Detailed Project Report (DPR)

Of
Municipal Solid Waste Management
For
Pune Municipal Corporation

October 2017

Department of Solid Waste Management,

Pune Municipal Corporation,
Shivajinagar, Pune – 411005

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Waste is a global issue. If not properly dealt with, waste poses a threat to public health
and the environment. It is a growing issue linked directly to the way society produces and
consumes. It concerns everyone. Waste management is one of the essential utility services
underpinning society in the 21st century, particularly in urban areas. Waste management is a
basic human need and can also be regarded as a ‘basic human right’. Ensuring proper sanitation
and solid waste management sits alongside the provision of potable water, shelter, food, energy,
transport, and communications as essential to society and to the economy as a whole. Despite
this, the public and political profile of waste management are often lower than other utility
services. Unfortunately, the consequences of doing little or even nothing to address waste
management can be very costly to society and to the economy overall. In the absence of waste
regulations and their rigorous implementation and enforcement, a generator of waste will tend
to opt for the cheapest available course of action. For example, household solid waste may be
dumped in the street, on vacant land, or into drains, streams or other watercourses, or it may be
burned to lessen the nuisance of accumulated piles of waste. The IPCC estimates that solid
waste management accounted for around 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in
2010, with most of that attributable to methane emissions from landfill sites. However, the
potential contribution of better waste and resource management to climate change mitigation
exceeds that by far. More than 50% of worldwide municipal solid waste in 2010 was generated
in OECD countries, and by that time most OECD waste was properly managed, with landfill
gas being collected and either flared or utilized in energy recovery. Some countries had already
succeeded in diverting significant percentages of waste away from landfill disposal. For
example, Germany attributed 24% of its total savings in GHG emissions between 1990 and
2006 to solid waste management, even though by 1990 West German standards of landfill gas
control were already high.

With the fast pace of urbanization in the country, the Management of Solid Waste has
posed a tough challenge to Municipal Authorities and Policy Makers at different levels of
Government. At present, Urban India produces about 54.75 Million Tonnes of municipal solid
waste annually i.e. 1.50 Lakh Tonnes per Day (LTPD). Per capita waste generation in cities
varies from 0.20 kg to 0.60 kg per day depending upon the size of the population. The waste
collection efficiency in India ranges between 70% and 90% in major Metro cities, whereas, in
several smaller cities it is ranging in between 50% to 70% or so. Urbanization has led to

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disproportionate growth in cities, leaving civic bodies and other stakeholders scrambling to
adjust. Urban India is drowning in the trash because of this increased population growth, rising
consumerism, and failing systems. Trash piles up near community waste bins and on the streets,
creating both an eyesore and a breeding ground for insects carrying disease.

Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste is virtually absent in many cities and towns except
composting in a limited way in some cities. The main method of disposal of solid waste at
present is by crude dumping in many cases. The cities resort to indiscriminate dumping of
domestic, commercial, industrial and even medical wastes in low lying areas. This leads to
contamination of surface and ground water by the leachate and also creates an unhygienic
condition in an around urban areas which are engines of growth. The unsightly condition in an
around the cities also poses a serious threat to health and well-being of people and often results
in the spread of diseases like dengue, malaria, and plague etc.

In Pune, management of waste has also led to both water and air pollution in villages
that border one of the city’s main landfills. Pune generates about 1,800 metric tons of solid
waste per day. The growth in the amount of trash is associated with increasing concern for
environmental and health risks associated with solid waste. This pollution has led to villager
agitation, and villagers occasionally prevent trucks carrying mixed waste from entering the
landfill. The result is that waste is not picked up within the city of Pune, so community bins
remain unemptied for days and trash is scattered on the streets.

PMC’s approach towards waste management is in a comprehensive manner with careful

selection and sustained application of appropriate technology, working conditions, and the
establishment of a ‘social license’ between the community and other service providers. Instead
of something disposable, we see waste as a renewable resource with the potential to aid in
problems including electricity shortages and resource recovery.

An Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (IMSWM) system that addresses

all essential activities namely, segregation and storage of waste at source, door-to-door
collection, secondary storage, transportation, transfer stations, processing and disposal of
MSW simultaneously in a coordinated manner is followed.

Learning from past experience, it was considered essential to identify suitable

technology or combination of technologies for processing all treatable components of MSW.

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It was observed that there are several technologies currently being advocated for processing of
waste world over.

Keeping in view the advancement in science and technology application of “smart

municipal solid waste management” concepts has been introduced by the Pune Municipal
Corporation (PMC) to keep a complete track on the operation of MSW management.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is one such activity, where public participation is key
to success. The local body can never be successful in SWM without active community
participation, whatever may be the investments made from the municipal or Government funds.
The local bodies are the institutions of grass root democracy having elected members
representing a small group of the electorate. It also has an outreach service at the ward level.
Through which it can easily interact with the people on almost all important issues. PMC
involved the community in all programs through a consultative process and variety of other
communication approaches.

Such an integrated approach helped make the city clean and livable and optimize
tapping the potential of MSW through the recovery of recyclables, generation of energy,
compost and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from the waste and minimize the wastes going to
landfills.

Pune is one of the largest city in Maharashtra with the responsibility of providing basic
civic services like road, water supply & sewerage, health & sanitation, stormwater and Solid
waste disposal etc. Rapid urbanization coupled with the un-precedent growth of the city in last
two decades has created a challenge for PMC to provide the basic services including solid
waste Management. PMC with an area of nearly 250 sq. km, generating about 1800 TPD of
solid waste, needs to provide immediate attention for managing the waste generated in the city.
PMC has prepared a ‘Detailed Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management for Pune
city and to access the Viability Gap Funding (VGF) from Government of India under Swachh
Bharat Mission.

The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) is the civic body that governs Pune, the second
largest city of Maharashtra. Established on 15 February 1950, the executive power of the
corporation is vested in the municipal commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
officer appointed by the Maharashtra state government. The corporation consists of directly
elected corporators headed by a mayor. The mayor has few executive powers. The PMC is in

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charge of the civic needs and infrastructure of the metropolis. Pune is divided into forty-one
municipal wards, each represented by 3 members and overseen by an assistant municipal
commissioner for administrative purposes.

The Pune Municipal Corporation which governs the city of Pune in Maharashtra is one
of the largest Corporations in India. The Pune Municipal Corporation is governed by the
Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act, 1950. It is one of the well-managed Corporations in
the country that has consistently worked to provide better civic services to the citizens of Pune.
The city is divided into five administrative zones each headed by a Deputy Municipal
Commissioner.

The Census population of 2001/2011 is given in table 1.

Table 1: Census Population 2001 and 2011

Year Population
2001 25,38,473
2011 31,25,000

Pune City is very well connected to all the major towns and cities in India and
Maharashtra through a network of roads and railway. The city has an international airport and
air services to all the major Indian and a few foreign cities.

Solid Waste Generation and Management in the city:

About 1,054,852 households, 300,000 commercial establishments, 1990 km of roads of

various types, drain of about 382 km length, 7,400 hotels and restaurants, 2,000 hospitals,
clinics, nursing homes and allied health service establishments, 1,000 educational institutions,
200 parks, gardens and recreational grounds, 1,000 religious places generate over 1800 tons of
solid waste per day in the city.

The PMC had budgeted about Rs. 53.86 Crs. for solid waste management in the FY
2016-17. The PMC does not have a separate revenue stream from the citizens for providing the
waste management services at present. Its capacity to provide capital expenditure on SWM
projects is also limited.

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 PMC collects about 1800 TPD waste through Ghanta Trucks, Dumper Placer,
Containers and SWaCH-Waste Picker’s Cooperative. This is partially (about 120 TPD) treated
in PMC’s own waste processing facilities under the zonal offices at 46 locations. About
700 TPD is treated in the processing plants set up by M/s. ROCHEM Separation Systems at
Ramtekdi, Hadapsar, about 200 TPD each by Bhumi Green in their vermicomposting plants
and some quantity in the 300 TPD waste to Biogas/CNG plant of Noble Exchange,
Baner/Talegaon and 750 TPD treated will be in the Proposed processing plants to be set up by
M/s. Pune Bioenergy Systems Pvt. Ltd. at Ramtekdi, Hadapsar. However, there have been
many operating / circumstances problems in all these processing facilities. In spite of having
installed Capacity of over 1800 TPD waste processing, the actual processed quantity is less
than 1319.83 TPD. This has created several problems and the PMC is committed to remedying
this situation through swift remedial action and Augmentation of waste processing and
treatment facilities using the latest available processes and Technology.

With the estimated population of over 4 million, the waste Generation is about 1800
TPD. This would go up to over, 6,000 TPD for the project year 2043 (30 years hence). With
the resources available full deployed at the present level and waste collection Barely touching
60% in the case of Doorstep waste collection, it is imperative to augment the existing fleet and
manpower for efficient collection and disposal of the waste. The practice of ‘At Source’
segregation is about 50-55 % of the total waste collected. To improve the practice of source
segregation and fulfill demands of the citizen to ensure 100% Doorstep waste collection
coverage the proposed plan has been defined in the present DPR. This aspect has been
considered in this report. However, the details of the processing facility its layout, equipment
and capital cost are being worked out and will be presented in this DPR.

Pune is a fast developing city with expansion in the North, North-West and South-East
directions, its development has resulted in the generation of construction and demolition waste.
It is estimated that About 250 to 300 TPD of C & D waste is generated in the City. The PMC
has identified a site at Wagholi for creating a C & D waste processing facility. The General
Body of Pune Municipal Corporation has sanctioned proposal on PPP basis. The operator will
be paid tipping fee on the basis of the quantity of waste to be recycled.

Pune city is a major IT / ITES business hub and about 30% of the E-Waste generated
in the Western India is generated in and around Pune City. It is therefore important that the city
also provides for the collection, storage and safe disposal of the E-waste. Pune generates about

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10,000 tons of E-waste annually of this collection and storage facility for 1000 tons is proposed
in this report.

Following specific proposals are being made for processing the municipal solid waste.
These include the following.

a) Augmentation of Doorstep waste collection & transportation services from 60% to

100%.
b) Implementation of IEC and BCC activities to improve source segregation from 55% to
90%.
c) 100 TPD Organic waste to Biogas Plant for Hotel & Restaurant waste.
d) 400 TPD Residual Waste landfill with scientific closure and Sewage/Leachate
treatment plant.
e) 750 TPD Waste to Energy (Control Combustion Technology) plant
f) 1000 MT per annum E-waste collection and storage facility with the involvement of
MPCB authorized waste collection vendors.

These facilities will be added to the existing processing capacity of the PMC and take it up
to about 1800 TPD. Considering that the existing processors will get their act together and
operate their plants to the Full rated capacity, the DPR proposals will create enough capacity
for the 2021 year.

The Collection and Transportation Plan for the city have been prepared on the basis of gap
analysis for the base year 2016-17. The gaps for the years 2023, 2033 and 2043 have also been
projected. A mechanical Sweeping machine has been implemented for sweeping of the main
roads of the city with adequate crew members. The machines have been working satisfactorily
for the last two years. It is estimated that out of about 1800 TPD waste generated, the residual
waste of about 400 TPD only will go the landfill. The scientific closure of the landfill has been
designed accordingly. The landfill shall be co-located at the Uruli Dewachi landfill site. No
new site is proposed. Landfill management Equipment and maintenance cost including
construction and operation of a leachate management plant have been considered. Besides, this
implementing the proposed Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan will cater to the need of
all streams of waste thereby providing services to citizens, commercial vendors and others
located in the Pune Corporation limit. The proposed DPR seeks the participation of multiple
stakeholders by engaging in day to day functioning of solid waste management thereby ensure
the effective participation and sustainability of the system. The ultimate objective of the

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proposed DPR is not only to dispose the waste but to provide end to end solutions to the city
thereby reduce the waste at source, integrate informal sectors, citizens’ engagement and
recovery of material using circular economy principle.

Cost Estimates

The cost estimates are presented it the Table below.

Table 2: Project Cost Estimates

Total cost
Component in Cr.
Collection And Transportation (CAT) Plan
39.02
Waste to Energy Control Combustion ( Incineration) (750 TPD)
235.08
Civil Works for Waste to Energy plant- including substation power evacuation
and all ancillary facilities for the plant, raw waste storage, waste drying &
Compacting, Maintenance Workshop, Recycle Collection are, Switchyard,
20.00
control room and administrative building, water storage tank, flare zone and
grid system

100 TPD Organic waste to Biogas Plant for Hotel & Restaurant waste 40.00
Sanitary Landfill to be dovetailed in the existing facility and Leachate
Treatment Plant 28.31

Land cost –no land acquisition is proposed

0.00
E-Waste Collection and Processing Facility
2.00
Construction and demolition waste processing Plant
10.00
Civil works and machinery @ SLF & Bio-mining
8.25
IEC cost 4.5
Total Cost
387.16
Say Rs. 387.00 Crs

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Appreciation ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Need for a Ready Reckoner for Waste Treatment & Processing Technologies ............................ 3
1.3.1 Waste Collection and Processing ........................................................................................... 4
1.4 Scope of Work ............................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2. PUNE CITY – Profile ............................................................................................................. 8
2.1 General Information ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Population of the City ................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Expansion of City Area: ............................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Current status of PMC................................................................................................................. 11
2.5. Demographic feature ................................................................................................................. 12
2.6. Population Projections: .............................................................................................................. 13
2.7. Land Use ..................................................................................................................................... 14
2.8. Transportation ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.8.1. Air ........................................................................................................................................ 15
2.8.2. Railways ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.8.3 Roads .................................................................................................................................... 16
2.9 Administration and Management............................................................................................... 16
2.10. Pune as Smart City ................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 3. PRESENT SCENARIO OF MSW AT PUNE ............................................................................ 19
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Best Solid Waste Management Practice ..................................................................................... 19
3.3 Waste Generation Profile and Sources ....................................................................................... 20
3.4 Current and Future Waste Generation ....................................................................................... 23
3.5 Waste Collection and Segregation .............................................................................................. 23
3.5.1 Segregation .......................................................................................................................... 23
3.5.2 Distribution of buckets......................................................................................................... 24
3.5.3 Zero Garbage Model ............................................................................................................ 25
3.6 Collection and Transportation .................................................................................................... 28
3.6.1 Primary Collection ................................................................................................................ 28
3.6.2 PMC- SWaCH Model Integrating Informal Sector Workers into Formal Collection System 29
3.6.3 Secondary Collection..................................................................................................... 33

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 3.6.4 Bulk Waste Carrying Vehicles............................................................................................... 34
3.6.5 Workshop facility ................................................................................................................. 35
3.6.6 Material Recovery Facilities ................................................................................................. 35
3.6.7 Transfer Stations .................................................................................................................. 36
3.7 Other Waste Streams .................................................................................................................. 37
3.7.1 Biomedical Waste ................................................................................................................ 37
3.7.2 C and D ............................................................................................................................... 38
3.7.3 Garden waste ....................................................................................................................... 38
3.7.4 Electronic Waste .................................................................................................................. 38
3.8 PMC Initiative under SBM ........................................................................................................... 39
3.9 Processing and Disposal .............................................................................................................. 39
3.9.1 Individual and Society Level Processing ............................................................................... 39
3.9.2 Decentralized Processing ..................................................................................................... 40
3.9.3 Centralized Processing ......................................................................................................... 41
3.10 Current Disposal Sites ....................................................................................................... 46
3.11 Landfill ....................................................................................................................................... 46
3.12 Construction and Demolition Waste......................................................................................... 47
3.13 Electronic waste ........................................................................................................................ 48
CHAPTER 4. Citizens’ Participation and IEC........................................................................................... 49
4.1 Grass Route Level Awareness ..................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Citywide awareness .................................................................................................................... 49
4.3 CSR Participation in Waste Management ................................................................................... 50
4.3.1 Adar Poonawalla Clean City Movement .............................................................................. 50
4.3.2 Other Corporates’ involvement ........................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 5. Deficiency Analysis- Present scenario of MSW at Pune.................................................... 51
CHAPTER 6. QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF WASTE................................................................................. 53
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 53
6.2 Quantity of Waste ....................................................................................................................... 54
6.2.1. From Households: ............................................................................................................... 54
6.3 Summary of total waste generation ........................................................................................... 55
6.4 Waste Characterization............................................................................................................... 55
6.4.1 Physical analysis of solid waste: ........................................................................................... 55
6.4.2 Chemical Characteristics of solid waste: .............................................................................. 56
6.5 Future generation trends ............................................................................................................ 56

