CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE

Transient Stability Analysis of Grid with DFIG Wind Power Plant

A graduate project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Masters of Science
in Electrical Engineering

By
Jaikumar Pettikkattil Radhakrishnan

May 2014
The graduate project of Jaikumar Pettikkattil Radhakrishnan is approved:

____________________________________ _________________
Dr. Ali Amini Date

_____________________________________ _________________
Dr.Kourosh Sedghisigarchi Date

_____________________________________ _________________
Dr. Bruno Osorno, Chair Date

California State University, Northridge

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Dr. Bruno Osorno and Dr.Kourosh Sedghisigarchi for their guidance
and constant supervision as well as for providing vital information and directing me
towards the successful completion of my project. It would not have been possible without
their kind support.

I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Ali Amini whose knowledge and support
gave the timely push to complete this dissertation and Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering for their moral and technical support. Furthermore, I would like to
express my deepest appreciation towards many Individuals including Industrial
professionals whose valuable comments and remarks made me work than I thought I could
do.

Above all I express my life long indebtedness to my parents love and God the almighty
who helps me keep the fire within to dream and do more and bigger.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Signature Page .............................................................................................................. ii

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................ iii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vi
List of Tables ................................................................................................................ x
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... xi
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Global Wind Power Scenario ............................................................................ 2
1.2 Current Wind Power Scenario in USA ............................................................... 3
1.3 Major Challenges and Analysis .......................................................................... 4
2. Power System Stability ............................................................................................ 6
2.1 Classification of Power System Stability ........................................................... 6
2.1.1 Rotor Angle Stability ............................................................................... 8
2.1.1.1 Small Signal Stability .................................................................. 9
2.1.1.2 Transient Stability ........................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Voltage Stability ...................................................................................... 10
2.1.2.1 Small–disturbance Voltage Stability ............................................ 10
2.1.2.2 Large – disturbance Voltage Stability .......................................... 11
2.1.3 Frequency Stability .................................................................................. 11
3. Transient Stability .................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Concept of Transient Stability ............................................................................ 12
3.3 Factors Influencing Transient Stability .............................................................. 21
4. Transient Stability Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System ................................................ 22
4.1 Transient Stability Analysis using PSS/E .......................................................... 22
4.1.1 Load Flow Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System in PSS/E ............................. 23
4.1.2 Dynamic Simulation for Transient Stability Analysis in PSS/E .............. 25
4.2 Transient Stability Analysis using Matlab/Simulink .......................................... 31
5. Wind Power Generator ............................................................................................. 34

iv
 5.1 Basic Configuration of Wind Turbine ................................................................ 34
5.2 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine ......................................................................... 36
5.3 Wind Power Model ............................................................................................ 37
5.4 Types of Wind Turbine Generators .................................................................... 38
5.4.1 Fixed speed wind turbine ......................................................................... 39
5.4.2 Variable speed wind turbine with variable rotor resistance .............................. 40
5.4.3 Variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator ......... 41
5.4.4 Variable speed wind turbine with full converter ...................................... 42
6. Transient Stability Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System with DFIG Wind Power Plant 43
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 43
6.2 Study Methodology and Simulation ................................................................... 43
6.2.1 Case A: Fault simulation at PCC on remodeled base case (Stable) .......... 44
6.2.2 Case B: Fault simulation at PCC on remodeled base case (Unstable) ...... 49
6.2.3 Case C: Fault at PCC on grid with wind power plant ............................... 52
7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 56
References ..................................................................................................................... 57
Appendix A ................................................................................................................... 59
Appendix B ................................................................................................................... 63
Appendix C ................................................................................................................... 65

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Global wind generation till Dec’2013 .......................................................... 3

Figure 1.2: Unites States wind generation till Dec’2013 .............................................. 4

Figure 2.1: Categories of power system stability .......................................................... 7

Figure 3.1: SMIB system with two transmission lines ................................................. 12

Figure 3.2: Reduced equivalent circuit of SMIB system .............................................. 13

Figure 3.3: Power angle relation plot of SMIB system ................................................ 14

Figure 3.4: Bolted 3 phase fault in SMIB system ......................................................... 14

Figure 3.5: Power angle relation plot for prefault, persisting fault and
post fault condition of SMIB (Stable) ........................................................................... 16

Figure 3.6: Power angle relation plot for prefault, persisting fault and
post fault condition of SMIB (Unstable) ..................................................................... 17

Figure 3.7: Power angle relation plot for prefault, persisting fault and
post fault condition of SMIB system example ............................................................. 19

Figure 3.8: Plot of Swing equation for sustained fault (Unstable) ............................... 19

Figure 3.9: Plot of Swing equation for fault cleared at 0.1 second (Stable) ................ 20

Figure 4.1: Impedance, Load and Power generation data of IEEE 9 bus system ......... 22

Figure 4.2: Load flow diagram of IEEE 9 Bus ............................................................. 24

Figure 4.3: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 5 ............. 25

Figure 4.4: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1
for a fault at bus 5 ......................................................................................................... 26

Figure 4.5: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 4 ............. 26

Figure 4.6: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1
for a fault at bus 4 ......................................................................................................... 27
vi
Figure 4.7: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 6 ............. 27

Figure 4.8: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1

for a fault at bus 6 ......................................................................................................... 28

Figure 4.9: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 7 ............. 28

Figure 4.10: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1
for a fault at bus 7 ......................................................................................................... 29

Figure 4.11: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 8 ........... 29

Figure 4.12: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1
for a fault at bus 8 ......................................................................................................... 30

Figure 4.13: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 9 ........... 30

Figure 4.14: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1
for a fault at bus 9 ......................................................................................................... 31

Figure 4.15: Matlab/Simulink dynamic model of IEEE 9 bus system ......................... 35

Figure 4.16: Absolute angle plot of all generators of IEEE 9 bus system from Matlab
simulation ...................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 4.17: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 from Matlab
simulation ...................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 4.18: Absolute angle plot of all generators from classical example .................. 33

Figure 4.19: Relative angle plot of generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 from classical
example ......................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 5.1: VAWT & HAWT Wind Turbine configuration ......................................... 34

Figure 5.2: Horizontal axis Wind Turbine .................................................................... 35

Figure 5.3: Forces acting on wind turbine upon attack of wind ................................... 37

Figure 5.4: Cp curves of GE 1.5MW DFIG wind generator ........................................ 38

Figure 5.5: Fixed speed wind generator ........................................................................ 39

vii
Figure 5.6: Variable speed wind turbine with variable rotor resistance ....................... 40

Figure 5.7: Variable speed wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator ............ 41

Figure 5.8: Variable speed wind turbine with full converter ........................................ 42

Figure 6.1: Graphical Load flow data of remodeled IEEE 9 bus .................................. 44

Figure 6.2: Graphical post fault load flow data of remodeled IEEE 9 bus ................... 45

Figure 6.3: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a fault at
PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Stable) ....................................................................... 46

Figure 6.4: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 9 on
remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Stable) ..................................................................................... 47

Figure 6.5: Reactive power output variation of all generators for fault at PCC on
remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Stable) ..................................................................................... 47

Figure 6.6: Frequency plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled

IEEE 9 bus (Stable). 54 ................................................................................................. 48

Figure 6.7: Voltage plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled

IEEE 9 bus (Stable) ....................................................................................................... 48

Figure 6.8: Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1
for a fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Unstable) .............................................. 49

Figure 6.9: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at
PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Unstable) ................................................................... 50

Figure 6.10: Reactive power output variation of all generators for fault at PCC on
remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Unstable) ................................................................................. 50

Figure 6.11: Frequency plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled

IEEE 9 bus (Unstable) .................................................................................................. 51

Figure 6.12: Voltage plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled

IEEE 9 bus (Unstable) .................................................................................................. 51

viii
Figure 6.13: Graphical load flow data of IEEE 9 bus with wind power plant .............. 52

Figure 6.14 :Relative angle plot of all generator 2 w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a fault at
PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus with wind power plant ................................................ 53

Figure 6.15: Voltage plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus with wind
power plant .................................................................................................................... 54

Figure 6.16: Active power output variation of all generators for fault at PCC on
remodeled IEEE 9 bus wind power plant ..................................................................... 55

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Standard load flow data of IEEE 9bus .......................................................... 24

Table 2: CCT and maximum angle deviation of generator rotor

angles for six case studies in PSS/E .............................................................................. 31

Table 3: Comparison of CCT between Grid with and without

DFIG wind power plant ................................................................................................ 55

x
 ABSTRACT

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER GRID WITH DFIG WIND

POWER PLANT

By
Jaikumar Pettikkattil Radhakrishnan
Masters of Science in Electrical Engineering

Transient stability is one of the major stability problem associated with the power grid.

