Dental use of gypsum.

Waxes and
their dental applications.
Possibilities of surface machining,
allergy.
Krisztina Ungvári
09.21.2021.

 http://asvanytan.nyf.hu/book/export/html/148

https://gyogyaszatishop.hu/tomato-muanyag-
gipsz-75-cm-1739

https://www.scrapbookshop.hu/hu/
kesz-formak/3574-powertex-gipsz-noi-
fej.html
Gypsum

https://www.obi.hu/modellezo-kellekek/
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsz#/media/ stukatur-gipsz-2-kg/p/1711829
F%C3%A1jl:Baryte-121038.jpg
Gypsum is a naturally occurring, white powdery mineral with the
chemical name : calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O).

Gypsum products used in dentistry are based on calcium

sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4)2·H2O

Their main uses are for:

•Casts- models, die, investments

https://hu.museum-digital.org/
index.php?t=objekt&oges=249282
.

 Manufacturing of dental stone powder

(hemihydrate)
Dry method Wet method
• Shredded gypsum • At high pressure (2-10 bar)
• In hot gas or in air • In hot water vapor (120-130 ° C)
• Mixing
• Heating

• β-hemihydrate • α-hemihydrate
– High expansion – Low expansion
– Softer, more porous – Harder, more compact
– Regular crystal structure

http://www.frontdent.hu/lenyomatvetel/gipszek/sarga-gipsz-5kg

 Dental gypsum
•Base material:
Calcium-sulfate hemihidrate
•(CaSO4x 1/2H2O α or β crystal modification 90-95 %

• Filling materials:
Na2SO4, K2SO4, terra alba,
Gum arabic, Ca 5-10
•Packing: powder
•Mixing: with water
•Setting reaction: recrystallisation
http://www.frontdent.hu/lenyomatvetel/gipszek/kek-gipsz-5kg.
O


%

ADA (American Dental Association)

•Type 1 Dental plaster, impression
(roze gypsum)
•Type 2 Dental plaster, model
(white gypsum
•Type 3 Dental stone, die, model https://pocketdentistry.com/mounting-of-casts-and-occlusal-analysis/

(yellow, blue, green

•Type 4 Dental stone, die, model, high strength, low
expansion (ocher yellow , light brown
•Type 5 Dental stone, high strength, high expansion
(not model! Because high expansion)
)







)



 Requirements of dental cast
materials
● The main requirements of model and die materials are
dimensional accuracy and adequate mechanical properties.
● The ideally dimension change should be a minimal.
● The dimensional stability after setting should be as good as
possible.
● The material should, ideally, be fluid at the time it is poured into the
impression so that fine detail can be recorded.
● The set material should be sufficiently strong to resist fracture and
hard enough to resist abrasion during the carving of a wax pattern.
● The material should be compatible with all the other
materials with which it comes into contact.
● The set model should easily be removed from the impression
without damage to its surface and fracture of teeth.

 https://semmelweis.hu/fogpotlastan/files/2018/04/Prec%C3%ADzi%C3%B3s-
szitu%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s-lenyomat-k%C3%A9sz%C3%ADt%C3%A9se-szekci%C3%B3s-
minta.pdf
 Mixing
● hydration reactio
● quick, exothermic, setting expansio
● CaSO4 x ½H2O + 1 ½ H2 CaSO4 x 2H2O crystallizatio
● 100g powder + 60 ml water - mixed in a flexible bowl with a
spatul
● Plaster and stone powders are mixed with water to produce a
workable mix. Hydration of the hemihydrate then occurs
producing the gypsum model or die.
● Air porosity may be reduced either by vibrating the mix of plaster or
stone in order to bring air bubbles to the surface or by mixing the
material mechanically under vacuum, or both.

