RADAR MISSILE SYSTEM

A Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Under the Supervision of

Mrs. Sakshi Rajput

By

VIPIN (35115007319) Leader

SHIVAM AZAD (05415002818)

PRIYANKA RAJ (04315002818)

SARTHAK GEHLAWAT (21015002818)

MAHARAJA SURAJMAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi-58

Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi

May, 2012
 DECLARATION

We, the students of B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering) hereby declare that the
project work done on “RADAR MISSILE SYSTEM” submitted to Maharaja Surajmal Institute of
Technology, Janakpuri Delhi in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology comprises of our original work and has not been submitted anywhere else
for any other degree to the best of our knowledge.

VIPIN(Leader)

35115007319

SHIVAM AZAD

05415002818

PRIYANKA RAJ

04315002818

SARTHAK GEHLAWAT

21015002818
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work done on “RADAR MISSILE SYSTEM” submitted to
Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, Janakpuri Delhi by “Name of the Student” in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology, is a bonafide
work carried out by him/her under my supervision and guidance. This project work comprises of
original work and has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree to the best of my
knowledge.

Signature :-

MRS. SAKSHI RAJPUT

Signature:-

MRS. ARCHANA BALYAN

HOD (ECE)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Team effort together with precious words of encouragement and guidance makes daunting tasks
achievable. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the direct and implied help we have received at various
stages in the task of developing the project. It would not have been possible to develop such a
project without the furtherance on part of numerous individuals. We find it impossible to express
our thanks to each one of them in words, for it seems too trivial when compare to the profound
encouragement that they extended to us.

We are grateful to MRS ARCHANA BALYAN HOD, ECE, for having given us opportunity to
do this project, which was of great interest to us.

Our sincere thanks to MRS SAKSHI RAJPUT ……… Professor, ECE for believing in us and
providing motivation all through. Without her guidance this project would not be such a success.

At last we thank the almighty, who had given the strength to complete this project on time.

Finally we would like to thank our parents, all friends, and well wishers for their valuable help and
encouragement throughout the project.

SIHVAM AZAD

PRIYANKA RAJ

VIPIN

SARTHAK GEHLAWAT
 Contents

1. DECLARATION
2. CERTIFICATE
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4. ABSTRACT
5. INTRODUCTION
5.1 PROJECT IDEA
5.2 MAIN AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION
6. FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNOLOGY
6.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF RADAR SYSTEM
6.2 COMPONENTS OF RADRA SYSTEM
6.3 FUNDAMENTALS OF MISSILE SYSTEM
6.4 COMPONENTS OF MISSILE SYSTEM
6.5 FUNDAMENTALS OF SENSOR
6.6 COMPONENTS OF SENSOR
7. APPLICATIONS AND ALGORITHMIC IMPLEMENTATION
7.1 APPLICATIONS
7.2 ALGORITHMIC IMPLEMENTATION
8. CIRCUIT COONECTIONS, OPERATIONS, CIRCUIT
COMPONENTS AND WORKING CODE
8.1 CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS
8.2 CIRCUIT OPERATIONS
8.3 CIRCUIT COMPONETS
8.4 WORKING CODE
9. SUMMARY AND FUTURE SCOPE
9.1 FUTURE SCOPE
9.2 SUMMARY
10. REFERNCES
 ABSTRACT

Over the years many countries have designed radar and its uses in different areas
of studies and all but one of the most advance and somewhat a terrifying way is a
radar missile system in which you can fire the missile to a designated area and it
can be used in defence too like when there is an incoming threat or something like
a threat it appears on the radar and with the help of the radar and a very powerful
sensor it fires a missile to counter the incoming enemy. Many countries have
developed this technique and have reached a very high level on this technology. In
this project we made a minor representation of the radar missile system using an
Arduino chip and a sensor to make the missile launch.
 1.INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1.1: PROJECT IDEA

IN THIS PROJECT WE ARE MAKING A MINOR REPRESENTATION OF

THE RADAR MISSILE SYSYTEMS WORKS WHEN A ENEMY IS SHOWN
ON THE RADAR AND USING THE RADAR TO GUIDE THE MISSILE AND
SENSOR TO SENSE THE TARGET THE LAUNCHED MISSILE WILL OR
WILL NOT INTERCEPT THE TARGET. THAT’S THE WHOLE IDEA
BEHIND THIS PROJECT. The project is basically an automatically targeted
missile system which identifies the target with the help of a mini radar within the
radar range which is 40 cm in our test case. The project also uses arduino uno,
ultrasonic sensor, stepper motor, jumper wires, breadboard, laser.
CHAPTER 1.2: MAIN AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION

➢ ARDUINO UNO:

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE)
were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno
board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for
the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see
the Arduino index of boards.

Tech specs

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage
7-12V
(recommended)

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by

Flash Memory
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

LED_BUILTIN 13

Length 68.6 mm

Width 53.4 mm

Weight 25 g Approx.

