International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpvp

Review

Creep and creep fracture/damage finite element modelling

of engineering materials and structures: an addendum
Jaroslav Mackerle*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Linköping Institute of Technology, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
Received 20 January 2004; revised 15 March 2004; accepted 15 March 2004

Abstract
The paper gives a bibliographical review of finite element methods applied to creep and creep fracture/damage of engineering materials
and structures from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. It is a continuation of the author’s bibliography published in Int. J.
Pressure Vessels Piping 2000; 77: 53 – 77, where 964 references were listed for the period 1980– 1999. This addendum lists more than 400
references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations on the subject that were published between 1999 and 2003.
These references are classified in the following categories: materials, topics, and areas of applications. Each category is further divided into
specific subcategories for a more effective and faster reference retrieval.
q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Finite elements; Creep; Creep fracture; Creep damage; Bibliography

1. Introduction The objective of this bibliography is to show what has

Rheological behaviour such as creep can be observed in
many engineering materials such as metals, polymers,
ceramics, concrete, soils, rocks, ice, etc. Creep strains,
viscoelastic/viscoplastic deformations and creep fractures in
engineering structures result from time- and temperature-
dependent processes which occur when specific
materials are subject to stress. Creep of materials often
limits their use in practice. Particularly in high temperature
environment, creep has a severe effect on structural or
component response. In order to predict deformations and
evaluate lifetime, creep analysis has to be performed.
Numerical methods, first of all the finite element method
(FEM), are an effective tool used today for the creep
modelling of materials as well as for complete high
technology or ordinary structures. Much research effort
has been dedicated to developing appropriate constitutive
equations, to model time- and temperature-dependent
behaviour of specific materials, and also to solve various
numerical difficulties to accurately analyse creep
problems (i.e. nonlinearity of constitutive equations,
incompressibility constraints, etc.).
* Tel.: þ46-13-28-1111; fax: þ 46-13-28-2717.
E-mail address: jarma@ikp.liu.se (J. Mackerle).
0308-0161/$ - see front matter q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpvp.2004.03.007
been done during the last five years in the application of the
FEM in creep analysis, with an emphasis in presenting areas
where the FEM has been implemented and on reference
listings. This paper is a pure bibliography directed to
professionals, not a state-of-the-art review paper. Hopefully,
it will save time for readers looking for information dealing
with the subjects described below, not having access to large
engineering databases or a willingness to spend their
research time on information retrieval.
This bibliography is divided into the following parts and
it concerns:
† Materials (metals, composites, concrete and mortar, soils
and geomaterials, and other materials).
† Topics (creep behaviour and testing, creep fracture
modelling, creep contact problems and joining, creep
buckling, formulations and computational issues).
† Areas of applications (pressure vessels and piping, civil
engineering, geomechanics, reactor technology, electro-
nics, material processing, and other applications).
The most papers published deal with fracture mechanics
problems. Therefore, this subject is further divided into the
following subsections: creep crack growth, creep fatigue,
creep damage, and other fracture mechanics problems.
382 J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392
This paper is organized into two parts. In the first, each
subject listed above is briefly described by keywords where
current trends in application of finite element techniques are
mentioned. The second part, Appendix A, is a listing of
references on papers published in the open literature for the
period 1999– 2003, retrieved from the author’s database,
MAKEBASE, and also checked with the COMPENDEX.
Readers interested in the finite element literature in general
are referred to the author’s Internet Finite Element Book
Bibliography where approximately 500 books are presented
with bibliographical data, abstract and contents (http://
www.solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html).
2. Finite elements in the analysis and simulation
of creep problems
The references presented dealing with finite element
analysis and simulation of creep problems are sorted into
three main categories: materials (Section 2.1), topics
(Section 2.2), and areas of applications (Section 2.3).
2.1. Materials
The following materials have their own subcategories:
metals (Section 2.1.1), composites (Section 2.1.2), concrete
and mortar (Section 2.1.3), soils and geomaterials
(Section 2.1.4). Creep of materials not included in these
subcategories are given in the last subcategory, other
materials (Section 2.1.5).
2.1.1. Metals
The main topics are: 2D and 3D finite element analysis;
macro- and micro-modelling; constitutive modelling;
creep behaviour studies; high-temperature creep; anisotro-
pic modelling of creep; creep relaxation; high-temperature
multi-axial creep; microstructural evolution during creep;
determination of creep parameters; void growth and
coalescence; inhomogeneous tertiary creep.
Materials: steels; stainless steels; low-alloy steels;
austenitic steels; Cr ferritic heat resistant steels; Cr steels;
aluminium alloys; copper alloys; TiAl alloys; polycrystal-
line alloys; solder alloys; lead-free solders; braze alloys;
CrMoV bolt materials; Zircaloy; NiO films; single crystal
superalloys.
2.1.2. Composites
The subjects include: 2D and 3D finite element analysis;
macro- and micro-modelling; micro – macro homogeni-
zation approach; steady-state creep behaviour; dynamic
creep behaviour; thermoviscoelastic creep; high-tempera-
ture creep; creep recovery; inelastic relaxation; creep effects
on residual stresses.
Materials: fibre-reinforced composites; unidirectional
composites; metal matrix composites; short-fibre-reinforced
metal matrix composites; polymer matrix composites;
ceramic matrix composites; particulate-reinforced metal
matrix composites; woven-fabric layered media; unstitched
and stitched woven composites; glass fabric composites.