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CHAPTER 7. COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION PLAN...................................................................... 57
7.1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................................... 57
7.2 Door to Door Collection ........................................................................................................ 58
7.2.1 Hotel waste .......................................................................................................................... 59
CHAPTER 8. ASSESSMENT OF SUITABLE MSW PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES ...................................... 60
8.1 MSW Processing Techniques ...................................................................................................... 60
8.2 Thermal Processing Technologies ............................................................................................... 61
8.2.1 Incineration .......................................................................................................................... 61
8.2.2 Pyrolysis ............................................................................................................................... 62
8.2.3 Gasification .......................................................................................................................... 62
8.2.4 Plasma Arc Gasification ........................................................................................................ 63
8.3 Biological Processing Technologies ............................................................................................. 63
8.3.1 Composting .......................................................................................................................... 63
8.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion ............................................................................................................. 64
8.3.3 Bioreactor Landfill ................................................................................................................ 64
8.4 Physical Processing Technologies ............................................................................................... 65
8.4.1 Refused Derived Fuel ........................................................................................................... 65
8.4.2 Mechanical Separation ........................................................................................................ 66
8.4.3 Size Reduction ...................................................................................................................... 66
8.5 Clean Development Mechanism ................................................................................................. 67
8.5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 67
8.5.2 The Kyoto Protocol (First Commitment Period) .................................................................. 67
8.5.3 What does CDM mean for India........................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER 9. CONTROL COMBUSTION (INCINERATION) TECHNOLOGY ................................................ 71
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 71
9.1.1 Indian Scenario for WTE plants. ........................................................................................... 71
9.2 Concept ....................................................................................................................................... 72
9.3 Advantages of Control Combustion (incineration) Technology .................................................. 75
9.4 Limitations/barriers .................................................................................................................... 77
9.5 Process Description: .................................................................................................................... 77
9.6 Waste Segregation Plant ............................................................................................................. 99
9.7 E-Waste Storage Facility ........................................................................................................... 106
CHAPTER 10. DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL .................................................................................... 107
CHAPTER 11: ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ......................................................................... 113

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 11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 113
11.2 GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................ 115
11.3 CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................. 116
11.4 SEISMOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 117
11.5 Geomorphology and Soil Types .............................................................................................. 117
11.5.1 Soil .................................................................................................................................... 118
11.6 Physiography and Slope .......................................................................................................... 119
11.6.1 Physiography .................................................................................................................... 119
11.7 Ground Water ......................................................................................................................... 120
11.8 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................... 121
11.8.1 Fauna................................................................................................................................ 121
11.8.2 Flora ................................................................................................................................. 125
11.9 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................... 126
11.11 Noise Quality ......................................................................................................................... 129
11.12 Process Facilities in PMC ....................................................................................................... 130
11.13 Proposed Treatment Facilities for PMC ................................................................................ 131
11.14 Environmental Impact Assessment of SWM Project & Mitigation Measures ...................... 133
11.15 Impact of the project on air quality ...................................................................................... 134
11.15.1 Construction Phase ........................................................................................................ 134
11.15.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................................ 135
11.16 Impact or the Project on Noise Level .................................................................................... 137
11.16.1 Construction Phase ........................................................................................................ 137
11.17 Water Environment .............................................................................................................. 138
11.18 Land and Environment .......................................................................................................... 140
11.18.1 Impacts on Land use & aesthetics ................................................................................. 140
11.18.2 Impacts in Topography & Geology ................................................................................. 140
11.18.3 Impacts on soils.............................................................................................................. 141
11.19 Impacts on Ecological Environment ...................................................................................... 142
11.19.1 Terrestrial Ecology ........................................................................................................ 142
11.20 Impacts on Socio-economic Environment ............................................................................ 143
11.21 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 147
11.21.1 Site Control .................................................................................................................... 147
11.21.2 Source Control ............................................................................................................... 147
11.21.3 Scheduling of Project Activities...................................................................................... 147

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 11.21.4 Operational Phase .......................................................................................................... 148
11.21.5 Mitigation for loss of vegetation:................................................................................... 148
11.21.6 Terrain & Geology .......................................................................................................... 149
11.22 EMP for Air environment ...................................................................................................... 150
11.23 EMP for Noise Environment.................................................................................................. 152
11.24 EMP for Water Environment................................................................................................. 152
CHAPTER 12. VIABILITY GAP FUNDING AND ITS ROLE ........................................................................ 164
12.1 Necessity of Viability Gap Funding (VGF) ................................................................................ 164
CHAPTER 13: PROJECT FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 166
13.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 166
13.2 International experience......................................................................................................... 166
13.3 Government Initiatives for Promoting Waste to Wealth ....................................................... 166
13.3.1 WASTE TO COMPOST ....................................................................................................... 166
13.3.2 WASTE TO ENERGY .......................................................................................................... 167
13.4 Grants under SBM ................................................................................................................... 168
13.5 Means of Finance .................................................................................................................... 169
13.6 Project Financial Sustainability /O & M Framework and Planning ......................................... 170
13.7 PPP in operation of collection, segregation, and storage of waste ........................................ 171
13.8 Summary of Total O & M Cost of PMC.................................................................................... 172
13.9 Revenue .................................................................................................................................. 173
13.10 Financial Assessment ............................................................................................................ 173
Annexure I - CAT PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 177
Annexure II - Waste to Energy Control Combustion (Incineration) (750 TPD) ................................... 178
Annexure III - Civil Works for Waste to Energy Plant ......................................................................... 179
Annexure IV - 100 TPD Organic Waste to Biogas Plant for Hotel and Restaurant Waste .................. 180
Annexure V - Sanitary Landfill ............................................................................................................. 186
Annexure VI - E-waste Collection and Processing Facility .................................................................. 187
Annexure VII - Construction and Demolition waste Processing Plant ................................................ 188
Annexure VIII - Civil Work and Machinery @ SLF & Bio-mining ......................................................... 189
Annexure IX - IEC ................................................................................................................................. 190
Appendix X - PMC User Charge Proposal ............................................................................................ 191
Appendix XI – GR for merging Villages................................................................................................ 192

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Census Population 2001 and 2011 ............................................................................................ v
Table 2: Project Cost Estimates ........................................................................................................... viii
Table 3. Geography of Pune ................................................................................................................... 9
Table 4.Information of Annual Temperature of Pune in the Year 2015 ................................................. 9
Table 5: Zone wise details of Pune city ................................................................................................ 12
Table 6: Quantifiable statistics of Pune City ........................................................................................ 13
Table 7: Population Projection in Pune city (2001-2041)..................................................................... 13
Table 8. Total Waste percentage ........................................................................................................... 22
Table 9: Sources of Solid waste generators in Pune city ...................................................................... 22
Table 10: Total Quantity of Door to Door waste collection ................................................................. 28
Table 11: Length of Roads & Drains .................................................................................................... 31
Table 12: Ward wise collection of waste by Hotel trucks .................................................................... 32
Table 13: Ward-wise distribution of Containers and Compactor Buckets............................................ 34
Table 14: List of MSW Transportation vehicles (nos.) in PMC ........................................................... 35
Table 15.Tax rebate is given by PMC for eco-friendly measures practiced by citizen ........................ 39
Table 16: Composting at Society Level ................................................................................................ 40
Table 17: Capacity of various plants..................................................................................................... 41
Table 18: Mechanical Composting Plant .............................................................................................. 43
Table 19: Thermal Composting Plant ................................................................................................... 43
Table 20: List of MSW Technology plants in Pune.............................................................................. 44
Table 21: Deficiency Analysis in Present Scenario of SWM ............................................................... 52
Table 22: Estimation of Quantity of waste generation from source generators .................................... 54
Table 23: Estimation of Quantity of waste from Households ............................................................... 55
Table 24: Generation trends of Municipal Solid waste in PMC ........................................................... 56
Table 25: Primary collection ................................................................................................................. 58
Table 26: Implements for Primary collection ....................................................................................... 58
Table 27: Data for transportation of Waste ........................................................................................... 59
Table 28: Major Processing Technologies ............................................................................................ 60
Table 29: Treatment Option Based on Population (Ref. Task Force Report on WtE) .......................... 61
Table 30: Matrix referred for technology selection based (Ref. Task force report for WtE) ............... 76
Table 31: Inputs and outputs for 100 TPD of waste generation ......................................................... 100
Table 32: Operations and Maintenance .............................................................................................. 105
Table 33: Revenue generation ............................................................................................................ 105
Table 34: Designing of a Sanitary Landfill ......................................................................................... 109
Table 35: Location criteria as per CPHEEO Manual .......................................................................... 110
Table 36: Design and development of Landfill recommendation ....................................................... 111
Table 37: Soil types and Geomorphology within Pune district .......................................................... 119
Table 38: Fauna Riches in Pune.......................................................................................................... 121
Table 39: Reptile species richness across habitat types ...................................................................... 122
Table 40: Species Diversity and Exclusivity Distribution across habitat types .................................. 124
Table 41: Mammal Species Richness of Pune habitats....................................................................... 124
Table 42: Rare Species in Pune Area .................................................................................................. 126

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Table 43: Air Quality Monitoring by MPCB ...................................................................................... 127
Table 44: Identification of impacts during construction and operation phase .................................... 133
Table 45: Noise levels generated from construction equipment ......................................................... 137
Table 46: RECORD KEEPING REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................... 157
Table 47: Revenues from the project .................................................................................................. 173

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Sustainable waste management hierarchy ............................................................................... 5
Figure 2. Year wise Population Growth.................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3. Year wise Migration Projection ............................................................................................. 10
Figure 4. Growth of Pune City .............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: Population projection from 2001-2041 for PMC .................................................................. 14
Figure 6. Existing Land Use Pattern of Pune old limits........................................................................ 14
Figure 7: Waste Type ............................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 8: Type of Municipal Solid Waste ............................................................................................. 24
Figure 9: SWaCH.................................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 10: Material Recovery Facilities................................................................................................ 36
Figure 11. Processing ............................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 12: Typical cycle for obtaining carbon credits .......................................................................... 69
Figure 13: Typical system for CDM revenue flow ............................................................................... 70
Figure 14: Schematic Diagram of Waste to Energy Plant .................................................................... 74
Figure 15: Lamella screen & manual sorting conveyor ...................................................................... 102
Figure 16: Magnetic separator ............................................................................................................ 102
Figure 17: Satellite Image of project site ............................................................................................ 175
Figure 18: Proposed WTE 750 TPD site layout ................................................................................. 176

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Cities within the developing world face increasing volumes of municipal solid waste
(MSW) and limited budgets and space for managing the waste. Urban waste management in
India requires special attention given the magnitude of waste being generated, the demographic
shift and population growth, the size of the informal sector, and the large organic fraction of
the waste. In India, population growth, especially in cities, is putting pressure on the capacity
and function of waste infrastructure; more waste is being generated per square kilometer than
ever before. Moreover, as India experiences upward mobility and a growing middle class, city
residents are consuming more and disposing of more, driving up per-capita waste generation.
Indian cities are seeking new strategies to manage MSW in an effort to improve efficiency,
reduce costs, and attain environmental standards.

One of the most challenging MSW streams in urban India is a biodegradable waste (food
and yard waste). In India, organic waste often ends up in open-air dump sites, which has
negative environmental impacts on climate change and water quality. Landfilling organic waste
also has created political tension and protests by residents living nearby, who are most impacted
by acute pollution and landfill fires.

Public health, environment, and quality of life in urban areas have a direct bearing on the
efficiency with which the SWM service is provided by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Rapid
urbanization in the last few decades has led to significant increase in municipal solid waste
generation in India. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has always been a great
challenge to the ULBs in India. In most cities of India, solid waste management is inefficient,
as systems adopted are primitive, tools and equipment are outdated and inadequate manpower
productivity is low. Processing and treatment of waste are limited and final disposal is in
unscientific dumpsites, posing problems of soil & water contamination and air pollution. A
significant portion of the population does not have access to primary waste collection service
as the subject has been given low priority. About 50 to 70% of waste collected is transported
to disposal sites. The Pune City has made some efforts in the last few years to improve the
municipal solid waste management (MSWM). However, there is still a need to make substantial
improvements in the MSWM system of the city and make it in accordance with the Municipal
Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2016, notified by Ministry of Environment

1
and Forest. These rules lay down procedures for waste collection, segregation, storage,
transportation, processing and disposal and further mandated all ULBs to set up suitable waste
treatment and disposal facilities.

To further bring efficiency in urban infrastructure and municipal service delivery levels,
the government of India along with the states and the ULBs is implementing Swachh Bharat
Mission (SBM). SBM aims at providing reform driven financial assistance to ULBs for
improving the level of urban infrastructure and municipal services. MSWM being one of the
key components of municipal services is eligible for SBM funding. One of the mandatory
conditions for getting financial assistance from SBM is the formulation of City Development
Plan (CDP) and identification of projects in different sectors.

1.2 Project Appreciation

The Government India (GoI) has launched a major program viz. Swachh Bharat Mission
(SBM) for promoting reforms and investments. Pune is one of the eligible cities under this
scheme. It aims to encourage cities to initiate steps to bring about improvement in the existing
service levels in a financially sustainable manner.

Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) is one of the largest city in Maharashtra with the
responsibility of providing basic civic services like roads, water supply & sewerage, health &
Sanitation, stormwater and solid waste disposal etc. Rapid urbanization coupled with the un-
precedent growth of the city in last two decades has created a challenge for PMC to provide
the basic services including solid waste management.

PMC with an area of about 331 sq. km, generating about 1800 TPD of solid waste, needs
to provide immediate attention for managing the waste generated in the city. Merge of 11 fringe
villages as per Govt. Order Dt. 04/10/2017 will add up to another 300 Tons of waste every day
and will increase the burden on existing infrastructure. There is dire need to implement the
proposed projects with the financial assistance under ‘Viability Gap Funding – for solid waste
management projects’ as similar to Nagpur city in Maharashtra.

2
1.3 Need for a Ready Reckoner for Waste Treatment & Processing
Technologies
To manage the current challenges of urban waste management, an integrated approach
to waste management involving planning, financing, construction and operation of facilities
for the segregation, collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and final disposal of the
waste could be considered.

The challenge has many elements-

1. Source segregation needs to be encouraged and mandated
2. Efficiency has to be brought to collection of waste,
3. Scientific treatment/processing of waste mandated along with final disposal.

Source segregation into dry and wet waste is vital for proper treatment of waste. It allows
for cleaner streets and roads, effective waste treatment promoting recycling & reuse and safer
disposal of waste. This ready reckoner focuses on the treatment/processing of municipal solid
waste (MSW) and stresses upon the importance of waste segregation at source and has been
prepared based on the Solid Waste (Management & Municipal Handling) Rules 2016; the
Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual 2016 by the Central Public Health &
Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) and the recommendations of Report of
Task Force on Waste to Energy, Planning Commission, May 2014. The rules stipulate that all
urban local bodies are responsible for the proper collection, storage, transportation, processing
and disposal of the municipal wastes. Only the residual inert after due processing of waste is
to be disposed into a sanitary landfill in accordance with the rules. The rules direct the use of
composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion or biomethanation for treatment of
biodegradable waste. Incineration with or without energy recovery including palletization and
other thermal processes can also be used for processing of municipal wastes. All the
technologies/ processes being used in India are brought together in this simplified guide for
enabling the decision maker’s awareness and guide them in making appropriate decisions
suiting to their requirements and restraining conditions. The ready reckoner gives the simple
description, the range of application, requirements, benefits, outputs, and examples of case
studies of the process/ technology concerned. All other aspects of MSW management are
outside the ambit of this ready reckoner.

3
1.3.1 Waste Collection and Processing

Waste collection and processing is performed by the Urban Local Body (ULB)/ Local
Authority (LA) in the area under its jurisdiction. Waste disposal has to meet scientific standards
otherwise it has serious detrimental effects on human health and environment. The Sustainable
waste management hierarchy is given below:

4
 Figure 1: Sustainable waste management hierarchy

1.4 Scope of Work

The broad scope of work for the project includes development and implementation of the
solid waste management by following ‘ISWM approach and circular economy principles’ and
catering the need of all the streams of the waste. The proposed plan shall be in pursuance of
the guidelines specified by SBM and SWM Rules 2016. The outline of the scope of work for
the overall project included the following activities: This includes following components;

A. Sectoral

1. 100% Door Step Waste Collection and Transportation of solid waste generated in the
city
2. Processing of 100 TPD of organic biodegradable waste
3. Collection and storage of 1000 MT of e-waste per annum and its scientific recycling
through MPCB authorized waste collection agencies.

5
 4. Design, construction, Operate and Maintenance of the plant having 750 TPD capacity
to process and dispose of mixed municipal solid waste generated in the city.
5. Design, construct and Operate and Maintain, Sanitary Landfill Disposal site for the
rejects generated after processing of 1800 Tons of waste generated daily excluding
waste generated in the 11 merge villages. The rejects generation standard as per
Advisory Service Manual – SBM is 20% of the total waste generated.