Hence analysis of transient stability is a major analysis done to obtain the degree of stability

a grid possess. Out of four types of wind generators, DFIG (Doubly fed Induction

Generator) share the major wind energy production in USA (60%) and continuing to grow.

With a vision of almost 20% penetration within next two decades, more aggressive and

accurate modelling and analysis has to be done to determine the transient stability with

penetrating wind generation. This project aims to analyze the transient stability of one of

the base case transmission test grid (IEEE 9bus) with and without DFIG wind power plant

and compare the results to draw sensible conclusion about such power plant integration.

Study is done using PTI-PSS/E software by Siemens.

xi
 1. INTRODUCTION

High depletion of conventional energy sources and increasing power demand has

eventually led the world in to a wave of renewable and green energy revolution. Policy

makers together with energy research and regulating organizations are aggressively

working to find more viable solutions to problems of different size and scope, which

include finding new ways of renewable energy production, deeper understanding of current

renewable sources for improving the interaction between them with the present grid system

for reliable and ‘smart’ operation, deriving grid codes based on the study and present grid

structure, helping utilities achieve those standards etc. Out of the renewable energy

technologies, wind and solar were the most promising one and have been subjected to high

research and development and evolved themselves from a mere distribution level low

reliable generation to utility scale generation facilities with improved reliability at the cost

of increased sophisticated technology. Wind energy seems to have a smaller but debatable

upper hand over solar for the fact that it can be utilized to produce energy day and night.

May be because of this reason wind energy farms are getting bigger in size more rapidly

and haven’t stopped compared to solar power plants. Also huge investment done in the

research and study for understanding the complexity of problems associated with wind

energy generation and integration to power grid might have helped it gain prominence

among other renewable energy resources.

1
1.1 Global Wind Power Scenario in World

As of now, wind power contributes only about 4 % of the total energy production with 103

countries pursuing development and installation of wind power [28]. Wind power

production was increasing at a rapid rate till 2012 to a cumulative installed capacity of

283,194 MW in which the same year held the highest wind power installation of 45,169

MW. By the end of 2013 the world wind power production was estimated to be 318,105

MW and the installation rate was less than the previous year and is estimated as 35,289

MW [14]. China leads the wind power generation with an installed capacity of 91,412 MW

as of end of 2013. United States follows China with an installed capacity of 61,091 MW

[14]. Asia now equals with Europe in wind energy production (119GW) and is expected

to win over Europe sometime in 2014, in terms of wind power installation work [28].

Countries with high wind power generation include Denmark ,Spain, Portugal, Ireland,

Germany, with 34% , 21%, 20%, 16%, 9% of their total cumulative generation respectively

( as of 2013) [28]. Due to the high penetration of wind power in those countries, extensive

study and research has been done in accordance with their grid system. Obviously with

such a high percentage level of wind generation they were forced to coin new wind farm

grid codes much faster than any other countries.

2
 Figure 1.1 Global Wind Generation till Dec’2013 [14]

1.2 Current Wind Power Scenario in USA

With an approximate 46,000 operational utility-scale wind turbines, Unites states homes to

a wind capacity of 61,091MW as of 2013 and represents about 19% of the total cumulative

global wind generation as shown in Figure 1.1. In 2013, the annual wind generation jumped

to an all-time high of 4.1% of the total generation compared to 3.4% in 2012 [29].

3
 Figure 1.2 Unites States Wind Generation till Dec’2013 [29]

1.3 Major Challenges and Analysis

Despite the interest in increased wind generation and wide associated research work, the

dynamic influence of wind power plants on the grid during normal and transient condition

and the level of power system security associated with increased penetration still remain

as a challenge. As the penetration level is increasing the share of grid supporting role by

major renewable energy generation facilities is increasing and wind is not an exception.

With regards to this problem many new wind farm grid codes are formulated to have the

wind power plant support grid with reactive power during an event of a fault. In an attempt

to reflect this operation the number of fixed speed wind turbine installation is decreasing

and almost all the new wind farms now consist of DFIG wind turbine generators.

4
A lot of research work has been done to understand the dynamics of wind turbine

generators when integrated to a more complex grid network. Most of the work pertains to

the modelling of wind farms for sensible analysis of static and dynamic impacts. Wind

power being a time varying power input, probabilistic approach has been used widely to

analyze the system impact especially stability of the system. Transient stability being one

of the key player among system stability, more focus has been given to study the difference

in transient stability after the advent of a wind power plant in to the grid. Most of the earlier

study show confusing and vague results which employed grid models consisting of wind

power plant with different kind of wind turbines. For last 5 years more aggressive

modelling task has been done to improve the simulation of grid with wind farm including

reactive compensation devices (FACTS). With a better accurate modelling and new grid

codes, studies shows that a wind farm with fixed speed wind turbine hurts the transient

stability of the system when a DFIG wind power plant operated at voltage controlled mode

increases the transient stability of the system. Even now many assumptions are undertaken

to draw better comprehensible results for a successful study.

5
 2. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

2.1 Classification of Power System Stability

“Power system stability is defined as the property of a power system that enables it to

remain in the state of normal operating condition maintaining a stable equilibrium or to

regain a state of acceptable operating state after have been subjected to a small or large

disturbance”[1].

Traditionally the problem of instability relates to the maintenance of synchronism of

machines within the power system though instability can also occur even without the loss

of synchronism, for example a sudden voltage drop due to load change can push the

transmission line to instable state. Generally relative and absolute rotor angle and power

angle between the machines picture the stability of the system.

Disturbance can be small or large. Small disturbances like load change happens continually

in the system and hence the system adjust itself to all these small changes by maintaining

an acceptable voltage and frequency level for satisfactory state of power system. Large

disturbances like generator trip and fault in transmission lines, lead to a high shift in state

parameters of system(Voltage, frequency) and are capable of actuating the generation

controls which will then try to bring back the system to normal or acceptable operating

condition.

Power system stability being a complex issue continues to challenge power system

engineers all around the globe. Earlier work by fellow and passionate engineers laid a firm

6
theoretical base on which the industry understand the stability problem as it is now. All the

development on solving stability issues start with understanding the scale of disturbance

and modelling the disturbance phenomena and applying the problem using the art of

mathematical simulation. We came a long way to high speed simulations using high power

computers to image the desired dynamic disturbance phenomena to understand the

stability of a given power system with high accuracy due to improved modelling of almost

all power system components. Be it protective devices used all over in power system to

distribution level to more complex power generator devices as a part of green revolution,

we poses tools to represent and study highly complex and constantly growing power

network to ensure reliable operation at consumer end.

The impracticability to study system stability as it is has led to the categorization of power

system stability. Figure 2.1 pictures the broad categorization and definition associated with

the stability problem.