2.1.3. Concrete and mortar
This section contains constitutive modelling; creep and
fracture; creep and shrinkage; rheological effects; early-age
creep; time-dependent reliability assessment; concrete
repair; continuous relaxation spectrum.
Materials: concrete; reinforced concrete; mass concrete;
prestressed concrete; shotcrete.
2.1.4. Soils and geomaterials
Subjects treated here: constitutive modelling; macro-
and micro-mechanical modelling; creep behaviour; con-
solidation problems.
Materials: soils; clays; soft clays; frozen ground.
2.1.5. Other materials
This section contains topics such as: constitutive
modelling; macro- and micro-mechanical analysis; creep
behaviour; high-temperature creep.
Materials: ceramics and refractories; insulations; semi-
conductor materials; silicon carbide; paper; open-cell
foams; porous media; cellular solids; functionally graded
materials; coatings; thermal barrier coatings; ice.
2.2. Topics
Topics handled in this section are divided into the
following subsections: creep behaviour and testing (Section
2.2.1), creep fracture modelling (Section 2.2.2), creep contact
problems and joining (Section 2.2.3), creep buckling
(Section 2.2.4), and formulations and computational issues
(Section 2.2.5). The subsection on creep fracture is further
divided in Appendix into creep crack growth (see 2.2.2.1),
creep fatigue (see 2.2.2.2), creep damage (see 2.2.2.3), and
other fracture mechanics problems (see 2.2.2.4).
2.2.1. Creep behaviour and testing
The following subjects are handled: examination of creep
properties/parameters; tension creep; creep rupture testing;
creep crack growth testing; impact testing; impression creep
testing; indentation testing; nano-indentation testing;
potential drop method; multi-material creep testing; solder
joint testing; C-integral estimation.
Types of specimens/components: notched specimens;
notched bars and cylinders; compact tension specimens;
homogeneous and bi-material specimens; shear speci-
mens; cross-weld CT specimens; various indenters.
2.2.2. Creep fracture modelling
Most published papers on finite element analysis of
creep problems are in connection with fracture
mechanics. Therefore, four additional parts are included
in Appendix, namely: creep crack growth, creep fatigue,
 J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392
creep damage, and other fracture mechanics problems. All
these parts are directed to: 2D and 3D finite element creep
fracture analysis; micro- and macro-mechanics studies;
time-dependent fracture mechanics parameters; creep crack
growth; crack growth at high temperatures; creep crack
initiation; crack propagation; bridged cracks at creep; void
growth; creep fatigue crack growth; assessment of defects;
life prediction analysis; creep rupture lifetime; thermal
fatigue lifetime prediction; multi-axial creep fatigue; creep
fatigue monitoring; creep damage-isotropic and anisotropic
models; creep continuum damage mechanics; creep damage
evolution; damage accumulation; coupled and uncoupled
damage viscoplasticity models; crystallographic creep
damage; microscopic cavitation damage; meso approaches
for creep damage; crack-tip field; crack-tip constrained
effects; transient creep for defects.
Materials: metals; steels; stainless steels; chromium
steels; ferritic steels; copper alloys; titanium; aluminium;
nickel-base superalloys; welding structures; solder
joints; wood timbers; composites; ceramic matrix compo-
sites; metal matrix composites; polymer composites; resin-
based fibre composites; asphalt; ceramics and refractories;
concrete; cementitious materials; single crystals; thin films.
2.2.3. Creep contact problems and joining
Main topics include: 2D and 3D finite element analysis of
creep contact problems; cohesion, adhesion and creep
properties; welded joints; solder joints; adhesively bonded
structures; ceramic fiber bonded structures; creep forces in
rolling contact problems; bolted joints; nut-bolt assembly;
oblique contact of creeping solids; belt-drive mechanics.
2.2.4. Creep buckling
This section presents papers dealing with the finite
element analysis of creep buckling problems.
2.2.5. Formulations and computational issues
The finite element formulations for creep problems as well
as the computational issues (stability, accuracy, appli-
cability, element library) are the main topics of this section.
2.3. Areas of applications
This section deals with various areas of applications of
the finite element creep analysis from the engineering
point of view, namely to: pressure vessels and piping
(Section 2.3.1), civil engineering (Section 2.3.2), geo-
mechanics (Section 2.3.3), reactor technology (Section
2.3.4), electronics (Section 2.3.5), material processing
(Section 2.3.6), and other applications (Section 2.3.7).
2.3.1. Pressure vessel and piping
Creep analyses of the following structures/components
are handled: pipes; pressure vessels; high temperature plant
components; pipe bends; pipe flanges; pipe liners; bellows;
pipe weldments; bonded connections in pipes.
383
2.3.2. Civil engineering
References to papers on the creep of civil engineering
structures include: frames; dams; creeping structures and
structures in fire.
2.3.3. Geomechanics
Subjects include: pavements; embankments; piers;
mined storage caverns; boreholes; consolidation problems.
2.3.4. Reactor technology
This section deals with creep analysis of fuel rods; fuel
pin cladding; reactor pressure vessel components;
LWR vessel components; reactor pressure vessel nozzle;
PWR reactor pressure vessel head; FBR Class 1 com-
ponents; tube coolant piping system; toroidal field coils.
2.3.5. Electronics
The following components have been analysed:
electronic packages; laser packages; moulding compounds;
flip-chip assemblies; wafer level chip scale packages;
FLMP packages; FCOC with defects; CBGA and PBGA
components; MOSFET components; cable conductors;
magnetic shielding.
2.3.6. Material processing
Creep problems in this section include: DC casting;
cooling and bulging in continuous casting; moulding;
creeping flow.