https://www.benam.co.uk/products/gypsum
a

O
n

 Mixing
We need:
● 1. a clean, scratch free rubber or plastic bowl
● 2. a stiff spatula with a round-edged blade
Mixing
● 1. First add the water to the bowl and
then add the powder slowly to the water
over about 10 seconds.
● 2. mix it for around 60 seconds using a
circular stirring motion. https://www.slideshare.net/AnubhavSharma5/dental-plaster-63879638

After the material has been mixed and used, the mixing bowl
should be thoroughly cleaned before the next mix is performed.
:









https://www.amazon.com/TJIRIS-Gypsum-Machine-Imprinted-Plaster/dp/B07LG32QBC
● The setting process begins rapidly after mixing the
powder and water, hydration is completed in 30 min.
● The final crystallisation reached after 24 hours

Visible signs of setting

1. Dissolution - light surface → fluid
2. Water intake -hydrate shel
3. Colloidal state - matt surface → paste
4. Crystal formation - solid → hardenin
5. Breaks with a special sound
:

● The material should be used as soon as possible after

mixing since its viscosity increases to the stage where
the material is unworkable within a few minutes.

Two stages can be identified during setting

● The first is the time at which the material
develops the properties of a weak solid and will
not flow readily. That is the initial setting time,
during this time it is possible to carve away excess
material with a knife. After that came the final
setting time, when the cast become hard and
strenght. :



 Factors influencing
● Factors under the control of the operator are
temperature, W/P ratio and mixing time
● High temperature – faster settin
● Adding salt – faster settin
● Too much water – slower setting, decreasing
mechanical propertie
● Faster mixing – faster setting
s

 Properties of the set material

● The strength of gypsum depends on the porosity of the
set material and the time for which the material is
allowed to dry out after settin
● The porosity, and hence the strength, is proportional to the
W/P ratio
● Gypsum is a very brittle, rigide material
● Very low value of flexural strength
● The dimensional stability of gypsum is good
● Very good surface details
● Set plaster is slightly soluble in water. Solubility
increases with the temperature of the water.
.

 Applications
• Cast, Model
– Blue (3. type):
• Anatomic, study
• Functional, situational
– ocher yellow, light brown 4.):
• Precisional, sectional
• Impression (type 1.):
– Rose PAST
• Fixing to articulator, carving (Type 2., 5.):
– white

 Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages: Disadvantages:
– inexpensive, ● The mechanical
– easy to use, properties are not ideal
– accurate, ● brittleness,
– dimensional stable, ● not easy to mix

– they are able to

reproduce fine detail
from the impression

The most weakest part of the cast are the teeth.

 Alternative materials
● Metal
● Layering
● Molding
● Filling
● Polimers
● Epoxi-resin
● Poliuretane
● Acrylate: https://photocentricgroup.com/product/liquid-crystal-precision-1-5/

● Silicones
● Soft tissue contours: Gi mask
● Investment and refractory die materials:
:

 Metal
● Layering:
● Galvanoplastic:
● 0,2-0,3 mm Ag or Cu (copper)
● Spraying:
● 1 mm (Sn-Bi-Cd) tin-bismuth-
cadmium
● Molding:
● Lead-tin-bismuth-cadmium
● Filling:
● Ag (silver) or amalgam with
high copper content, or silicate https://www.slideshare.net/indiandentalacademy/die-and-die-
materialscertified-fixed-orthodontic-courses-by-indian-dental-

cement academy
 Alternative materials
● Metal
● Layering
● Molding
● Filling
● Polimers
● Epoxi-resin
● Poliuretane
● Acrylate: https://photocentricgroup.com/product/liquid-crystal-precision-1-5/

● Silicones
● Soft tissue contours: Gi mask
● Investment and refractory die materials:
:

● Polimers:
● Epoxi resin:
● Molding
● SLA sztereolithographic
method CAD/CAM
● Poliuretane:
● Molding
● CNC lathe CAD/CAM
● Acrylate:
● Molding, filling https://www.dgshape.com/product/ca-mk1
 Alternative materials
● Metal
● Layering
● Molding
● Filling
● Polimers
● Epoxi-resin
● Poliuretane
● Acrylate: https://photocentricgroup.com/product/liquid-crystal-precision-1-5/