Figure 2.1 – Categories of power system stability [1]

7
2.1.1 Rotor Angle Stability

“Rotor angle stability is the ability of the synchronous machines within the power system

to maintain synchronism even after the disturbance” [2]. The study method involves the

analysis of rotor angle variation of each machine relative to one another. A detail

understanding of the synchronous machine is essential to plot the power output variations

according to rotor angle oscillations. Rotor angle is the relative angle between fixed

references on rotating magnetic field of the stator to the rotating shaft. Whenever the power

input varies, there is an equal change in rotor angle subjected to a fixed load at generator

end or we can say the power output of generator depends on the rotor angle.

When the system undergoes disturbance, one of the machine will decelerate or accelerate

with respect to its rotor angle perturbation. The resulting angular difference between the

machines will result in reshuffling load between the machines (from slow to fast machine).

This will damp the fast machine and eventually the system becomes stable at another

equilibrium point. But sometimes the speed difference is so high that the power transfer

gradually decrease and the machine will lose synchronism.

Rotor angle stability is divide in to two stability issue;

 Small signal stability

 Transient stability

8
2.1.1.1 Small signal stability

“It is the ability of system to maintain synchronism after small disturbance. For example,

variation of loads and generation is termed as small signal stability” [2]. Generally the

disturbances are considered so low such that it allows to use a linear model of system for

analyzing such stability issues. This advantage paved a way to embed Eigen value analysis

deeper in to the power system. Small signal stability is divided in to local stability and

global stability. A single generator swinging against a small part of power system is

considered as local stability problem and is termed as local mode oscillations. “Global

stability problem is termed as inter area oscillation mode, where a group of generators of a

particular area swing with another group of generators in a different area” [2]. Inter area

oscillations is more complex than local mode oscillations and hence more care is taken to

damp such oscillations before they excite another mode which could possibly grow as a

bigger stability problem. “Power system stabilizers and automatic voltage regulators are

used in conjunction with series and shunt compensators to satisfactorily damp such

oscillations” [2].

2.1.1.2 Transient stability

“It is the ability of power system to maintain synchronism with in the machines after high

transient disturbance such as short circuit on transmission line” [2]. Large deviations of

rotor angle can be observed during severe disturbances and depend upon the initial

operating point and also on the severity of contingency occurred in the system [1]. Time

duration for transient stability analysis depends upon the type of study. Generally 3-5

seconds after the contingency event is studied to understand the basic transient nature of
9
the system in interest. Extended study is required usually up to 30 seconds to understand

the responsiveness of the system elements such as automatic voltage regulators and turbine

governors [2].

2.1.2 Voltage Stability

“It refers to the ability of system to maintain steady state voltage at each bus of the system

after being subjected to disturbance” [2]. Voltage stability actually depends upon the load

profile function. The rise or dip of voltage occurs when the system is unable to meet the

load demand due to various constraints. One of the results of the voltage instability is the

tripping of an area which might trigger a transient stability situation and the loss of

synchronism. The reverse can also happen, a transient stability phenomena will lead to

voltage instability. A more severe event due to the voltage instability is the voltage collapse

which is nothing but a blackout or abnormally low voltage in a significant part of the power

system.

Voltage stability is classified as

 Small-disturbance voltage stability

 Large-disturbance voltage stability

2.1.2.1 Small-disturbance voltage stability

“It refers to the ability of the system to maintain steady voltages when subjected to small

perturbations such as incremental changes in system load. This form of stability is

influenced by the characteristics of loads, continuous controls, and discrete controls at a

given instant of time” [2].

10
2.1.2.2 Large-disturbance voltage stability

“It is the ability to maintain steady voltages following large disturbances such as system

faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies. This ability is determined by the system

and load characteristics, and the interactions of both continuous and discrete controls and

protections. Determination of large-disturbance voltage stability requires the examination

of the nonlinear response of the power system over a period of time sufficient to capture

the performance and interactions of such devices as motors, under load transformer tap

changers, and generator field-current limiters. The study period of interest may extend from

a few seconds to tens of minutes” [2].

2.1.3 Frequency Stability

“It is the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency following a severe system

upset resulting in a significant imbalance between generation and load. It depends on the

ability to maintain or restore equilibrium between system generation and load, with

minimum unintentional loss of load. Instability that may result occurs in the form of

sustained frequency swings leading to tripping of generating units or loads” [2].

11
 3. TRANSIENT STABILITY

3.1 Introduction

A discussed in previous chapter, “Transient stability is nothing but the ability of the power

system to regain the synchronism between the machines after being subjected to a large

transient disturbance” [2]. In most cases transient stability is studied on the basis of first

swing rather than multi swing. First swing study examines the first and second swing curve

(relative) and if found to be decreasing, the system is considered stable. We need not have

to model the generators at higher order to study the first swing, instead a classical model

of voltage behind transient reactance is used. Multiswing stability studies, which longer

study time are done to analyze the effects of generating unit controls and are modeled

accordingly. Thus it is clear that exciter or governor models are included or rejected

depending upon the objective of study.

3.2 Concept of Transient Stability

The concept of transient stability is explained by using a single machine infinite bus system

(SMIB) with two transmission lines as shown in Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 – SMIB system with two transmission lines [1]

12
 Figure 3.2 – Reduced equivalent circuit of SMIB system [1]

As per the reduced order equivalent circuit of the SMIB system shown in Figure 3.2, by

neglecting the stator resistance, the air gap power Pe is equal to the terminal power and is

given as

E′𝐸𝐵
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑋𝑇

Where
E′𝐸𝐵
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑋𝑇
δ = Angle between transient voltages E’ and EB

The above equation is called power angle relationship and is plotted for normal and circuit

2 out of service as shown in Figure 3.3. It can be understood that the power output with

one transmission line out decreases because of the fact that the “thevenin impedance

between the generator and infinite bus increases due to loss of transmission line” [1].

13
 Figure 3.3 – Power angle relation plot for SMIB system, [1]

Using this power angle curve, the transient stability of SMIB can be evaluated and the

methodology used is called Equal area criterion.

Equal area criterion is used to quickly assimilate a sense of stability. It uses the graphical

interpretation of energy stored in a machine to determine the stability of the machine after

being subjected to disturbance. Suppose there occurs a bolted 3 phase fault at circuit 2 as

shown in Figure 3.4

Figure 3.4 – Bolted 3 phase fault in SMIB system [1]

14
The power angle curve of this contingency can be drawn for prefault, persisting fault and

post fault condition as shown in Figure 3.5. After the fault has occurred, the power angle

curve relation jump from initial operating condition during prefault state ‘a’ to operating

point on persisting fault curve ‘b’. Since the input power is greater than the output power

in the persisting fault curve, the machine accelerates until the fault is cleared and reaches

an operating point ‘c’ with a corresponding increase in load angle. After the fault has

cleared, power-angle relation jump from operating point ‘c’ on persisting fault curve to

operating point ‘d’ on post fault power-angle curve as shown in Figure 3.5. Even though

the output power is greater than input power of the machine at this point, the machine will

continue accelerating until point ‘e’ due to inertia. During this period, the kinetic energy

gained by the synchronous machine is given back to the system and then the machine trace

back to operating point ‘d’ after oscillating about it. Graphically, it means that the area A1

which represent energy gained and A2 which represent energy lost as shown in Figure 3.5

should be equal to have a stable condition in the system which is what we state as equal

area criterion.

With respect to equal area criterion, the total area available for a system to attain stability

lies between intersection of input power ‘Pm’ and post fault curve. Thus if fault clearing

time is delayed, the Area A2 cannot be equal to Area A1 within the limits and the operating

point will move under ‘Pm’. With higher input power compared to output at such operating

condition, speed continues to increase and machine will go out of synchronism. The

maximum fault clearing time for which the system continues to be stable is termed as

critical clearing time and the corresponding load angle is called critical clearing angle

15
 Figure 3.5 – Power angle relation plot for prefault, persisting fault and post fault
condition of SMIB (Stable) [1]

It is clear from the Figure 3.5 & Figure 3.6, for stable condition the rotor angle oscillates

and come to a steady state and will continue increasing for unstable condition.