2.3.7. Other applications
Included are applications in: biomechanics problems;
corrugated boards; perforated plates; taper-seal gaskets;
sandwich beams with a foam core; stirling space power
converter head.
Acknowledgements
The bibliography presented in Appendix is by no means
complete, but it gives a comprehensive representation of
different finite element applications on the subjects.
The author wishes to apologize for the unintentional
exclusions of missing references and would appreciate
receiving comments and pointers to other relevant literature
for a future update.
Appendix A. A bibliography (1999 –2003)
This bibliography provides a list of literature references on
finite element analysis and simulation of creep problems of
engineering materials and structures. Presented listings
contain papers published in scientific journals, conference
proceedings, and theses/dissertations retrospectively to 1999.
References are grouped into the same sections/subsections
described in the first part of this paper, and sorted
384 J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392
alphabetically according to the first author’s name. In some
cases, if a specific paper is relevant for several subject
categories, the same reference is listed under each respective
section headings. The interested reader is expected to consider
also areas adjacent to his/her central area of research.
Further Reading
Materials (2.1)
Metals (2.1.1)
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Basoalto H, et al. Extension of an anisotropic model of creep in single
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Basoalto HC, et al. Multiaxial creep deformation of single crystal super-
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Bastid P, Christodoulou L. Micro–macro modelling of the creep behaviour
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Dutta I. A constitutive model for creep of lead-free solders undergoing
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El-Shennawy M, et al. Analytical and experimental investigation for tensile
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Farup I, et al. Gleeble machine determination of creep law parameters for
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Frechinet S, et al. Transformation induced plasticity in Zircaloy-4.
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Hasegawa T, et al. Microstructural evolution during creep test in 9Cr– 2W–
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Hasija V, et al. Deformation and creep modeling in polycrystalline Ti –6A1
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Hatanaka K, et al. Initiation of high temperature creep voids in notched
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Composites (2.1.2)
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 J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392
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Yue ZF. Statistic modeling of the creep behaviour of metal matrix
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Yue ZF, Lu ZZ. A numerical determination of the fiber/matrix interlayer
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385
Concrete and mortar (2.1.3)
Barpi F, Valente S. Creep and fracture in concrete: a fractional order rate
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Bazant ZP, et al. Fracturing rate effect and creep in microplane model for
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Bradford MA, et al. Time-dependent analysis of reinforced concrete
structures using the layered finite element method. Struct Eng Mech
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Brooks JJ, Al-Qarra H. Assessment of creep and shrinkage of concrete for
the Flintshire bridge. Struct Eng 1999;77(5):21–6.
Destrebecq JF, Jurkiewiez B. A numerical method for the analysis of
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Helimich C, et al. Modeling of early-age creep of shotcrete. II. Application
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Liu N, Liu GT. Time-dependent reliability assessment for mass concrete
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Rahman MK, et al. Modeling of shrinkage and creep stresses in concrete
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Shambira MV, Nounu GF. Numerical simulation of shrinkage and creep in
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Wu XH, et al. Tendon model for nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete
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Soils and geomaterials (2.1.4)
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Blommaart PJ. Determination of effective stresses and the compressibility
of soil using different codes of practice and soil models in finite element
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Liu H, et al. Evaluation of helical piers in frozen ground. Int Conf Cold
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Muhlbauer M, et al. Modelling of time-dependent behaviour of polycrystal-
line rocks. Sixth Int Conf Comput Struct Technol, Prague 2002,
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Murad MA, et al. Micromechanical computational modeling of secondary
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Other materials (2.1.5)
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Miyazaki N, Kuroda Y. Dislocation density analyses of bulk semiconductor
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JSME Int J, Ser A 1999;42(4):485–91.
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Topics (2.2)
Creep behaviour and testing (2.2.1)
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Cheng YT, Cheng CM. Scaling relationship in indentation of power-law
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Cseh G, et al. Indentation creep in a short fibre-reinforced metal matrix
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Kim YJ, et al. Engineering C-integral estimates for generalised creep
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Li JCM. Impression creep and other localized tests. Mater Sci Eng, A 2002;
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Majima T, Liu Q. Strain concentration factor of notched cylindrical bars
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Oh J, et al. Unresolved issues with regard to creep and creep fatigue life
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Yue ZF, Lu ZZ. A numerical determination of the fiber/matrix interlayer
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Creep fracture modelling (2.2.2)
Creep crack growth (2.2.2.1)
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Assire A, et al. Creep crack initiation and creep crack growth assessments
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Dean DW, et al. Development and use of the R5 procedures for the
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Dubois F, et al. A finite element analysis of creep-crack growth in
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Gandossi L, et al. The potential drop method for monitoring crack growth in
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Hyde TH, et al. Creep crack growth in welds: a damage mechanics
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Int J Pressure Vessels Piping 2001;78(11):765–71.
Kim KS, Han C. On time-dependent crack growth parameters in plasticity
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Kim KS, et al. Creep crack growth in X20CrMoV 12 1 steel weld joints.
