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Materials Today: Proceedings: Sudhir W. Burande, Deepak V. Bhope
Materials Today: Proceedings: Sudhir W. Burande, Deepak V. Bhope
Materials Today: Proceedings: Sudhir W. Burande, Deepak V. Bhope
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Weight reduction and quest for smart and sophisticated and sustainable material is at the forefront of
Received 14 October 2020 industries due to the stringent emission norms worldwide. Fortunately composites satisfy the criteria
Accepted 25 October 2020 due to inbuilt properties like, corrosion resistance, higher stiffness, and high strength to weight ratio.
Available online 10 December 2020
Further, due to the flexibility in tailoring and enhancement of the material properties, cooking the com-
posites with desired properties in tune with the customized requirement pave the ways for hybridization
Keywords: in composites. Composite materials are being exploited for the broad range of applications ranging from
Fiber metal laminates
aerospace to automotive industries. The current study focuses on the research contributions in suitability
Hybrid composites
Interfacial bonding
of material, tailoring and cooking composites for required material properties, enhancing the material
Ageing properties and studying the environmental degradation of composites in context of applicability in auto-
Fillers motive suspension application.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference on Manufacturing Material Science and Engineering.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.741
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Manufacturing Material Science and Engineering.
S.W. Burande and D.V. Bhope Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 520–527
Here, - E- Modulus of elasticity, r-Permissible stress, q- density of But for exhibiting such behaviour by material there has to be
material. reasonable adhesion or interfacial bonding between different
So the working conditions of leaf spring needs a material which phases of material which is met by composites. Naturally interfa-
should have higher strength and relatively lower weight, higher cial bond of adhesion emerges as a crucial factor which needs to
flexure strength, lower value of elasticity modulus. Luckily, rein- be designed and ensured properly [9].
forced composites have these characteristics [8]. Reinforced com-
posite is a bi-phase or a multi-phase material constituting two or
more materials which may differ in composition, mechanical prop- 2.1. Classification of composites
erties or shape, but can stay bonded together while retaining their
properties along with identity [4,9]. Based on the origin of material, shape and type of material two
As per ‘Kelly’ [10], the concept of composite can be illustrated or more material phases, the composites are classified in several
by example of bimetallic strips used in thermostats devices. When ways as shown in Fig. 1.
two independent and similar pieces of brass and iron are heated
simultaneously, due to different coefficient of thermal expansion, 2.2. Reinforcing fiber
each strip will extend and undergo different magnitude of elonga-
tion. But if the same strips are joined together to form a composite The primary function of reinforcing element is to improve the
strip and then heated, the greater extension of brass strip forces properties of Matrix which all otherwise is weak in mechanical
the iron strip to bend which in turn forces the brass to bend. The strength. Fiber reinforced composite may be reinforced by either
bimetallic strip example forms the concept of composites. synthetic fibres e.g. kevlar, carbon, glass etc. or natural fibres like
Two component composite exhibits following behaviour of bamboo, sisal, jute, banana, etc. [6].
properties – Synthetic fibres are good in specific strength as in contrast to
natural fibres and relatively light in weight which makes them
(i) Either material if used alone would be useless for any appli- more popular in aerospace industries. From Past few decades,
cability, if taken together the new material has entirely dif- due to environmental constraints, researchers quest for digging
ferent properties. out more sustainable, biodegradable and eco-friendly material as
(ii) Two components of different materials act together and an alternative to synthetic fibers, have came up with natural fibers
equalize the strains produced in individual phase of as potential alternative to synthetic fibers, partially or fully in
material. many area of application by exploiting the philosophy of
521
S.W. Burande and D.V. Bhope Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 520–527
Table 1
Few important research studies on enhancement of Mechanical properties by Fiber level Hybridization.
Hybrid Composite Constituent Fibers- Material Property Investigated/Test Finding Validation Model
Matrix Carried out
Carbon-Flax Hybrid Carbon fiber, Flax Tensile, Flexural, Impact and Improvement in-Tensile modulus, Tensile Rule of mixtures model &
Composite [26] fiber Vibration tests. Strength, Damping Ratio, Weight savings Halpin-Tsai model
Sisal &Glass fiber hybrid bio Sisal (SF) and Glass Density, Fogging, Acoustic, Enhanced Dynamic Mechanical
composite [27] fiber Matrix- Mechanical, Thermal, and flexural strength Analysis (DMA) & ANOVA
Polypropylene Rheological Thermal properties
Limited impact on –Impact strength,
Acoustic behaviour, & Rheological
properties.