16
 Figure 3.6 - Power angle relation plot for prefault, persisting fault and post fault
condition of SMIB (Unstable) [1]

To computationally analyze the transient stability using equal area criterion, energy stored

during swing from one operating point to another should be calculated, which is done using

Swing equation.

17
“Swing equation is the electromechanical equation which relates the rotor angle to the

stator rotating magnetic field as a function of time” [1].

2𝐻 𝑑2 
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
0 𝑑𝑡 2
Where,

𝑃𝑚 = Generator mechanical power input, in pu

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum generator power output, in pu

𝐻 = inertia constant, in MW.s/MVA

 = rotor angle, in electrical radians

Solution of Swing equation gives us the load angle variation in time, from which the degree

of stability can be understood. Swing equation being a nonlinear algebraic equation,

numerical integration methods are used. One of the earlier methods include point by point

method to solve the swing equation by calculating the change in rotor angle deviation for

a small time step. Author attempted to solve the swing equation for SMIB problem using

point by point method in Matlab for sustained fault till 5 seconds and fault cleared at 0.1

seconds. The parameters and values used for the SMIB system along with the Matlab code

is given in Appendix A. Figure 3.7 shows the prefault, persisting fault and post fault curve

and Figure 3.8 & 3.9 shows the swing curve plot for unstable and stable cases respectively.

18
Figure 3.7 – Power angle relation plot for prefault, persisting fault and post fault
condition of SMIB system example

Figure 3.8 – Plot of Swing equation for sustained fault (Unstable)

19
 Figure 3.9 – Plot of Swing equation for fault cleared at 0.1 second (Stable)

Equal area criterion is not used directly to analyze the transient stability of multimachine

systems due to the complexity of involving too many machines. Instead swing equation for

each machine is directly solved by digital numerical integration methods like Runga Kutta

method. Also in order to reduce the computational burden, all the components of system is

converted in to reduced models and is termed as stability models.

20
3.3 Factors Influencing Transient Stability

From all the major studies, it is clear that transient stability of a generator depends upon

following conditions,

 Load on the generator

 Output of the generator during fault which is a function of fault location and type

of fault

 Fault clearing time

 Change in system reactance between generation centers and load centers

 Inertia of the generator

 The internal voltage magnitude of the generator which is a function of field

excitation

21
 4. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF IEEE 9 BUS SYSTEM

4.1 Transient Stability Analysis using PSS/E

IEEE 9 bus system is a widely used test system template for variety of steady state and

dynamic simulation studies by researchers and engineers to simulate new algorithms,

especially pertaining to power system stability studies. Here the bus system is diagrammed

and simulated using PSSE software designed by Siemens. Figure 4.1 shows the active

generation, impedance and load data of IEEE 9 bus system. In this test system, three

machines are inter connected through a network of 9 buses, generating a total of 319.6 MW

and supplying a total load of 315 MW, 115MVAR and transmission losses of 4.6 MW. All

impedances are on 100 MVA base.

Figure 4.1 – Line impedance, Load and Active power generation of IEEE 9 bus system
22
With generator at bus 2 supplying almost 52 % of the total generation, it can be anticipated

that any fault at this generator end will severely affect the system. So it would be a good

idea to consider a contingency at bus 7 as a bench mark to measure the transient stability

of the entire system though study at other buses can be utilized to conclude the impact of

distributed generation when using different buses as point of interconnection.

4.1.1 Load flow analysis of IEEE 9 bus system in PSS/E

Stability studies cannot be done without the knowledge of prefault network load flow data.

Many algorithms have been developed to solve the nonlinear load flow problem. Gauss

siedel and newton raphson methods are one of them, which is utilized to analyze the load

flow and obviously can be find in all major power system analysis software packages. The

selection between these methods depend upon the type of study needed and the complexity

of modelling involved. To effectively solve the power flow problem for large and complex

networks, more experience is required in terms of appropriate selection and use of

parameters. In most of the cases, engineers go for newton raphson because of the surety

of problem convergence. After finding the load flow, the system is then prepared for

dynamic simulation by inserting the dynamic model of the system in to the static load flow

model. PSSE model of IEEE 9 bus is given in Appendix B. Figure 4.2 shows the load flow

of IEEE 9 bus system and more detail load flow data is given in Table 1.

23
 Figure 4.2 – Load flow diagram of IEEE 9 Bus

Bus Bus Voltage Angle Pgen Qgen PL QL

No type (pu) (deg) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
1 swing 1.0400 0.00 71.6410 27.0459 0 0
2 PV 1.0250 9.28 163.0000 6.6536 0 0
3 PV 1.0250 4.66 85.0000 -10.8597 0 0
4 PQ 1.0258 -2.22 0 0 0 0
5 PQ 0.9956 -3.99 0 0 125 50
6 PQ 1.0127 -3.69 0 0 90 30
7 PQ 1.0258 3.72 0 0 0 0
8 PQ 1.0159 0.73 0 0 100 35
9 PQ 1.0324 1.97 0 0 0 0

Table 1 - Standard load flow data of IEEE 9bus

24
4.1.2 Dynamic simulation for transient stability analysis in PSS/E

Three phase fault being the severe switching action, is selected as the dynamic disturbance

at different buses to analyze the transient stability. From now on generators at bus 1, 2 &3

will be termed as generator 1, 2&3 respectively. Critical clearing time is used as the index

to estimate the transient stability and is found by repeated simulation for fault at bus 5, 4,

6, 7, 8 & 9 as six different cases.

 Case 1: Fault at Bus 5

For a solid 3 phase fault at bus 5, the critical clearing time is estimated as 7 cycles (383

ms). Figure 4.3 shows the active power output of all the 3 machines .Figure 4.4 shows the

relative angle plot of generator 2 and 3 w.r.t generator 1. The maximum swing angle of

generator 2 and 3 is 160 and 100 respectively. Generator 3 became stable quickly mainly

because the fact that it is far from fault location compared to other machines.

Figure 4.3 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 5

25
 Figure 4.4 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a fault
at bus 5
 Case 2: Fault at Bus 4

For a solid 3 phase fault at bus 4, the critical clearing time is estimated as 20 cycles (333

ms).Figure 4.5 shows the active power output of all the 3 machines. Figure 4.6 shows the

relative angle plot of generator 2 and 3 w.r.t generator 1. The maximum swing angle of

generator 2 and 3 is 140 and 120 respectively

Figure 4.5 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 4
26
 Figure 4.6 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a fault
at bus 4

 Case 3: Fault at Bus 6

For a solid 3 phase fault at bus 6, the critical clearing time is estimated as 27 cycles (450

ms). Figure 4.7 shows the active power output of all the 3 machines. Figure 4.8 shows the

relative angle plot of generator 2 and 3 w.r.t generator 1 the maximum swing angle of

generator 2 and 3 is 155 and 140 respectively.