B. General:

 The population of the city as per 2011 census, present and future design period up to
2041.
 Present condition of the city, area population covered by SWM system
 Justification/need for the proposed SWM project
 Area/population to be covered
 Environment Impact Assessment

C. Technical:

 Existing status of SWM in the city including infrastructure for collection and
transportation, treatment and disposal of waste, existing equipment/machinery, their
age.
 Survey analysis in the residential, commercial/institutional area for the assessment of
Quantity of waste at PMC
 Physical and Chemical characterization of wastes including moisture content, density,
calorific value etc. weight & volume of bio-degradable, non-biodegradable &
recyclables of the daily waste and test report for quality to garbage
 Alternate options for processing/treatment of wastes and choice of appropriate option
 Alternate Separate treatment/collection facility for biomedical waste
 Justification for equipment & machinery required for collection and transportation
 Detailed design & drawings of the proposed solid waste management system including
sanitary landfill/waste processing plants including compost plant
 Details of soil survey and hydro-geological investigation carried out for development
of sanitary landfill

6
 Mechanism for operation & maintenance of equipment and machinery and their
upkeep, preventive maintenance on regular basis and proposed equipment &
machinery, present and future expenditure
 Mechanism for operation and maintenance of compost plant, sanitary landfill
 A routing plan for storage and collection of garbage, marked out on the city’s layout
plan, to Facilitate easy operations
 Details of treatment option for the leachate before its disposal,
 Recommended trees and species for plantation all-round the site and in the buffer zone.
 Proposed institutional and financial reform
 Details of land available for setting up of integrated waste management facility
including land for sanitary landfill.
 Action plan for adoption of two-bin system in the households and the segregation of
garbage at source
 Issues in regard to Public-Private Partnership

7
CHAPTER 2. PUNE CITY – Profile
2.1 General Information

Pune, the second largest metropolitan area in Maharashtra and sixth largest in India, is
fast changing from a pensioner’s city to an education and administrative center, as well as a
hub for information technology. It has gone from a city full of single-family homes to a
metropolis full of high-rise apartments and slums.

Changes in the modes of transportation also reflect the changing character of Pune. It has
gone from having the highest number of bicycle users to now having a large and increasing
number of automobiles. The current population of the city is approximately 39.33 lakhs with
almost one million households. Area of the city is nearly 250 sq. km. According to the Slum
Atlas released by PMC (2011), there are 2, 11,423 households in slums and they constitute
32.5% of the population.

Pune is considered the cultural capital of Maharashtra. Since the 1950s and 1960s, Pune
has had a traditional old-economic base. Most of the old industries continue to grow. The city
is also known for its manufacturing and automobile industries, as well as for research institutes
of information technology (IT), education, management, and training, which attracts students,
and professionals from India, South East Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Pune is also one of
the fastest growing cities in the Asia-Pacific region. It also highlights Pune among evolving
business centers and emerging 9 cities around the world with the citation "Hosts IT and
automotive companies".

8
 Table 3. Geography of Pune
Latitude 180 25 ’ and 180 37’ North
Longitude 730 44’ and 730 57’ East
Height above MSL 560 Mt.
Total area 250.56 sq.km
Population(According to census of
31.24 Lakh + floating 4 Lakh=35 Lakh approx.
year 2011) (Provisional)
Avg. Rainfall 722 mm

Table 4.Information of Annual Temperature of Pune in the Year 2015

Lowest Temperature in 2015 6.6 0 C

Highest Temperature in 2015 40.8 0 C
Total Rainfall in 2015 829.2 mm
(Source: IMD Pune)

2.2 Population of the City

The ever-increasing information technology (IT) and biotechnology (BT) sectors create
employment opportunities for many people. Migrants from all over the world come to the city
for education and job opportunities. Favorable climatic conditions and the beauty of this city
attract a lot of people to come and settle down here. According to the population census 2011,
Pune city's population is about 31.24 lakh+4lakh migratory population (jobs, education) which
is roughly 35 lakh. Population growth rate in the past decade (2001-2011) is 22.73%.

Figure 2. Year wise Population Growth

9
 Migration is one of the important factors leading to the population growth. City and
surroundings are experiencing fast industrial/commercial development such as information
technology (IT), hotels, automobile sector etc. The government started new economic policies
in 1990’s due to which some major changes in economic front were witnessed which reflected
in the rapid expansion of the information technology sector. This resulted in the migration of
people to Pune in search of job opportunities. The number of in-migrants during the 1981 to
1991 decade was 3.1 lakh. But, owing to the development of IT sector during the 1991-2001
decade, the same number increased to 7.4 lakh. This amounted to the in-migrated population
of 13.20 % of the total population. Within 1981-1991, the proportion of migrants for
employment was 22 % which increased significantly and was 32 % in 1991-2001.

Figure 3. Year wise Migration Projection

2.3 Expansion of City Area:

Jurisdictional changes of Pune Municipal Corporation also contribute to population

growth. This can be noticeably seen during the 1991-2001 decade. In 1997, 38 new villages
were included in PMC. However, in 2001, 15 complete villages and 5 villages, partly, were de-
linked.

In July 2013, Yewalewadi village, having an area of 6.72 sq. km. was added to PMC. As
a result, the total area of Pune has increased to 250.56 sq. km. In future, new villages, as well
as new townships developing in the periphery, may also sooner or later be included in PMC
limits.

10
 Figure 4. Growth of Pune City

In year (2013-2014) Area of Pune city is 250.56 Sq.km and with the inclusion of 11
fringe villages in the year (2016-17) the PMC area increased to 331 Sq. km. but in near future,
if the below mentioned 34 villages get included in Pune city (P.M.C Jurisdiction) then it is
expected that the area of the city will increase to 465 Sq. Km.

2.4 Current status of PMC

The Pune Municipal Corporation which governs the city of Pune in Maharashtra is one
of the large Corporations in India. It is the second largest in Maharashtra in terms of its area
and the population it serves. The Pune Municipal Corporation is governed by the Maharashtra
Municipal Corporations Act, 1950. It is one of the well-managed Corporations in the country
that has consistently worked to provide better civic services to the citizens of Pune.

11
 Table 5: Zone wise details of Pune city

Area Population in
Zone Wards ( Yr.2017)
(Ha) Lakhs
Aundh
Ghole Road
Zone I 8277 11.94
Warghe Karve Nagar Ward Office
Kothrud area
Dhole Patil Road
Zone II Sangamwadi Yerward ward Office 7973 8.00
Wadgaon Sheri Nagar Road Ward Office
Bhavani Peth Ward Office
Kasba ward Office
Zone III 2896 8.9
Sahakar Nagar Ward Office
Tilak Nagar Ward office
Bibweadi Ward Office
Zone IV Hadapsar Ward Office 5397 2.4
Dhankawadi Ward Office
Kasba Vishrambaug Wada, Bhavani Peth,
Zone V Included in above data
Bibwewadi
TOTAL 24543 31.24

2.5. Demographic feature

As per the 2011 Census of India estimated the population of Pune is 3,115,431 of which
male and female are 1,602,137 and 1,513,294 respectively. Although Pune city has populations
of 3,115,431 its urban / metropolitan populations is 5,049,968 of which 2,659,848 are males
and 2,390,484 are females.

Pune Literacy Rate 2011: in the education section, total literates in Pune city are
2,556,743 of which 1,361,257 are males while 1,195,486 are females. Average literacy rate of
Pune city is 91.61 percent of which male and female literacy was 95.13 and 89.91 percent.

Pune Sex Ratio 2011: The sex ratio of Pune city is 945 per 1000 males. Child sex ratio
of girls is 896 per 1000 boys

12
 Pune Child Population 2011: Total Children (0-6) in Pune city are 324.572 as per figure
from Census India report on 2011. There were 171,152 boys while 153,420 are girls. The child
from 10.42% of total population of Pune City.

Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics include

gender, age, and ethnicity, knowledge of languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership,
employment status, and even location. Demographic trends describe the historical changes in
demographics in a population over time (for example, the average age of a population may
increase or decrease over time). Both distributions and trends of values within a de3mographic
variable are of interest.
Table 6: Quantifiable statistics of Pune City

Details Nos. Male Female

Population 3115431 1,602,137 1,513,294
Literates 2556743 1,361,257 1,195,486
Children 324572 171,152 153,420
Average Literacy 91.61 95.13 88
Sex Ratio 945

2.6. Population Projections:

Population projections for the PMC area have been done on the basis of the growth
trends. Pune City has increased at different growth rates. The method used for the projections
is Geometric progression method. The trends of population increase have been compared with
the Pune CDP and The Gokhale Institute population projections. For the Purpose of this DPR,
the 2043 population of about 10.00 million has been considered. The waste generation and
management have been planned for this population level.
Table 7: Population Projection in Pune city (2001-2041)

Year Population
2001 25,38,473
2011 31,15,431
2021 44,87,573
2031 62,11,404
2041 85,97,417

13
 Population Projection in Pune city (2001 - 2041)
1,00,00,000

90,00,000

80,00,000

70,00,000

60,00,000

50,00,000

40,00,000

30,00,000

20,00,000

10,00,000

0
2001 2011 2021 2031 2041

Figure 5: Population projection from 2001-2041 for PMC

2.7. Land Use

Existing Landuse PatternSeries1,

of Pune old limits
Agriculture,
(in %)
Series1, Commercial,
Series1, Roads, 15.99,
5.52, 6% 2.54, 3%
Series1, Water Bodies, 16%
Series1, Defence,
6.37, 6% 8.41, 8%Hill Slope,
Series1,
Series1, Vacant, 6.7, 8.38, 8%
7% Series1, Industrial,
1.82, 2%
Under
Construction,
0.49
Series1, Mix Landuse,
Transport & 5.26, 5%
Comm, 0.92 Series1, Public-Semi
Residential, 20.48 Public, 9.19, 9%
Series1, Slum, 3.01,Series1, Recreational Series1, Public
3% Spaces, 3.89, 4% Utilities, 1.04, 1%

Figure 6. Existing Land Use Pattern of Pune old limits

The development plan 2005 is specially made for the newly added fringe area into Pune
Municipal Corporation area. As per 1987 Development plan, the percentage composition of
residential is 50.58 Sq. Km i.e. 37% of the total land use and in 2005 Development plan, the
residential land use has increased to 50% Considering the growing demand of housing, the
added areas have been utilized for residential use.

14
 The combined land use pattern shows that around 40% of the area is under the
residential zone, 2% is under the commercial zone, 4% under industrial zone and 7% under
public/semipublic and recreational use. The area under transport has reduced to only 13%
which is low in comparison to other metropolitan cities where it ranges from 16-25%

The first town planning scheme was prepared for Shivaji Nagar in 1918 and a
Masterplan was prepared in 1952 for the Pune city. The first Development Plant (DP), for
PMC, was prepared in 1966 in accordance with the new legislation that is the Maharashtra
Town and Country Planning Act, 1966. The revision was made in 1982 which was sanctioned
by the GoM in 1987.

The second DP was prepared for the horizon of 20 years (to be valid till 2007) for PMC
area of 138.36 sq. km. In 2001, PMC jurisdiction was extended by merging 23 neighboring
villages (in plants) and DP was exclusively prepared for this fringe area for a horizon of 20
years (valid till 2021). The combined percentage distribution for various land utilization
categories is presented. The developed area is almost 70 % of the total land utilization leaving
only 30% for ecological resources. The percentage of green are and forest adds together to 20%
distribution of land utilization

2.8. Transportation
2.8.1. Air

Pune Airport is an international airport which is located at Lohegaon, operated by the

Airports Authority of India. It shares its runways with the neighboring Indian Air Force base.
In addition to domestic flights to all major Indian cities, this airport serves international direct
flights also.

The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation is responsible for the design and
construction of the New Pune International Airport. The area between Chakan and
Rajguurunagar, around the villages of Chadus and Shiroli, is being considered as a construction
site. If constructed here, it will be a distance of 40km (25 min) from central Pune.

2.8.2. Railways

Local trains connect Pune to the Industrial town of Pimpri – Chinchwad and the hill
station of Lonavala, while daily express trains connect Pune to Mumbai, Hyderabad, Delhi,

15
Nagpur, Kanpur, Howrah, Jammu, Tawi, Chennai, Bangalore, Goa, Varanasi, Patna, and
Jamshedpur. At Pune, there is a diesel locomotive shed and electric trip shed. A rapid transit
system has been proposed in Pune and is scheduled to begin operations in 2013.

Pune Metro Rail is being planned in consultation with Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Limited (the corporation which built and operates the Delhi Metro). It will be a combination of
elevated and underground sections, with initial routes being planned between Pimpri-Swargate
and Vanaz-Ramwadi. Pune Railway Station is administrated by the Pune Railway Division of
the Central Railways. All the railway lines to Pune are the broad gauge.

2.8.3 Roads

Both public and private transports are popular in Pune. Public buses within the city and
its suburbs are operated by the Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML).
The PMPML operates the Pune Bus Rapid Transit system, the first of its kind in India, in which
dedicated bus lanes were supposed to allow buses to travel quickly through the city. In reality,
the project has turned out to be a failure receiving very little patronage from the local citizenry.
Maharashtra runs buses from its main stations in Shivajinagar, Pune station and Swargate to
all major cities and towns in Maharashtra and neighboring states. Private companies too run
buses to major cities throughout India. Pune is well-connected to other cities by Indian
highways and state highways. National Highway 4 (NH4) connects it to Mumbai, Bangalore,
and Kolhapur, NH 9 to Hyderabad and NH 50 to Nashik. State highways connect it to
Ahmednagar, Aurangabad, and Alandi. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India's first six-lane
high-speed expressway, was built in 2002 and has reduced travel time between Pune and
Mumbai to almost two hours. A ring road is being planned for the convenience of heavy traffic.
Pune is served by two intra-city highways: Old Pune-Mumbai Highway and Katraj - Dehu
Road Bypass, a part of National Highway 4. The Nashik City-Pune Highway NH 50 will be
part of the golden triangle(Nashik-Pune-Mumbai).One can easily move around Pune by Road
by hiring cars on rent from OLA, Uber Cabs etc.

2.9 Administration and Management

This wing of the PMC is the executive wing, consisting of the Municipal Commissioner
Department Heads and subordinate staff. The Municipal Commissioner is the Chief Executive
of the PMC. He is appointed by the State Government for a period of three years and his
appointment may be renewed by the State Government from time to time for a period not

16
exceeding three years at a time. He is responsible for implementing the resolutions passed by
the deliberative wing, provided the resolutions are within the framework of the MMC Act,
1950. As the Chief Executive of the PMC, the Municipal Commissioner has important powers
and functions, which are 3 types, executive functions, financial functions, and policy
formulation.

Organization of the Administrative Wing

17
2.10. Pune as Smart City

Pune Municipal Corporation carried out citizen’s suggestion survey to enable Municipal
functionaries to identify and prioritize city’s need considering the migrant population, merge
of neighboring villages and organic growth of the city. Citizens suggested it is the dire need of
the city to manage the waste generated every day about 1800 tons per day. As a part of the
smart city, survey suggestions were received from various stakeholders and citizens including
improving doorstep waste collection, elimination of chronic spots, maximizing the recycling
of waste and scientific disposal of waste. This would result in creating a healthier environment
in the city by practicing Eco- Friendly practices in order to dispose of the waste generated in
the city. As a part of Smart city project, PMC has proposed Aundh, Baner, and Balewadi a
PAN city area for implementation in the initial stage of the project.

In this context, Pune Municipal Corporation prepared a strategic plan by applying integrated
Solid Waste Management approach under the guidance of Hon. Guardian Minister, Hon.
Mayor, Hon. The leader of the House, Hon. Opposition Leader, all party leaders, Councilors
and under the leadership of Hon. Commissioner. The plan was prepared in consultation with
NGO’s CBO’s, Mohalla Committees and other civic and research institutions. The detailed gap
analysis suggested improvement and the budgetary requirement has been prepared according
to the need.

18
CHAPTER 3. PRESENT SCENARIO OF MSW AT PUNE
3.1. Introduction
Municipal Solid Waste Management involves the application of the principle of
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) to municipal waste. ISWM is the application of
suitable techniques, technologies and management programs covering all types of solid wastes
from all sources to achieve the twin objectives of (a) waste reduction and (b) effective
management of waste still produced after waste reduction.

The activities associated with the management of municipal solid wastes from the point
of generation to final disposal can be grouped into the six functional elements:
a. waste generation;
b. waste handling and sorting, storage, and processing at the source;
c. collection;
d. sorting, processing, and transformation;
e. transfer and transport; and
f. Disposal.

In this section, review and analysis of the data collected on the existing solid waste
management practices of PMC are discussed. A detailed field survey has been conducted to
assess the quality and quantity of the solid waste generated in the Pune city as discussed in this
and subsequent chapters. In addition, detailed discussions with the concerned officials and
resource persons have also been carried out.

3.2 Best Solid Waste Management Practice

The best practices of municipal solid waste management are the 4Rs- Refuse, Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle;

1. Refuse-
 Refuse waste generation during the manufacturing process.
2. Reduce-

 Reduce waste generation in the first place

 Consume less = Waste less
 Decline plastics and disposals

19
  Decline plastic shopping bags
 Decline packaging
 Return packaging/dead product to manufacturers.

3. Reuse-
 Find safe usage of leftover foods, vegetables, fruits, etc.,
 Reuse disposables safely at personal level
 Reuse packaging and wrapping
 Reuse Items as much as possible
4. Recycle
 Return waste materials back into consumption cycle and for resource recovery.

3.3 Waste Generation Profile and Sources

Municipal solid waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste
(domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets collected by a municipality within
a given area. They are in either solid or semisolid form and generally exclude industrial
hazardous wastes.

Most of this MSW (at least 65%, and often more) is wet, biodegradable organic waste.
The next largest waste streams are paper and plastic. For all socioeconomic groups, the
majority of waste was a biodegradable material, rather than recyclable or refuse.