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Le Mat Hamata N, Shibli IA. Creep crack growth of seam-welded P22 and
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Marie S, Delaval C. Fatigue and creep-fatigue crack growth in 316 stainless
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Masao O, Hiroyuki K. Evaluation of creep crack initiation and propagation
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Merah N, et al. Creep-fatigue crack growth in notched SS-304 plates at 600
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Mohan R, Brust FW. On void growth in elastic-nonlinear viscous solids
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Murakami S, et al. Computational methods for creep fracture analysis by
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Park YK, et al. Creep crack growth in X20CrMoV 121 steel and its weld
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Zhao LG, et al. Finite element simulation of creep-crack growth in a nickel
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Creep fatigue (2.2.2.2)
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modeling the microstructure degradation due to the exposure to high
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composites under thermomechanical cyclic loading conditions. Com-
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Dean DW, et al. Development and use of the R5 procedures for the
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Goda K. Creep-rupture lifetime simulation of unidirectional metal matrix
composites with and without time-dependent fiber breakage. Int J
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Harris J. Fuzzy logic methods in fatigue and creep. J Strain Anal Eng Des
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Hayakawa H, et al. Creep-fatigue life prediction for ligament of boiler
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Igari T, et al. Inelastic analysis and thermal fatigue life prediction of a
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Klenk A, et al. Integrity of repair welds in high temperature plant operating
under creep and creep-fatigue conditions: a new European Commission
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Lau J, et al. Creep analysis and thermal-fatigue life prediction of the lead-
free solder sealing ring of a photonic switch. J Electron Packaging 2002;
124(4):403–10.
Lee JH, et al. An interpretation of the Ct parameter for increasing load
conditions. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 1999;22(10):859–67.
Lee JH, et al. Application of Ct parameter for creep-fatigue crack growth
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Lee JH, et al. Determination of Ct-parameter considering effects of
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Li G, et al. Modeling creep and fatigue of copper alloys. Metall Mater Trans
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Liu Z. A methodology for probabilistic remaining creep life assessment of
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Liu Z, et al. Probabilistic remaining creep life assessment for gas turbine
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Marie S, Delaval C. Fatigue and creep-fatigue crack growth in 316 stainless
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78(11):847–57.
Merah N. Notch-strengthening phenomenon under creep-fatigue loading
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Merah N, et al. Creep-fatigue crack growth in notched SS-304 plates at 600
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Mukhopadhyay NK, et al. On-line creep-fatigue monitoring system for
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Mukhopadhyay NK, et al. On-line fatigue-creep monitoring system for
high-temperature components of power plants. Int J Fatigue 2001;
23(6):549–60.
Ogata T, Yaguchi M. Type IV cracking and life evaluation of weldments on
2.25 Cr– 1Mo steel under creep-fatigue loading condition. J Soc Mater
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Oh J, et al. Unresolved issues with regard to creep and creep fatigue life
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Sermage JP, et al. Multiaxial creep-fatigue under anisothermal conditions.
Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 2000;23(3):241– 52.
Shimakawa T, et al. Verification of simplified J-integral evaluation method
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Tokiyoshi T, et al. Crack propagation life prediction of a perforated plate
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Wen H, Kim YR. Simple performance test for fatigue cracking and
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Xie DJ. A new experimental method to evaluate creep fatigue life of flip-
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Yong W, Chow CL. A damage-coupled TMF constitutive model for solder
alloy. Int J Damage Mech 2001;10(2):133–52.
Creep damage (2.2.2.3)
Altenbach H, et al. On the accuracy of creep-damage predictions in
thinwalled structures using the finite element method. Comput Mech
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Altenbach H, et al. On the use of solid- and shell-type finite elements in
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Altenbach H, et al. Creep damage predictions in thin-walled structures by
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Becker AA, et al. Benchmarks for finite element analysis of creep
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Bellenger E, Bussy P. Phenomenological modeling and numerical
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Bhandari S, et al. Creep-damage analysis: comparison between coupled and
uncoupled models. J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2000;122(4):
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Biner SB. Stress states and growth behaviour of bridged cracks at creep
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Boussuge M. Some numerical approaches of creep, thermal shock, damage
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Carrere N, et al. Damage mechanisms in unidirectional SiC/Ti composites
under transverse creep loading: experiments and modeling. Int J
Damage Mech 2002;11(1):41–63.
Chabaud Reytier M, et al. Modelling creep damage in heat affected zone in
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Feng L, et al. Anisotropic damage model under continuum slip crystal plasticity
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Hayhurst DR, Perrin IJ. Continuum damage mechanics analyses of Type IV
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Hsiao JS, Gibbons TB. Prediction of creep failure in notched tubes using
continuum damage mechanics. ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Conf
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Hyde TH, et al. Creep crack growth in welds: a damage mechanics
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Int J Pressure Vessels Piping 2001;78(11):765 –71.
Hyde TH, et al. Finite element creep continuum damage mechanics
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Jordaan IJ, et al. Disintegration of ice under fast compressive loading. Int J
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Kallmeyer AR, Stephens RI. A finite element model for predicting time-
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Klenk A, et al. Experimental and numerical investigations on creep damage
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Ling X, et al. Application of Runge– Kutta–Merson algorithm for creep
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Ling X, et al. Damage mechanics considerations for life extension of high-
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Murakami S, et al. Computational methods for creep fracture analysis
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Nechnech W, et al. An elasto-plastic damage model for plain concrete
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Nicolas L, et al. Comparison of the predictions relying on coupled/
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J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2001;123(3):298–304.
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Mater High Temp 2001;18(2):81–90.
Qi W, et al. An FE-analysis of anisotropic creep damage and deformation in
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Sun W, et al. Comparison of the creep and damage failure prediction of the
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Yong W, Chow CL. A damage-coupled TMF constitutive model for solder
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Yue Z, et al. Meso approaches for the creep damage behaviour of nickel-
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Yue ZF, Lu ZZ. Multiaxial crystallographic creep damage constitutive
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Other fracture mechanics problems (2.2.2.4)
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Chai G, Shiratori M. Creep analysis of surface-cracked plates by a creep
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Chao YJ, et al. Higher-order asymptotic crack-tip fields in a power-law
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Chen HF, et al. Linear matching method for creep rupture assessment. Int J
Pressure Vessels Piping 2003;80(4):213–20.