● Silicones
● Soft tissue contours: Gi mask
● Investment and refractory die materials:
:

 Investment and refractory die materials:

• Investment material:
– Refractory base material (expansion during crystal
exchange)
• Quartz (SiO2)
– α: < 570 °C, trigonal
– β: 573 °C <β<870 °C, hexagonal
– Tridimit >870 °C
– Krisztobalit>1470 °C
– Bonding material:
• Gypsum- only Au (Gold)!!! Sulfurisation
• Phosphate: noble and not noble metals
• Silicate: noble and not noble metals
https://pocketdentistry.com/12-casting-and-soldering/
• Spinell: titanium
– Additive materials



 Allergy

• Not known
• P. Brun, A. Kunz, and M. Funke Buried under gypsum powder
– A rare respiratory complication
Respir Med Case Rep. 2013; 8: 36–39.
Published online 2013 Feb 4. doi: 10.1016/
j.rmcr.2013.01.002
PMCID: PMC3920347
PMID: 26029613
After regular exposure: Eye burn, skin irritation, lung
involvement.

• Literature :

Applied Dental Materials

John F. McCabe Angus W.G. Wall
32-39, 46-52

 Waxes

http://www.dental-wax.com
◉ The waxes used in dentistry normally consist of two
or more components which may be natural or
synthetic waxes, resins, oils, fats and pigments.
◉ It may be deposited by insects, obtained from
plants or prepared synthetically.
◉ Waxes are thermoplastic materials which are
normally solids at room temperature but melt,
without decomposition, to form
mobile liquids.
◉ They are, essentially, soft
substances with poor
mechanical properties.
◉ Dental wax- a mixture of two or
more waxes with other additives,
used in dentistry for casts,
registering jaw relations and laboratory work.
https://www.carmelindustries.com/carmel-carmel-bite-rim/













 COMPOSITION OF WAXES
◉ Dental waxes are composed of mixtures of
thermoplastic materials which can be
softened by heating then hardened by
cooling.
◉ The major components may be of mineral,
animal or vegetable origin.
◉ Fatty acids, paraffin-alcohols, ketones,
aldehydes, esters.

http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_10_616_1641.pdf

◉ Animal: Beeswax, derived from

honeycombs, consists of a partially
crystalline natural polyester.
◉ often added to paraffin wax in order to improve
the properties of paraffin.

◉ Vegetable: Carnauba wax and candelilla

wax are derived from trees and plants.
They are blended with paraffin wax in
order to control the softening temperature
and modify properties.

https://www.123rf.com/photo_19578034_yellow-honeycomb-wax-cell-detail-slice-on-white-background.html

Mineral: Paraffin wax and the closely related

microcrystalline wax are both obtained from
petroleum residues following distillation. They
are both hydrocarbons.

◉ Paraffin waxes soften in the temperature range

37–55ºC and melt in the range 48–70ºC. They are
brittle at room temperature.

◉ Microcrystalline waxes melt in the range 65–

90ºC and when added to paraffin waxes they
raise its melting point.

http://spabylana.com/services/paraffin-wax-treatment/

 PROPERTIES OF DENTAL WAXES

◉ Thermal properties:
◉ melting point,
◉ solid–solid transition temperature,
◉ softening temperature,
◉ coefficient of thermal expansion,
◉ dimensional stability
◉ Mechanical properties:
◉ brittleness
◉ degree of flow

◉ The change in crystal structure is accompanied by a change in

mechanical properties and the wax is converted from a relatively
brittle solid to a much softer, mouldable material.

◉ The solid–solid transition temperature is sometimes

referred to as the softening temperature.

◉ For many applications of waxes the softening temperature should

be just above mouth temperature.