20
Waste Profile

Organic /Inorganic Waste is mostly generated at various levels in the city, the details of which
are explained below. Approximately 40% to 45 % organic waste, 30% to 35% inorganic waste
& 15% to 20% inert waste / reject.

 Organic Waste
 Inorganic Waste
 Biomedical waste
 E-Waste
 Construction & Debris Material
 Industrial hazardous waste
 Household hazardous waste

6%
5% 3%
22% Paper
5% Plastic
Metal
Glass
Organic
Leather / Rubber
25% Inert Materials
33%
Miscellaneous

1%

Figure 7: Waste Type

21
 Table 8. Total Waste percentage

Source of % of
SN Quantity(MT)
generation total
1 Household 1050 58
Street sweeping
2 & drainage 170 9
cleaning
Hotels
3 250 14
&restaurants
Markets /
4 50 3
commercial area
5 C and D Waste 250 14
Fruit, vegetable,
6 fish meat 27 2
market waste
Biomedical
7 3 0.17
waste
Total 1800 100

The list of municipal solid waste generators is listed below in table below.
Table 9: Sources of Solid waste generators in Pune city

Source Number Source Number

Households 10,5,852 Primary Schools 523
Commercial
300000 Colleges 100
Establishments
Street Sweeping Universities 10
CC Roads 57 Hospitals
BT Roads 1330 Nursing homes 550
WBM Roads 485 Clinics 1048
Pathology
Highways 50 141
laboratories
Drain Cleaning Blood banks 11
Drains (km) 382.63 Parks & Gardens 111
Hotels 1400 Markets 27
Bar & Restaurants 6000 Temples 120
Malls 37 Slaughter Houses 1
Cinema Halls 145

22
3.4 Current and Future Waste Generation
The total waste generated is in the range of 1700 to 1800 metric tonnes (MT) per day
(per capita of 400 -450 grams per day). In Monsoon and in a festival season like Palkhi, Ganesh
Festival, Dashara, Diwali the generation of waste increased about 15 to 20 %. The waste
generated was collected, transported and disposed at landfill site which is about 20 km away
from Pune, viz at Devachi Uruli/ Fursungi. From the 1st of June 2010, PMC has stopped open
dumping and total waste generated is processed scientifically.

Citywide, 60 percent of the waste is collected at the household level and about 44 percent
of waste is segregated. PMC also deploys about 158 trucks for door-to-door collection of waste
in slum areas. These trucks collect about 198 tons per day of wet waste daily. In addition, PMC
has also deployed 23 separate trucks for the collection of hotel waste, which is segregated at
source. SWaCH Cooperative, a PMC initiative, is a registered group of waste pickers. These
waste pickers are involved in the door-to-door collection and sort trash in community waste
bins around the city. Presently 2750 waste pickers collect garbage from 4, 00,000 properties.
Waste is also dumped in 847 containers and 111 compactor buckets placed all over the city.

At a glance overview of waste management

 Separate collection of wet waste – 600-650 Tons Per Day

 Separate collection of dry waste – 200-300 Tons Per Day
 Waste Sent for recycling - 150-160 Tons Per Day
 Collection of mixed waste – 750-800 Tons Per Day
 Separate collection of garden waste – 40-50 Tons Per Day
 Individual or society level processing by citizens – 50-55 Tons Per Day

3.5 Waste Collection and Segregation

3.5.1 Segregation

PMC has implemented solid waste segregation system for dry and wet waste to some
extent in the city. In order to enforce segregation of MSW, PMC has directed all the residents
to segregate the wastes generated in households into WHITE and GREEN containers/buckets
designated for DRY and WET waste respectively. Household and Commercial waste are
segregated as dry and wet waste respectively. Approximately 50% of household waste is
segregated at source. Segregation varies from. 20% of collected waste segregated at the source

23
to 65% of waste segregated at source, being practiced in different wards. About 42% of the
properties in PMC boundary practice segregation. Segregation is also practiced in community
bins and public bins. As per primary survey and consultation with various NGOs, it is found
that lack of public awareness and lack of MSW infrastructure are causing less segregation at
the source level. In some of the wards, the waste collecting systems are deficient in terms of
infrastructure needed to collect and store segregated wastes. This leads to a disinterest amongst
citizens to segregate waste. In group housing societies, around 30% of the waste collected is
segregated at source, while in bungalows 47% of waste is segregated at source. Slums and
Chawls practice around 32% of segregation of waste at source. (Source: CDP)

Figure 8: Type of Municipal Solid Waste

3.5.2 Distribution of buckets

Storage of waste at source is the first essential step of Solid Waste Management. Every
household, shop, and establishment generates solid waste on day to day basis. The waste should
normally be stored at the source of waste generation till collected for its disposal. In India, such
a habit has not been formed and in the absence of a system storage of waste at source, the waste
is thrown on the streets, treating streets as a receptacle of waste.

To encourage segregation at source, PMC under Ward Level budget and local
corporators budget allocation distributes two different color-coded buckets to each household.

24
Distribution of color-coded buckets resulting in handling over segregated waste to the
municipal system. Green buckets indicate wet waste collection and white color dry waste.

Hotel waste:

Hotel waste is segregated into three different categories as, bio-degradable waste, non-
biodegradable recyclable waste, and non-recyclable waste. Commercial establishments like
hotels, wedding halls etc. contribute to waste segregation more than the residential units.
Generally the hotels and restaurants in Pune practice segregation at source. Around 85% of
waste is segregated by these hotels and restaurants.

3.5.3 Zero Garbage Model

The ‘Zero Garbage Ward’ model helps decentralize solid waste management and
incorporate the waste collectors into the formal system of waste management. The model
addresses the two key challenges faced by every city in India that is collection and segregation
of waste and supports to treat wet waste as near as possible to the generation point. By
achieving optimum segregation of waste and selling the dry waste to scrap dealers through
waste collectors, the model eliminates/minimizes the need for Land Filling. The model also
supports the decision of the State Government of not sending the city’s waste to the dumping
grounds but processing it within the ward.

A pilot of the Zero Garbage model was implemented at Katraj Ward No. 141 by
Janwani in association with PMC in 2011. The Zero Garbage Ward model at Katraj has resulted
in cleaner streets, further segregation of dry waste at the primary collection center and increased
door-to-door waste collection coverage.

Since minimum garbage is sent outside the ward, the name “ZERO GARBAGE”. The
important indicators of Zero Garbage Ward Model are

 100% doorstep collection

 100% segregation of garbage
 Processing of wet waste locally
Pune Municipal Corporation in partnership with Janwani, SWaCH Cooperative and
Cummins India developed and implemented the model. The public-private partnership
developed a new innovative system for waste management in the city that decentralizes solid
waste management and fully incorporated waste collectors into the formal system. In this
system, the Municipal Corporation continues several duties, including street sweeping and

25
industrial waste collection. The change is in the system for household and commercial property
waste and complete integration of waste pickers into door-to-door services.

The model has been ISO-certified, the first waste management system in India to receive
that certification. Its manual outlines practices and monitoring systems to make the model more
sustainable and easier to replicate. Based on the success of the Katraj pilot project, PMC has
decided to replicate the same in all the wards in working towards its objective of making Pune
a cleaner city.

Pune Municipal Corporation jointly with Janwani and SWaCH Cooperative implemented
Zero Garbage Ward Model in Katraj in 2011, the significant impact of the project resulted in
the expansion of project citywide in a phased manner. Whilst, the model required customization
according to prevailing waste collection, transportation practices and role of different involved
stakeholders. PMC and Janwani with its collaborative, research-based and result in oriented
approach customized a model for other Prabhags according to demography and socioeconomic
strata. Considering the pilot successes and lessons learned the program is being expanded
citywide in a phased manner. The project implementation 10 Prabhags has started from 1
March 2016 and remaining Prabhags will be covered in the FY year 2016-2017.

Corporates form an integral element of this model. Persistent Foundation, Cummins India,
and KPIT provided volunteers as well financial support. More than 10000 volunteers from
these companies put in countless hours to make the Zero Garbage Ward project a success.
Companies’ employees meet up with residents and marched up and down the streets to deliver
the message about the project and its goal to turn waste into a resource. Switching to segregated
waste represents a major shift in residents’ behavior, and the personal touch of the CSR
volunteers helped many residents support the project and make the needed changes.

3.5.3.1 Project Monitoring and Implementation

The four stakeholders that are - Pune Municipal Corporation, Janwani, and SWaCH
Cooperative worked jointly in order to Replicate the Zero Garbage Project in the city. For
carrying forward this agenda and creating a roadmap for project implementation, Janwani
played the role of the Secretariat. A Project Management Unit was set up along with an
Advisory Committee for setting up systems required for successful implementation.

26
3.5.3.2 Advisory Committee
An advisory committee consisting of representatives of above-said organizations has
been set up. Proposed Structure of the Advisory Committee is as follows:

Joint Municipal Commissioner, PMC

Director, Janwani
Corporate representative
Coordinator, SWaCH Cooperative

The advisory committee was responsible for:

 Providing overall guidance to the Project Management Unit
 Overseeing Project implementation and providing directions to the project
 Undertaking field visits from time to time to supervise progress
 Monthly Review Meetings as per indicators developed for project implementation
plan
 Provide financial and infrastructural support
 Help overcome obstacles to implementation.
3.5.3.3 Deliverables
The Zero Garbage Project signifies following key elements

• Properties covered: 2.6 L

• Population served: 8.5 L
• Doorstep collection – Before: 1.2 L properties (48%)
• Doorstep collection – After: 2.2 L properties (85%)
• Segregation level – Before: 27%
• Segregation level – After: 70%
• Garbage container reduction: 265 to 105
• Swatchta Mitra Volunteers: 2,000

3.5.3.4 Activities
The project success depends on the active participation of the citizens. Conducted
about 1032 activities using various media, while selecting awareness program we considered
identified group’s demography for more effectiveness. The no. of awareness programs
conducted are given in the table. Besides awareness, we also conducted the training programs
and health checkup for waste collectors as they are one of the main stakeholders of the project.

27
3.6 Collection and Transportation

Waste collection and transportation are principal components of solid waste management
for a city. Primary collection of waste is imperative to avoid indiscriminate disposal of solid
waste. Transportation of waste from waste storage depots i.e. transit points at regular intervals
is essential to ensure that no dumper bins/containers overflows and to avoid littering on streets.
This section discusses the present scenario of primary and secondary collection and
transportation of solid waste up to transfer station.

3.6.1 Primary Collection

Household waste:

Solid Waste (Collection and Handling) Cooperative (SWACH), a PMC initiative is a

registered society of rag pickers with a total strength of 7000 members. Out of these 1,963
members are involved in the door-to-door collection of waste. SWACH covered approximately
380000 (year: 2011) households including all 14 administrative wards. About 52.7%
households are covered for door-to-door collection of waste. The Ghanta Trucks collects about
95 .000 kg/ day of wet waste every day.

There are 564 slums of which 353 are notified slums and 211 are non-notified slums in
the PMC. The total population of slums is about 12.00 lakhs (35%) of the total population.
There are about 10, 00,000 households in the Pune city. PMC has deployed 155 Ghanta Trucks
(for door-to-door collection) and 700 tricycles for the household waste. In which, 3.8 lakh
households have been covered by 700 pushcarts for the collection of domestic waste and 1.5
lakh households have been covered by the ghantagadi trucks having a capacity of 1.25 tons.
Total quantity of door to door waste collection has been given in table
Table 10: Total Quantity of Door to Door waste collection

No. of
Vehicles Number of covered for D/D TPD
vehicles
Push Cart (SWaCH) 350000 700
ghantagadi 150000 160 950
Tempo (SWaCH) 150000 75

Based on the above data, the waste collection efficiency of Door to Door collection is
about 60%. In Pune, a lot of initiatives have been taken at households as well as at the housing
society levels for wet waste processing. Vermicomposting is a predominant way that many

28
societies have followed to take care of the wet waste generated in their premises. PMC has also
encouraged the residents of Pune, to arrange a vermi-pits in their residential premises. Hence
this is in practice for approximately 18750 properties in PMC. Residents manage their own
waste in the premises itself and dry waste has been collected by the PMC.

Commercial Establishments

There are about 3, 00,000 commercial establishments in the city. Mixed waste
generated by them is collected by transportation vehicles.

3.6.2 PMC- SWaCH Model Integrating Informal Sector Workers into Formal
Collection System
Pune has taken a proactive and incorporative approach with waste pickers and is the
first city in the country who has integrated waste pickers into formal doorstep waste collection
system.
The city endorsed identification cards for the workers, allowing them access to waste
without police hassle and raising personal self-esteem. Then, in 2007, the PMC and the waste
picker trade union Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP) jointly promoted the
creation of SWaCH, a cooperative of waste pickers and other urban poor.

SWaCH came into existence in 2007 and became operational in 2008. It is the
institutional outcome of the door to door waste collection initiative of the KKPKP. The
initiative brought together two interests - that of rag pickers/waste collector’s interest in
improving their livelihood and municipality’s interest in sustainable solid waste management.
A pilot implemented by the KKPKP and the Project for the Empowerment of rag pickers /waste
collectors, SNDT Women’s University in 2005 enabled 1500 waste collectors to become
service providers. This considerably improved their conditions of work and upgraded their
livelihoods. They effectively bridged the gap between the household and the municipal waste
collection service. Presently, ‘2750 SWaCH members’ service 4, 50,000 households in 15
wards of Pune City. These services include Door to Door Collection of segregated waste,
creation, and maintenance of compost pits, housekeeping, running and maintenance of biogas
plants.

29
 Figure 9: SWaCH

SWaCH, which stands for Solid Waste Collection and Handling, is the first cooperative
wholly owned by waste pickers in India. It is a public-private partnership that regularizes the
role of informal workers in trash collection and provides the city with a more sustainable path
for waste management.
MOU between PMC and SWaCH has been renewed for the period five years starting
from January 2016 to provide doorstep waste collection service to remaining households and
slum areas of the city. PMC pays for management and equipment cost and provides health
insurance.
Advantages of this model are as follows:
Segregation by citizens and user fee-based model
Better conditions of work for waste pickers
Cleaner waste for recycling industry
Reduction in municipal expenses for waste management
Compliance with MSW 2000 rules
Decentralized waste management and processing
Climate change mitigation
Poverty Alleviation
Public-Private Partnership
Better waste management

30
SWaCH Model addresses:

Segregation by citizens
Better conditions of work for waste pickers
Cleaner waste for recycling industry
Reduction in municipal expenses for waste management
Compliance with MSW 2000 rules and Maharashtra Acts
Decentralized waste management and processing
Climate change mitigation
Poverty Alleviation
PPP
Better waste management

Street Sweeping & Drain Cleaning Waste:

The street sweeping operations are carried out on all days of the week. Equipment
provided includes long broomstick, drain spades, hand spades, hooks, and baskets. The waste
is collected in wheelbarrows and is transported to the nearest bin point.

Another major activity leading to MSW generation is cleaning of drains in the city. The
crew cleans the drains along with the sweeping activity. The silt from the drain is collected on
the edge of the drain for dewatering and finally transported to secondary collection points. The
silt is also collected in wheelbarrows.
Table 11: Length of Roads & Drains

Types of Roads Length in Kms

CC Roads 57
BT Roads 1330
WBM 485
Highway 50
Total 1922
Drains 382.63
Source: CDP

31
 ► Currently the SWM dept. has 6500 street sweepers and each worker is responsible for
sweeping an area of 50,000 sq. ft.

► In order to enhance the quality and the speed of cleaning all major roads in the city,
mechanized street sweeping shall be introduced

► The work of mechanized street sweeping of 600 Kms a day shall be outsourced to an
agency, giving the responsibility of end to end cleaning of assigned major roads.

► The smaller internal roads in residential areas and internal wards will continue to be
swept by the existing staff.

► An estimated budget of INR 70 crores would be needed for the next 5 years

(Source: Strategy Plan, PMC- SWM Department, 2017)

Hotel waste

There is about 1400 number of major hotels and about 6000 number of small hotels.
PMC has deployed 23 Hotel Trucks (for the collection of waste from 1,349 hotels) for the
collection of waste. The Hotel Trucks collect about 124,370 kg wet waste every day. The Table
below shows an award-wise collection of waste by Hotel Trucks.
Table 12: Ward wise collection of waste by Hotel trucks
Weight of Wet
S. No Name of Ward office Trips No. of Hotel
Waste in Kgs
1 Aundh 2 72 10770
2 Ghole road 4 215 14000
3 Nagar Road 2 116 9500
4 Dhole Patil Road 4 171 15000
5 Warje Karvenagar 1 84 4850
6 Kothrud 2 110 6000
7 Sangam wadi 1 20 3000
8 Shankar Nagar 1 94 4500
9 Dhankawadi 1 90 4000
10 Bibwewadi 1 45 8500
11 Tilak Road 1 42 4000
12 Bhavani Peth 1 108 4000
13 Kasba Vishram 1 130 5000
14 Hadapsar 2 52 8000
15 Kondva Wanwadi 2 50 8000
Total 26 1399 109120

32
 The waste collected from the hotels are carried by Hotel trucks and disposed of in the
processing facilities available with PMC (either 5TPD bio-methanation plants/ transfer
station.)