Gourgues AF, Andrieu E. High-temperature, oxidation-assisted intergra-
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Govaert LE, et al. A micromechanical approach to time-dependent failure
in off-axis loaded polymer composites. Composites Part A 2001;32(12):
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Huang R, et al. Loss of constraint on fracture in thin film structures due to
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Kim YJ, et al. Finite element analysis to assess the effect of initial plasticity
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Nguyen BN, et al. Crack-tip constraint effects on creep fracture. Eng Fract
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Nguyen BN, et al. On higher-order crack-tip fields in creeping solids. J Appl
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Oliveira BF, Creus GJ. Viscoelastic failure analysis of composite plates and
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Sakon T, Date S. Simplified estimation method of inelastic stress/strain
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Shatil G, Smith DJ. Ductile fracture of commercial purity titanium at room
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Shimakawa T, et al. Verification of simplified J-integral evaluation method
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Tu ST. Creep behaviour of crack near bi-material interface characterized by
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Tu ST, Yoon KB. The influence of material mismatch on the evaluation of
time-dependent fracture mechanics parameters. Eng Fract Mech 1999;
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Van Zijl GPAG, et al. Time-dependent fracture of cementitious materials.
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Yahya AN, et al. A dominant mechanical factor for growth of high
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Yoon KB, Lee JS. Characterization of creep fracture for weld fusion line
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Yuan FG, Yang S. Crack-tip fields for matrix cracks between dissimilar
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Yuan Y, Wan ZL. Prediction of cracking within early-age concrete due to
thermal, drying and creep behaviour. Cement Concrete Res 2002;32(7):
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Zhang SY. Micro- and macroscopic characterizations of the viscoelastic
fracture of resin-based fibre composites. Compos Sci Technol 1999;
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Zhou J, et al. The mechanism and prevention of conductor fracture on
printed multilayer ceramic and low temperature co-fired ceramic
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Creep contact problems and joining (2.2.3)
Bouzakis KD, et al. Characterization of cohesion, adhesion and creep
properties of dynamically loaded coatings through the impact tester.
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Chen H, Chen Z. finite element analysis of creep strength mis-matched
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Int J Mater Product Technol 1999;14(5/6):411–29.
Cseh G, et al. Indentation creep in a short fibre-reinforced metal matrix
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Hatanaka K, et al. High temperature creep under bend loading in Si–Ti–
C– O ceramic fiber bonded body. JSME Int J, Ser A 2000;43(4):393–9.
Hyde TH, et al. Assessment of creep behaviour of a narrow gap weld. Int J
Pressure Vessels Piping 1999;76(8):515 –25.
Jin X, Wen Z. Analysis of creep forces of wheel/rail. Chin J Mech Eng
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A/Solids 2000;19(4):565–84.
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Solids 2002;50(10):2029–55.
Law M, et al. Creep modeling of welded joints using the theta projection
concept and finite element analysis. J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME
2000;122(1):22– 6.
Law M, et al. Modelling the creep behaviour of a reheat header longitudinal
weld. Int J Pressure Vessels Piping 2000;77(2/3):99–103.
Leamy MJ, Wasfy TM. Analysis of belt-drive mechanics using a creep-rate
dependent friction law. ASME Design Eng Tech Conf 2001;Pittsburgh;
ASME:2159– 69.
Leamy MJ, Wasfy TM. Analysis of belt-driven mechanics using a creep-
rate-dependent friction law. J Appl Mech, ASME 2002;69(6):763–71.
Nakacho K, Yamazaki M. Estimation of creep life of thick welded joints
using a simple model-creep characteristics in thick welded joint and
their improvements. II. Q J Jpn Weld Soc 2001;19(2):354–9.
Nakacho K. A simple estimating method for reduction of welding residual
stresses in thick welded joint from stress-relief annealing. Part IV.
J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2002;124(2):207 –14.
Roos E, et al. Description of deformation and failure behaviour of a nut-
bolt-assembly by means of a viscoplastic constitutive equation. ASME
Pressure Vessels Piping Conf 1999;PVP 382:95–102.
Sheen MT, et al. The influence of thermal aging on joint strength and
fracture surface of Pb/Sn and Au/Sn solders in laser diode packages.
J Electron Mater 2002;31(8):895–902.
Tabuchi M, et al. Creep fracture analysis of W strengthened high Cr steel
weldment. Mater Sci Res Int 2003;9(1):23–8.
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strengthened high Cr ferritic steel. J Soc Mater Sci Jpn 2001;50(2):
116– 21.
Tendo M, et al. Stress relaxation behaviour at high-tension bolted
connections of stainless-steel plates. J Eng Mater Technol, ASME
2001;123(2):198– 202.
Thorwald GV, et al. Effect of materials and geometrical variables on creep
behaviour of welds. Weld World 2003;47(5/6):15–31.
Zhao S, et al. High temperature creep under bend loading in Si–Ti–C –O
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Zhu M, Hall DE. Creep induced contact and stress evolution in thin-walled
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Creep buckling (2.2.4)
Oliveira BF, Creus GJ. Nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of thin-walled
beams in composite materials. Thin-Wall Struct 2003;41(10):957–71.
