TOPIC 3 :

Air Pollution
 AIR POLLUTION
Definition :
• The condition in which air is contaminated by foreign substances, or the
substances themselves

• consists of gaseous, liquid, or solid substances that, when present in

sufficient concentration, for a sufficient time, and under certain conditions,
tend to interfere with human comfort, health or welfare, and cause
environmental damage.

• Causes :
acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, and other such
phenomena
 Air Pollution will Remain a
Problem in the Future
✓ cardiovascular and respiratory
illnesses

✓ reduces the economic value ✓ contributes to climate change

✓ crops and leads to expensive ✓ hence air pollution abatement
cleaning of cultural heritage policies have co-benefits for
climate change abatement policies

✓ reduces plant biodiversity and

affects other ecosystem services
✓ such as clean water, recreational
activities and carbon storage
 Transportation

Others Construction

Sources Of Agriculture
Non-road
Engines Air
Pollution

Waste
disposal
Solvents

Industry
Indoor & Outdoor Air Pollution
OUTDOOR INDOOR

- Smog - Affected by chemical

- Acid rain substances present
in air within building
- Greenhouse Gas
- Tobacco smoke
- Ozone Depletion
- Cooking
- Global Warming
- Heating appliances
 AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API)

API POLLUTANTS HOW TO DETERMINE

• indicator of air
quality, based • Ozone (O3) • end of each hour, the
• fine particulate concentration of each
on air pollutant, measured at
pollutants that matter (PM)
each site, is converted
have adverse • nitrogen dioxide into a number ranging
effects on (NO2) from zero upwards, using
human health • carbon monoxide a common scale, or index.
and the (CO) The calculated number
environment for each pollutant is
• sulphur dioxide referred to as a sub-index.
(SO2) • The index is a relative
• sulphur scale :
compounds (S) • the lower the index, the
better the air quality
ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE
INVERSION
ATMOSPHERE LAYERS
 Effect Of Air Pollution : Human Health
Fine particulate Impacts range from minor breathing
matter (PM2.5) and problems to premature death
ground-level ozone
(O3)
▪ There is no safe
▪ affect human respiratory level for PM2.5 and
and cardiovascular O3 that does not
systems Human Health pose risks to
human health
▪ associated with Impacts ▪ ‘-’ve health effects
hospitalizations
▪ increased respiratory & ‘+’
cardiovascular mortality ▪ concentrations
▪ asthma exacerbation of pollutants ‘+’
▪ decreased lung function,
lung inflammation
▪ changes in heart rate
variability

** O3 is main components of smog

▪ which is formed by the interaction of
hydrocarbons (unburned or evaporated
gasoline) and nitrogen oxides in the presence
of sunlight.
 Effect Of Air Pollution :
Environmental Impact
O3
NOx & SO2
✓ Damage
✓ Become acidic vegetation
gases or
particulate cause ✓ Interfering plant
ability to
✓ Accelerate
corrosion
Environmental produce and
store food
✓ Soiling material Impacts
✓ Plant – more
✓ + NH4 - acid rain susceptible to
disease, pests
✓ Acid Rain effect and env stress
✓ Soil
✓ Water bodies
✓ Stress plant
and animals
 Direct medical
losses

Damage to
building Damage tp
- Increase costs crops & plants
of cleaning

LONG TERM
EFFECTS

Travel time
losses
Lost income
- Reduce
visibility

Decreased
productivity
PHENOMENON OF GLOBAL WARMING
 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS
• The greenhouse effect is an
increase in the temperature of a
planet as heat energy from sunlight
is trapped by the gaseous
atmosphere.
• Excess carbon dioxide and water
vapor increase this global warming
effect.
 ACID RAIN

▪ precipitation that is unusually acidic (low pH).

▪ harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and
infrastructure.
▪ caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to
produce acids.
▪ Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce
the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere with
positive results.
▪ Nitrogen oxides naturally by lightning strikes and sulfur
dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions.
▪ Effect - paint to peel
- corrosion of steel structures
- erosion of stone statues.
 OZONE DEPLETION
• Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related
phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a
steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total
volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone
layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in
stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions.