Parks and Garden waste

There are 111 parks and gardens in the PMC. There is a new and separate system
adopted for parks and garden waste by the PMC. PMC has deployed separate trucks for the
collection of garden waste. About 50 TPD of parks and garden waste and coconut waste is
generated from different areas. Tree cutting & shredding machines with a capacity of 35-40
TPD shred the waste daily and convert the same into pellets for burning. About 5TPD of
compost is also generated and used for gardens under PMC jurisdiction.

3.6.3 Secondary Collection

3.6.3.1 Bell Ringing Vehicles and Route Maps
Transportation of Solid Waste - Solid Waste generated in the city is transported through
Ghanta Trucks, Compactors, Hotel Trucks, and tractor, Dumper placer and Bulk Refuse Carrier
(B.R.C), the details of which are given below.

PMC has deployed 172 bell ringing vehicles (Ghanta trucks) for waste collection from
feeder locations and slum areas. Out of this, 113 ghanta trucks deployed for wet waste
collection and waste from 4.5 lacs properties is covered. The ghanta trucks collect about 196
MT of wet waste every day. Private door to door collection efforts - Some societies and
residential complexes have hired services of sweepers to collect door to door waste, which is
segregated either at the source or by the sweeper. The waste is then collected by Ghanta Trucks.
Ghanta routes and timing to create awareness about the waste collection schedules has prepared
and uploaded on the PMC website for citizen’s use.

For the areas that are not covered under door-to-door collection service, containers and
compactor buckets are placed all over the Pune city. There are a total of 936 containers and
412 compactor buckets in the city. The ward-wise distribution of these containers and
compactor buckets are shown in the table below:

33
 Table 13: Ward-wise distribution of Containers and Compactor Buckets

S. No Name of Ward office Containers Compactor Buckets

1 Aundh 66 31
2 Ghole Road 120 21
3 Nagar Road 25 0
4 Dhole Patil Road 62 18
5 Warje Karvenagar 115 46
6 Kothrud 42 12
7 Sangam wadi 33 0
8 Sahakar Nagar 39 18
9 Dhankwadi 74 20
10 Bibwewadi 81 135
11 Tilak Road 55 6
12 Bhavani Peth 59 37
13 Kasba Vishram 104 33
14 Hadapsar 61 35
Total 936 412

3.6.4 Bulk Waste Carrying Vehicles

Containers and Compactor Buckets -Containers are placed at certain locations in the city,
which is used to dispose of garbage by people, who are not covered under the door to door
collection service. There are a total of 936 containers and 412 compactor buckets placed all
over the city. Solid Waste collected through Hotel trucks -PMC has deployed 30 separate trucks
for the collection of hotel waste, which is segregated at source and collects about 125 MT of
wet waste every day.
The following factors have been considered in determining the size of collection and
transportations vehicles;

 Payloads
 Distance to disposal or transfer stations
 Container systems
 Topography, traffic obstructions or limitations
 Road width on collection and transportation routes
 Daily work hours, routines and break schedules of personnel
 List of all vehicles used for transportation of waste from the transfer station to disposal
site daily is given below.

34
 Table 14: List of MSW Transportation vehicles (nos.) in PMC

Sr. Name of the vehicle Private

PMC (Own) Total
No (Capacity) (Hiring)
1 Ghantagadi ( 3 MT) 150 22 172
2 Compactors (6 MT)) 43 2 45
3 Hotel trucks(5MT) 27 - 27
4 Tractors (1.5 MT) 18 - 18
5 Dumper placer (1.5 MT) 105 - 105
6 Bulk refuse carrier (6 MT) 73 10 83
7 Tata ACE ( 0.5 MT) 141 19 160
8 E-Cart (0.3 MT) 11 - 11
9 Road Sweeping m/c 1 - 1

3.6.5 Workshop facility

PMC have workshop facilities for the maintenance of their fleet of vehicles and
containers, etc. at all the transfer stations of SWM. After completion of transportation of waste
to a disposal site, at the end of the day, all the vehicles are parked at the workshop and cleaned.

3.6.6 Material Recovery Facilities

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) is where recyclable materials that are collected
from households are sorted into different types (e.g. plastics, cardboard, paper, metal).When
the materials have been sorted them are sent to re-processors and manufacturers where they are
used to create new products. It is important to have an MRF to sort mixed materials and to
ensure that we can remove anything that is not recyclable. The process also helps to provide
quality recyclables that manufacturers need to make certain products and goods. If they could
not rely on the quality of the recyclables they would need to use more raw materials. PMC has
established 35 such MRFs and further plan to increase the number by establishing 10 more
facilities.

In addition to this, PMC has also set up portable moveable sorting sheds and also made
mandatory for large societies to provide space for waste collector separate their dry waste into

35
further different categories. This is helping solve the problem of roadside separation by waste
collectors and maintaining cleanliness in the neighborhood.

Figure 10: Material Recovery Facilities

3.6.7 Transfer Stations
PMC has constructed 7 nos. of garbage transfer stations at Aundh, Ghole Road, Paud
Road, Katraj, Hadapsar, Yerwada & Koregaon Park area.

Waste transportation is uneconomical if the waste is transported over long distances in

small vehicles. Distances from the source to the treatment or disposal facility have become
noticeably longer because of processing plants locations. The use of transfer stations has
become economical for urban areas that generate large waste quantities and which are a long
distance away from the waste processing and disposal facilities. At the transfer station, the
waste is transferred from collection trucks to larger transportation units. Considering the
distance of processing plants from the city, PMC constructed 7 transfer stations at different
locations, this has significantly reduced the cost of transportation. PMC also took into
consideration while planning process for a transfer station is locations, the type of long-distance
transport system and the type and quantity of waste.

36
 PMC has constructed closed transfer stations to minimize environmental nuisances
from transfer stations such as noise, dust, and odors.

The transfer station is a major open point in the movement of MSW to the Devachi
Uruli/ Fursungi disposal site. The waste is collected from the dumper bins and open points and
is transported through dumper placers, tippers and tractors to the transfer station. The contents
of these vehicles are transferred directly into bigger tipper vehicles through a specially designed
hopper. These big tipper trucks take the waste to the final disposal site.

There are 7 transfer stations which are in operation under Pune Municipal Corporation area.

1. Aundh transfer station.

2. Ghole Road transfer station
3. Paud transfer station
4. Yerwada transfer station
5. Hadapsar transfer station
6. Katraj transfer station
7. Koregaon Park transfer station

3.7 Other Waste Streams

3.7.1 Biomedical Waste

Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules make it mandatory for all
hospitals and dispensaries to segregate the biomedical waste from other solid waste and to set
up an effective collection, treatment and disposal infrastructure for managing the waste.
Presently, Pune Municipal Corporation has entrusted the biomedical waste disposal to M/s
Pasco Environmental Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Bio-medical waste in the city, from hospitals and
clinics, is collected by eight biomedical waste collection vans. This facility serves 550 nursing
homes, 141 pathology laboratories, 11 blood banks, 1048 clinics and also the area 10 km away
from PMC limit. Biomedical waste is being disposed of by burning in incinerators.

PMC has outsourced collection, transportation and disposal of biomedical waste from
various healthcare establishments. This waste is incinerated in incinerator capacity to 3 to 5
tons per day. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling Rule) 2016 defines medical waste
as "Any solid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human
beings or animals, in research pertaining to, or in the production or testing of biological." PMC

37
has provided biomedical waste disposal facility through M/S Pasco Environmental Solutions
Pvt. Ltd. Pune city produces approximately 3500 kg of biomedical waste per day and this gets
disposed of by incinerators. Bio-medical waste in the city, from hospitals and clinics, is
collected by eight biomedical waste collection vans. This facility serves 603 nursing homes,
247 pathology laboratories, 17 blood banks, 3000 clinics and also the area beyond 10 km from
PMC limit.

3.7.2 C and D
The construction boom has led to large quantities of C&D waste being generated in the city i.e.
about 200-250 Tons per day. Identified sites in the city for dumping C&D waste in accordance
with other environment rules and regulations. PMC has

Set up agencies which would be responsible for certain sectors of the city and would charge
developers as per set rates for collection, transport and proper disposal of C&D waste at
designated areas. Also, create a service that will allow smaller generators of C&D waste.
Investigate the possibility of reuse of some of the waste (either in products or in landscaping
projects).

3.7.3 Garden waste

Separate Trucks are deployed for the collection of garden waste/tree cuttings etc.
inward wise manner on regular basis. These trucks collect 75 to 80 Tons /day of green waste
which is shredded with the help of six shredders allotted at various decentralized locations and
converted to compose.

3.7.4 Electronic Waste

E-waste is defined as "a waste from relatively expensive and essentially durable product
used for data processing, telecommunications or entertainment in private households and
businesses." PMC has formed core committee along with GIZ, Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari
Panchayat (KKPKP), MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) and other stakeholders.
PMC has organized workshops to create awareness among different stakeholders about E-
Waste Management Rules, worked on the development of decentralized E-Waste collection &
transpiration systems and also for prohibiting child labor and illegal dismantling of this
hazardous waste.

38
3.8 PMC Initiative under SBM
PMC SWaCH model- Integrating the informal sector in Municipal Solid Waste
Management.

1. Zero Garbage model for Improving collection and segregation

2. Adar Poonawalla Clean City Movement – Street Cleanliness
3. Scientific Processing –
a. Bio CNG – 300 TPD Plant
b. Decentralized OWC and Biogas, Recycling, Composting projects.
c. Scientific capping & Landfilling- work in progress.
4. Systems for different streams of waste
a. Constructing & Demolition waste Policy & its implementation.
b. Sanitary and Biomedical waste
c. E-Waste
d. Garden Waste
5. SWaCH Awards – citizens

3.9 Processing and Disposal

Since June 2010; scientific processing and scientific landfilling. Decentralized waste
processing plants operational at institutional and societal level.

3.9.1 Individual and Society Level Processing

PMC has made compulsion of Mandatory onsite scientific disposal of organic waste for
residential & commercial schemes built after The year 2000. Incentive in the form of tax rebate
is offered to the establishments practicing eco-friendly measures such as organic waste
processing, solar system & rainwater harvesting (5% for each practice & maximum 10% tax
rebate)

Table 15.Tax rebate is given by PMC for eco-friendly measures practiced by citizen

Details No. of Properties

Solar 4075
Vermiculture 10429
Solar & Vermi-culture 7254
Vermiculture & Rain Harvesting 1024

39
 TOTAL 22782

Table 16: Composting at Society Level

Organic
Zone Vermicomposting Bio- Bio-
Waste Total
No Pits Sanitizers Methanisation
Converter
Nos Kgs Nos Kgs Nos Kgs Nos Kgs Nos Kgs
1 775 12754 223 2522 14 5636 21 4490 1033 22880
2 12 330 100 2878 1 185 7 3120 121 6568
3 63 934.5 396 3273 4 111 10 2430 473 6748.5
4 139 1878 86 726 6 4200 4 1300 235 7378.3
Total 989 15896.5 803 9334 25 10132 42 11340 1862 43574

Figure 11. Processing

3.9.2 Decentralized Processing

Over a period of time, it has been realized that the real solution to the menace of MSW
in India by providing De-centralized Municipal Solid Waste Management facilitates near the
origin of waste generation. Once decentralized waste recycling becomes a mass movement, it
would reduce the burden on Municipal authorities to transport and manage waste at disposal
sites. Further, waste generating communities will realize the need for effective segregation in
order to make composting & recycling efficient & cost-effective. This would eventually
promote the concept of community-based "Pay & Use" facility and offer livelihood opportunity
for urban poor through waste recycling services with better accountability to resident
beneficiaries.

The Bulk Waste Generators accounts for about 40% of total MSW generated in India.
The micro-measure by all those falling under bulk waste generator category, by adopting “at
source composting” or “community based composting” would have a significant macro impact

40
in reducing carbon footprints from organic waste generated as also transported to waste
disposal sites.

PMC has raised the compliance norms to include “at source composting” or
“community-based composting” using an organic waste converter for composting of organic
waste and reduce ill-effects of garbage.

Table 17: Capacity of various plants

S. No Project Name Capacity in Ton

Per day
1 Composting projects 240
2 Biogas Projects 95
3 Rochem Project 275
4 Mechanical Composting 10
5 Noble – Bio-CNG 100
6 Dry Waste Segregation and Recycling 50
project
Total about 110 -125 MT. of organic waste is treated in 26 Biogas plants of 5 Tonnes
capacity. Two Organic Waste Converter plants (OWCs) of two tonnes capacity each are
operational at Aundh and 5 tons per day capacity at Ramtakadi.
The waste is treated in the two-stage bio-methanation process by using closed vessels
where, in the absence of oxygen, micro-organisms break down the organic matter into a stable
residue, and generate a methane-rich biogas in the process. This gas can then be used as a
source of renewable energy to produce electricity (net surplus after own requirement) of 400
kWh per day, which is being used for street lights in the surrounding area. The solid residue is
used as manure, and the aqueous liquor is a nutrient-rich fertilizer which can be used to recycle
nutrients back to agricultural land.

3.9.3 Centralized Processing

Noble Exchange Environment Solutions

Large Scale (Centralized System) – DBOO

 300 TPD Biomethanation plant with Bio-CNG is commissioned on DBOO basis

1/11/2015.
 Present operational with capacity of 100 TPD.

41
  2000 Sqm land allotted at Baner within PMC Limit.
 Rs.360/ton tipping fee with 8 % escalation per year is borne by PMC.
 Processing and Bio-CNG Unit located at Ambi Talegaon 35 km away from the city on
five-acre Land owned by Plant operator.
 Bio-CNG will be utilized to PMPML Buses and presently 12000Cum gas is generated
 Total Bio CNG will be 34000Cum per day.
Composting

Disha Waste Management and Bhumi Green located at Hadapsar Industrial estate having a
capacity of 100 TPD capacities each, Vermicomposting plant are working with their full
capacity.
Considering the composition of bio-degradable matter ranging from 30% to 55%, which can
be profitably converted into useful products like compost (organic manure), methane gas (used

to Compost

1. Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting

2. Vermi-Composting

3. Organic waste converters

Rochem Waste Separation Technology

Pune is the pioneering city in the country to set up such plant for MSW treatment and electricity
generation at the high end of the technology spectrum is the “waste to energy” plant set up in
a PPP model in the Rantekdi Industrial Area.

Desired input and output can be changed as required, depending on the market economics of
selling the following:

1. High quality, high energy value Syngas: Can be used in gas-powered electric generating
motors or as a replacement or blender for natural gas.
2. Hydrogen: is currently used in a multitude of industrial and manufacturing applications
and holds great potential in automotive hydrogen fuel cell technology.
3. Electricity: Turnkey system creates electricity via proprietary Syngas firing gas-motors.
4. BioChar: Is currently used in fertilizer and as a soil amendment, as well as its
environmental value as a sequestered carbon.
5. The plant has a capacity of 700 TPD is presently processing 300-350 TPD.

42
The Pune Municipal Corporation has adopted the decentralized system of waste processing.
These processing methods predominantly include both Vermiculture and Biogas generation
practices. PMC is having about 23 biogas plants of each 5MT per day. The details are as
follows:
Table 18: Mechanical Composting Plant
S. Name of Mechanical Capacity, Status as on August
Location
No. Composting Plant MT 2016
Excel Ind.
1 Aundh 2 Under Operation
Save Enviro Koregaon
2 3 Under Operation
Park
Save Enviro
3 Ramtekdi 5 Under Operation
Save Enviro Kalyani
4 3 Under Operation
Nagar

Table 19: Thermal Composting Plant

S. Name of Thermal Capacity, Status as on
Location
No. Composting Plant MT August 2016
Composting Plant
1 Koregaon Park 3 Under Operation
Composting Plant
2 Vadgaon 3 Under Operation
Composting Plant
3 Tarachand Hospital 3 Under Operation
Composting Plant
5 Vadgaon BK 3 Under Operation
6 Composting Plant Koregaon Park
3 Under Operation
Burning ghat
Composting Plant
7 Ambilodha colony 3 Under Operation
Composting Plant
8 Vartak Garden 3 Under Operation
Note: Garden waste is especially shredded separately at 5 locations and reuse separately.