◉ Methods for softening wax prior to moulding include a

water bath, an infra-red lamp and a bunsen burner.
The wax should be held in the warm rising air above
the flame and not in the flame itself.

◉ If the surface becomes shiny it indicates that the wax is

becoming too hot and the outer layers are beginning to melt.

◉ The ability to record detail depends on

the flow of the material at the moulding
temperature, which is just above mouth
temperature for direct techniques and
just above room temperature for indirect
techniques.
◉ Accuracy and dimensional stability
depend on dimensional changes which
occur during solidification and cooling of
the wax.
◉ Distortions may also occur if
thermal stresses are introduced.

 FLOW
◉ Flow: % value, what percentage of
molecules are released from the
intermediate physical bond at a given
temperature. 100% = liquid.
◉ It depends on the temperature, exposure
time, amount of energy delivered. Eg:
beeswax at 38°C is solid at 40°C 7%.

 Flow values:



 APPLICATIONS
• modelling, casting
– preparation of dentures,
– making inlays.
• Bite height, central https://www.picuki.com/tag/
f%C3%A9mlemez

relation determination
https://regi.tankonyvtar.hu/
hu/tartalom/tamop412A/
2011-0095_fogaszat_magya
r/ch06s08.html

https://semmelweis.hu/fszoi/
files/2015/02/Esztétikus-betét-
kész%C3%ADtése-jobb-alsó-
hatos-fogba.pdf

https://www.slideserve.com/penelope-ardelis/dental-waxes
 REQUIREMENTS OF WAX-PATTERN
MATERIALS
◉ The major requirements of waxes:

The wax pattern must conform to the exact size, shape

and contour of the appliance which is to be
constructed.

No dimensional change should take place in the wax

pattern once it has been formed.

After formation of the casting mould, it should be

possible to remove the wax by boiling out or burning
without leaving a residue.

◉ Waxes tend to have high values of

coefficient of thermal expansion.

◉ An upper limit of 0.8% expansion on heating

from 25ºC to 40ºC is allowed in the ISO
specification.

◉ Some metal components of partial dentures

are formed in wax on the model. Small
sheets of casting wax are used, which have
been rolled to a precise thickness,
according to the metal gauge required.




https://mydentaltechnologynotes.wordpress.com/2018/06/29/dental-waxes/
 DENTURE MODELLING WAXES
◉ A mixture of different types of wax, its exact ingredients are
factory secret, mostly paraffin (melting point, hardness
decreased), carnauba wax (melting point, hardness
increase), ceresin, rosin, turpentine, talc, dye.
◉ It is available in 9 X 20 cm sheets with a thickness of 1.2-2
mm.
◉ They are not made of casting wax because when burned, the
mineral parts of the wax do not burn, the place cannot be
poured out exactly.
◉ It is used to make a wax rim (dental technician) and a bite
registration (dentist).
◉ Three groups according to hardness
◉ soft
◉ hard
◉ extra hard

https://www.yates-motloid.com/products/all-season-wax

 ◉ Only the type 3 material can be considered relatively stable at

mouth temperature.

◉ Type 1 material is designed to be hard at room temperature but soft

at mouth temperature and is used only for building contours and
veneers in the laboratory.

◉ The type 2 material is suitable for pattern production in temperate

climates.

◉ Modelling waxes consist mainly of mixtures of paraffin wax and

beeswax and have melting points in the range 49–58ºC. They are
generally supplied in sheet form, the sheets being produced either
by rolling or by cutting from a block.

◉ An important requirement of denture modelling waxes is that they

can easily be trimmed with a sharp instrument without tearing,
chipping or flaking.









 Pattern
◉ After model making, the next stage in the
formation of many dental appliances, dentures or
restorations is the production of a wax pattern of
the appliance on the model.
◉ Indirect technique – after taking impression,
send model to the lab. The technician adapts
the wax on the model, and makes a real shape
of the dental appliance.
◉ Some dental restorations, such as inlays, may be
produced by a direct wax pattern technique in
which the inlay wax is adapted and shaped in the
prepared cavity in the mouth.