• The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone

hole. In addition to these well-known stratospheric
phenomena, there are also springtime polar
tropospheric ozone depletion events.
• CFCs and other contributory substances are referred
to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
• Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB
wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV
light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere,
observed and projected decreases in ozone have
generated worldwide concern leading to adoption of
the Montreal Protocol that bans the production of
CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals
such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane.
• It is suspected that a variety of biological
consequences such as increases in skin cancer,
cataracts,damage to plants, and reduction of
plankton populations in the ocean's photic zone may
result from the increased UV exposure due to ozone
depletion.
 People
Awareness

Neighbouring
Government
Country
Policy
Responsibility

Air Pollution
(Control &
Mitigation
Methods)
 Government Policy
Industry
Clean technology that reduce smokestack emissions
• Improved of urban and agriculture waste (capture CH4 gas)
• Incineration
• Wet Scrubber

Transport
Shift to clean mode of power generation
• Prioritizing rapid urban transit
• Walking and cycling networks
• Shifting to cleaner heavy duty diesel vehicles (low emission and reduce S
content in fuel)
Urban improving the energy efficiency of buildings and making
Planning cities more compact,
• energy efficient
 Power Generation
• increased use of low-emissions fuels and renewable combustion-free power sources
(like solar, wind or hydropower)
• co-generation of heat and power; and distributed energy generation (e.g. mini-grids and
rooftop solar power generation)

Municipal and agricultural waste management

• strategies for waste reduction, waste separation, recycling and reuse or waste
reprocessing
• improved methods of biological waste management such as anaerobic waste
digestion to produce biogas, are feasible
• low cost alternatives to the open incineration of solid waste
• Where incineration is unavoidable, then combustion technologies with strict
emission controls are critical
• Motor Vehicles
People Awareness
✓ use public transport / cycling
or walking
✓ Use clean mode transport
✓ (use catalytic converter) • Replant / Rehabilitation
✓ Solar / hybrid ✓ Replant trees after clearing

✓ Low S content in fuel ✓ Reduce C emission in the air

✓ Stop illegal logging
• Minimizing used of CFC
✓ From aircond, refrigerator, • Biogas
aerosol ✓ CH4 if can cause air pollution
✓ Can be converted to biogas
• Limit Open Burning
✓ Esp during haze n dry season
 Neighboring Country
Responsibility
• Diplomatic Relation among
countries ✓ Kyoto Protocol
✓ Reduce GHG emissions
✓ Help other countries in dealing
with air pollution issues (if ✓ Langkawi Declaration
needed)
✓ Commonwealth country
• PBB shows concern on ✓ Environmental Management
environmental issues
✓ Montreal Protocol (CFC)
✓ Antarctic Declaration
• 2002 (ASEAN)
✓ Transboundary Haze Declaration
✓ No weapon and nuclear waste in
Antarctic ✓ Stop Indonesia in doing
✓ Stockholm Declaration forest fire
✓ Protect env sources
✓ Reduce pollution
Air Pollution Control
Equipments

a) Electrostatic
b) Bag Filter
Precipitator

c) Cyclones d) Multi cyclones

e) Gravel Bed
Filter
 a) Electrostatic Precipitator
• also called electrostatic air cleaner
• device that uses an electric charge to
remove certain impurities—either
solid particles or liquid droplets—
from air or other gases in
smokestacks and other flues (power
generating station)
• precipitator functions by
applying energyonly to the particulate
matter being collected, without
significantly impeding the flow of
gases
• Originally designed for recovery of
valuable industrial-process materials
 b) Bag Filter
• removes particulates out of air or gas
released from commercial processes
or combustion for electricity
generation

• performance may vary significantly

depending on process and electrical
conditions

• have a particulate collection efficiency

of 99% or better, even when particle
size is very small

• use long, cylindrical bags (or tubes)

made of woven or felted fabric as a
filter medium

• temperatures over 350 °F

 c) Cyclones
• Precleaner – used to reduce the
inlet loading of PM to
downstream collection devices by
removing larger, abrasive particles.

• Efficiency of cyclones varies as a

function of particle size and
cyclone design
✓ Particle size and / or density
✓ Inlet duct velocity
✓ Cyclone body length
✓ Number of gas revolution in cyclones
✓ Ratio of cyclone body diameter to gas
exit diameter
✓ Dust loading
✓ Smoothness of cyclone inner wall
 d) Multi Cyclones
• widely used type of particulate
collection device in which dust-laden
gas enters tangentially into a
cylindrical or conical chamber and
leaves through a central opening

• When very large gas volumes must be

handled and high collection
efficiencies are needed a multiple of
small diameter cyclones are usually
nested together to form a
multicyclone
 e) Gravel Bed Filters

• collects dust from industrial gases by

mechanical means in a dry state
• temperatures up to 660°F with high
dust collecting efficiencies and a low
draft loss
• The gas to be cleaned passes through
a filter bed consisting of abrasion
resisting material such as gravel
• The captured dust is removed from
the filter bed by a patented vibrating
system which shakes the spring
supported filter bed containers
• Simple design and automatic
operation ensure low investment and
operating costs
 EXTREME WEATHER
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
VOLCANO LIGHTNING, FROZEN LIGHTHOUSE,
ICELAND (2010) MICHIGAN
FLOODING, CHINA WATERSPOUT &
(2007) LIGHTNING,
FLORIDA
SOFTBALL-SIZE HAIL, HURRICANE DAMAGE,
MISSOURI (2011) ALABAMA
THANK YOU