43
 In Pune, there are different MSW technology plants under operation. Details are
mentioned below in Table 22
Table 20: List of MSW Technology plants in Pune
Name of the Date of
Capacity Technology Status
project Commencement
Bhumi Green 100 TPD Vermicompost 01/06/2010 Working
Bhumi Green II 100 TPD Vermicompost 12/08/2010 Working
Rochem
Pyrolysis/Gasification
Separation 700 TPD 18/08/2011 Working
for power generation
Systems
Noble
300 TPD Biomethanation 2015 Working
Exchange
Project work
Pune
Commencing
BioEnergy 750 TPD Control Combustion 2018 (proposed)
from
System Pvt.Ltd
June2017
3.9.3.1 Rochem Separation systems

Mls. ROCHEM Separation System Ltd. has constructed a plant for treating about 700
MTPD of composite waste. This is a “non-incineration based thermal waste to energy” plant
set up in a PPP model in the Ramtekdi Industrial Area. The investment of Rs 140 crore was
made by the private company, Rochem Separation Systems India Pvt Ltd, based on the patented
Concord Blue gasification technology. This process mainly involves in producing energy from
the unsegregated waste, fulfilling the requirements of the EPA and European standards with
regard to emissions. The Concord Blue technology, owing to its non- incineration platform,
coverts solid waste into a gas without production of dioxin and furans over the permissible
limit. The plant is rated to produce about 11 MW power using 700 TPD waste. However,
currently, the plant is capable of consuming only about 150 TPD waste. It was understood that
the plant has been able to produce RDF and selling to Textile mills at Nagar. It was observed
that this plant was performing sub-optimally and expected to reach its full waste assimilation
potential soon with additional secondary Shredder.

The plant management has reported that due to non-availability of clearances from the MERC
for wheeling the power produced by the plant cannot be operated.

44
In order to make efficient use of its installed capacity, it is highly desirable that all the necessary
clearances are secured and the plant made operational in terms of the agreement with the PMC.
3.9.3.2 Bhumi Green (I)

Bhumi Green has installed a 100 MTPD vermin-composting plant at Ram-Tekdi.

Problems of waste spilling over, foul smell in the area around the plant, leachate management
and lack of general hygiene are some of the major issues which are to be tackled by the plant
management. The plant currently processes 80-100 TPD garbage a day. The stench from the
unit affects employees in the industrial belt, apart from nearby residents. This garbage
processing unit is more hazardous during monsoon as mosquitoes breed here, which can lead
to a major outbreak of diseases like dengue or malaria. In case of heavy rains, the garbage even
flows out creating a nuisance.
3.9.3.3 Bhumi Green (II)

Bhumi Green (II) have also installed a 100 MTPD. Generally, it was observed that
major complaints are against the odor associated with decomposing waste from the city. The
surrounding urban and rural communities have objected to the dumping of waste for all the
above plants. They have also represented that the PMC must adopt measures to mask and
eliminate the foul smell.

The proliferation of rodents and vectors is another major problem affecting the ecology
of this area. Predator bird’s menace is another undesirable consequence of the waste dumping
in Uruli Dewachi and Ram Tekdi facilities.

45
3.9.3.4 Pune Municipal Corporation Zonal Waste Treatment Plants

In comparison to the bulk waste processing plants set up by the private players listed
above the PMC’s zonal waste processing plants were seen to operate efficiently and
successfully. These operations are carried out by the appointed agencies under the direct
control and supervision of the PMC’s Zonal Sanitary Inspectors.

3.10 Current Disposal Sites

Uruli Devachi Landfill Closure Site: 1114: current disposal site is at Uruli Dewachi l
Fursangi which is located in the rural areas of the Pune city with the survey, numbers 191-195
Fursungi and 31-32 Uruli Dewachi. Waste dumping at this site has been going on since 1991.
From 1st June 2010, PMC has stopped open dumping. The work on the scientific closure of this
site is completed.

3.11 Landfill

Capping:

Uruli Devachi disposal site was in Operational since 1991. Waste has been dumped at
this site from 1991-1998. After closing the old disposal site at Kachra Depot on Paud Road,
this site was fully operational for the open dumping of waste.

The PMC has entrusted the consultation work to IL&FS Environment, for “Capping off
the Footprint area of the proposed Uruli-Devachi Scientific Closure Project in 20 hectares”.
This project has the following components:

1. Flattening the side slopes of the existing waste by cutting, leveling, relocation and
Reformation of waste to a safe slope;
2. Removing waste from low-thickness areas and fling it in elevated areas - thereby by
reclaiming a part of the land; and
3. Providing a surface cover to minimize penetration of rainwater, thus reducing I
eliminating the generation of leachate.
4. The cover component will have different layers in the following order from the bottom
(Waste surface) to top:

46
 5. Compacted soil layer of 200mm. thickness to provide even base for component cover
Non-woven geo-textile layer (400gsm) to act as a protective layer for HDPE gee—
membrane against puncture.
6. Both sides textured High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) gee-membrane of 1.5mm.
thick to act as an impervious barrier
7. Geo-composite layer (200gsm) to act as a drainage layer Compacted soil layer of
300mm. thickness to act as a protective layer for the components

Underneath

1. Garden soil layer of 300mm. thickness to support vegetation growth

2. Provision of Leachate collection, conveyance, and treatment system
3. Provision of Gas collection, conveyance, and treatment system. Active gas collection
system, comprising of vertical and horizontal HDPE pipe network, has been proposed
to collect and convey the landfill gas efficiently.
4. Provision of Gas flaring system. The collected gas will be flared on-site using an
enclosed flaring system in the interim period till the power generation unit starts
functioning or in the event of non-operation of the gas engine due to unforeseen reasons.
5. Provision of the stormwater drainage system. Suitably sized drain network constructed
in RCC is proposed to collect and divert stormwater from the site.

3.12 Construction and Demolition Waste

As per the SWM Rules, the C&D waste mainly comprising of inert waste and is not
supposed to be dumped along with the MSW. In the absence of any other source of disposal,
the C&D waste currently being generated is used for filling up low lying areas. The
environment status report of the PMC recently admitted that illegal dumping of construction
rubble in the riverbeds and hills continued in the city. About 200 - 250 tonnes of debris, which
includes concrete, bricks, cement plaster and iron, is generated in Pune every day. An 8 acres
plot of open land has been reserved in the Wagholi village, around 20 km from the city. It is
proposed to set up a modern construction and demolition (C&D) waste processing plant, with
a 200 tonnes per day (TPD) capacity at this site in the near term has been proposed.

47
3.13 Electronic waste
Pune is a major 11' hub and educational center of India. It contributes about 20% to the
total e-waste produced in this region. The MPCB report had pointed out that the total Waste
Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEE) in Maharashtra amounts to 20,2706 tonnes, out of
which Pune contributes 2,584.21 tonnes and. Pimpri Chinchwad area contributes 1,032.37
tonnes. The MPCB report says that the obsolescence rate of cell phones in the city is two years,
computers five years, TVs fifteen years and refrigerators seventeen years. This means cell
phones sold in Pune today will be e-waste only after two years. The Central Pollution Control
Board has identified Pune as one of the top 10 cities generating waste.

There are no metal extractors in Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad region. In Pune, Pimpri -
Chinchwad region, Primary and Secondary E-waste generators exist. Very limited dismantling
is observed, while the major quantities of e-waste are collected and transported to MMR. There
is no organized mechanism for collection, transportation, and disposal of WEEE/ E-Waste in
MMR, Pune, and Pimpri - Chinchwad region. No mechanism exists in the state to monitor and
track its inventory, collection, transportation, and disposal.

It is proposed that the PMC will collaborate with an operator to set up a facility to collect,
store and process E-waste. This initiative may be taken up in collaboration with NGO and some
of the top IT / ITES organizations in the city.

48
 CHAPTER 4. Citizens’ Participation and IEC
PMC has made significant efforts in bringing multiple stakeholders together and
making solid waste management more sustainable. More than 40 Mohalla committees are
formed ward wise to get the feedback and monitor the system. These are active citizen groups
which act as a link between citizens and government. Meeting at ward office level are held on
last Thursday of every month and on first Saturday of every month central level meeting are
held. Pune is the first city in the country who started creating awareness among the citizens
about the importance of segregation of waste, initially, PMC has placed two different
community containers for segregation of waste, distribution of households bins introduced to
encourage segregation.

4.1 Grass Route Level Awareness

Objective: Ensure key messages and “so what’s” delivered to, and understood by every
household and establishment;

 Meetings with hotel owners, citizens

 Training of scrap shop owners for E-Waste.
 School Training Programme.
 Mohalla committee meetings in Ward Office on every last Thursday.
 Student Rally
 Cleanliness Drives by School & College Students

4.2 Citywide awareness

Objective: To create high-level awareness and motivation to contribute to Pune Clean City
initiative

 Making short films for the theater.

 Arches & Standees.
 Puppet shows
 Informative CDs for Societies.
 Mohalla Committee meetings.

49
4.3 CSR Participation in Waste Management
4.3.1 Adar Poonawalla Clean City Movement
Adar Poonawalla Clean City Movement (APCCM) has been set up as a contribution
towards social responsibility and aspires to make Indian Urban Cities more livable. Pune is
the first city to adopt this motion. While this is a first step towards achieving the vision of
making cities livable, the Movement's long-term goal is to ensure that more and more cities
adopt this movement and Urban India becomes cleaner, greener, healthier and happier.

The APCCM will focus on supporting the Pune Municipal Corporation with infrastructure
and management of solid waste. Initiatives undertaken in this direction will include:

 Providing of litter bins to be installed at strategic/high traffic locations across the city
 Support vehicles and manpower for clearance of garbage from litter bins
 Mobile food waste processing vans that will enable processing of organic food waste
at ward level
 Create grass route level awareness by engaging NGOs to ensure participation of all
stakeholders for handling over segregated waste to waste collectors and thereby
appropriate use of litter bins.
 Activation programs in association with PMC at school, NGOs, mohalla committee,
residential societies, marketplaces amongst others

4.3.2 Other Corporates’ involvement

Cummins India has been playing very vital role establishing systems required for
different streams of waste management to its further expansion at the city level, the partnership
is enormous including financial, technical, managerial and other project required support.

Since the piloting the zero garbage project Cummins has been associated with PMC
and for replicating the project in 3 areas of the city in addition to management of other streams
of the waste such as e-waste, plastic waste, and food waste management. Cummins India has
adopted prabhags where the company offices are located.

Persistent Foundation has adopted two prabhags where their offices are located and
providing support to develop educational material, monitoring and sustenance of the project.

Yardi Software and Zensar Technologies have involved creating awareness about
their neighborhood about sanitation and solid waste management.

50
 CHAPTER 5. Deficiency Analysis- Present scenario of
MSW at Pune
The solid waste management system of Pune city has a fairly structured collection and
transportation system. However, there are issues that need to be addressed such as the mixed
composition of waste, lack of 100% segregation of waste, 100% doorstep collection and
transportation, collection and storage of e-waste, the insufficient processing capacity of organic
and inorganic waste in city, active participation of citizens’ and lack of scientific disposal
options. The issues identified with the current management system are highlighted.

Solid Waste Management practices in Pune need improvements to make it more

effective and efficient. While the PMC has a structured collection and transportation
mechanism, the following aspects of the present system shall be addressed to establish an
Integrated Solid Waste Management System for the city.

51
Table 21: Deficiency Analysis in Present Scenario of SWM

Waste from all categories including households, hotels, restaurant,

commercial establishments, markets, temples, institutions, drain silt,
street sweepings is mixed i.e. up to 45%.
Generation
Bulk waste storage collection in few areas, 100% of the city is not
covered
Drain silt is treated as a part of MSW.
The absence of segregation of waste at the source of generation.
Segregation is doing at primary level, i.e. at the transfer of waste from
Push-cart to secondary storage point.
Segregation at
Recyclables including newspapers, plastics and metals are collected
Source
by Ragpickers
Lack of Public Participation in providing segregated waste and
payment of user charges for waste collectors in low-income areas.
Coverage of door to door collection is 60%, and 40% gap needs to be
covered.
Majority of Chronic dumping points (approx... 850 numbers) exists.
Lack of dustbins at some public places.
Unhealthy and unhygienic waste disposal practices followed by the
waste generators.
Primary Collection Most of the collection points are open points (approx.… 839
Secondary numbers) and unhygienic
Collection The absence of provision to dump the waste in separate biodegradable
(green)/recyclable (blue) containers.
Poor maintenance of collection points.
Erratic capacities of the collection points
Mixing of drain silt at this level.
Manual lifting of the waste from the collection points leading to the
spilling of waste.
Absence of need-based sweeping
Inefficient street sweeping operations.
The current sweeping does not cover all the roads and streets.
Street Sweeping On average workers are entrusted 800-1000 meter road length for
sweeping and reaches 2.80 km in some circles. This is on the higher
side than the recommending beat lengths per worker for sweeping,
collection from sources along the road stretch.
The absence of the weighbridge at all the three transfer stations.
Only maintenance of Record for a number of incoming and outgoing
Transfer Stations vehicles is practiced.
The absence of record keeping of quantity of waste collected.
Transportation
Insufficient processing plants to process different type of waste
Processing and
Lack of E-waste collection and storage facility.
Disposal
Disposal of reject through SLF

52
CHAPTER 6. QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF WASTE
6.1 Introduction
Quantification of Municipal Solid Waste generated at PMC was carried out separately
for different sources of generation such as residential, commercial, institutional, street
sweeping and drain cleaning, markets, function halls, cinema halls, etc.

Waste composition, characteristics, and quantities of solid waste is essential for:

 It provides the basic data on which the management system is planned, designed and
operated.
 The changes/trend in composition and quantity of waste over a period of time are
known which help in future planning.
 It provides the information for the selection of equipment and appropriate technology.
 It indicates the amount and type of material suitable for processing, recovery, and
recycling.

The waste generation rates have been worked out on the basis of field surveys, waste
sampling and discussion with the officials of the Pune Municipal Corporation. The results of
the study are set out in this section.

53
6.2 Quantity of Waste
The quantity of waste based on the sources of waste is given below in Table 23.
Table 22: Estimation of Quantity of waste generation from source generators
Sources Number Per Capita Waste Quantity, Kgs
generation, Kgs
Households’ 1054852 1.0 1054852
Commercial 300000 0.5 150000
Establishments
CC 57 15 855
BT Roads 1330 35 46550
WBM 485 10 4850
Highway 50 4 200
Drains (km) 382.63 45 17218.35
Hotels 1400 125 175000
Bar & Restaurants 6000 25 150000
Malls 37 100 3700
Primary Schools 523 30 15690
Colleges 100 70 7000
Universities 10 200 2000
Nursing homes 550 3 1650
Clinics 1048 1.5 1572
Pathology 141 8 1128
laboratories
Blood banks 11 5 55
Parks & Gardens 111 150 16650
Markets 27 250 6750
Temples 120 10 1200
Slaughter Houses 1 250 250
Cinema Halls 145 8 1160
TOTAL TPD 1658.47835

It is estimated that the quantity of waste generation based on the surveys and secondary
collection of data from the sources in the city is about 1700 TPD.

6.2.1. From Households:

The waste generated from domestic households forms the major component of total
MSW generated in PMC area. A field survey was conducted for Municipal Solid generation
from 5th to 10th September 2016.

Table 24 indicates Quantity of waste per each household and approximately. 0.92 kg of
waste is being generated from each household. Based on the field survey, the total household
waste in PMC is estimated as 920 MT.

54
 Table 23: Estimation of Quantity of waste from Households
Total waste
No. of Waste generation
Name of the city generation in
Households factor kg/c/day
Tons/day
Pune 10,00,000 0.92 920
Source: Field assessment surveys and analysis

6.3 Summary of total waste generation

The average daily waste generation from PMC is around 1700 MT/day, with a per capita
generation of about 621 gm. Table 24 provides breakup of waste generation from various
sources.

6.4 Waste Characterization

Waste characterization study for Pune Municipal Solid waste was carried April 2017 by
the Survey team, to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of waste samples.
Physical and chemical characteristics of MSW generated by PMC are presented as follows.

6.4.1 Physical analysis of solid waste:

An analysis of the composition, characteristics, and quantities of solid wastes is essential for
the following reason:

 It provides the basic data on which the management system is planned, designed and
operated.
 The changes/trend in composition and quantity of waste over a period of time are
known which help in future planning.
 It provides the information for the selection of equipment and appropriate technology.
 It forecast trends assist designers and manufacturers in the production of vehicles and
equipment suitable for future needs.

The waste generation rates have been worked out on the basis of field surveys, waste
sampling and discussion with the different waste generators and the officials of the Pune PMC.
The results of the study are set out in this section.

Organic matter including food waste, market waste & leaves, ash, stones and fine earth
with soil are the major constituents of the solid waste generated in Pune. The composition of
combustible matter is 91.57 % to 98.25 % (Including organic matter ranges from 15 % to 45
%), the composition of ash. glass, sand/ fine earth etc. ranges from 2.43 % to 8.43 % Table 4.4

55
presents the characteristics of MSW generated in different wards of PMC. The field data sheets
for physical characterization are provided in Annexure

6.4.2 Chemical Characteristics of solid waste:

Chemical properties analyzed for MSW included moisture, Carbon content, Phosphorus,
potassium Calorific Value and heavy metals. Chemical properties of waste were analyzed to
make a decision on the most suitable waste processing technology. The moisture of the tested
samples was in the range of 31.1% – 77.7% of Organic Matter and the calorific value ranges
of 1500 – 5800 kcal/kg. Carbon content is the indicator of the conversion of MSW into
compost. Calorific Value is the indicator of the suitability of waste energy technologies. The
heavy metals are also well within the desirable ranges except for Zinc.