 INLAY wax- Casting wax

• It is used to make works cast by a dental technician, inlay,
pin abutment, crown, bridge frame, metal baseplate.
• A dentist will use it when direct form the partial crown in
the mouth, then use a hard, dark-colored inlay wax to
separate the color from the tooth.
• It hardens quickly in the mouth, becomes plastic at 37-43°C,
but does not melt. It fills the cavity in the tooth perfectly, it
can be smoothed to the edge of the tooth.
• Carnauba wax increases hardness and machinability,
Japanese wax and stearin reduce stickiness, and beeswax
increases plasticity.
• They are also available in prefabricated forms.

https://www.mwdental.hu/inlay-viasz-lagy-1304995---inlay-viasz-lagy-280245---mintazo-viaszok-19625-d-p-shop.html

◉ The type 1 inlay wax materials are used in

the indirect technique, making patterns
outside the mouth for the production of
inlays, crowns and cast pontics.

◉ The type 2 materials are used in the direct

technique (and may also be suitable for
indirect use) for the production of inlays and
crowns. The difference between the two
types of wax is characterised by their flow
behaviour. 

Direct method

◉ The wax is a different color in order to

distinguish it from the color of the tooth
and to make an exact pattern. It is
important that there are no undercut
areas in the cavity, otherwise the finished
inlay will not be removable and glued.
◉ We use a wax that is slightly plastic and
moldable at mouth temperature but does
not melt.



https://rndentist.hu/fogaszati-kezelesek/fogaszati-betet/
 INDIRECT Method
• Similar to the direct technique, the indirect
technique also applies the wax to the cavity, only in
this case in the laboratory, on the gypsum model.
• The wax is plastic at room temperature.

It is easier to work on a sample, because the

technician has easy access to areas which is
inaccessible for a dentist directly in the mouth.





 https://docplayer.hu/69202012-Felhasznalasi-
https://dentka.eoldal.hu/cikkek/
utmutato-vita-vm-lc-es-vita-vm-lc-flow-
fogpotlastan/inlay-keszitese.html
anyagokhoz.html
 SHELLAC
◉ Shellac, a wax-like resin which is more
stable at mouth temperature, has been
used for construction of the temporary
denture base. The wax rim is then built
on top of this more stable base.
◉ Shellac is a natural
beetle exudate
which has a
considerably
higher softening
temperature than
ordinary modelling
wax.
http://fertisol-dental.hu/?termek=bazis-
lemezek-base-plates















https://regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/
tartalom/tamop412A/
2011-0095_fogaszat_magyar/
ch06s08.html
 Allergy
• Rare
• Lip balm - carnauba wax - allergic contact
dermatitis
• Propolis
• Children's chewable tablets

• Cheilitis, perioral dermatitis

Gunnar S A Nyman 1 2, Mimmi Tang 1 2, Annika Inerot 1 2, Amra

Osmancevic 1 2, Per Malmberg 3, Lina Hagvall 1 2Contact allergy to
beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial
dermatitis Contact Dermatitis. 2019 Aug;81(2):110-116
doi: 10.1111/cod.13306. Epub 2019 May 27.
PMID: 31066083
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13306

Sharon E Jacob 1, Stacy Chimento, Mari Paz Castanedo-TardanAllergic

contact dermatitis to propolis and carnauba wax from lip
balm and chewable vitamins in a child Contact Dermatitis. 2008
Apr;58(4):242-3.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.1261.x. PMID: 18353036
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.1261.x

•Book:

•Applied Dental Materials

•John F. McCabe Angus W.G. Walls
• 40.-45.

Thank You for Your attention!

https://www.123rf.com/photo_2851855_yellow-honeycomb-wax-cell-detail-slice-on-yellow-plate.html