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    Intro To Separation Process

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    ANIS ATIKAH AHMAD
    This document provides an introduction to separation processes. It defines separation as isolating a mixture into its constituent parts. Separation processes transform mixtures into distinct products. Common separation techniques include enrichment, purification, refining, and isolation. Separations are important for chemists and chemical engineers. Almost every substance is found impure and often needs to be separated. Chemical plants rely heavily on separation equipment, investing 50-90% of capital in separators. Separations are difficult due to thermodynamics favoring mixtures, but can be achieved by enhancing mass transfer rates or exploiting differences in physical/chemical properties between substances. Common separation techniques include using phase changes, adding a mass separating agent, employing barriers, or applying forces. The appropriate separation process

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    Intro To Separation Process

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    ANIS ATIKAH AHMAD
    22 views9 pages
    This document provides an introduction to separation processes. It defines separation as isolating a mixture into its constituent parts. Separation processes transform mixtures into distinct products. Common separation techniques include enrichment, purification, refining, and isolation. Separations are important for chemists and chemical engineers. Almost every substance is found impure and often needs to be separated. Chemical plants rely heavily on separation equipment, investing 50-90% of capital in separators. Separations are difficult due to thermodynamics favoring mixtures, but can be achieved by enhancing mass transfer rates or exploiting differences in physical/chemical properties between substances. Common separation techniques include using phase changes, adding a mass separating agent, employing barriers, or applying forces. The appropriate separation process

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    This document provides an introduction to separation processes. It defines separation as isolating a mixture into its constituent parts. Separation processes transform mixtures into distinct products. Common separation techniques include enrichment, purification, refining, and isolation. Separations are important for chemists and chemical engineers. Almost every substance is found impure and often needs to be separated. Chemical plants rely heavily on separation equipment, investing 50-90% of capital in separators. Separations are difficult due to thermodynamics favoring mixtures, but can be achieved by enhancing mass transfer rates or exploiting differences in physical/chemical properties between substances. Common separation techniques include using phase changes, adding a mass separating agent, employing barriers, or applying forces. The appropriate separation process

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    22 views9 pages

    Intro To Separation Process

    Uploaded by

    ANIS ATIKAH AHMAD
    This document provides an introduction to separation processes. It defines separation as isolating a mixture into its constituent parts. Separation processes transform mixtures into distinct products. Common separation techniques include enrichment, purification, refining, and isolation. Separations are important for chemists and chemical engineers. Almost every substance is found impure and often needs to be separated. Chemical plants rely heavily on separation equipment, investing 50-90% of capital in separators. Separations are difficult due to thermodynamics favoring mixtures, but can be achieved by enhancing mass transfer rates or exploiting differences in physical/chemical properties between substances. Common separation techniques include using phase changes, adding a mass separating agent, employing barriers, or applying forces. The appropriate separation process

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    Introduction to Separation

    Processes
    What is Separation and Separation
    Processes ?
    • Separate (definition from a dictionary)
    - to isolate from a mixture; [extract]
    - to divide into constituent parts

    • Separation process
    - In chemistry and chemical engineering, a separation process is used
    to transform a mixture of substances into two or more distinct products.
    - The specific separation design may vary depending on what
    chemicals are being separated, but the basic design principles for a
    given separation method are always the same.
    Separations
    • Separations includes
    – Enrichment - Concentration
    – Purification - Refining
    – Isolation
    • Separations are important to chemist & chemical engineers
    – Chemist: analytical separation methods,
    small-scale preparative separation techniques
    – Chemical engineers: economical, large scale separation methods
    Why Separation Processes are
    Important ?
    • Almost every element or compound is found naturally in an impure
    state such as a mixture of two or more substances. Many times the
    need to separate it into its individual components arises.
    • A typical chemical plant is a chemical reactor surrounded by separators.
    Separators

    Products

    Reactor Separator
    Raw
    materials

    Separation
    and
    purification
    By-products

    • Chemical plants commonly have 50-90% of their capital invested in


    separation equipments.
    Why Separation is Difficult to Occur?

    • Second law of thermodynamics


    - Substances are tend to mix together naturally and spontaneously
    - All natural processes take place to increase the entropy, or
    randomness, of the universe
    - To separate a mixture of species into products of different
    composition, we must supply the equivalent of energy (heat or work)
    How Separations are Achieved?
    • Enhancing the mass transfer rate of certain species
    • Rate of Separation: how fast ?
    – Governed by mass transfer (Rate-controlled separation)
    • Extent of Separation: how far ?
    – Limited by thermodynamics (Equilibrium-staged separation)
    • Properties of Importance
    Molecular Properties Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
    Molecular weight Vapor pressure
    van der Waals volume Solubility
    van der Waals area Adsorptivity
    Molecular shape (Acentric factor) Diffusivity
    Dipole moment
    Polarizability
    Dielectric constant
    Electric charge
    Radius of gyration

    Data sources: Handbooks, journals, electronic databases, commercial process simulators


    General Separation Techniques
    Phase 1 Phase 1

    Feed Phase Feed


    creation
    MSA
    Phase 2 (Mass separating agent) Phase 2

    (a) By phase creation (b) By phase addition


    Phase 1

    Feed Barrier

    Feed Phase 2 Phase 1


    (c) By barrier
    Phase 1 Feed Force field
    Solid agent or gradient

    Phase 2 Phase 2

    (d) By solid agent (e) By force field or gradient


    Which Separation Process Will You
    Choose?
    • There are numerous approaches for separation.

    (1) Supply heat and boil water off, condensing the water at a lower
    temperature.
    (2) Supply refrigeration and freeze out pure ice, melting the ice at a
    higher temperature.
    (3) Pump the water to a higher pressure and force it through a thin
    solid membrane.
    ⇒ Consider product requirement, cost, environmental
    effects, etc.
    Technological and Use Maturities of
    Separation Processes

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