6.5 Future generation trends

The consumption of raw materials and finished product by the community is directly
proportional to the Gross National Product (GNP) of the country. The solid waste quantities
are directly proportional to the quantity of material consumed and thus the increase in per capita
solid waste quantities would be directly proportional to the per capita increase in GNP. Based
on a study conducted by Urban Development Section Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region of
The World Bank, both GNP and per capita waste generation rates will grow exponentially at
1.41 cent per annum. Per capita waste generation of PMC projected using the aforesaid rates
will increase from 621.11 gm/day in 2016 to 906.17 gm/day

In 2043, and the total waste generation will increases from 1600 tons/day to about 10000
TPD in 2043 However, the more rational analysis indicates that the waste generation is likely
to grow as shown in Table 24 below.
Table 24: Generation trends of Municipal Solid waste in PMC
Per capita of
Waste
waste
Year Population Generated
generation
tons/day
(kg/person/day)
2021 5000000 0.55 2750
2031 7100000 0.6 3905
2041 10000000 0.6 6000
2043 10000000 0.65 6500

Based on the waste projection in the above table, detailed collection and transportation plan,
integrated facility and Sanitary landfills have been designed for PMC.

56
CHAPTER 7. COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
PLAN
7.1 Introduction:
The analysis and discussions in the earlier chapters bring out the fact that the Solid Waste
Management in PMC will require modification and up-gradations for more effective
management of Municipal Solid Waste. The proposed Collection & Transportation Plan (now
onwards notes by CAT plan) is built taking into considerations of the initiatives taken by the
PMC and should meet the city’s needs for the future. The plan conforms to the requirements
of the solid Waste management Rules and other relevant policies and guidelines. The plan also
incorporates the principles of sustainability. The comprehensive programme to address the
issues is framed considering the need to comply with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management
& Handling Rules) 2016. The Plan is based on the secondary information obtained from the
Municipal Corporation and field observations done during the project period; Infrastructure
Gap Analysis has been performed to reach into conclusive figures.

The broad framework, under which the management plan is structured, emphasizes the
following:

 Progressively encourage and enhance source segregation and storage of biodegradable

and non-biodegradable wastes separately at all premises
 Implement 100 percent door to door collection system
 Encourage primary collection of waste with community participation
 Abolition of secondary open collection points
 Regular street sweeping on a need base schedule
 Transportation of waste in covered vehicles. Dispense with manual loading of waste
 Avoiding multiple handling of waste and its exposure during collection and transport
 Building meaningful and effective partnership with Community, NGOs and private
entrepreneurs

The options for improvement in physical, organization and financial terms are discussed in
the subsequent chapters. This chapter is organized to detail out the collection and transportation
plan.

57
7.2 Door to Door Collection
At present, the door to door collection is carried out by the SWaCH with the help of Janwani.
Primary collection from residential areas
Table 25: Primary collection
Primary collection
Component Area of collection Secondary Storage
vehicle proposed
Residential areas
Door to Door Disposed at nearby
with high density and 1 MT Auto tipper
collection Dumper bin location
gentle terrain
Disposed at nearby
ghantagadi truck
Dumper bin location

Implements Required for Primary Collection

Table 26: Implements for Primary collection
Population 35000000
Total no. of households based on Population 1054852
Auto tipper/Dumper placer 1,2 MT
Houses considered for auto 400000
Average per capita 1000 Gm
Quantity of waste 400 MT
Number of trips per vehicle 7 Trips
Veh.Cap. (Quantity of waste carried per day/vehicle) 1.2
Number of auto tippers required 133 No
Additional 28 Available 153 nos
Total 161 No.

Remaining areas 654852

Capacity of ghantagadi Truck 1000 Kg
Average per capita 1000 Kg
Quantity of waste 655 MT
Number of trips per vehicle 1.5 Trips
Quantity of waste carried per day 1.5 MT
Number of autos required 291 Available 170 nos
Additional
Total to be procured 121

58
7.2.1 Hotel waste

There are about 1400 of hotels and restaurants in the Pune city. As per the survey
conducted the quantity of waste generation per each hotel shall be about 125 kg/day. Hence
based on the survey, the quantity of waste generation from Hotel is about 175 MT per day. The
same existing scenario has been proposed for the collection of waste from hotels. Additional
requirements for vehicles and the existing repairs have been proposed.

Transportation of Waste
Table 27: Data for transportation of Waste
2016
Quantity of waste remaining 268.0284 TPD
Volume of each dumper bin 3 Cum
Density 0.4 Cum
Capacity of each bin 1.2 Tons
No. of Bins 223 No.
Additional bins 223
Total Required 246
No. of trips by dumper placer 4
No. of bins covered 8
No. of dumper placer required 31
No. of dumper placers with PMC 0
Additional 6.142316
To be procured 37

59
 CHAPTER 8. ASSESSMENT OF SUITABLE MSW
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
8.1 MSW Processing Techniques
There are several MSW processing technologies, which are being followed in various parts
of the world. Beside source reduction, reuse, and recycling, broad categories of available
technologies for processing MSW are mentioned below:

1. Thermal Processing Technologies

2. Biological Processing Technologies
3. Physical Processing Technologies

In addition to the above, organic extrusion process in another option that offers waste
segregation into bio-degradable and non-bio-degradable (inert) components. It is proposed to
examine this process on a pilot basis of 100 TPD segregation plant.

Table 29 shows the technologies expressed in terms of the three major groups (thermal,
biological & physical) that have been considered for evaluation purpose MSW of Pune
Municipal Corporation.
Table 28: Major Processing Technologies
Waste Processing Technology Group Waste Processing Technology
Thermal Processing Technologies Control Combustion (Incineration –Mass burn)
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis / Gasification
Plasma Arc Gasification
Biological Processing Technologies Aerobic Digestion (Composting)
Anaerobic Digestion (Biomethanation)
Landfill as Bioreactor (Bioreactor Landfill)
Physical Processing Technologies Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
Densification / Pelletisation
Mechanical Separation
Size reduction

60
 Table 29: Treatment Option Based on Population (Ref. Task Force Report on WtE)

8.2 Thermal Processing Technologies

Thermal technologies are those technologies that operate at temperature greater than
200ºC and have higher reaction rates. They typically operate in a temperature range of 375ºC
to 5,500ºC. Thermal technologies include advanced thermal recycling (a state-of-the-art form
of waste to energy facilities) and thermal conversion ( a process that converts the organic
carbon-based portion of the MSW waste stream into a synthetic gas which is subsequently used
to produce products such as electricity, chemicals, or green fuels).

These technologies are briefly described below.

8.2.1 Incineration

Mass-burn systems are the predominant form of the MSW incineration. Mass-burn
systems generally consist of either two or three incineration units ranging in capacity from 50
to 1,000 tons per day; thus, minimally processed refuse. The major components of a mass burn
facility include: (1) Refuse receiving, handling, and storage systems; (2) Combustion and steam
generation system (a boiler); (3) Flue gas cleaning system; (4) Power generation equipment
(steam turbine and generator); (5) Condenser cooling water system; and (6) Residue hauling
and storage system.

61
8.2.2 Pyrolysis

In Pyrolysis, at a high temperature of 700ºC to 1200ºC, thermal degradation of organic

carbon-based materials is achieved through the use of an indirect, external source of heat, in
the absence or almost complete absence of free oxygen. This thermally decomposes and drives
off the volatile portions of the organic materials, resulting in a syngas composed primarily of
hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH7). Some of the
volatile components from tar and oil, which can be removed and reused as a fuel. Most
pyrolysis systems are closed systems and there are no waste gases or air emission sources (if
the syngas is combusted to produce electricity, the power system will have air emission through
a stack and air emission control system). After cooling and cleaning in emission control
systems, the syngas can be utilized in boilers, gas turbines, or internal combustion engines to
generate electricity or used as raw stock in chemical industries. The balance of the organic
materials that are not volatile or liquid that is left as a char material, can be further processed
or used for its adsorption properties (activated carbon). Inorganic materials form a bottom ash
that requires disposal, although some paralysis ash can is used for manufacturing brick
materials.

8.2.3 Gasification

In the Gasification process, thermal conversion of organic carbon-based material is

achieved in the presence of internally produced heat, typically at temperature of 660ºC to
1800ºC, and in a limited supply of air/oxygen (less than stoichiometric, or less than is needed
for complete combustion) to produce a syngas composed primarily of H2 and CO. Inorganic
materials are converted either to bottom ash (low-temperature gasification) or to a solid,
vitreous slag (high temperature gasification that operates above the melting temperature of
inorganic components). Some of the oxygen injected into the system is used in reactions that
produce heat so that pyrolysis (endothermic) gasification reactions can initiate; after which, the
exothermic reactions control and cause the gasification process to be self-sustaining. Most
gasification systems, the pyrolysis, are closed systems and do not generate waste gases or air
emission sources during the gasification phase. After cooling and cleaning in emission control
systems, the syngas can be utilized in boilers, gas turbines, or internal combustion engines to
generate electricity, or to make chemicals.

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8.2.4 Plasma Arc Gasification

In Plasma Arc Gasification process, alternating current (AC) and/or direct current (DC)
electricity is passed through graphite or carbon electrodes, with steam and/or oxygen/air
injection (less than stoichiometric), to produce an electrically conducting gas (a plasma)
typically at temperatures greater than 2,200ºC. This system converts organic carbon-based
materials, including tar, oil, and char, to syngas composed primary of H2 and CO and inorganic
materials to solid, vitreous slag. Like Pyrolysis and conventional Gasification, Plasma Arc
Gasification is a closed system; therefore there are no waste gases and no emission sources in
the Plasma Arc Gasification process. After cooling and cleaning in emission control systems,
the syngas produced by plasma are gasification can be utilized in boilers, gas turbines, or
internal combustion engines to generate electricity or to make chemicals. The final emission
products are CO2 and water. The furans and dioxins in the emission are extremely low and
lower than the recommended USEPA or EU emission norms.

8.3 Biological Processing Technologies

Biological technologies operate at lower temperatures and lower reaction rates.
Biological processing technologies are focused on the conversion of organics in the MSW.
MSW consists of dry matter and moisture. The dry matter further consists of organics (i.e.,
whose molecules are carbon-based), and minerals, also referred to as the ash fraction. The
organics can be further subdivided into the biodegradables or refractory organics, such as food
waste, and no biodegradables, such as plastic. Biological technologies can only convert
biodegradables component of MSW. Byproducts can vary, which included: electricity,
compost, and chemicals.

Various biological processing technologies are briefly described below.

8.3.1 Composting

Composting is a natural micro-biological process where bacteria break down the

organic fractions of the MSW stream under controlled conditions to produce a pathogen-free
material called “compost” that can be used for potting soil, soil amendments (for example, to
lighten and improve the soil structure of clay soils), and mulch. The microbes, fungi, and micro-
organisms that contribute to this biological decomposition are generally aerobic. A mixture of
organic materials is placed into one or more piles (windows), and the natural microbial action
will cause the pile to heat up to 65-80ºC, killing most pathogens and weed seeds. A properly

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designed composed heap will reach 70ºC within 6 to 10 days, and slowly cool off back to
ambient temperatures as the biological decomposition is completed. The systematic turning of
the material, which mixes the different components and aerates the mixture, generally
accelerates the process of breaking down the organic fraction, and a proper carbon/nitrogen
balance (carbon to nitrogen or C/N ratio of 20:1) in the feedstock ensures complete and rapid
composting. The composting process takes from 17 to 180 days.

There are two fundamental types of composting techniques: open or windrow

composting, which is done out of doors with simple equipment and is a slower process, and
enclosed system composting, where the composting is performed in some enclosure (e.g., a
tank, a box, a container or a vessel).

8.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion

In anaerobic digestion (AD), biodegradable material is converted by a series of bacteria

groups into methane and CO2. A first group breaks down large organic molecules into small
units like sugar. This step is referred to as hydrolysis. Another group of bacteria converts the
resulting smaller molecules into volatile fatty acids, mainly acetate, but also hydrogen (H2)
and CO2. This process is called acidification. The last group of bacteria, the methane producers
or methanogens, produce biogas (methane and CO2) from the acetate and hydrogen and CO2.
This biogas can be used to fuel boilers or reciprocating engines with minimal pretreatment. In
addition to biogas, anaerobic bioconversion generates a residue consisting of inorganics, non-
degradable organics, no degraded biodegradables, and bacterial biomass. If the feedstock
entering the process is sufficiently free of objectionable materials like colorful plastic, this
residue can have market value as compost. A process is also referred to as a Biomethanation
process.

8.3.3 Bioreactor Landfill

A bioreactor landfill is a wet landfill designed and operated with the objective of
converting and stabilizing biodegradable organic components of the waste within a reasonable
time frame by enhancing the microbiological decomposition process. The technology
significantly increases the extent of waste decomposition, conversion rates and process
effectiveness over what would otherwise occur in a conventional wet landfill. Stabilization in
this context means that landfill gas and leachate emissions are managed within one generation
(twenty to thirty years) and that any failure of the containment system after this time would not
result in environmental pollution. There is better energy recovery including increased total gas
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available for energy use and increased greenhouse reduction from reduced emissions and
increase in fossil fuel offsets. These factors lead to increased community acceptance of this
waste technology. Management of a bioreactor landfill requires a different operating protocol
to conventional landfills. Liquid addition and recirculation is the single most important
operational variable to enhance the microbiological decomposition processes. Other strategies
can also be used to optimize the stabilization process, including waste shredding, pH
adjustment, nutrient addition and temperature management.

8.4 Physical Processing Technologies

Physical technologies involve altering the physical characteristics of the MSW feedstock.
The MSW is subjected to a various physical process that reduces the quantity of total feedstock,
increases its heating value, and provides a feedstock. It may be densified or palletized into
homogenous fuel pellets and transported and combusted as a supplementary fuel in utility
boilers. These technologies are briefly described below.

8.4.1 Refused Derived Fuel

The RDF process typically includes thorough pre-separation of recyclables, shredding,

drying, and densification to make a product that is easily handled. Glass and plastics are
removed through manual picking and by commercially available separation devices. This is
followed by shredding to reduce the size of the remaining feedstock to about eight inches or
less, for further processing and handling. Magnetic separation is used to remove ferrous metals.
Eddy-current separators are used for aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The resulting
material contains mostly food wastes, non-separated paper, some plastics (recyclable and non-
recyclable), green wastes, wood, and other materials. Drying to less than 12% moisture is
typically accomplished through the use of forced-draft air. Additional sieving and classification
equipment may be utilized to increase the removal of contaminants. After drying, the material
often undergoes densification processing such as pelletizing to produce a pellet that can be
handled with typical conveying equipment and fed through bunkers and feeders. The RDF can
be immediately combusted on-site or transported to another facility for burning alone, or with
other fuels. The densification is even more important when RDF is transported off-site to
another facility, in order to reduce volumes being transported. RDF is often used in waste to
energy plants as the primary or supplemental feedstock, or co-fired with coal or other fuels in
power plants, in kilns of cement plants, and with other fuels for industrial steam production.

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8.4.2 Mechanical Separation

Mechanical separation is utilized for removing specific materials or contaminants from

the inlet MSW stream as a part of the pre-treatment process. Contaminants may include
construction and demolition (C&D) debris, tires, dirt, wet paper, coarse materials, and fine
materials. Generally, MSW reaching the dumping sites in unsegregated and mixed containing
C&D debris and other contaminants. Therefore, it is essential to remove these contaminants
from the incoming MSW by mechanical separation before processing the waste further by
either biological, physical and thermal technology (expect Plasma Arc Technology). However,
in the Pune city, most of the C&D debris (more than 90%) is reused, and the rag pickers take
away most of the recyclable material at the collection points only. Therefore, the MSW
reaching the dumping grounds does not require the elaborate mechanical separation process.
This MSW has high organic content, fit to be directly used for various technologies after
manual sorting only.

8.4.3 Size Reduction

Size reduction is often required to allow for more efficient and easier handling of
materials, particularly when the feed stream is to be used in follow-on processes. Sizing
processes include passive, moving, and vibrating screens and trommels. In order to reduce the
size of the entire stream, or portions of it, mechanical equipment, such as shredders, is utilized.
This allows for other physical processes, such as magnetic and eddy current separators may be
installed both up- and down-stream of shredders increase the recovery of metals.

Selection of the most suitable technology for Pune

While identifying and selecting the technologies for Pune, following considerations
have been kept paramount:
The technology is suitable to treat the waste characteristics of Pune, in an
environmentally sustainable manner;
The technology meets the regulatory requirements (i.e., confirms to the SWM Rules,
2016 requirements) and is socially acceptable with minimum impacts to the
environment and citizens; and
The technology is economical and commercially available.

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8.5 Clean Development Mechanism
8.5.1 Introduction

The CDM allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified

emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one ton of CO2. These CERs can be
traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction
targets under the Kyoto Protocol.

The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions while

giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction
limitation targets.

In India, climate change represents additional pressure on ecological and socio-

economic systems that are struggling to keep pace with the rapid economic development. With
its huge and growing population, along with the densely-populated and low-lying coastline,
and an economy that is dependent on its natural resource base, India is considered vulnerable
to the impacts of climate change.