Banana, Sisal, Glass fiber Banana, Sisal & Glass Impact strength, Flexural strength, Improvements in-
Hybrid composite [28] fiber Matrix-Epoxy Tensile strength, Interfacial Analysis Tensile Strength
by SEM Flexure Strength
Impact Strength
Interfacial analysis by SEM revealed-
Poor adhesion
Presence of voids and fiber pullout
Carbon, Steel fiber Hybrid Carbon Fiber & Interlaminar fracture toughness, Significant improvements in Mode-I
composite [29] Stainless Steel fiber Young’s Modulus, Tensile strength Fracture energy
Glass, Steel fiber reinforced Glass fiberSteel Energy dissipation, Tensile strength, Improvement in- Constitutive model
hybrid composite [30] fiberMatrix-Epoxy and Stiffness Tensile Strength Armstrong–Frederick
Energy dissipation plasticity model
Stiffness
Glass fiber Shape memory Glass fiber & Shape Damping ratio Improved damping performance Logarithmic decay
hybridised Composite memory method.
[31]
E-glass -Kevlar 29 fiber E-glass Kevlar 29 High velocity impact Residual Improvement in -Toughness & Ductility Dynamic penetration
reinforced hybrid fiber Velocity Estimation Model Modified energy
composite [32] model
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S.W. Burande and D.V. Bhope Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 520–527
hybridization [5]. Based on different criteria, fibers can be classified In the recent past, industries and research fraternity has
as shown in Fig. 2 ahead. focussed and contributed to the substantial extent, on hybridizing
the conventional fiber reinforced composites by incorporating
2.3. Binding matrix additional fibers natural [11] or synthetic based on the require-
ment of desired mechanical property. The limitation of one fiber
Binding matrix is supposed to grip fibers at right orientation type can be counteracted by better performance of other fiber type
and pass on externally applied load to the fibers inside and simul- due to which cost effective and optimum performing recipe of
taneously protects the fibers from environmental damage and ero- composite could be achieved [25,26]. Few of the important contri-
sion. The crucial issue which need to be focussed and taken care is butions in the literature are summarised in Table1.
the inherent brittleness and chipping failure which may prove
catastrophic to the health of composites. Chipping in matrix will 3.2. Fiber metal laminates
damage fiber and may cause delamination failure [7]. Matrix mate-
rial used in composites can be polymeric, ceramic or even though Since last few decades, aircraft and automotive industries and
metallic, depending on the source. Based on reticulation involved researchers are striving for exploration of novel material which
in microstructure, Polymers can be classified as - thermosetting could satisfy the criteria of high-performance, and lightweight
polymers, thermoplastic polymers and rubbers. Matrix materials structures to come up with mileage effective, environment friendly
which are generally used in composites for suspension application material. This quest has triggered the strong trend towards launch
are epoxy resins and polyester resins as they satisfy the perfor- of new and refined models of fiber metal laminates (FML) with
mance requirement of the application [24]. novel kind of hybridization among the materials [3] These are
the recipe of material in which sheets of metals or alloys and lam-
3. Enhancement of material properties inas of composites are used together to arrive at a better material
and the properties. Synergy between fibre and metal in a compos-
3.1. Hybridization - paving the way for tailoring properties of ite provides dual benefits derived from two different materials
composites [32,33].
Due to constituent level hybridization in the form of metals and
Composites, which constitute one or more different type of fibers, composites can deliver excellent impact strength, handsome
reinforcing fibers or fillers added in the matrix are generally fatigue strength, optimum weight, making it a promising and
referred to as Hybrid composites [25]. potential material for aerospace application. Two different con-
Hybridization by incorporation of additional fibres with single stituents i.e. Metal and laminate can be bonded together either
fibre into polymer matrix paves the ways for tailoring properties by mechanical approaches like z-pinning, 3D weaving, braiding,
of FRP. Hybridization has got enormous potential of enhancing tufting etc or by adhesion between constituents. As compared to
the properties of FRP due to reasons briefed ahead- mechanical bonding, the adhesive bonding approach has shown
to offer better fatigue performance in fiber metal composites [33].
(i) While hybridizing, two fibres taken, would have same During past few decades, researcher and industries have
length, but they can essentially and intentionally differ in explored and exploited the area of Fiber metal laminate and have
diameter which offers more effective area for two phase contributed substantially for designing and developing various
interaction in composites, thereby enhancing the adhesion novel kind of FM A few of the important studies have been sum-
between fiber matrix which in turn provides better strength marised in Table 2.
to the modified recipe of material called Hybrid composite.
This will also assist in uniform transfer of stress in the 3.3. Synergistic effect of different filler
material.
(ii) The fibre with low elongation will initially undergo failure Improvement and tailoring of material properties as per cus-
and break, thereafter the fiber having more elongation or tomised requirement of the application through the philosophy
flexure strength will bear the load, thereby protecting of material hybridization by using certain additives in the form
matrix failure. This causes smooth sharing of load between of micro or nano fillers and exploiting the synergistic effect of
matrix and fiber, resulting better performance [24]. the same with resins is being focussed to the greater depths by
Table 2
Summary of referred studies on Fiber Metal Laminates.