➢ ULTRASONIC SENSOR: HC-SR04

• Range 40-50cm

• 4 Pins:

• VCC

• TRIGGER

• ECHO

• GROUND

➢ Stepper motor

• 360 Degree rotation

➢ JUMPER WIRES: for Connections.

➢ BREAD BOARD: for Connections.

 ➢ LASER: to hit the target or obstacles.

LCD Display : for output (distance and angle of object).

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

ULTRASONIC SERVO
ARDUINO
SENSOR MOTOR
UNO
HC-SR04 SG90

LASER
 2.FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TECHNOLOGY

2.1: FUNDAMENTALS OF RADAR SYSTEM: -

The word radar is an acronym derived from the phrase RAdio Detection And
Ranging and applies to electronic equipment designed for detecting and tracking
objects (targets) at considerable distances. The basic principle behind radar is
simple - extremely short bursts of radio energy (traveling at the speed of light) are
transmitted, reflected off a target and then returned as an echo. Radar makes use of
a phenomenon we have all observed, that of the ECHO PRINCIPLE. To illustrate
this principle, if a ship’s whistle were sounded in the middle of the ocean, the
sound waves would dissipate their energy as they traveled outward and at some
point would disappear entirely. If, however the whistle sounded near an object
such as a cliff some of the radiated sound waves would be reflected back to the
ship as an echo.

The basic principle behind radar is simple - extremely short bursts of radio
energy (traveling at the speed of light) are transmitted, reflected off a target and
then returned as an echo. Radar makes use of a phenomenon we have all observed,
that of the ECHO PRINCIPLE.

If the distance to a target is to be determined by measuring the time required for

one pulse to travel to the target and return as a reflected echo, it is necessary that
this cycle be completed before the pulse immediately following is transmitted. This
is the reason why the transmitted pulses must be separated by relatively long
nontransmitting time periods. Otherwise, transmission would occur during
reception of the reflected echo of the preceding pulse. Using the same antenna for
both transmitting and receiving, the relatively weak reflected echo would be
blocked by the relatively strong transmitted pulse.
2.2: COMPONENTS OF RADRA SYSTEM: -
A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in
the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving
antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a
receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s).
Radars send out electromagnetic waves similar to wireless computer networks and
mobile phones. The signals are sent out as short pulses which may be reflected by
objects in their path, in part reflecting back to the radar. When these pulses
intercept precipitation, part of the energy is scattered back to the radar.
2.3: FUNDAMENTALS OF MISSILE SYSTEM:-
The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, which means – “to send”!
Basically, a missile is a self-propelled guided munition system. The first missiles
were developed by Nazi Germany in WWII. These were simply radio-controlled
by the operator & were only built in small numbers.
Definition: A missile is an intelligent unmanned rocket designed to carry the
payload to a designated point with an aim of destroying the object/target.
Classification
Missiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range,
Propulsion, Warhead and Guidance Systems.

Working of a Missile
How are missiles guided to their target?
Missiles can be guided & targeted in a number of ways. The most common method
is using some form of radiation such as infrared, laser beams, radio waves. The
radiation may be emerging out of an engine or radio waves from a radar station. In
the case of fighter jets, the missile follows the heat signatures of the engine or the
heat released through the nozzle & in case of radar, the missiles follow the radar
waves itself(an echo; return signal). These methods are called fire-&-forget as they
don’t need any further assistance or guidance to follow their target. A human
operator can also steer the missile by using his computer. Another method is to
guide the missiles using visible light. One can imagine this as a person flying a RC
helicopter of the drone.

2.4 : COMPONENTS OF A MISSILE SYSTEM :-

Missiles have four system components: targeting/guidance system, flight system,
engine and warhead.
 2.5 FUNDAMENTALS OF A SENSOR: -
Sensors and actuators are based on the transfer of a physical quantity from
one energy domain into another. These are the well-known radiant,
mechanical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, and chemical domains. Sensors and
actuators can be subdivided into three groups, depending on the physical
principles involved: static cross effects, dynamic cross effects and modulating
effects. The thermodynamic basis, resulting in the derivations of the
phenomenological equations and practical applications of the theory on a
number of effects, is treated.

Ultrasonic Sensor Basics

• Piezoelectric components are used for the emitting and receiving transducer.
• An applied voltage causes the piezo element to begin vibrating.
• The vibration produces high-frequency sound waves (transmitting mode)
• These impulses are reflected by the target – Echo returns (receiving mode)

2.6: COMPONENTS OF AN ULTRASONIC SENSOR:-

Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter (which emits the sound
using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which encounters the sound after it has
travelled to and from the target). or about 4.2875 meters. Ultrasonic sensors are used primarily
as proximity sensors.
 3. APPLICATIONS AND ALGORITHMIC IMPLEMENTATION: -
3.1 APPLICATIOINS: -