Figure 4.7 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 6

27
 Figure 4.8 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a fault
at bus 6

 Case 4: Fault at Bus 7

For a solid 3 phase fault at bus 7, the critical clearing time is estimated as 7 cycles (116

ms). Figure 4.9 shows the active power output of the entire 3 machine. Figure 4.10 shows

the relative angle plot of generator 2 and 3 w.r.t generator 1. The maximum swing angle of

generator 2 and 3 is 140 and 80 respectively

Figure 4.9 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 7

28
 Figure 4.10 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a
fault at bus 7
 Case 5: Fault at Bus 8

For a solid 3 phase fault at bus 8, the critical clearing time is estimated as 15 cycles (250

ms). Figure 4.11 shows the active power output of the entire 3 machine. Figure 4.12 shows

the relative angle plot of generator 2 and 3 w.r.t generator 1. The maximum swing angle of

generator 2 and 3 is 140 and 100 respectively

Figure 4.11 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 8
29
 Figure 4.12 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a
fault at bus 8
 Case 6: Fault at Bus 9

For a solid 3 phase fault at bus 9, the critical clearing time is estimated as 13 cycles (216

ms). Figure 4.13 shows the active power output of the entire 3 machine. Figure 4.14 shows

the relative angle plot of generator 2 and 3 w.r.t generator 1. The maximum swing angle of

generator 2 and 3 is 120 and 160 respectively

Figure 4.13 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 9

30
 Figure 4.14 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a
fault at bus 9

Bus Fault No CCT(cycles) 21 31

Bus 5 23 160 100
Bus 4 20 140 120
Bus 6 27 155 140
Bus 7 7 140 80
Bus 8 15 140 100
Bus 9 13 120 160

Table 2 - CCT and maximum angle deviation of generator rotor angles

for six case studies in PSS/E.

4.2 Transient Stability Analysis using Matlab/Simulink

As a part of analyzing the time domain simulation for solving transient stability problem,

IEEE 9 bus was also modeled in Matlab/Simulink environment to simulate classical

transient stability analysis example [3] using the same, where a 3 phase fault is simulated

at bus 7 followed by clearing fault by opening the line 7-5 in 5 cycles (0.083 seconds).

Figure 4.15 shows the dynamic IEEE 9 bus simulink model. Absolute rotor angle of all

generators and relative rotor angle of generator 2 & 3 w.r.t generator 1 is plotted as shown

31
in Figure 4.16 and 4.17. Small difference in swing limit and time variation can be observed

from the rotor angle plots when compared to results from the example as shown in Figure

4.18 & 4.19 because of the fact that the machine model used in simulink is 6th order and

the simulation start time is different.

Figure 4.15 – Matlab/Simulink dynamic model of IEEE 9 bus system

32
Figure 4.16 - Absolute angle plot Figure 4.18 - Absolute angle plot
of all generators of IEEE 9 bus of all generators from
system from Matlab simulation Classical example [3]

Figure 4.17 - Relative angle plot Figure 4.19 - Relative angle plot
of all generators w.r.t generator of generators w.r.t generator at
at bus 1 from Matlab Simulation bus 1 from classical example [3]

33
 5. WIND POWER GENERATOR

5.1 Basic Configuration of Wind Turbine

There are two types of wind turbines based on the configuration of axis, HAWT

(Horizontal axis wind turbine) and VAWT (Vertical axis wind turbine)” [16]. Unlike

VAWT, entire rotor can be placed at the top of a tower in HAWT, so that the high speed

wind higher above ground can be harnessed for power generation. HAWT also employs

pitchable blades for generation control and have a high structural survival against opposing

forces. Reduced noise during generation can be stated as an advantage of VAWT, hence

is used as small wind turbines. Figure 5.1 shows the HAWT and VAWT wind

configuration.

Figure 5.1 – VAWT & HAWT Wind Turbine configuration [26]

The components of horizontal axis wind turbine is shown in Figure 5.2. The generator is

placed in the nacelle above the tower and is driven by the wind turbine rotor. “Air foiled-

shaped blade’s connected to rotor extracts the kinetic energy from wind and converts it in

34
to rotational energy” [16]. Since the rotor speed is low, a gear box has to be installed

between the shaft connecting the rotor and generator to step up the rotational speed required

for the desired generation. Generally, fixed speed wind turbines use stall control against

undesired wind condition and variable speed wind turbines use pitch control for efficient

utilization of wind power. Pitch control simply means that wind turbine blades can be

rotated along its longitudinal axis. Yaw system is placed just below the nacelle and is used

to rotate the whole nacelle towards the direction of wind. Wind speed and direction

measurement for pitch and yaw control is given by anemometer and wind vane placed at

the end of nacelle. But the wind energy received by anemometer is what is left after it has

been harnessed by the rotating blades and hence wind measured by anemometer can be

considered as of less accurate. A shaft brake is also provided in order to avoid undesired

operation of high speed shaft section.

Figure 5.2 – Horizontal axis Wind Turbine [16]

35
5.2 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine

The aerodynamic analysis of wind turbine were initially done by Betz and Glauert and

came out with a mathematical expression for power available in wind as shown below

Where,

ρ = air density

A = Area swept by blades

Vwind = wind speed

It is intuitive to assume increasing the number of blades increases the power generated by

rotor but Betz proved that even for an ideal wind turbine with infinite number of blades,

the maximum extractable power from wind is approximately 59.26% of the power

available. Which is famously known as Betz limit. Main reason for this is the fact that wind

should poses some kinetic energy even after passing through the rotor otherwise wind

would have to be stopped which would theoretically will not transfer energy from wind

unless it is allowed to pass through the blades.

The power which can be extracted is given by the product of Rotor power coefficient Cp

and Power available in wind. Cp is also termed as the aero dynamic efficiency

1 3
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑝ρ𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
2

36
Almost all the modern utilities use airfoil shape for wind turbine blades. Upon the attack

of wind two major forces are acted on the blades, Drag and Lift force as shown in figure

5.3. Lift force will be perpendicular to the air flow direction and is responsible for the

rotation of blades. The tips of the blades produce majority of torque since it is the farthest

from the axis.

Figure 5.3 – Forces acting on wind turbine upon attack of wind [27]

5.3 Wind Power Model

“ For power system simulations involving fault disturbances the wind speed is assumed

constant” [6]. But we know that the mechanical power output depends upon the wind speed

and blade pitch angle. To study the impact of wind fluctuation, aerodynamic model is used.

It consists of three subsystem, tip-speed calculation, aerodynamic efficiency and torque

calculation. Wind power model function is shown below.

ρ
𝑃= 𝐴 𝑉 3 𝐶𝑝(𝜆, 𝜃)
2 𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
The term Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of blade-tip linear speed to wind speed and is a

constant for a fixed speed turbine but varies for a variable speed generator and is given as

37
 𝜔
𝜆 = 𝐾𝑏 ( )
𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑

Figure 5.4 shows the Cp curves of GE 1.5 MW DFIG wind generator, which is an important

characteristic of the wind turbine. It shows the relation between coefficient of power and 𝜆

with 𝜃 as parameter.

Figure 5.4 - Cp curves of GE 1.5MW DFIG wind generator [9]

5.4 Types of Wind Turbine Generators

The wind turbine generators are classified in to four main types:

1) Fixed speed wind turbine

2) Variable speed wind turbine with variable rotor resistance

3) Variable speed wind turbine with DFIG

4) Variable speed wind turbine with full converter

38
5.4.1 Fixed speed wind turbine

“Fixed speed wind turbine consist of a squirrel-cage induction generator which is directly

connected to the grid as shown in Figure 5.5. Fixed-speed wind turbine rotates at a fixed

speed determined by the frequency of the grid, the gear ratio and the pole pairs of

generator” [6]. One of the main disadvantages of the induction generator is that it require

a capacitor bank to get the reactive power needed, otherwise it would have to absorb the

required reactive power from grid. Fixed speed wind turbines are simple and robust but

since there is no speed control employed, the fluctuations in wind power will directly

impact the power generated and can easily destabilize a weak grid due to voltage variations,

when power fluctuates. Reactive power consumption of this type of wind turbines can

affect synchronism of grid because of high voltage fluctuation and need for high reactive

power, especially after fault clearance. Grid code compliance is not achieved when these

kind of turbines are used. Usually FACTS devices are used to achieve reactive power

requirement during faults but is not cost effective in most cases.