523
S.W. Burande and D.V. Bhope Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 520–527
many researchers and industries in the recent times [3,4]. Syner- interfacial bond between fiber and matrix is a hotspot of ongoing
gistic effect of different fillers, additive and inclusions in the form research. Industries and researchers have floated, adopted, experi-
of whiskers have been studied extensively, few of the prominent mented many novel strategies, some prominent and relevant are
studies are tabulated in Table 3. summarised in the Table 4.
Interfacial adhesion improvement is studied in this work,
3.4. Mitigating delamination where, two stage approach which includes liquid-phase oxidation
and grafting of Silane coupling agents, to modify surface of carbon
The reason for ever rising demand of composites, being hot pick fiber. The results obtained indicates, substantial enhancement in
of researchers, is attributed to excellent corrosion resistance, high interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength and tensile strength
strength, relatively low weight, fatigue resistance, and flexibility to of the composite. Scanning electron microscope technique
be manufactured in complex shapes. However Composites are sus- revealed, shift of failure mechanism from interface de-bonding to
ceptible to delamination, usually caused due to excessive inter- deformation and break of matrix [14].
laminar stresses at interfaces of composite laminates, if ignored, Glass fiber suffers from the drawback of low interlaminar
delamination may lead to lowering of material strength, stiffness strength which has been improved by addition of hierarchical
and subsequently to catastrophic failure [4]. Mitigating delamina- nano-particles on fibers (e.g. carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) Proper dis-
tion so as to ensure and strengthen interfacial bonding between persion of CNT in polymer matrix helps to enhance the transfer of
laminae of composites can be addressed by several methods like load between matrix to fiber. Researchers have proposed two dif-
z-pinning, 3D weaving, braiding, and tufting [1]. ferent strategies, which includes dispersal of carbon nanotubes in
Survey of literature reveals that mechanical techniques like epoxy matrix and directly growing carbon nano-tubes on surface
stitching, braiding, weaving, have been widely applied by many of glass fibers. Study has endorsed enhancement of 113% in
researchers for enhancing through thickness strength of laminates. mode-I fracture toughness and 119% in tensile strength of unidi-
These techniques have contributed substantially for improving rectional composite [15].
toughness, shear strength, notch sensitivity. But even though there Aramid fiber is relatively weak in interfacial adhesion which
has been enhancement in through thickness properties but it is at restricts the wide applicability of the Aramid fiber based compos-
the cost of inferior in-plane properties, reported by some research- ites. Aramid fibers were treated by using a non-destructive grafting
ers [33]. The reasons being, disorientation in fiber due to stitching method in which NH in benzimidazole unit was used along with
and weaving and accrual of extra resin at stitched locations, which SiO2 structure. This has offered additional roughness to the surface
in turn becomes prone to the generation of micro cracks, during of fiber thereby providing the better adhesion at interface and sub-
curing. In the recent past, researchers have proposed and demon- stantial enhancement in associated shear strength [16].
strated a novel approach of adding micro, nano-fillers in resins The study of Graphene oxide with polyhedral oligomeric
for enhancement of interfacial properties and bonding strength silsesquioxane (POSS) grafting on carbon fiber has shown signifi-
without compromising in-plane properties of fiber reinforced poly- cant enhancement in interfacial strength due to Graphene oxide
mers [4]. linkage and presence of POSS in the fiber composites. Morpholog-
ical modifications in the surface of fiber were captured by using
3.5. Fiber surface modification and treatment scanning electron microscope [17].
Karunagaran N et al. [18] investigated the effect of sulfuric acid
Interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix is essentially gov- and sodium hydroxide solution separately on glass fiber behaviour
erned by the adhesion involved between two phases of this hetero- while wire mesh of stainless steel has been treated either by sand
geneous composite material [23]. Enhancing and ensuring the blasting or electro-dissolution. Due to modified morphology of
Table 3
Summary of selected studies on the effect of filler particle inclusion on the mechanical properties of hybrid composites.
524
S.W. Burande and D.V. Bhope Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 520–527
Table 4
Summary of Research Contributions on enhancement of interfacial strength by treatment of fibers, matrix or composites.
Acronyms: GF, Glass Fiber; CF, Carbon Fiber; SS, Stainless Steel.
Table 5
Summary of relevant Research studies referred on effect of exposure to various environments on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced hybrid composites.
Acronyms: FML, Fiber metal laminate; GRP, Glass reinforced polymer; DBT, Ductile to Brittle transition; 1D, One dimensional.
Fiber metal laminates have been researched and studied com- [18] N. Karunagaran, A. Rajadurai, Effect of surface treatment on mechanical
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Interfacial adhesive bonding strategies has got a lot to do by modifiers for enhancing interfacial strength of fiber-reinforced composites,
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Declaration of Competing Interest mtcomm.2019.100830.
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