✓ This can be applied in various defence fields to protect

country from foreign assaults. All the equipment’s in now
days utilized as a part of military is progress by the help of
electronics.
✓ This framework can be utilized in military, navy, air force
by increasing the frequency range (since we have
presented the basic model).
✓ This can be used to increase the security of flight attack by
any missile.
✓ If there should arise an occurrence of worldwide military
clash the role of antimissile defence becomes very
important.
✓ These radar systems typically operate at short range, and
their applications include missile seekers, altimeters,
active protection systems used to direct a kinetic kill
response at incoming rockets, police radar, and
automotive safety.
✓ The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air
and terrestrial traffic control, radar astronomy, air-
defense systems, antimissile systems, marine radars to
locate landmarks and other ships, aircraft anti-collision
systems, ocean surveillance systems, outer space
surveillance and rendezvous systems, and many more.
✓ Active radar homing (ARH) is a missile guidance method in
which a missile contains a radar transceiver (in contrast
to semi-active radar homing, which uses only a receiver)
and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its
target autonomously. NATO brevity code for an air-to-air
active radar homing missile launch is fox three.
3.2: ALGORITHM OF RADAR MISSILE SYSTEM: -
Ultrasonic sensor:
• Scanning of surroundings,
• Detection of unauthorized,
• Tracking the movement.
Arduino UNO:
• Signals the laser.
Laser:
• Target the direction of unauthorized object.
 4. CIRCUIT CONNECTION, OPERATION, CIRCUIT COMPONENTS AND
WORKING CODE: -
4.1 CIRCUIT CONNECTION: -

4.2 CIRCUIT OPERATIOIN: -

• Power is applied to arduino and then arduino supplies power to sensor,
servo motor and USB missile launcher.
• Arduino control the sensor, servo motor and USB missile launcher.
• Sensor detect the unauthorized moment or Obstacles.
• Missile launcher fire on the obstacle.
• Sensor start again searching for unauthorized moment or Obstacles.

4.3 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS: -

•ARDUINO UNO
•ULTRASONIC SENSOR HC-SR04
•SERVO MOTOR SG90
•USB MISSILE LAUNCHER
•JUMPER WIRES
•BREAD-BOARD

4.4 WORKING CODE: -

#include <Servo.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

Servo myservo;
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2); // Creates an LCD object. Parameters: (rs,
enable, d4, d5, d6, d7)

int pos = 0;
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;
const int moteur = 11;
const int buzzer = 12;
const int ledPin1 = 14;
const int ledPin2 = 15;
float distanceCm, DistanceSec,duration;

void setup() {
myservo.attach(moteur);
lcd.begin(16,2);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT);
DistanceSec=20;

void loop() {
for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 1)
myservo.write(pos);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distanceCm= duration*0.034/2;
if (distanceCm <= DistanceSec)
{

if(distanceCm <= DistanceSec/2)

{

tone(buzzer, 10); // Send 1KHz sound signal...

digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);
delay(700);
noTone(buzzer);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Distance: ");
lcd.print(distanceCm);
lcd.print(" cm ");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Angle : ");
lcd.print(pos);
lcd.print(" deg ");
delay(2000);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Distance: ");
lcd.print(distanceCm);
lcd.print(" cm ");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Angle : ");
lcd.print(pos);
lcd.print(" deg ");
delay(2000);
}
}
else{
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);
}

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Distance: ");
lcd.print(distanceCm);
lcd.print(" cm ");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Angle : ");
lcd.print(pos);
lcd.print(" deg ");
delay(80);

}
for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 1) { //
myservo.write(pos); //
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distanceCm= duration*0.034/2;
if (distanceCm <= DistanceSec){
if(distanceCm <= DistanceSec/2)
{
tone(buzzer, 10); // Send 1KHz sound signal...
digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);
delay(700);
noTone(buzzer);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Distance: ");
lcd.print(distanceCm);
lcd.print(" cm ");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Angle : ");
lcd.print(pos);
lcd.print(" deg ");
delay(2000);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Distance: ");
lcd.print(distanceCm);
lcd.print(" cm ");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Angle : ");
lcd.print(pos);
lcd.print(" deg ");
delay(2000);
}
}
else{
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);
}

lcd.setCursor(0,0); //
lcd.print("Distance: "); //
lcd.print(distanceCm); //
lcd.print(" cm ");
delay(10);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Angle : ");
lcd.print(pos);
lcd.print(" deg ");
delay(80);
}
}
 5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE SCOPE: -

5.1: FUTURE SCOPE: -

5.2: SUMMARY: -
IN THIS PROJECT WE LEARNED THAT HOW A MISSILE SYSTEM
WORKS AND HOW ALL THE COMPONENTS ARRANGED TOGETHER
HELP IN THE DETECTION OF THE INCOMING OBJECT OR THREAT AND
IN TETURNS FIRE A MISSILE TO INTERCEPT IT. DIFFERENT LIBRARIES
OF C AND ARDUINO WERE USED TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED CODE
AND THE SUCCESSFUL CONNECTION OF THE CIRCUIT HELPED IN THE
FULL AND FINAL WORKING OF THE PROJECT.
 REFERENCES:-
1. GOOGLE
2. WIKIPEDIA
3. SLIDE SHARE
4. DRDO.GOV.IN
5. YOUTUBE
6. ELECTRONIC SHARE.IN
7. SERVO CODERS