Turbat A, Drubay B. Buckling analysis in creep conditions: review and
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Zhao Q, et al. Numerical simulation of creep-induced buckling of
thin-walled pipe liners. J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2001;
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Formulations and computational issues (2.2.5)
Altenbach H, et al. On the use of solid- and shell-type finite elements in
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2001;71(2/3):164–81.
Beijer JGJ, Spoormaker JL. Solution strategies for FEM analysis with
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390 J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392
Chen X, et al. Sensitivity analysis for thermal stress and creep problems.
JSME Int J, Ser A 2000;43(3):252–8.
Hartmann S. A time adaptive finite element procedure applied to creep and
relaxation processes. ZAMM 2000;80(S2):515– 6.
Karabatakis DA, Hatzigogos TN. Analysis of creep behaviour using
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Mahnken R. Creep simulation of asymmetric effects by use of stress mode
dependent weighting functions. Int J Solids Struct 2003;40(22):
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Plesek J, Korous J. Integration method with time step control for
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Popelar CF, Liechti KM. A distortion-modified free volume theory for
nonlinear viscoelastic behaviour. Mech Time-Depend Mater 2003;7(2):
89–141.
Schmidt A, Gaul L. Implementation of material laws with fractional
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Skrypnyk ID, et al. Implementation of constitutive model in FEA for
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Areas of applications (2.3)
Pressure vessels and piping (2.3.1)
Boot JC, et al. Predicting the creep lives of thin-walled cylindrical
polymeric pipe linings subject to external pressure. Int J Solids Struct
2003;40(26):7299–314.
Carucci VA, et al. Recommendations for design of vessels for elevated
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Chellapandi P, Chetal SC. Influence of mis-match of weld and base material
creep properties on elevated temperature design of pressure vessels and
piping. Nucl Eng Des 2000;195(2):189– 96.
Dean DW, et al. Development and use of the R5 procedures for the
assessment of defects in high temperature plant. Int J Pressure Vessels
Piping 2001;78(11):963–76.
Hyde TH, Sun W. Effect of bending load on the creep failure behaviour of a
pressurised thick walled CrMoV pipe weldment. Int J Pressure Vessels
Piping 2002;79(5):331–9.
Hyde TH, et al. Prediction of creep failure life of internally pressurised thick
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Hyde TH, et al. Creep behaviour of parent, weld and HAZ materials of new,
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640 degree. Mater High Temp 1999;16(3):117 –29.
Hyde TH, et al. Effect of weld angle and axial load on the creep
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Hyde TH, et al. Effect of geometry change on the creep failure life of
internally pressurised pipes. Sixth Int Conf Comput Struct Technol,
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Hyde TH, et al. Life estimation of pressurised pipe bends using steady-state
creep reference rupture stresses. Int J Pressure Vessels Piping 2002;
79(12):799–805.
Hyde TH, et al. Finite element creep continuum damage mechanics analysis
of pressurised pipe bends with ovality. JSME Int J, Ser A 2002;45(1):
84–9.
Hyde TH, et al. Creep analysis of pressurized circumferential pipe
weldments: a review. J Strain Anal Eng Des 2003;38(1):1–30.
Knox EM, et al. Creep analysis of adhesively bonded connections in GRE
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583– 90.
Law M, et al. Modelling creep of pressure vessels with thermal gradients
using theta projection data. Int J Pressure Vessels Piping 2002;79(12):
847– 51.
Le Mat Hamata N, Shibli I A. Creep crack growth of seam-welded P22 and
P91 pipes with artificial defects. Part I. Experimental study and post-test
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Maile K, Klenk A. Numerical analysis of high temperature pipe flanges.
ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Conf 1999;PVP 382:153– 60.
Maile K, et al. Assessment of hot tears in cast steel components. Int J
Pressure Vessels Piping 2001;78(11):865–74.
Mohan Prabhu M, Venkata Rao G. Creep deformation simulation with
plastic models for design validation of equipment operating at elevated
temperatures. BHEL J 2002;23(2):28–35.
Mukhopadhyay NK, et al. On-line fatigue-creep monitoring system for
high-temperature components of power plants. Int J Fatigue 2001;
23(6):549–60.
Murakawa H, et al. Determination of critical heated band width during local
PWHT by creep analysis. ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Conf 1999;
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Oddy AS, McDill JMJ. Burnthrough prediction in pipeline welding. Int J
Fract 1999;97(1/4):249– 61.
Perrin IJ, et al. Approximate creep rupture lifetimes for butt welded ferritic
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Prager M. Omega method: an engineering approach to life assessment.
J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2000;122(3):273–80.
Samuelson LA, et al. Finite element simulation of creep crack growth in
welded pipes and CT specimens. ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Conf
1999;PVP 385:263–71.
Samuelson LA, et al. Creep crack growth in welded components: a
numerical study and comparison with the R5 procedures. Int J Pressure
Vessels Piping 2001;78(11):995– 1002.
Sun W, et al. Prediction of creep failure life of internally pressurized thick
walled CrMoV pipes. Int J Pressure Vessels Piping 1999;76(14):
925 –33.
Sun W, et al. Comparison of the creep and damage failure prediction of the
new, service aged and repaired thick-walled circumferential CrMoV
pipe welds. Int J Pressure Vessels Piping 2000;77(7):389 –98.
Sun W, et al. Steady-state creep reference rupture stresses for internally
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2002;79(2):135 –43.
Thorwald GV, Anderson TL. Finite element case study of local stress
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Tsukimori K. Theoretical modeling of creep behaviour of bellows and some
applications. J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2001;123(2):179–90.