Figure 5.5 – “Fixed speed wind generator” [6]

39
5.4.2 Variable speed wind turbine with variable rotor resistance

Fixed speed turbine generators cannot perform optimal extraction of wind power. It is

highly desired to have continuous generator output power at all wind speed, hence the idea

of variable speed generation came in to act. In this type of turbine generators to achieve

Variable speed generation, “variable resistance is integrated to the rotor of wound rotor

induction generator through slip rings using external resistors and power electronic devices

and is directly connected to the grid a shown in Figure 5.6” [16]. Reactive power is still

absorbed by this wind generator and hence here also a capacitor bank is used to provide

reactive power for wound rotor induction machine. Variable speed is attained by changing

the rotor resistance in a short range up to a change of speed 10% higher than synchronous

speed.

Figure 5.6 – “Variable speed wind turbine with variable rotor resistance” [6]

40
5.4.3 Variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator

The application of variable speed generation technique fueled the research for more

advanced power generating systems hence DFIG find a way as a wind power generator.

“DFIG in nothing but a conventional wound-rotor induction generator with additional

power electronic set up connected to rotor and stator externally. As shown in Figure 5.7

slip rings are used to access the rotor circuit” [16]. The stator circuit is directly connected

to the grid which is typically 0.6KV (below 1KV). AC-DC-AC converter rectifies the

supply voltage and then converts in to ac voltage which is fed in to rotor for excitation.

Thus DFIG is like an independently excited generator unlike single cage induction

generator. One of the main advantages of DFIG wind generator compared to Type 4 full

converter generator is that the rating of power converters is only around 20-30% of the

rated power.

Figure 5.7 – “Variable speed wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator” [6]

41
5.4.4 Variable speed wind turbine with full converter

As show in Figure 5.8, “the generator is connected to grid directly through a full power

converter. Since there is no feedback loop for any control, any of the generator technologies

can be used as generator e.g. permanent magnet synchronous generator, wound rotor

synchronous generator or wound rotor induction generator” [16]. With a full power back

to back voltage source converter between the generator and grid, the generator frequency

is independent of grid frequency. One of the main disadvantage of such kind of wind

turbine generator is that the power electronic devices have to be sized at full power rated

which will cost a fortune for utilities and wind power plant developers.

Figure 5.8 – “Variable speed wind turbine with full converter” [6]

42
 6. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF IEEE 9 BUS SYSTEM WITH
DFIG WIND POWER PLANT

6.1 Introduction

The following study is done using PSSE. Wind Power plant is modelled as an aggregate

of around 57 GE 1.5MW DFIG wind generators. The dynamic model of wind generator is

divided in to three different models. “Generator/converter model (WT3G), Electrical

control model (WT3E), Mechanical control or wind turbine model (WT3T), Pitch control

model (WT3P)” [16]. The dynamic parameters of all modules of GE 1.5 MW DFIG wind

generator is given in Appendix C.

6.2 Study Methodology and Simulation

To sensibly draw a comparison between the transient stability of conventional power grid

and grid with wind power plant, most of the previous research in this field tried substituting

synchronous generator of a known grid with wind power plant of same size. Same

methodology is followed here using the IEEE 9 bus system. Generation of one of the major

synchronous generator of IEEE 9 bus system which generates 85 MW is increased to 85.5

MW to size the wind power plant equal to the synchronous generator. Critical clearing time

(CCT) is employed to understand the transient stability by simulating a 3phase fault at

point of common coupling (PCC), which is bus 9 for three different cases. Since the study

aims to analyze effect of the dynamics of large penetration of wind power plants

irrespective of weather change, wind power plant is assumed to operate at full power output

and power variation due to change in wind speed is disregarded. The load flow and voltage

profile of the remodeled base case can be understood from Figure 6.1.

43
 Figure 6.1 – Graphical Load flow data of remodeled IEEE 9 bus

6.2.1 Case A: Fault simulation at PCC on remodeled base case (Stable)

A 3phase fault nearer to bus 9 in line 9-6 followed by opening of line is simulated. For

graphical analysis, relative rotor angle plot of generators with respect to generator at bus 1

is studied for different fault duration to estimate the critical clearing time by repetitive

simulation with a time step of 1 cycle (0.0167 second). Along with the angle plot, real and

reactive power variation of generators and frequency and voltage oscillation at PCC is

studied to understand the whole picture of the effect of disturbance on the grid. After

repetitive simulation CCT was found out to be 8 cycles (0.1333 seconds). Figure 6.2 shows

the post fault load flow and voltage profile of the base case. The broken line in the figure

44
shows the disconnected line. It can be understood from the post fault data that the bus

voltages are still under accepted limits and the system is stable.

Figure 6.2 – Graphical post fault load flow data of remodeled IEEE 9 bus

The relative rotor angle plot shown in Figure 6.3 shows clearly that the system is stable.

Each relative rotor angle of two generators with respect to generator at bus 1 is decreasing

in time which means a damping swing of the generator rotor angles. It took around 9.67

seconds for the rotor angle deviation to get damped after the fault is cleared.

45
 Figure 6.3 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a fault
at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Stable)

Generally transient stability is related to the active power transfer between the sink (load)

and source (Generator) during a disturbance. Turbine governors play a major role in

maintaining transient stability. It is highly desired that the governor system should act as

fast as it can to aid the transient stability of the grid. The active and reactive power variation

of each generator is plotted (Figure 6.4 and 6.5) and can be seen decreasing with time as

the grid move towards a stable operating point.

46
Figure 6.4 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at bus 9 on
remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Stable)

Figure 6.5 – “Reactive power output variation of all generators for fault at PCC
on remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Stable)”

47
The frequency plot (Figure 6.6) shows a shift from the nominal value after fault but is still

under acceptable limits. The voltage plot of PCC as shown in Figure 6.7 shows that it took

around 0.67 second after fault is cleared to regain the base voltage value (230V) at bus 9.

Voltage recovery is complete after series of oscillations around base value and settle at a

value near to prefault operating value.

Figure 6.6 – Frequency plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus
(Stable)

Figure 6.7 – Voltage plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus
(Stable)

48
6.2.2 Case B: Fault simulation at PCC on remodeled base case (Unstable)

To understand the concept of transient stability, we have to analyze the grid during unstable

condition. To study such condition and harden the importance of critical clearing time, a 3

phase fault nearer to bus 9 in line 9-6 is simulated and is cleared after the estimated CCT

(8cycles). Here fault is cleared at 9 cycles. The relative rotor angle plot (Figure 6.8) shows

complete throw off of generator relative rotor angle which means that the generators are

no longer in synchronism.

Figure 6.8 - Relative angle plot of all generators w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a fault
at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Unstable)

The real and reactive power plot (Figure 6.9 and 6.10) shows undamped variations along

with voltage and frequency plots (Figure 6.11 and 6.12) which symbolize the unstable

condition of grid. It is imperative that the fault should be cleared as soon as possible in

order to avoid such condition.

49
Figure 6.9 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at PCC on
remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Unstable)

Figure 6.10 – “Reactive power output variation of all generators for fault at PCC
on remodeled IEEE 9 bus (Unstable)”

50
Figure 6.11 – Frequency plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus
(Unstable)

Figure 6.12 – Voltage plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus
(Unstable)

51
6.2.3 Case C: Fault at PCC on grid with wind power plant

In this case, a 3 phase fault is applied nearer to bus 9 at line 9-6 with wind power plant

replacing the generator 3.Total capacity of wind power plant is 95.19 MVA, same as the

synchronous generator and consist of 57 1.5MW GE DFIG wind generator. The voltage

profile and the power flow of the grid with wind power plant can be understood from Figure

6.13.

Figure 6.13 – Graphical load flow data of IEEE 9 bus with wind power plant

52
In [18], “the transient stability of grid with DFIG wind generator operating at unity power

factor and voltage control mode” has been assessed and found out that the most desired

operation for DFIG based wind power plant is voltage control mode, where it supports the

grid with reactive power generation during disturbances. In this study, DFIG wind power

plant is modelled to work in voltage control or rather could say as reactive support mode.

