What is Sustainable Development?

Sustainable Development can have many interpretations in education

is usually defined by the United Nations Brundtland Report:
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs".

Gro Harlem Brundtland World Commission on Environment &

Development.
Education for sustainable development

“Education for sustainable

development is the process of
equipping students with the
knowledge and understanding,
skills and attributes needed to work
and live in a way that safeguards
environmental, social and
economic wellbeing, both in the
present and for future
generations.”
 Sustainable Development

Sustainable development, a term first used in 1987 in a UNsponsored document called the Brundtland Report,
is often defined as “meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet theirs.” Like conservationism, sustainable development is a middle ground that seeks to
promote appropriate development in order to alleviate poverty while still preserving the ecological health of the
landscape. Sustainable development does not focus solely on environmental issues. The United Nations 2005
World Summit Document refers to the “interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars” of sustainable
development as economic development, social development, and environmental protection. (See figure 2.4 .)
Indigenous peoples have argued that there are four pillars of sustainable development—the fourth being
cultural.
 Sustainable Development

Green development is generally differentiated from sustainable development in that green development
prioritizes what its proponents consider to be environmental sustainability over economic and cultural
considerations. Proponents of sustainable development argue that it provides a context in which to improve
overall sustainability where green development is unattainable. For example, a cutting-edge wastewater
treatment plant with extremely high maintenance costs may not be sustainable in regions of the world with
fewer financial resources. An environmentally ideal plant that is shut down due to bankruptcy is obviously less
sustainable than one that is maintainable by the community, even if it is somewhat less effective from an
environmental standpoint.

Still other researchers view environmental and social challenges as opportunities for development action. This
is particularly true in the concept of sustainable enterprise that frames these global needs as opportunities for
private enterprise to provide innovative and entrepreneurial solutions. This view is now being taught at many
business schools.
 Sustainable Development

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992 produced
a document entitled Agenda 21, which set out a roadmap for sustainable development. A follow-up
conference in South Africa in 2002 drew up a Plan of Implementation for sustainable development. Many
observers of the 2002 conference questioned why there had been such a lack of international progress in
alleviating poverty and protecting the environment. Part of the problem is that people differ in their opinions on
how to strike the right balance between the development and preservation aspects of sustainable
development.
 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

As human stresses on the environment increase, the stability of the planet’s ecological systems becomes
more and more uncertain. Small environmental changes can create large-scale and unpredictable
disruptions. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane, whether caused by humans or not, are
leading to changes in surface temperatures that will result in major ecological effects. Feedback loops add
to the urgency. For example, just a small reduction in seasonal snow and ice coverage in Arctic regions due
to global warming can greatly increase the amount of solar energy the Earth absorbs. This additional
energy itself raises atmospheric temperature, leading to a further reduction in snow coverage. Once
established, this feedback loop continually reinforces itself. Some models predict that ocean currents,
nutrient flows, and hydrologic cycles could make radical shifts from historic patterns in a matter of months.
Such disruptions would cause catastrophic environmental change by shifting agricultural regions,
threatening species with extinction, decimating crop harvests, and pushing tropical diseases into areas
where they are currently unknown. Glaciers will continue to melt and ocean waters will rise, flooding heavily
populated low-lying places like Bangladesh, the Netherlands, and even parts of Florida and the U.S. Gulf
Coast. Millions of people would be displaced by famine, flood, and drought.
 Urban Environmental Issues:
The Urban Climate
HOW MUCH IT AFFECT & CUMMUNITY DAILY LIVES
Padang City

Urban Climate Changes Issues :

Urban Heat Islands Formation Issues
in Urban City
 What is Urban climate?

 Urban climate refers to climatic conditions in an urban area that different

from neighboring rural areas, and are attributable to urban development.
 Urbanization tremendously changes the form of the landscape, and also
produces changes in an area's air.
 The climatic conditions of a large modern city as created by the city itself.
 How urban climate affect us:
▪ Temperature
▪ Precipitation
▪ Humidity
▪ Winds
 Urbanization - Gold Coast Seaside, Australia
.
Pantai Parangtritis - Berubah??
 What is an urban climate/urban microclimate?

What is an urban microclimate? Sunshine duration 5 to 15% less

The table below summarises some of the differences Annual mean temperature 0.5-1.0 °C higher

in various weather elements in urban areas Winter maximum temperatures 1 to 2 °C higher

compared with rural locations. Occurrence of frosts 2 to 3 weeks fewer

Relative humidity in winter 2% lower

Relative humidity in summer 8 to 10% lower

Total precipitation 5 to 10% more

Number of rain days 10% more

Number of days with snow 14% fewer

Cloud cover 5 to 10% more

Occurrence of fog in winter 100% more

Amount of condensation nuclei 10 times more

 Understanding
Urban Environment:
Urban Environmental
Issues & Ethics
 UHI is a metropolitan area?

 An urban heat island, or UHI, is a metropolitan area that's a lot warmer than the rural areas surrounding it. Heat is
created by energy from all the people, cars, buses, and trains in big cities like New York, Paris, and London. Urban
heat islands are created in areas like these: places that have lots of activity and lots of people.

 There are many reasons for UHIs. When houses, shops, and industrial buildings are constructed close together, it can
create a UHI. Building materials are usually very good at insulating, or holding in heat. This insulation makes the
areas around buildings warmer.

