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Radiating Kerr-Newman Black Hole in FR Gravity
Radiating Kerr-Newman Black Hole in FR Gravity
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the known stationary Kerr-Newman black hole solutions of f (R) gravity and general relativity are
retrieved. We find that the timelike limit surface becomes less prolate with R0 thereby affecting the
shape of the corresponding ergosphere.
ity, in the appendix. We use units which fix the speed of We note that the condition 1 + f ′ (R0 ) > 0 is re-
light and the gravitational constant via G = c = 1, and quired to avoid the appearance of ghosts [1], and a nec-
use the metric signature (+, −, −, −). essary condition that the stationary f (R) BH becomes
a type of Schwarzschild-(A)dS BH. Further, we require
that f ′′ (R) > 0 to avoid the negative mass squared of a
II. BASIC EQUATIONS OF METRIC f (R) scalar-field degree of freedom, i.e., to avoid a tachyonic
GRAVITY instability [1, 4]. Also f (R) is a monotonic increasing
function with −1 < f ′ (R) < 0.
In this section we briefly review the metric f (R) grav-
ity in higher-dimensional (HD) spacetime. The starting
point is the modified Einstein-Hilbert, D-dimensional, III. RADIATING ROTATING f (R) BH VIA
NEWMAN-JANIS
gravitational action [7]:
m(v, r) defined by f (v, r) = 1−2m(v, r)/r. For m(v, r) = Here F (v, r, θ) is function which depends on f (r, v), e.g.,
2
M (v) and ψ(v, r) = 0, the metric reduces to the standard for the function f (v, r) = 1 − 2M(v) + 2Q̃r2(v) , it has the
r
Vaidya metric. We can always set without any loss of 2
and the related electromagnetic potential is For the metric (24) they behave as:-
F Q̃(v), R0
Q̃(v)r h√ √ i
R≈ 2 ,
Aa = 2
A, 0, 0, − Aa sin2 θ . (25) (r + a2 cos2 θ)4
Σ
G M (v), Q̃(v), a, cos θ, R0
Here M (v) and Q̃(v) are functions of retarded time v K≈ , (26)
(r2 + a2 cos2 θ)6
identified, respectively, as mass and charge of spacetime,
and a is the angular momentum per unit mass. We have where F and G are some functions. It is sufficient to
applied the aforesaid procedure to a class of f (R) gravity study the Kretschmann and Ricci scalars for the investi-
radiating models. But, the method is general and is ap- gation of the spacetime curvature singularity(ies). These
plicable to any general radiating spherically symmetric invariants are regular everywhere except at the origin
solution in f (R) gravity. It describes the exterior field r = 0 but only at the equatorial plane θ = π/2 for
of the radiating rotating charged body. Thus we have a, M (v), and Q̃(v) 6= 0. Hence, the spacetime has the
a kind of charged radiating rotating metric in de Sit- scalar polynomial singularity [27] at r = 0. The study of
ter/ anti-de Sitter (dS/AdS) like spacetime or radiating causal structure of the spacetime is beyond the scope of
Kerr-Newman dS / AdS like solution. The stationary this paper and will be discussed elsewhere.
f (R) Kerr-Newman BH [15–17] in (t, r, θ, φ) can be ob- In order to further discuss the physical nature of radi-
tained by means of the local coordinate transformation ating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH, we introduce their kine-
and replacing M (v) and Q̃(v) by constants M and Q. matical parameters. Following [28–33], the null-tetrad of
The metric (24) of radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH is the metric (24) is of the form
a natural generalization of the stationary Kerr-Newman h√ √ i
BH solutions of f (R) gravity [15, 16], but it is Petrov la = A, 0, 0, − Aa sin2 θ ,
type-II, whereas the latter is of Petrov type-D. In addi-
√ ∆ √ ∆
2
tion, if R0 = 0 then metric (24) makes the Kerr-Newman na = A , 1, 0, A a sin θ ,
metric. Hence, we refer to the solution as a radiating 2Σ 2Σ
σ √ √
f (R) Kerr-Newman solution representing gravitational Σ 2 2
ma = √ Aia sin θ, 0, , − Ai(r + a ) sin θ ,
collapse of a charged null fluid in a non-flat dS/AdS like 2ρ Θ
spacetime. Thus, the metric (24) bears the same relation σ̄
√ Σ √
2 2
to Kerr-Newman as does Vaidya metric to Schwarzschild m̄a = √ − Aia sin θ, 0, , Ai(r + a ) sin θ ,
2ρ̄ Θ
metric. Also for Q = 0, the metric (24) is radiating
f (R) Kerr spacetime [15, 16]. If in addition R0 → 0, we where
have Kerr spacetime and for a → 0 the metric (24) is
f (R) Bonnor-Vaidya spacetime which has zero angular ρ = r + ia cos θ,
momentum [19]. The radiating rotating charged solution
s
R0
