other Arterial Road
Secondary Road

17. Different types of plans in urban planning

Perspective planning
Regional plan
Development plan
Local area plan
Special purpose plan
Annual plan
 UNIT V- ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA

1.What is conservation?
Historic preservation or heritage conservation is an endeavour that seeks to
preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artefacts
of historical significance. This term refers specifically to the preservation of the
built environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or
wilderness.

2. What is Globalisation?
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international
influence or start operating on an international scale. Globalization (and the
macroeconomic policies associated with it) not only resulted in rapid economic
growth but affected cities in different ways, primarily by the growth of foreign
direct investment (FDI).

3. What is Urbanization?
The process of making an area more urban. Urbanization refers to the
population shift from rural to urbanareas, "the gradual increase in the proportion
of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to
the change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are
formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central
areas.

4. What is self-sustainability?
A system is self-sustaining (or self-sufficient) if it can maintain itself by
independent effort. The system self-sustainability is: the degree at which the
system can sustain itself without external support.

5. What are self-sustainable community?

The term “sustainable communities” has various definitions, but in essence refers
to communities planned, built, or modified to promote sustainable living.
Sustainable communities tend to focus on environmental and
economic sustainability, urban infrastructure, social equity, and municipal
government. The term is sometimes used synonymously with “green cities,” “eco-
communities,” “livable cities” and “sustainable cities.”
6. What is SEZ?
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE is an area in which business and trade laws are
different from the rest of the country.
SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include:
increased trade, increased investment, job creation and effective
administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the zone, financial policies
are introduced. These policies typically regard investing, taxation, trading,
quotas, customs and labor regulations.

7. List the cause for Urbanization?

 Expansion of Government Service
 Migration of People
 Industrial Revolution
 Economic Opportunities
 Infrastructure Facilities

8. What is TOD?
In urban planning, a transit-oriented development is a type of urban
development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure
space within walking distance of public transport.

In doing so, TOD aims to increase public transport ridership by reducing the use
of private cars and by promoting sustainable urban growth.

9. What are Integrated Townships?

They are clusters of housing and commercial businesses with associated
infrastructure such as roads, schools, hospitals, convenience shopping, water
treatment plants and drainage and sewage facilities. With urban areas getting
more crowded and falling increasingly short of the future development
potential, integrated townships have been correctly identified as a potential
solution.

10. What are the objectives of SEZ?

 generation of additional economic activity
 promotion of exports of goods and services
 promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources
 creation of employment opportunities
 development of infrastructure facilities
SELF SUSTAINED COMMUNITIES
Fulfils Ones own need without others help.( Maintaining or able to maintain oneself or itself by
independent effort a self-sustaining community.)

Vision – Development
Healthy Environment
Providing Basic Needs
Defined and legislated environment enhancement strategy
Balancing Economic, Social and Environmental issues.
Educating the citizen
Welcoming the new comes
Proper Planning
Empowerment of citizen

Case studies:
Auroville :
Settlement with 1.25 km Radius
Peace Zone
Industrial Zone
International Zone
Green Belt

Solar Kitchen , Land Regeneration ,Different Low cost Housing Experiments , Reducing
utilization of fossil fuels (Encouraging walking and Cycling ), Renewable energy , Educating the
people .

Self Sustained living in Amsterdam :

Zero food miles – Vertical Farming

Off grid energy – Energy from waste plant
Bio mass power
Geo thermal Power
Wind Energy
Re gen System - Solar Panel

Water Resources – low flow sanitary , Grey water Recycling , Rain water Harvesting .
Different Housing Typologies .
SEZ
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE is an area in which business and trade laws are different from the
rest of the country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include:
increased trade, increased investment, job creation and effective administration. To
encourage businesses to set up in the zone, financial policies are introduced. These policies
typically regard investing, taxation, trading, quotas, customs and labour regulations.

