Interface phenomena on two phase surface

Zhang Yi
Petroleum engineering college
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

free energy of the interface on two phase

interface
Definition: there are superfluous energy because
molecule force field is imbalance on two phase
interface. The energy is free energy of the
interface on two phase interface.
The feature of free energy of the
interface
a. existent condition of free energy of the
interface
free energy of the interface can exist if
fluids are immiscible.
 油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征
Molecular A
the total force
is not zero,
pointing to
the internal
Molecular B
by force is zero,
force of liquid
allowing free
movement

„ Molecular B to move to the position of the molecular

A must overcome the ability to work.
„ The surface molecules than the inside of liquid
molecular excess energy is called the interfacial free
energy.
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

b. existent region of free energy of

the interface
free energy of the interface not
only exist single-molecule layer
on the two-phase interface, but
also exist all interface layer
before molecular field attain
balance.
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

c. amount of free energy of the

interface
based on second law of thermodynamics, it
is possible that any free energy of the interface
will attain minimum value.
● the more interfacial area, the more free
energy of the interface.
● the more molecular polarity difference
between two-phase interface, the more the
f
● the more interfacial area, the more free energy
of the interface.
● the more molecular polarity difference between
two-phase interface, the more the surface energy.
example
if there are three kinds of fluid, such
as water, oil and gas, water molecular
polarity is maximum, and gas
molecular polarity is minimum. So the
free energy of the interface of water-
gas interface is maximum.
 油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

Interfacial tension
definition: The interfacial tension has the
dimensions of force per unit length and is free
energy of the interface over interface area. “σ”

σ＝Ｕ／Ａ unit：Newton/m
newtons/meter is the modern standard expression
of the units. In the earlier literature, however, it is
expressed as dynes/cm, which is numerically equal
to millinewtons/m [(N×10-3)/m or mN/ml.
interfacial tension only exist on three-phase
interface.
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

Adsorption phenomena

When the active agent is added to water,

the interfacial tension significantly reduced.
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

Gibbs adsorption means the superfluous

amount of adsorption in unit interface area.
1 dσ
G=− C
RT dc

Ｒ: universal gas constant Ｔ:absolute temperature

Ｇ：the amount of Gibbs adsorption c：concentration
dσ
dc
: the variation of σ with c

G”+”means C on interface is more than C in phase.

dσ
<0 c↑→σ↓ positive adsorption
dc
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

dσ
G = 0, =0 don’t occur adsorption phenomena
dc
dσ negative adsorption
G 〈 0, 〉0
dc
The relationship of σ,Ｇ and concentration
油藏物理学——油藏岩石的渗流特征

The measurement method of interfacial tension

maximum pressure method of air

bladder/vacuole and hanging plate method.。