discussed here is derived under the assumption of the con- σ = 1+i a cos θ,
stant curvature R = R0 , in which case the f (R) models 12
are equivalent to GR and a cosmological constant, and and ρ̄ and σ̄ are complex conjugates of, respectively, ρ
also the solution is time-dependent. and σ. The null tetrad obeys null, orthogonal and metric
conditions
la l a = na na = ma ma = 0, la na = 1,
l a ma = na ma = 0, ma m̄a = −1,
IV. SINGULARITY AND PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS OF RADIATING f (R) gab = la nb + lb na − ma m̄b − mb m̄a ,
KERR-NEWMAN BH g ab = la nb + lb na − ma m̄b − mb m̄a . (27)
Inspired by the arguments in Ref. [28, 29], a null-vector
The metric of the radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH decomposition of the f (R)-metric (24) is of the form
solution has the form (24) with electromagnetic poten-
tial given by (25) and the energy momentum tensor (8). gab = −na lb − la nb + γab , (28)
Here, we shall discuss the singularity structure of radi-
ating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH derived in the previous where γab = ma m̄b + mb m̄a . Next we construct all physi-
section. The easiest way to detect a singularity in a cal parameters which help us to discuss the horizon struc-
spacetime is to observe the divergence of some invari- ture of radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH. The optical be-
ants of the Riemann tensor. We approach the singu- havior of null geodesics congruences is governed by the
larity problem by studying the behaviour of the Ricci Raychaudhuri equation [29–33].
R = Rab Rab , (Rab the Ricci tensor) and Kretschmann dΘ 1
invariants K = Rabcd Rabcd , (Rabcd the Riemann tensor). = κΘ − Rab la lb − Θ2 − σab σ ab + ωab ω ab , (29)
dv 2
5
1 a = 0.1
0.5 a = 0.4
a = 0.3 R0 = 0.5
a = 0.6
0 a = 0.7
1 2 3 4 5 0.0
R 0 = 0.6
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
-1
R 0 = 0.5 - 0.5
-2
R 0 = 0.4
-1.0
-3
R 0 = 0.3
FIG. 1: TLS of radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH: Plots showing positive roots of Eq. (34) which corresponds TLS of radiating
Kerr-Newman BH for M (v) = λv + O(v) and Q̃(v) = µ2 v 2 + O(v 2 ) with parameters values λ = 0.04, µ = 0.08, and θ = 0.3.
The three roots corresponds to rT−LS (inner) and rT+LS (outer), and rdT LS of radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH. LEFT: For
different values of R0 with a = 0.3. RIGHT: For different values of a with R0 = 0.5.
with expansion Θ, twist ω, shear σ, and surface gravity ious properties in this theory. It is expected that some
κ. The expansion [29] of the null rays, parameterized by features of BH may get modified in f (R) theories. In
v, is given by this section we explore horizons of radiating f (R) Kerr-
Newman BH, discuss the effects which come from the
Θ = ∇a la − κ, (30) f (R) theories. A BH has three horizon-like surfaces [29]:
timelike limit surface (TLS), apparent horizon (AH) and
where ∇ is the covariant derivative. In the present case, event horizon (EH). For a classical Schwarzschild BH
the surface gravity [29] is (which does not radiate), the three surfaces EH, AH and
TLS are all identical. Upon switching on the Hawking
κ = −na lb ∇b la , (31) evaporation this degeneracy is partially lifted even if the
spherical symmetry stays, e.g., for Vaidya radiating BH,
and the shear [29] takes form
we have then AH=TLS, but the EH is different If we
σab = Θab − Θ(γcc )γab . (32) break spherical symmetry preserving stationarity (e.g.,
Kerr BH), then AH=EH but EH 6= TLS. In general, e.g.,
The luminosity due to loss of mass is given by LM = for radiating Kerr-Newman BH, the three surfaces AH 6=
−dM/dv, LM < 1 , and due to gauge charge by LQ = TLS 6= EH and they are sensitive to small perturbations.
−dQ/dv, where LM , LQ < 1. Both are measured in the
region where d/dv is timelike [29–31]. Here we are interested in these horizons for the radi-
ating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH. As demonstrated first by
York [29], the horizons may be obtained to O(LM , LQ )
V. THREE KINDS OF HORIZONS by noting that (i) for a BH with small dimensionless ac-
cretion, we can define TLS’s as locus where g(∂v , ∂v ) =
If one considers f (R) theory as modification of GR, it gvv = 0 (ii) AHs are defined as surface such that Θ ≃ 0
is natural to discuss not only BH solutions but it’s var- and (iii) EHs are surfaces such that dΘ/dv ≃ 0.