Wind power plant is modelled according to WECC methodology including “equivalent pad

mount transformer and equivalent collector cable modelling” [20]. Wind power plant is

connected directly to the grid through a substation transformer without any transmission

lines. For the fault applied, critical clearing time is found out to be 15 cycles (0.25 seconds)

which is greater than for the synchronous generator (8cylces). Figure 6.14 shows the

relative rotor angle plot of generator 2 w.r.t generator 1. It can be seen that the relative

rotor angle is damped quickly compared to case A (Figure 6.3).

Figure 6.14 - Relative angle plot of all generator 2 w.r.t generator at bus 1 for a
fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus with wind power plant

53
One of the main reason for quick damping of rotor angle oscillation is because of the fast

action of current regulated PWM converter which feeds current to rotor winding through

the slip rings to assist fast voltage recovery at PCC [19] as can be understood from Figure

6.7 and 6.15. “Unlike Synchronous generator DFIG wind generator has flux oriented

control where the real and reactive power is controlled separately by the rotor side

converter by changing the frequency and magnitude of current injecting in to the rotor.

Hence there is complete delink between mechanical rotor dynamics and electrical grid

dynamics and helps increase the transient stability of the power grid” [19].

Figure 6.15 – Voltage plot of PCC for fault at PCC on remodeled IEEE 9 bus with
wind power plant

54
It is evident from active power generation variations of Case A and Case C as shown in

Figure 6.4 and 6.16 that the real power oscillations of synchronous generators are quickly

damped in Case C than Case A.

Figure 6.16 - Active power output variation of all generators for fault at PCC on
remodeled IEEE 9 bus with wind power plant

Case CCT
Case A – IEEE 9 bus system with
8 cycles
synchronous generator
Case C – IEEE 9 bus system with DFIG 15 cycles
wind power plant

Table 3 – Comparison of CCT between Grid with and without DFIG wind power plant

55
 7. CONCLUSION

 Carried out the Transient stability analysis in PSS/E and Matlab/Simulink using

IEEE 9 bus system. Results have been studied to understand the concept of transient

stability and importance of critical clearing angle.

 An equivalent DFIG wind power plant in voltage control mode is modeled in PSS/E

using GE 1.5 MW DFIG wind generators and a comparative transient stability

analysis of 9 bus system with and without wind power plant is done.

 The obtained results show that the critical clearing time for grid with wind power

plant is greater than the grid with synchronous generators. Observed increased

damping in relative rotor angle oscillation in the presence of wind power plant in

the grid.

 The study only aim’s to understand the dynamics of DFIG at full power output and

didn’t considered the effect of wind. To understand more complex effects of

dynamics of wind power plant in the grid, a bigger test system should be used with

distributed wind power plants along with the wind models according to the local

weather data.

56
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[25] E.Muljadi, T.B.Nguyen, and M.A.Pai – “Impact of Wind Power Plants on Voltage
and Transient Stability of Power Systems” IEEE conference on Energy 2030 Nov 2008
pp: 1 – 7

[26] http://www.energygroove.net/windpower.php

[27] http://lizarum.com/assignments/physical_computing/images/summer2012/
whirligigs/wind/lift_drag.png

[28] http://www.wwindea.org/home/index.php

[29] AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013

[30] 20% wind by 2030 - NREL: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/42864.pdf

58
 APPENDIX A

SMIB SYSTEM

50 MVA Generator supplying 50 MW with inertia constant 'H' = 2.7 MJ/MVA at rated
Speed with Et = 1.05 pu, Eb= 1 pu, X1 = X2 = 0.4 pu at generator MVA.

 Matlab Code

“MVA base = 50
% given
E = 50; V =1; Xd = 0.2; X1 =0.4; X2 = 0.4; H = 2.7;

% prefault condition

del = 0:pi/10:pi;
del1 =del;
del2 = del;

M = 2.7/(180*50); % angular momentum = H/180*f

Peo = (1.05/0.4)*sin(del); % Initial power curve
Po = 1 ; % power output in pu = 50 MW/50 MVA
delo = asind(0.4/1.05); % initial load angle in degrees //Pe = (E*V/X) sin(delo)
% During fault

Pe2 = 1.05*sin(del1); % Power curve during fault

%Post fault condition

Pe3 = (1.05/0.6)*sin(del2); % Power curve after clearing fault

%% Primary Power curve plot Figure-1

plot(del,Peo);
set(gca,'XTick',0:pi/10:pi);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'0','','','','','pi/2','','','','','pi'});
title('Power Curve');
xlabel('Load angle');
ylabel('Genpower');
text((2/3)*pi,(1.05/0.4)*sin((2/3)*pi),'\leftarrow intial curve','HorizontalAlignment','left');
text(pi/2,2.75,'2.625*sin\delta','HorizontalAlignment','center');
hold all
plot(del1,Pe2);
text((2/3)*pi,1.05*sin((2/3)*pi),'\leftarrow during fault','HorizontalAlignment','left');
text(pi/2,1.80,'1.05*sin\delta','HorizontalAlignment','center');

59
plot(del2,Pe3);
text((2/3)*pi,(1.05/0.6)*sin((2/3)*pi),'\leftarrow fault
cleared','HorizontalAlignment','left');
text(pi/2,1.1,'1.75*sin\delta','HorizontalAlignment','center');
hold off

%% ------------

t = 0.05; % time step preferably 0.05 seconds

t1 = 0:t:0.5;

%% (a) sustained fault at t = 0

% for discontinuity at t = 0 , we take the average of accelerating power

% before and after the fault
% at t = 0-, Pa1 = 0
% at t = 0+. Pa2 = Pi - Pe2
% at t = 0 ,Pa =Pa1+Pa2/2

Pao = (1 - (1.05*sind(delo)))/2; % at the instant of fault del1 = delo

Pa(1) = Pao;
cdel(1) = 0;
d1 = t^2/M;

for i = 1:11

if i == 1

d2(i) = d1*Pa(i);
del(i) = delo;

else
cdel(i) = cdel(i-1)+d2(i-1);

del(i) = del(i-1)+cdel(i);

Pe(i) = 1.05*sind(del(i));

Pa(i) = 1 - Pe(i);

d2(i) = d1*Pa(i);
end
end
%% swing curve 1 plot

figure (2);

60
plot(t1,del);
set(gca,'Xtick',0:0.05:0.5);
set(gca,'XtickLabel',{'0','0.05','0.10','0.15','0.20','0.25','0.30','0.35','0.40','0.45','0.50'});
title('Swing Curve');
xlabel('seconds');
ylabel('degrees');
text(0.30,150,' Sustained fault','HorizontalAlignment','right');
text(0.001,130,' load angle increases with time -- Unstable
state','HorizontalAlignment','left');

%% (b) Fault cleared in 0.10 seconds ,2nd step ---- 3rd element [1]0 [2]0.05,[3]0.10

Pafo = (1 - (1.05*sind(delo)))/2; % at the instant of fault del1 = delo

Paf(1) = Pao;
cdelf(1) = 0;
d1f = t^2/M;

for i = 1:2

if i == 1

d2f(i) = d1*Pa(i);
delf(i) = delo;

else
cdelf(i) = cdelf(i-1)+d2f(i-1);

delf(i) = delf(i-1)+cdelf(i);

Pef(i) = 1.05*sind(delf(i));

Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);

d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
end

end

% after clearing fault, power curve shift to Pe3

for i = 3:11

if i == 3

cdelf(i) = cdelf(i-1)+d2f(i-1);
delf(i) = delf(i-1)+cdelf(i);

61
 Pef(i) = 1.05*sind(delf(i));
Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);
a1 = Paf(i);
d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
a2 = d2f(i);