 "Waste heat" also contributes to a UHI. People and their tools, such as cars and factories, are always burning off
energy, whether they’re jogging, driving, or just living their day-to-day lives. The energy people burn off usually
escapes in the form of heat. And if there are a lot of people in one area, that's a lot of heat. Increased Energy
Consumption

 Urban areas are densely populated, meaning there are a lot of people in a small space. Urban areas are also
densely constructed, meaning buildings are constructed very close together. When there is no more room for an
urban area to expand, engineers build upward, creating skyscrapers. All this construction means waste heat—and
heat that escapes insulation has nowhere to go. It lingers in and between buildings in the UHI.
Causes & Environmental Challenges

The progressive replacement of natural surfaces by

builtsurfaces, through urbanization, constitutes the main
cause of UHI formation. Natural surfaces are often
composed of vegetation and moisture-trapping soils.

suburban highway. Asphalt paved roads have

thermal and radiative properties that promote a
high heat release. Source : Camilo Pérez Arrau,
2007

Vegetation intercepts radiation and produces shade that also contributes to

reduce urban heat release. The decrease and fragmentation of large
vegetated areas such as parks, not only reduces these benefits, but also
inhibits atmospheric cooling due to horizontal air circulation generated by
the temperature gradient between vegetated and urbanized areas (i.e.
advection)
Understanding the UHI concept

 Understanding the concept of UHI and how it form

▪ Heat islands can occur year-round during the day or night. Urban rural temperature
differences are often largest during calm, clear evenings. This is because rural areas
cool off faster at night than cities, which retain much of the heat stored in roads,
buildings, and other structures.
 What causes UHI
▪ Heat islands form as cities replace natural land cover with pavement, buildings, and
other infrastructure
▪ Heat islands are also influenced by a city’s geography and prevailing weather
conditions
▪ Displacing trees and vegetation minimizes the natural cooling effects of shading and
evaporation of water from soil and leaves (evapotranspiration).
▪ Tall buildings and narrow streets can heat air that is trapped between them and
reduce wind flow.
▪ Waste heat from vehicles, factories, and air conditioners may add warmth to the air,
further increasing temperatures.
Environmental Changes : Rural – Sub Urban – City - Metropolitan
Future Yogyakarta City? – Jakarta – Kuala Lumpur – Tokyo?
Urban Heat Islands Changes??

Yogyakarta City, Indonesia.

 Why knowing UHIisimportant?

It may compromise
Impaired Water
Human Health and Increased Energy
Quality
Comfort Consumption
01 02 03

1.Increased daytime 1.High pavement and rooftop 1.Elevated summertime temperatures in

temperatures, reduced surface temperatures can heat cities increase energy demand for cooling.
nighttime cooling, and higher air storm water runoff. Tests have Research shows that electricity demand for
pollution levels associated with shown that pavements that are cooling increases 1.5–2.0% for every 1°F
urban heat islands can affect 100ºF (38°C) can elevate initial (0.6°C) increase in air temperatures, starting
human health by contributing to rainwater temperature from from 68 to 77°F (20 to 25°C), suggesting that
general discomfort, respiratory roughly 70ºF (21ºC) to over 5–10% of community-wide demand for
difficulties, heat cramps and 95ºF (35ºC).4 This heated electricity is used to compensate for the heat
exhaustion, non-fatal heat storm water generally becomes island effect
stroke, and heat-related runoff, which drains into storm
mortality. sewers and raises water
temperatures as it is released 2. Urban heat islands increase overall
2.Heat islands can also into streams, rivers, ponds, and electricity demand, as well as peak demand,
exacerbate the impact of heat lakes. which generally occurs on hot summer
waves, which are periods of weekday afternoons, when offices and
abnormally hot, and often 2.Water temperature affects all homes are running cooling systems, lights,
humid, weather. Sensitive aspects of aquatic life, especially and appliances. During extreme heat events,
populations, such as children, the metabolism and which are exacerbated by urban heat islands,
older adults, and those with reproduction of many aquatic the resulting demand for cooling can
existing health conditions, are at species. Rapid temperature overload systems and require a utility to
particular risk from these changes in aquatic ecosystems
institute controlled, rolling brownouts or
events. resulting from warm storm
blackouts to avoid power outages.
water runoff can be particularly
stressful, even fatal to aquatic
life.

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 Finding out how UHI affect us

 Finding out how UHI affect us

▪ Public Health: Heat islands can amplify extreme hot weather events, which
can cause heat stroke and may lead to physiological disruption, organ
damage, and even death – especially in vulnerable populations such as the
elderly.
▪ The Environment: Summertime heat islands increase energy demand for air
conditioning, raising power plant emissions of harmful pollutants. Higher
temperatures also accelerate the chemical reaction that produces ground
level ozone, or smog. This threatens public health, the environment, and, for
some communities, may have implications for federal air quality goals.
▪ Energy Use: Because homes and buildings absorb the sun’s energy, heat
islands can increase the demand for summertime cooling, raising energy
expenditures. For every 1° F (0.6° C) increase in summertime temperature,
peak utility loads in medium and large cities increase by an estimated 1.5 –
2.0 percent.
Our Contribution:
Our Effort
Our Contribution: Our Effort
 SDGS
Increaseshade
INITIATIVES Stayindoors Drinka lot ofwater
aroundyourhome

Plantmore tree Wearlightcolour

clothing

Donotweardark/
Instalgreenroofs
black colourclothing

Useenergy-efficient
appliances and
equipment

Use public
transport

Check onyourfriends,
family, and neighbors Useconstructionmaterial
that absorbedless heat

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 SDGS INITIATIVES
Engineering :
Biology Layout, Designand
Approach plan
Reduce Carbon
Sciences
Inniciative
Economy
Approach
Agriculture

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