Yee RK, Cohn MJ. Creep relaxation behaviour of high-energy piping.
J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2000;122(4):488–93.
Yellowlees SF, et al. Crack opening areas during high temperature
operation. ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Conf 2002;PVP 438:25–31.
Zhao Q, et al. Numerical simulation of creep-induced buckling of thin-
walled pipe liners. J Pressure Vessels Technol, ASME 2001;123(3):
373 –80.
Zhu M, Hall DE. Creep induced contact and stress evolution in thin-walled
pipe liners. Thin-Wall Struct 2001;39(11):939–59.
Civil engineering (2.3.2)
Cas B, et al. Nonlinear finite element analysis of composite planar frames
with interlayer slip. Sixth Int Conf Comput Struct Technol, Prague
2002;Edinburgh: Civil-Comp:317–8.
Luna R, Wu Y. Simulation of temperature and stress fields during RCC dam
construction. J Construct Eng Mgmt 2000;126(5):381–8.
Pathak KK, Sehgal DK. Shape optimization of concrete gravity dams under
creep effects. J Inst Eng (India) Civil Eng Div 2002;83(6):9 –13.
Spiliopoulos KV. A simplified method to predict the steady cyclic stress
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Srpcic S. Viscous creep of steel structures in fire. ZAMM 2000;80(S2):
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Srpcic S, et al. The effect of changing environmental conditions on
behaviour of glulam beams. Sixth Int Conf Comput Struct Technol,
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Tan KH, et al. Visco-elasto-plastic analysis of steel frames in fire. J Struct
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 J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392
Zhao JC, Shen ZY. Experimental studies of the behaviour of unprotected
steel frames in fire. J Construct Steel Res 1999;50(2):137–50.
Geomechanics (2.3.3)
Heusermann S, et al. Nonlinear finite element analysis of solution mined
storage caverns in rock salt using the LUBBY2 constitutive model.
Computers Struct 2003;81(8/11):629–38.
Huang B, et al. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of asphalt
pavement at Louisiana accelerated loading facility. Transp Res Rec
2001;1764:44 –58.
Justo JL, Durand P. Settlement-time behaviour of granular embankments.
Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech 2000;24(3):281 –303.
Liu H, et al. Evaluation of helical piers in frozen ground. Int Conf Cold
Region Eng, Lincoln 1999;ASCE:232–42.
Paraschiv M, Cristescu ND. Stress relaxation during creep of rocks around
deep boreholes. Int J Eng Sci 2001;39(7):737–54.
Zhu G, Yin JH. Finite element analysis of consolidation of layered clay
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Zhu G, Yin JH. Elastic visco-plastic consolidation modelling of clay
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Reactor technology (2.3.4)
Asayama T. Creep-fatigue evaluation of stainless steel welded joints in
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Garcia P, et al. Mono-dimensional mechanical modelling of fuel rods under
normal and off-normal operating conditions. Nucl Eng Des 2002;216
(1/3):183–201.
Hagihara S, Miyazaki N. Finite element analysis for local creep of a tube
coolant piping system in light water reactor due to local heating under
severe accident conditions. ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Conf 2002;
PVP 440:25–32.
Koundy V, et al. Simplified modeling of a PWR reactor pressure vessel
lower head failure in the case of a severe accident. ASME Pressure
Vessels Piping Conf 2002;PVP 443(2):99–104.
Loktionov VD, et al. Numerical investigation of the reactor pressure vessel
behaviour under severe accident conditions taking into account the
combined processes. Nucl Eng Des 1999;191(1):31–52.
Mukhopadhyay NK, et al. On-line fatigue-creep monitoring system for
high-temperature components of power plants. Int J Fatigue 2001;
23(6):549–60.
Oh YJ, et al. Local failure modes of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel nozzle
under severe accident conditions. ASME Pressure Vessels Piping Conf
2002;PVP 438:41–51.
Titus PH, Salvetti M. Creep effects in the toroidal field coils of fire and other
burning plasma Tokamaks. Fusion Sci Technol 2003;44(1):163–8.
Uwaba T, Ukai S. The secondary stress analyses in the fuel pin cladding due
to the swelling gradient across the wall thickness. J Nucl Mater 2002;
305(1):21–8.
Willschutz HG, et al. Coupled thermal structural analysis of LWR vessel
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Willschutz HG, et al. Analysis and insight about FE-calculations of the EC-
forever-experiments. 10th Int Conf Nucl Eng, ICONE 10; 2002,
Arlington, ASME. p. 595– 601.
Willschutz HG, et al. Simulation of creep tests with French or German
RPV-steel and investigation of a RPV-support against failure. Ann Nucl
Energy 2003;30(10):1033– 63.
Electronics (2.3.5)
Anderson T, et al. Necessity of reexamining previous life prediction
analyses of solder joints in electronic packages. 49th Electron
Component Technol Conf 1999;San Diego; IEEE:1010–4.
Anderson T, et al. The necessity of reexamining previous life prediction
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Dunne JE, et al. Modeling the effects of cycling of a localized heat source
on the durability of a FCOC with defects. 52nd Electron Components
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Kiasat MS, et al. Creep behaviour of a molding compound and its effect on
packaging process stresses. 51st Electron Components Tech Conf 2001;
IEEE:931–8.
Kishi T, et al. Mechanical behaviour measurement of electronic devices by
Moire interferometry under thermal cycle test. JSME Int J, Ser A 2002;
45(2):232–9.
Kuang JH, et al. Effect of temperature cycling on joint strength of PbSn and
AuSn solders in laser packages. IEEE Trans Adv Packaging 2001;
24(2):563–8.
