Fundamentals of Physics (SE100)

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Vectors
 Scalar and Vector Quantities

► Scalar quantities are completely described by

magnitude only (temperature, length,…)
► Vector quantities need both magnitude (size) and
direction to completely describe them
(force, displacement, velocity,…)

▪ Represented by an arrow, the length of the arrow is

proportional to the magnitude of the vector
▪ Head of the arrow represents the direction
Vector Notation

► When handwritten, use an arrow: A
► When printed, will be in bold print: A

Properties of Vectors
▪ Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude
and the same direction
▪ Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude
and the same direction
▪ The resultant vector is the sum of a given set of
vectors
 Writing a Vector

• Graphically
(Cartesian Coordinate)
• Analytically
Position of any point:


r = x iˆ + y ˆj

Position of P point::


rP = 5 iˆ + 3 ˆj
 Unit Vector
There is a standard unit vector in Cartesian coordinates
where the directions of each axis are expressed in the unit
vector
The unit vector i represents the positive X-axis direction
The unit vector j represents the positive Y-axis direction
The unit vector k represents the positive Z-axis direction
 Components of a Vector
► The x-component of a vector is
the projection along the x-axis

Ax = A cos 
► The y-component of a vector is
the projection along the y-axis

A y = A sin 
► Then,

A = A x iˆ + A y ˆj 
A = A 2x + A 2y
 Random Unit Vector
The unit vector in the same direction as the vector R :

R
r=
R
R : Vector
R : magnitude of R

Example:
Find the unit vector in the same direction as the vector B =
2i − 4j + 2k?
 Exercise 1
An object moves from point (2,2) to point (-2,5).
a. Describe the displacement vector of the object?
b. Find the magnitude of the displacement vector?
c. Find the angle formed by the displacement vector with the X
axis?
d. Find the unit vector in the direction of the displacement vector?
 Adding Vectors
► When adding vectors, their directions must
be taken into account
► Units must be the same
► Graphical Methods
▪ Use scale drawings
► Algebraic/Analytic Methods
▪ More convenient
Graphically
 Adding Vectors Algebraically
► Find the x- and y-components of all the
vectors
► Add all the x-components = Rx
► Add all the y-components = Ry
► Magnitude and direction of vector resultan:

−1 Ry
R= R 2x + R 2y  = tan
Rx
Example 1
Example 2
 Exercise 2
Sebuah pesawat bergerak dari kota A (pusat koordinat) ke kota D dengan
rute berikut: pertama, pesawat dari kota A menuju kota B yang berada
pada jarak 200 km dengan arah 30o terhadap arah timur ke utara. Dari
kota B, pesawat menuju kota C yang berjarak 100 km dengan arah 45o
terhadap arah utara ke barat, dan dari kota C pesawat melanjutkan ke
kota D yang berjarak 150 km dengan arah ke barat.
a. gambarkan vektor-vektor perjalanan pesawat tersebut?
b. gambarkan resultan vektor perjalanan tersebut secara grafis (relatif
terhadap kota A) ?
c. carilah resultan vektor perjalanan secara analitis (relatif terhadap
kota A)?
Assignments (1-3)
Assignments (4)
Perkalian antar Vektor
Perkalian titik (dot product) didefinisikan sebagai
Perkalian antar Vektor
Perkalian silang (cross product) didefinisikan sebagai
Perkalian antar Vektor
Exercise 3