Sector Specific
Multi-Product
SEZ in airport

SEZ Act 2005

Free trade Zone (FTZ)
Industrial Estate
Free Port
Urban Enterprise Zone

Non Processing Area

Residence, Hospital, Institution .

Processing Area
Manufacturing , Service , export , Units approved regulatory authority .

Proposed Land use structures for Industrial towns .

Residential - 20-25 % , Commercial – 4% , Industrial – 30-35% , Public and Semi Public – 6-8%,
Recreational -12-15% ,Transportation – 10-12% , Water bodies and special area - Balance .

Case Study :
Falta – SEZ (culcutta)
Falta Special Economic Zone(earlier FEPZ) was set up by the Government of India in the year
1984.

253 acres

Processing area : Telecommunication service , container Handling jetty , Zari embroidery , silver
filigree , Surgical instrument .

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

In urban planning, a transit-oriented development is a type of urban development that

maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of
public transport.

In doing so, TOD aims to increase public transport ridership by reducing the use of private cars
and by promoting sustainable urban growth.

INTEGRATION OF LAND USE WITH TRANSPORTATION

Principles :

Pedestrian and Non-motorised Transport

Connectivity and Network Density
Multi Nodal Interchange
High Density , Mixed Use , Mixed Income Development .

Types :

Station Level – TOD – Ahmedabad, Kochin

Area Level – TOD – Delhi
City Level – TOD – Chennai

Kochin – Edapally Station

500 m TOD Area along Metro
Increased FSI 1 to 3 ,Multi Nodal Interchange , NMT and Place Making .

Objective :
Enhancing Public Transport
Providing basic needs in Influence area .
Dense Road network in development area .
Reducing of Private Vehicle Ownership .
Recreational space along influence .
To Prevent Urban Sprawl
To Reduce Carbon Foot Prints .

TOD typically includes a central transit stop (such as a train station, or light rail or bus stop)
surrounded by a high-density mixed-use area, with lower-density areas spreading out from this
center. A TOD is also typically designed to be more walk able than other built-up areas,
through using smaller block sizes and reducing the land area dedicated to automobiles.

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION

1. Explain the elements of Human settlements.

2. Explain the classification of Human settlements based on population.
3. Explain the classification of Human settlements based on Function &
Occupational Structure.
4. Explain the classification of Polis in detail.
5. Explain the evolution of Human settlements.
6. Define Ekistics? Need and Importance of it.

UNIT-II FORM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

 7. Discuss the Structure and Form of Human settlements in detail.
8. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Linear
Settlement.
9. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Non-Linear
Settlement.
10. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of Circular
Settlement.
11. Discuss the Characteristic features, advantages & disadvantages of
Combination Settlement.
12. What are the factors that influence the Growth & Decay of Human Settlement?
13. Explain grid iron planning with one example.
14. Explain Sector based development with example.

UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS

15. Explain the concept of garden city with example.

16. Explain the Neighborhood concept of C.A. Perry sketches.
17. Write a short note on conservative surgery? Explain the planning concept of
Patrick Geddes.
18. Explain the ideology of Le Corbusier modern town planning.
19. Explain the concept of modern city planning of Le Corbusier.
20. What are planning concept? Explain the need for it.

UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL

21. Write briefly on the scope and content of master plan.

22. Explain about different types of road networks.
23. Explain the following i) land use ii) PUD iii) Zonal Regulation iv) DCR
24. Write the need and importance of urban renewal.
25. Explain the vision and scope of JnNURM.
26. Explain the following i) Redevelopment ii) Rehabilitation iii) Conservation.
27. Explain in detail about JnNURM with one case example.

UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA

27. What is Globalization and its impact on settlements?
28. Explain the need and benefits of TOD.
29. What are self-sustained communities? Explain with one example.
30. What are integrated townships and need of it in current scenario.

Note: The questions listed above are taken previous year Anna University Question
papers. This will assure the minimum passing marks in the final examination.

Students are expected to prepare full syllabus and beyond the things listed here.

ALL THE BEST….!!!!!!