GENETICS

Maya Shovitri
Biology – ITS
Surabaya

Planted Syllabi

1
I. Introduction to Genetics
II. Basic Principles of Heredity
Mendel : Monohybrid Crosses
• What Monohybrid Crosses Reveal
• Predicting The Outcomes of Genetic Crosses
• The Testcross
• Incomplete Dominance
• Genetic Symbols

Mendel : Multiple-Loci Crosses

• Dihybrid Crosses
• The Principle of Independent Assortment
• The Relationship of the Principle of Independent Assortment to Meiosis
• Applying Probability and the Branch Diagram to Dihybrid Crosses
• The Dihybrid Testcross
• Trihybrid Crosses

Mendel : Observed and Expected Ratios

• The Goodness of Fit Chi-square Test
• Penetrance and Expressivity

III. Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics

The Toothless, Hairless Men of Sind
Sex Determination
• Chromosomal Sex-Determining Systems
• Genic Sex-Determining Systems
• Environmental Sex Determination
• Sex Determination in Drosophila
• Sex Determination in Humans

Sex-Linked Characteristics
• X-linked White Eyes in Drosophila
• Nondisjunction and the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
• X-linked Color Blindness in Humans
• Symbols for X-linked Genes
• Dosage Compensation
• Z-linked Characteristics
• Y-linked Characteristics

2
IV. Modifications of Basic Principles
Dominance Revisited
Lethal Alleles
Multiple Alleles
• Duck-Feather Patterns
• The ABO Blood Group
Gene Interaction
• Gene Interaction That Produces Novel Phenotypes
• Gene Interaction with Epistasis
• The Complex Genetics of Coat Color in Dogs
The Interaction Between Sex and Heredity
• Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited
• Characteristics
• Cytoplasmic Inheritance
• Genetic Maternal Effects
• Genomic Imprinting
Interaction Between Genes and Environment
• Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
• The Inheritance of Continuous Characteristics

V. Pedigree Analysis
Analyzing Pedigrees
• Autosomal Recessive Traits
• Autosomal Dominant Traits
• X-Linked Recessive Traits
• X-Linked Dominant Traits
• Y-Linked Traits
Twin Studies
• Concordance
• Twin Studies and Obesity

3
VI. Population and Evolutionary Genetics
The Hardy-Weinberg Law
• Closer Examination of the
• Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law
• Implications of the Hardy-Weinberg Law
• Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law
• Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Proportions
• Estimating Allelic Frequencies with the Hardy-Weinberg Law
Changes in Allelic Frequencies
• Mutation
• Migration
• Genetic Drift
• Natural Selection
Molecular Evolution
• Protein Variation
• DNA Sequence Variation
• Patterns of Molecular Variation
• The Molecular Clock
• Molecular Phylogenies

Pustaka

Benjamin A. PIERCE.
Genetics, a Conceptual Approach

4
 Mekanisme pembelajaran

STUDENT CENTRED LEARNING

(SCL) !!!!

MAHASISWA adalah PELAKU UTAMA

DOSEN adalah PENGARAH dan FASILITATOR

GENETIKA

DOSEN MAHASISWA

Kuliah adalah tempat

konfirmasi pehamanan

5
 Fungsi Kuliah Kelas

Presentasi dan konfirmasi pemahaman mahasiswa

dan dosen terhadap suatu materi pengetahuan

Penguatan pemahaman mahasiswa terhadap

materi pengetahuan sebagai hasil kegiatan mandiri
dari membaca materi dari pustaka (TEXT BOOK
dan JOURNAL)

PRESENTASE PENILAIAN :

• Teori 75 %
– Tugas 10%
– Presentasi 15%
– Aktifitas kelas 10%
– Evaluasi I 15%
– Evaluasi II 20%
– Evaluasi III 20%
– Kehadiran 10%

• Praktikum 25%

6
I. Introduction to Genetics

I. Introduction to Genetics

History of Genetics
1. PANGENESIS
The ancient Greek physician Alcmaeon (circa 520
B.C.) proposed :
the brain was not only the principle site of perception,
but also the origin of semen.

Specific particles, called gemmules, carry

information from various parts of the body to the
reproductive organs, from where they are passed
to the embryo at the moment of conception

7
 I. Introduction to Genetics

2. INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTIC

The ancient Greek
Characters acquired during one’s lifetime become
incorporated into one’s hereditary information and are
passed on to offspring

ex. A musical ability through diligent study produces

offspring with a music ability

8
I. Introduction to Genetics

3. PERFORMATIONISM
Late 1500s after ‘microscope’
finding

Inside the egg or sperm existed

a tiny miniature adult, a
homunculus, which simply
enlarged during development.

I. Introduction to Genetics

MODERN GENETICS

9
I. Introduction to Genetics

4. CELL THEORY
Modern study of genetics
Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) proposed the concept
in 1839.

All life is composed of cells

Cells arise only from preexisting cell
And the cell is the fundamental unit of structure
and function in living organisms.

I. Introduction to Genetics

5. GERM PLASM THEORY

August Weismann (1834–1914)

The cells in the reproductive organs

carry a complete set of genetic
information that is passed to the
gametes

10
I. Introduction to Genetics

Since the twentieth century

DNA/RNA concept is involved in

Genetics

11
 I. Introduction to Genetics

• Gene is the fundamental unit of

heredity

• Gene is DNA or RNA coded the

instructions for making proteins
within the cell.

• DNA or RNA is a polymer of

nucleic acid

• DNA is double helix strands

• RNA is single strand

I. Introduction to Genetics

• Cells are of 2 basic type:

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

• Each cell has about 2 m of

DNA.

• The average human has 75

trillion cells.
The earth is 150 billion m
or 93 million miles from
• The average human has the sun.
enough DNA to go from the
earth to the sun more than
400 times.

12
I. Introduction to Genetics

I. Introduction to Genetics

13
I. Introduction to Genetics

I. Introduction to Genetics

• Genes are on
chromosomes.
– Bacterial cell :
1 chromosomes
– Human : 46 chromosomes
– Pigeon : 80 chromosomes

• One chromosomes carries

a large number of genes

14
I. Introduction to Genetics

• Chromosomes are in a pair 

homologous chromosomes

• Human :
– 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs
chromosome
–  35.000 genes

• Homologous chromosomes
separate through mitosis and
meiosis

HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

15
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

16
I. Introduction to Genetics

Eukaryotic Cell Division : Mitosis

17
18
I. Introduction to Genetics

19
I. Introduction to Genetics

I. Introduction to Genetics

• Genes encode phenotypes

Gene for hair color

Allele for brown hair Allele for blonde hair

20
 I. Introduction to Genetics

• Phenotypic characters are affected by multiple

factors

Some characters are influenced by multiple genes that

interact in complex ways with environmental factors.

Human height, for example, is affected by hundreds of

genes as well as environmental factors such as nutrition

I. Introduction to Genetics

The Importance of Genetics :

21
I. Introduction to Genetics

GENETICS

22