Lau JH, Pan SH. Creep behaviours of flip chip on board with 96.5Sn–3.5Ag
and 100 in lead-free solder joints. Int J Microcirc Electron Packing
2001;24(1):11–18.
Lau JH, et al. Solder joint reliability of wafer level chip scale packages
(WLCSP): a time-temperature-dependent creep analysis. J Electron
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Liu Y, et al. Assembly process induced stress analysis for new FLMP
package by 3D FEA. 52nd Electron Components Tech Conf 2002;
604– 10.
Morales G. Simulating the thermal hysteresis curve of a pressure sensor
produced by the package stresses. PhD Thesis, The University of Texas,
Arlington; 2002.
Pang JHL, Low TH. Modelling thermal cycling and thermal shock test for
FCOB. Thermomech Phen Electron Syst 2002;San Diego, IEEE:
987– 92.
Pang JHL, et al. CBGA solder joint reliability evaluation based on elastic-
plastic-creep analysis. J Electron Packaging 2000;122(3):255–61.
Riebling J, et al. Thermal cycling reliability: modeling and measurement
for PBGA components. InterPACK’99, Maui, HI 1999;ASME:2061 –8.
Rusanen O. Modelling of ICA creep properties. Fourth Int Conf Adhes Join
Coat Technol Elect 2000;IEEE:194–8.
Shiue RK, et al. Stress and strain simulation of power MOSFET solder
attachment on different substrates. Int Symp Microelectr 2000;Boston:
105– 11.
Stingl A, et al. Creep and visco-elastic characteristics of cable conductors.
ITG-Fachber 2001;169:123–9.
Wang J, et al. Processing mechanics for flip-chip assemblies. Computers
Struct 1999;71(4):457– 68.
Wiese S, et al. Creep and crack propagation in flip chip SnPb37 solder
joints. 49th Electron Components Tech Conf 1999;San Diego, IEEE:
1015–20.
Yang DG, et al. Combined experimental and numerical investigation on flip
chip solder fatigue with cure-dependent underfill properties. 51st
Electron Components Tech Conf 2001;IEEE:919–24.
Yokono T, et al. Numerical method for magnetic shielding analysis of
axisymmetric HTS plates by flux flow creep model. 11th Int Symp
Superconduct 1999;Berlin: Springer:1459–62.
Yokono T, et al. Magnetic shielding analysis of high to superconducting
plates by power law, flux-flow and flux-creep models. IEEE Trans Appl
Superconduct 2003;13(2):1672–5.
Zhuang WD, et al. Effect of solder creep on the reliability of large area die
attachment. Microelectron Rel 2001;41(12):2011–21.
Material processing (2.3.6)
Farup I, et al. Gleeble machine determination of creep law parameters for
thermally induced deformations in aluminum DC casting. J Therm
Stress 2000;23(1):47–58.
Ha JS, et al. Numerical analysis of secondary cooling and bulging in the
continuous casting of slabs. J Mater Process Technol 2001;113(1/3):
257– 61.
Li C, Thomas BG. Thermo-mechanical finite element model of shell
behaviour in continuous casting of steel. Model Cast Weld Adv Solidif
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392 J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 81 (2004) 381–392
Ratto P. Description and analysis of paper deformation in a calender nip-
effects of high roll temperatures and thickness variations. Nordic Pulp
Paper Res J 2002;17(2):130–8.
Wang J, et al. Investigation of viscoelastic effect of molding compound on
the warpage and stresses of a power plastic package. Int J Veh Des
1999;21(4/5):372–94.
Wu GH, Lin YM. Creeping flow of a polymeric liquid passing over a
transverse slot with viscous dissipation. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2002;
45(23):4703–11.
Other applications (2.3.7)
Abdul-Aziz A, et al. Characterization of a viscoplastic constitutive
model and its application for the FE analyses of a Stirling space
power converter heater head. Mech Adv Mater Struct 2003;10(2):
109– 25.
Chen C, et al. Creep response of sandwich beams with a metallic foam core.
Adv Eng Mater 2002;4(10):777–80.
Garcia-Granada AA, et al. Creep relaxation of residual stresses around cold
expanded holes. J Eng Mater Technol, ASME 2001;123(1):125–31.
Gibson RF, et al. Simulation of assembly and operation of pre-stressed
heat-shrinkable structural composite connectors. ASME Int Mech Eng
Cong Expo, Nashville 1999;NCA 26:319–32.
Gilchrist AC, et al. Nonlinear finite element modeling of corrugated board.
Joint Appl Mech Mater Div Meet 1999;AMD 231(ASME):101–6.
Igari T, et al. Prediction of macroscopic and local stress-strain behaviour of
perforated plates under primary and secondary creep conditions. JSME
Int J, Ser A 2001;44(2):237–45.
Kurokouchi S, et al. Characteristics of a taper-seal type gasket for the
ConFlat sealing system. J Vac Sci Technol, A 2001;19(6):2963 –7.
Langhelle NK, Amdahl J. Experimental and numerical analysis of
aluminium columns subjected to fire. 11th Int Offshore Polar Eng
Conf 2001;Stavanger:406–13.
Latas W, Szuwalski K. Optimal design of nonsymmetric Mises truss with
respect to time to creep rupture. Struct Multidisc Optim 2002;24(2):
168 –73.
Simpson AC, Eberhardt AW. Finite element models of scleral creep in
form-deprivation myopia. 1999 Bioeng Conf, ASME 1999;BED 42:
597 –8.