physics property of formation water

at high pressure

Zhang Yi
Petroleum engineering college
油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

characteristic of formation water

formation water is the floorboard of all
kinds of water, such as edge water, bottom
water, interlayer water and irreducible water.
difference between formation water and
ground water is that formation water
contains a number of salt.
油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

1﹑salinity/saltiness
salinity expresses the how many salt formation
water contains. Unit: mg/L or ppm
2﹑hardness
hardness is the content of calcium, magnesium
and other bivalent cation in formation water.
3﹑classification by sulin
basic ions of water have
cation: Na+(K+) Mg2+ Ca2+
negative ion: Cl- SO42- HCO3-
Na+ : sodium K+ :potassium/kalium
Mg2+ : magnesium Ca2+: calcium
Cl- : chlorine SO42- :sulfate
HCO3- : bicarbonate
油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

classification by valent weight ratio of basic ion

Na + Na + Na + Na +
−
<1 −
<1 −
>1 >1
Cl −
Cl Cl Cl

Cl − − Na + Cl−
− Na +
Na+ − Cl − Na + − Cl −
2+
>1 <1 2+
>1 2+
<1
Mg 2+ SO4 SO4
Mg

CaCl2 MgCl2 NaHCO3 Na 2 SO4

gas field water seawater oil field water ground water
油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

N a+ + K + 1
1 C l-
2 2
3 3

M g 2+ S O 42 -

C a 2+ H C O 3-

Fig.4—8 Schematic diagram of ion

combination sequence
 油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

Physical property of formation water at high pressure

1﹑water- gas ratio

a. P↑， R↑
b. salinity↑， R ↓

c. It is nearly independent of T.

If temperature is low, T ↑ R ↓ (a little)

If temperature is high, T ↑ R ↑ (a little)

油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

2. Compressibility of formation water

1 ∂Vw
Cw = − ( )T
Vw ∂P

a. if T is constant, P ↑ ，Cw ↓
b. if P is constant, T ↑ ，Cw ↑
c. if T and P are constant, R↑ ，Cw
↑
Generally, Cw is from 3.7×10-4/MPa to 5.0×10-
4/Mpa.
油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

3. Water volume factor

V wf
Bw = Bw ∈ (1.01,1.02)
V ws

Bw gas in water>Bw fresh water

Generally, Vws≈Vwf

So, Bw ≈1 P ↑, Bw ↓
T ↑, Bw ↑
R ↑, Bw ↑
油藏物理学——地层水的高压物性

4﹑water viscosity

T ↑, μ w ↓↓ is nearly independent of pressure

If T is constant, the more the salinity, the

more μw.

We can refer fig.4-44