R0 4
r − r2 + 2M (v)r − Q̃2 (v) = 0. (35)
12
This coincides with the nonrotational case in which case
the various horizons are identified and analyzed by us in
[19] and hence, to conserve space, we shall avoid the repe-
tition of same. Further, in the GR limit R0 → 0; Q̃(v) →
Q(v), we obtain
rT−LS = M (v) −
p
M 2 (v) − a2 cos2 θ − Q2 (v),
rT+LS
p
= M (v) + M 2 (v) − a2 cos2 θ − Q2 (v). (37)
rT−LS = M (v) −
p
M 2 (v) − Q2 (v),
FIG. 2: A plot of the function f (v, r, θ) for M (v) = λv +
rT+LS
p
O(v) and Q̃(v) = µ2 v 2 + O(v 2 ) with parameters values λ = = M (v) + M 2 (v) − Q2 (v), (38)
0.04, µ = 0.08, θ = 0.3, a = 0.7 and R0 = 0.3. The zeros
of f (v, r, θ) = 0 determines the TLS of radiating f (R) Kerr- which are TLS of Bonnor-Vaidya BH. Thus the radiating
Newman BH f (R) Kerr-Newman BH, in the GR limit and a → 0,
degenerates to Bonnor-Vaidya BH [35].
The TLSs of radiating f (R)-Kerr-Newman BH is
Equation (34) is a reduced quartic equation. It is easy shown in Fig. 1 for different values of the parameter R0
to check, under condition of the discriminant in [34], and rotation parameter a and surface plot in Fig. 2 shows
Eq. (34) admits four real roots. For positive curvature the TLSs for the variable time v. In Fig. 3, we compared
R0 > 0, Eq. (34), subject to restriction [34], has all the TLSs and AHs for different values of rotation param-
four real roots with three positive and one negative. In eter of radiating Kerr-Newman BH. For the definiteness
the Fig. 1, we show three positive roots of the Eq. (34). we choose M (v) = λv + O(v) and Q̃(v) = µ2 v 2 + O(v 2 ).
The other three positive roots corresponds to rT−LS (in-
ner) and rT+LS (outer), and rdT LS (dS-like TLS). Clearly,
rT−LS < rT+LS < rdT LS and that rT−LS and rT+LS are
TLSs of a BH, whereas the root rdT LS is supplementary B. Apparent Horizon
TLS due to the f (R) gravity term. When R0 = 0, i.e., in
The AH is the outermost marginally trapped surface which on inserting the expression for ∆r , becomes
for the outgoing photons. The AH can be either null or
spacelike, that is, it can ‘move’ causally or acausally [29].
The AHs are defined as surfaces such that Θ ≃ 0 [29].
Eqs. (27) and (31) give the expression for surface gravity
2
!
R0 R0 1 − R12
0a
2M (v) 2
κ = − − r3 + r
12Σ2 6Σ Σ2 Σ2
R0 a2
!
1 ∂∆r 2r
1− 12 a2 + Q̃2 (v) M (v)
κ= − ∆r , (39) + − r− . (40)
2Σ ∂r Σ Σ Σ2 Σ
7
1 a = 0.2
0.5 a = 0.4
a = 0.3 R0 = 0.5
a = 0.6
0 a = 0.7
1 2 3
R 0 = 0.7
4 5 0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
-1 R 0 = 0.6
- 0.5
-2 R 0 = 0.4
-1.0
-3 R 0 = 0.3
FIG. 4: AH of radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH: Plots showing positive roots of Eq. (42) which corresponds AH of radiating
Kerr-Newman BH for M (v) = λv+O(v) and Q̃(v) = µ2 v 2 +O(v 2 ) with parameters values λ = 0.04, µ = 0.08, and θ = 0.3. The
− +
three roots corresponds to rAH (inner) and rAH (outer), and rdAH of radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH. LEFT: For different
values of R0 with a = 0.3. RIGHT: For different values of a with R0 = 0.5.
0.6 a = 0.2
0.6
a = 0.2
R0 = 0 R0 = 0
0.4 a = 0.4 0.4 a = 0.4
a = 0.6
0.2 0.2 a = 0.6
a = 0.7
a = 0.7
0.0 0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
- 0.2 - 0.2
- 0.4 - 0.4
- 0.6 - 0.6
FIG. 3: Plots showing the comparison of AH and TLS for radiating Kerr Newman BH (R0 = 0) choosing M (v) = λv +O(v) and
Q̃(v) = µ2 v 2 + O(v 2 ) with parameter values λ = 0.04, µ = 0.08 for different values of rotation parameter a = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7.