Pef(i) = 1.75*sind(delf(i));
Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);
d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);

Paf(i) = (Paf(i)+ a1)/2;

d2f(i) = (d2f(i) + a2)/2;

else

cdelf(i) = cdelf(i-1)+d2f(i-1);
delf(i) = delf(i-1)+cdelf(i);

Pef(i) = 1.75*sind(delf(i));

Paf(i) = 1 - Pef(i);

d2f(i) = d1*Paf(i);
end
end

%% ------

figure (3);
plot(t1,delf);
set(gca,'Xtick',0:0.05:0.5);
set(gca,'XtickLabel',{'0','0.05','0.10','0.15','0.20','0.25','0.30','0.35','0.40','0.45','0.50'});
title('Swing Curve');
xlabel('seconds');
ylabel('degrees');
text(0.25,57,' Fault Cleared in 0.10 sec','HorizontalAlignment','right');
text(0.15,30,' load angle decreases with time -- Stable state','HorizontalAlignment','left');”

62
 APPENDIX B

IEEE 9 bus PSSE model

 Power flow model

“ 1,' ', 16.5000,3, 1, 1, 1,1.04000, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000

2,' ', 18.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.02500, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
3,' ', 13.8000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.02500, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
4,' ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
5,' ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
6,' ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
7,' ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
8,' ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
9,' ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 0.0000,1.10000,0.90000,1.10000,0.90000
0 / END OF BUS DATA, BEGIN LOAD DATA
5,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 125.000, 50.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 1,1,0
6,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 90.000, 30.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 1,1,0
8,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 35.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 1,1,0
0 / END OF LOAD DATA, BEGIN FIXED SHUNT DATA
0 / END OF FIXED SHUNT DATA, BEGIN GENERATOR DATA
1,'1 ', 0.000, 0.000, 300.000, -300.000,1.04000, 0, 247.500, 1.00000E-4, 1.00000E-
1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, 250.000, 10.000, 1,1.0000
2,'1 ', 163.000, 0.000, 300.000, -300.000,1.02500, 0, 192.000, 1.00000E-4,
2.10000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, 300.000, 10.000, 1,1.0000
3,'1 ', 85.000, 0.000, 300.000, -300.000,1.02500, 0, 128.000, 1.00000E-4, 2.10000E-
1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, 270.000, 10.000, 1,1.0000
0 / END OF GENERATOR DATA, BEGIN BRANCH DATA
4, 5,'1 ', 1.00000E-2, 8.50000E-2, 0.17600, 250.00, 250.00, 250.00, 0.00000, 0.00000,
0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
4, 6,'1 ', 1.70000E-2, 9.20000E-2, 0.15800, 250.00, 250.00, 250.00, 0.00000, 0.00000,
0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
5, 7,'1 ', 3.20000E-2, 1.61000E-1, 0.30600, 250.00, 250.00, 250.00, 0.00000, 0.00000,
0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
6, 9,'1 ', 3.90000E-2, 1.70000E-1, 0.35800, 150.00, 150.00, 150.00, 0.00000, 0.00000,
0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
7, 8,'1 ', 8.50000E-3, 7.20000E-2, 0.14900, 250.00, 250.00, 250.00, 0.00000, 0.00000,
0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
8, 9,'1 ', 1.19000E-2, 1.00800E-1, 0.20900, 150.00, 150.00, 150.00, 0.00000, 0.00000,
0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
0 / END OF BRANCH DATA, BEGIN TRANSFORMER DATA
1, 4, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ',1, 1,1.0000, 0,1.0000, 0,1.0000,
0,1.0000,' '
0.00000E+0, 5.76000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000, 0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000,
33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
2, 7, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ',1, 1,1.0000, 0,1.0000, 0,1.0000,
0,1.0000,' '
0.00000E+0, 6.25000E-2, 100.00

63
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000, 0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000,
33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
9, 3, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ',1, 1,1.0000, 0,1.0000, 0,1.0000,
0,1.0000,' '
0.00000E+0, 5.86000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000, 0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000,
33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
0 / END OF TRANSFORMER DATA, BEGIN AREA DATA
0 / END OF AREA DATA, BEGIN TWO-TERMINAL DC DATA
0 / END OF TWO-TERMINAL DC DATA, BEGIN VSC DC LINE DATA
0 / END OF VSC DC LINE DATA, BEGIN IMPEDANCE CORRECTION DATA
0 / END OF IMPEDANCE CORRECTION DATA, BEGIN MULTI-TERMINAL DC DATA
0 / END OF MULTI-TERMINAL DC DATA, BEGIN MULTI-SECTION LINE DATA
0 / END OF MULTI-SECTION LINE DATA, BEGIN ZONE DATA
0 / END OF ZONE DATA, BEGIN INTER-AREA TRANSFER DATA
0 / END OF INTER-AREA TRANSFER DATA, BEGIN OWNER DATA
0 / END OF OWNER DATA, BEGIN FACTS DEVICE DATA
0 / END OF FACTS DEVICE DATA, BEGIN SWITCHED SHUNT DATA
0 / END OF SWITCHED SHUNT DATA, BEGIN GNE DATA
0 / END OF GNE DATA, BEGIN INDUCTION MACHINE DATA
0 / END OF INDUCTION MACHINE DATA
Q”

 Dynamic model

“1 'GENSAL' 1 8.9600 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 9.5500

1.6000 0.36150 0.24000 0.15080 0.10000
0.62000E-01 1.0100 1.0200 /
1 'IEEET1' 1 0.0000 20.000 0.20000 3.0000
-3.0000 1.0000 0.31400 0.63000E-01 0.35000
0.0000 2.8000 0.30340 3.7300 1.2884 /
2 'GENROU' 1 6.0000 0.50000E-01 0.53500 0.50000E-01
3.3300 0.67000 1.7200 1.6600 0.23000
0.37000 0.21000 0.10000 1.0100 1.0200 /
2 'IEEET1' 1 0.0000 20.000 0.20000 3.0000
-3.0000 1.0000 0.31400 0.63000E-01 0.35000
0.0000 2.8000 0.30340 3.7300 1.2884 /
3 'GENROU' 1 5.8900 0.50000E-01 0.60000 0.50000E-01
2.3500 0.47000 1.6800 1.6100 0.23206
0.32000 0.21000 0.15360 1.0100 1.0200 /
3 'IEEET1' 1 0.0000 20.000 0.20000 3.0000
-3.0000 1.0000 0.31400 0.63000E-01 0.35000
0.0000 2.8000 0.30340 3.7300 1.2884 /”

64
 APPENDIX C
Wind generator and Power plant model

 GE 1.5MW DFIG Wind Generator

Generator Rating 1.67 MVA

Pmax 1.5MW
Pmin 0.07MW
Qmax 0.726 MVAr
Qmin -0.726 MVAr
Terminal Voltage 575 V
Unit Transformer rating 1.75 MVA
Unit Transformer Z 5.75%
Unit Transformer X/R 7.5

 PSSE dynamic model of equivalent wind power plant

“10 'WT3G1' 1
57 0.80000 30.000 0.0000 0.10000 1.5000 /
10 'WT3E1' 1 12 1 1 12 13 '1 '
0.15000 18.000 5.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01
3.0000 0.60000 1.1200 0.10000 0.29600
-0.43600 1.1000 0.50000E-01 0.45000 -0.45000
5.0000 0.10000 0.90000 1.1000 40.000
-0.50000 0.40000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 1.0000
0.69000 0.78000 0.98000 1.1200 0.74000
1.2000 /
10 'WT3T1' 1
1.2500 4.9500 0.0000 0.70000E-02 21.980
0.87470 1.8000 1.5000 /
10 'WT3P1' 1
0.30000 150.00 25.000 3.0000 30.000
0.0000 27.000 10.000 1.0000 /”

65