Eqs. (27), (30) and (39) then yield Again in GR limit, we get
R0 a2
r r h R0 4
Θ = − ∆ = r − 1 − r2
r
r2 − 2M (v)r + a2 + Q2 (v) = 0,
Σ2 Σ2 12 12 (43)
i
+2M (v)r − a2 + Q̃2 (v) . (41)
which admit solutions
It is evident that the AHs are zeros of Θ = 0. From
Eq. (41), thus the AH’s are given by zeros of
−
p
rAH = M (v) − M 2 (v) − a2 − Q2 (v),
R0 a2
R0 4 +
p
g(v, r) = r − 1− r2 + 2M (v)r rAH = M (v) + M 2 (v) − a2 − Q2 (v). (44)
12 12
− a2 + Q̃2 (v) = 0. (42)
8
C. Event Horizon
d2 r 1 ∂∆r ∆r
= √ (r2 + a2 ) + κ. (46)
dn2 A2Σ2 ∂v 2Σ
to the EH whilst remaining stationary with respect to value of parameter R0 , the smaller is the difference be-
infinity. This is not the case for the Kerr/Kerr-Newman tween outer and inner radius of horizons (r+ − r− ) which
BH. The spinning BH drags the surrounding region of affect the size of ergosphere.
spacetime causing the traveler to spin regardless of any
arbitrarily large thrust that he can provide. The ergore- By using Eqs. (34) and (42), we can draw the ergo-
gion is the region in which this happens and is bounded sphere of f (R) Kerr-Newman BH. In Fig. 6, we plot
by the ergosphere. The portion of spacetime between the ergosphere for different values of rotation parameter
horizons and TLS is called the quantum ergosphere, i.e., a and the parameter R0 . It is seen that ergosphere is
the region near the black hole where negative Killing en- sensitive to the rotation parameter a as well as the pa-
ergies can exist. How the rotation parameter a and pa- rameter R0 . It is interesting to note that TLS becomes
rameter R0 affect the radius of horizon and shape of the more prolate thereby increasing the thickness of the er-
ergosphere for radiating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH is shown gosphere with increase in a, on the other hand the er-
in Figs. 1, 4 and 6. From the Figs. 1 and 4, we can see gosphere region decreases with the increase in the value
that behaviour of both the horizon like surfaces of radi- of the parameter R0 which shows that the ergosphere is
ating f (R) Kerr-Newman BH is similar. The larger the sensitive to the parameter R0 .
1.5
a = 0.4 ; R 0 = 0.5 ;
1.0
1.0
0.5 a = 0.6 ; R 0 = 0.5 ; 1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.5
1.0
a = 0.3 ; R 0 = 0.5 ; 1.5
0.6 a = 0.3 ; R 0 = 0.7 ;
a = 0.3 ; R 0 = 0.3 ;
1.0
0.4 0.5
0.5
0.2
a = 0.4 ; R 0 = 0 ;
1.0
1.0
a = 0.6 ; R 0 = 0 ; 1.0
0.5
0.5 a = 0.7 ; R 0 = 0 ;
0.5
-1.5 -1.0 - 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
-1.5 -1.0 - 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
- 0.5 -1.5 -1.0 - 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
- 0.5
- 0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
FIG. 6: Plots showing cross section of horizons and the shapes of the ergosphere for radiating f (R) Kerr Newman BH (R0 > 0)
choosing M (v) = λv + O(v) and Q̃(v) = µ2 v 2 + O(v 2 ) with parameter values λ = 0.04 and µ = 0.08. UP: For different values
of rotation parameter a. MIDDLE: For different values of R0 . DOWN: For different values of a at R0 = 0.
dation. S.G.G. also thanks Naresh Dadhich for fruitful charged case only because if D > 4, the trace of the
discussions. electromagnetic EMT is not zero, which is necessary for
finding the constant curvature solutions from f (R) grav-
ity. The HD rotating BH may multiple rotation param-
Appendix A: Myers-Perry black holes in f (R) gravity eter a, but we shall restricts ourselves to simple case of
only one rotation parameter denoted by a.
Here, we consider a Myers-Perry like solution in con-
stant curvature f (R) gravity, representing generalization We have applied the Newman-Janis algorithm to HD
of the exterior metric [7] for the rotating object in f (R) f (R) BH metrics [7] and obtained the corresponding ro-
gravity. However, we shall restrict ourselves to the un- tating BH metrics given by
11
1 Σ Σ 1
ds2 = ∆ − Θa2 sin2 θ1 dt2 − dr2 − dθ12 − Θ(r2 + a2 )2 − ∆ sin2 θ1 sin2 θ1 dθ22
Σ ∆ Θ Σ
2a 2
− Θ(r + a ) − ∆ sin θ1 dtdθ2 − r cos θ1 dΩ2 ,
2 2 2
Σ
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