To slow or reverse greenhouse gas emissions, all governments need to develop policies
and implement initiatives. The intent is to achieve production that is less carbon intensive and
to increase the use of alternative source of energy while boosting energy efficiency amongst
all its users. Fiscal measures are among the most widely used, often combined with incentives
such as grants and preferential loan rates and tariffs.

As a response to the climate change threat and following the evidence of human impact
on climate, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was
established in 1992. Governments realized that stronger commitments were needed to mitigate
climate change. Following years of negotiations, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force on
February 16, 2005. It established legal commitments for participating developed countries to
reduce emissions.

8.5.2 The Kyoto Protocol (First Commitment Period)

The Kyoto Protocol requires the signatory countries to reduce or limit their emissions
relative to their base year. Each country has been given a target related to the base year
(normally 1990), and the combined effect of this should reduce these countries’ greenhouse

67
gas emissions by 5% per year in the period 2008-2012. The Kyoto Protocol has three separate
market-based mechanisms that help countries achieve targets. The Clean Development
Mechanism. The Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Changes (UNFCCC) of 1997 has been one of the most definitive global initiatives undertaken
to control the increase in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). The Protocol aims to reduce
the collective emissions of greenhouse gases of the developed countries by an average of 5.2%,
compared to what it was in 1990, over a five year period, from 2008 to 2012.

The Kyoto Protocol was signed by 141 countries, including the European Union, Japan,
and Canada to reduce GHG emission. However, the US, which accounts for one-third of the
total GHG emission, is yet to sign this treaty.

Kyoto- (Second Commitment Period)

This section summarizes the rules agreed at the United Nations climate change
conference in Doha in December 2010 for the operation of the mechanisms in relation to the
second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, which runs from 1 January 2013 to 31
December 2020 inclusive. These rules do not affect the operation of the mechanisms in relation
to the first commitment period (e.g. the issuance, transfer, acquisition, and use of units valid
for the first commitment period, including in the true-up period), which remains unchanged.

Non-Annex I Parties may continue to participate in existing CDM projects and may
also participate in new CDM projects registered from 1 January 2013 onward.

Annex I Parties (including those without emission targets in the second commitment
period) may participate in existing and new CDM projects and may receive CERs forwarded
from the CDM registry to accounts in their national registry that are issued in respect of
emission reductions and removals achieved by CDM projects in the second commitment
period.

A Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project is a co-operation between a company

in a country with reduction commitment and a company in a developing country without
commitments.

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 The idea is that the company in the sponsoring country should support the
implementation of project activities that cost-effectively reduce emissions of a company in the
host country and also give sustainable development benefits.

The reduction must be added to any that would have occurred without the project taking
place. Certified emission reductions (CERs) generated can be used to meet reduction
commitments or be traded.

A typical cycle for obtaining carbon credits during the project crediting period is
presented below:

Figure 12: Typical cycle for obtaining carbon credits

8.5.3 What does CDM mean for India

Developed countries have to spend nearly $300 to $500 for every tonne reduction in
CO2, from $10 to $25 to be spent by developing countries.

India acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in August 2002 and one of the objectives of
acceding was to fulfill prerequisites for implementation of Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) projects, in accordance with national sustainable priorities, whereby:

A developed country would take up greenhouse gas reduction project activities in

developing countries where the costs of greenhouse gas reduction project activities are usually
much lower;

69
 The purpose would be to assist developing countries achieving sustainable development
and in contributing to the ultimate objectives of the convention and to assist developed
countries in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction
commitments.

This is what makes trading in carbon credits such a great business opportunity. Foreign
companies which cannot fulfill the protocol norms can buy the surplus credit from companies
in other countries. This can lead to a flourishing trade in Credit Emission Reduction.

A typical system for CDM revenue flow is presented in the figure below:

Figure 13: Typical system for CDM revenue flow

Suitable Methodology:

The suitable methodology is applicable for this project is ACM0022- Approved

consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology ACM0022 “Alternative waste treatment
processes” as per the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

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 CHAPTER 9. CONTROL COMBUSTION
(INCINERATION) TECHNOLOGY
9.1 Introduction
Recent studies have focused on an innovative technology, the Control Combustion
(incineration) that has been demonstrated as one of the most effective and environmentally
friendly methods for solid waste treatment and energy utilization.

Incineration technology is the controlled combustion of waste, with the recovery of heat,
to produce steam, that in turn produces power through steam turbines. Incineration process
needs sufficient quantity of air for complete combustion of the incoming MSW to generate heat
energy Incineration of MSW allows huge savings at the landfill as the volume of MSW is
reduced almost to 10 to 15% in the form of ashes and slag as compared to the original waste
volume.

In WTE plants based on incineration, the entire energy contents of waste are recovered,
except the unavoidable fraction that is lost through the flue gas, cooling devices, boiler walls,
and ashes. The direct combustion of MSW releases more available energy compared to
pyrolysis/gasification. In view of the worldwide experience of WTE plants, European Union
(EU) has more than 400 units, Japan has more than 100units, the USA has more than 80units
and China has more than 60 units in operation. From the above, it is evident that the energy
recovery from MSW through incineration is a proven technology in India, the around four (4)
WTE plants with MSW incineration technology are in continuous operation.

9.1.1 Indian Scenario for WTE plants.

Various MSW based WTE plants available in India on Bio-Methanization, Pyrolysis /

Gasification technology, are not under operation due to the technical limitations and are yet to
be proved on a commercial scale. The following plants under the technology of “Direct
Combustion, Heat recovery, and Power generation” are under commercial operation. The
Jindal Plant is in operation more than One year.

 M/s. Timarpur Okhla Waste Management Private Ltd, 3 x 450TPD WTE plant at
Okhla, is in operation. The power generation capacity of the plant is 21.0MW.
 M/s East Delhi Waste Processing Company (P) Ltd, 1 x 550TPD WTE plant at
Gaziphur, is in operation. The power generation capacity of the plant is 12.0MW

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  M/s. Essel Infra, 1 x 600TPD WTE plant at Jabalpur, is in operation. The power
generation capacity of the plant is 11.5MW.
 M/s. Delhi MSW Solutions (P) Ltd, 2 x 600 TPD plant at Narela – Bawana. The power
generation capacity of the plant is 24.0MW based on the above Indian operating
experience of WTE plants, and worldwide reference / operating experience, “Direct
combustion, with Heat recovery and Power generation Technology” is considered for
this WTE project.

9.2 Concept
Incineration is an alternative solution to the waste disposal crisis when landfill space is
limited. Incineration reduces the waste volume and generates heat and power for commercial
use. For MSW, incineration will depend on two main factors, moisture, and heating value. Both
factors have seasonal variability, which must be considered while designing an incinerator. Air
pollution is also a major concern because contaminated or hazardous household wastes create
the air emission and ash from the facility. Explosive materials shall be sorted out to avoid
harming the incinerator. Thus special attention is required for MSW burning operation, which
will further increase the cost of the project.

Combustion technologies used for MSW are stoker-fired incinerator, fluidized bed
incinerator, and rotary kiln incinerator. Each technology is suitable for converting waste to
energy but with different advantages and disadvantages. Heat from the combustion process is
used to turn water into steam that will be routed to a steam turbine-generator for power
generation. The used steam is then condensed in the condenser and routed back to the boiler.
Residues produced include bottom ash (which falls to the bottom of the combustion chamber),
fly ash (which exits the combustion chamber with the flue gas), and residue (including fly ash)
from the flue gas cleaning system.

The major environmental concern of incinerator is stack pollutants formed during

combustion comprising particulates, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon
monoxide (CO), metals, Hydrogen chloride (HCl), Dioxins and Furans.

Emission control system and equipment are necessary to meet the stringent ambient air
quality requirements such as dust collector, combustion temperature and retention time control,
lime and ammonia scrubber (with or without catalyst reactor), activated carbon absorber etc.
With proper equipment’s, emissions including Dioxins and Furans can be reduced to comply

72
with the stringent emission standards when the operating temperature is maintained to more
than1100°c

It is the process of direct burning of wastes in the presence of excess air (oxygen) at
temperatures of about 8000 C and above, liberating heat energy, inert gases, and ash. Net
energy yield depends upon the density and composition of the waste; relative percentage of
moisture and inert materials, which add to the heat loss; ignition temperature; size and shape
of the constituents; design of the combustion system (fixed bed/ fluidized bed) etc. In practice,
about 65 to 80 % of the energy content of the organic matter can be recovered as heat energy,
which can be utilized either for direct thermal applications or for producing power via steam
turbine-generators (with a typical conversion efficiency of about 30%).

The combustion temperatures of conventional incinerators fueled only by wastes are

about 760°C in the furnace and in excess of 870°C in the secondary combustion chamber.
These temperatures are needed to avoid odor from incomplete combustion but are insufficient
to burn or even melt glass. To avoid the deficiencies of conventional incinerators, some modern
incinerators utilize higher temperatures of up to 1650°C using supplementary fuel. These
reduce waste volume by 97% and convert metal and glass to ash.

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 Figure 14: Schematic Diagram of Waste to Energy Plant

Wastes burned solely for volume reduction may not need any auxiliary fuel except for start-
up. When the objective is steam production, supplementary fuel may have to be used with the
pulverized refuse, because of the variable energy content of the waste or in the event that the
quantity of waste available is insufficient. While Incineration is extensively used as an
important method of waste disposal, it is associated with some polluting discharges which are
of environmental concern, although in varying degrees of severity. These can be effectively
controlled by installing suitable pollution control devices and by suitable furnace construction
and control of the combustion process.

Common mass incineration plants comprise of the following functional units:

Waste reception, storage, and pretreatment
Feed-stock and combustor
Slag extraction / treatment of residuals / storage
Boiler/steam usage
Flue gas cleaning Chimney

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Plant Operations

First of all, the received waste is weighed and registered to determine the origin of the
waste and the quantity. The MSW is stored in a bunker as the delivery happens discontinuously
but the feeding happens to be continuous. The bunker also allows to build up a buffer support
for cases of disruption of MSW supply or in cases of plant shutdown and it enables to
homogenize the different waste materials.

Most commonly, the MSW is taken by a crane installation to feed the MSW into the feeding
hopper that is designed to ensure a continuous operation of the combustion unit. The waste in
the feeding hopper gets via the feed shaft onto the feeding device. The feed shaft can be closed
with a fireproof flap to avoid a flashback of the flames. The feeding device is fully automatic.
Most commonly used technologies within the combustion unit for the MSW treatment are:

 Fixed and Moving grate

 Rotary Kiln
 Fluidized bed
 Vertical combustion

9.3 Advantages of Control Combustion (incineration) Technology

The key advantages of Control Combustion (incineration) plant are as follows:

a. An environmentally Safe and non-polluting system.

b. Most suitable for high Calorific Value waste, pathological wastes etc.
c. Can reduce waste volumes by over 90% and convert waste to innocuous material
d. Units with continuous feed and high throughput can be set up
e. Thermal Energy recovery for direct heating or power generation
f. Relatively noiseless and odorless
g. Low land area requirement
h. Can be located within city limits, reducing the cost of waste transportation
i. Hygienic

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Table 30: Matrix referred for technology selection based (Ref. Task force report for WtE)

76
9.4 Limitations/barriers
a. Least suitable for disposal of aqueous/ high moisture content/low Calorific Value and
chlorinated waste
b. Excessive moisture and inert content affects net energy recovery
c. High Capital and O&M costs
d. Skilled personnel required for plant operation and maintenance
e. Concern for emission of particulates, SOx, NOx, chlorinated compounds, ranging from
HCl to Dioxins
f. Concern for toxic metals in particulates that may concentrate in ash; need for care in
their removal and disposal

9.5 Process Description:

Plant operations can be broadly divided into the following:

Waste- to - Power (WtE) plants based on MSW need special techniques and solutions as
explained hereunder:

a) Combustion of Pellets/Fluffs
b) Heat Rates
c) Ash Fusion/Slag Formation
d) Online Cleaning Devices
e) Boiler Configuration
f) Post Combustion
g) High Efficiency and Flue Gas Circulation

Combustion

It is well known that processing of the garbage as well as combustion of the Fluff is just
commercialized in India successfully. Outside India, the garbage after primary separation is
directly fired with support fuel. The Garbage is highly wet (moisture) and has a lower calorific
value of 900 to 1200 Kcal/kg.

In the Indian context, we have processed fuel - Fluff - which needs to be handled
differently, since high-grade heat will be released when burnt on a grate.

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Heat Rates

Heat release rate on combustion of the Main fuel (Fluff) varying calorific value will be
different from that of Rice Husk and bagasse.

The Rice Husk has 10.00% moisture, 18.80% ash, and 3150 Kcal/kg calorific value
while the bagasse has 50% moisture, 1.25 % ash, and 2272 Kcal/kg calorific value. Further,
the composition of the Main, as well as the Secondary fuels, varies from time to time.

Hence, the combustion of the Main and Secondary fuels is an important aspect and the
grate shall be specially designed with care.

Ash Fusion/Slag Formation

Fluff procured from MSW Processing unit has high alkaline content thus lowering to
ash fusion temp. to 950 C. This causes slag formation on the Furnace and Superheater of the
Boiler.

To avoid this, Water Cooler, membrane (tube-flat-tube) Furnace and Casing for Boiler
up to Economizer section are adopted. Further, the primary Air for combustion will be
introduced below the Grate, to keep it cool.

Primary Air is supplied judiciously under the Grate. Unlike others, it is considered the
different stage of combustion on Grate as Drying Zone, Gasification Zone, Combustion Zone
and Burn-out Zone, through Auto-Control System.

On-Line Cleaning Devices & High Efficiency

The main fuel: Fluff, generated by processing of the garbage, has peculiar properties.

These properties necessitate low retention time on the grate but a large number of fine
particles (un-burnt) released while spreading on the grate requires considerable retention time
in the furnace to achieve complete combustion. Otherwise, considerable heat will be lost.

Fluff, due to its lightness, will generate considerable dust, which is carried along with the flue
gases.

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 The particulate matter (dust) in the flue gases is expected in the range of 150 - 200 gms/
Nm3. This is too higher a dust content.

For effective heat transfer and extended lifespan, it is necessary to keep the Steam
Generator and its parts, clean from the dust. This is a serious problem unless effectively
removed, online; the Boiler will be chocked /blocked in short time, say 4 to 5 days of operation.
Hence, an effective ONLINE Cleaning System is required. It is proposed to install Rapping
Mechanism & Mechanical system for online removal of dust from the boiler surfaces.

ASH HANDLING SYSTEM

Ash handling system shall be designed 100% material FIRING. For handling of fly ash of
the steam generator, pneumatic or screw conveying is envisaged. The ash collected in the
hoppers located in convection pass, economizer, air preheater sections of Steam Generator and
ESP’s will be conveyed and collected in a fly ash silo from where it is proposed to be disposed
to other agencies by road trucks from the storage silo. Bed Ash shall be removed using
submerged scraper chain conveyor, which will be collected in Trolleys to be disposed of away
by the customer.

Bottom ash handling system

A brief description of bottom ash handling system is furnished below.

The bottom ash from the MSW processing unit outlet will fall onto the water trough of
submerged scraper chain conveyor (SCC) system. Scrapper chain conveyor shall have 100%
standby. The bottom ash falling into the water trough shall get quenched and fall onto a
submerged scraper chain conveyor. The scraper chain conveyor shall then feed the bottom ash
to belt conveyor. The wet bottom ash from scraper chain conveyor shall be finally conveyed to
bottom ash silo through series of belt conveyor as per the layout requirement. The scraper chain
conveyor and belt conveyor system shall be operated on a continuous basis for evacuation of
bottom ash generated in the processing unit.

The bottom ash belt conveyor shall be provided with (a) belt hoods to prevent
accumulation of rainwater on the conveyors and (b) suitable walkways on both the sides with
handrails.

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Water System for Bottom Ash Handling

The overflow water from the water trough of the scraper chain conveyor shall be gravity
fed to the drain pump. Drain sump pump (with one standby) shall be provided to pump the
water to the settling tank. In the settling tank, the suspended solids (fine ash particles) in the
water shall get settled and the overflow water (clear water) from the settling tank shall be flow
to ash water sump. The sludge formed in the settling tank shall be pumped back to anyone of
the scraper chain conveyors with the help of sludge pump (with one standby). The clear water
from the ash water sump will be pumped by ash water pump (with one standby) to plate heat
exchanger (PHE) for cooling and recirculated back to the bottom ash handling system.

DEAERATOR AND FEEDWATER SYSTEM

The Deaerator will be of spray cum tray type. The steam to the Deaerator will be fed
from the turbine extraction at 3.5 ATA pressure. A pressure control valve will be provided in
the steam supply line to Deaerator to maintain a constant pressure in the Deaerator. The feed
water storage tank will be provided with a holding capacity of 15 minutes of flow of the MCR
rating of the steam generator when it is filled up to a normal level, i.e. 2/3rd of its total capacity.

The outlet from the Deaerator feed water storage tank shall be connected to 2X100%
capacity boiler feed pumps feeding the water to the steam generator.

PLANT WATER SYSTEM

The source of water for the plant will be the supplied by the Corporation and
supplemented by bore well/Sewage water. The plant water system will be based on the raw
water analysis.

The total make-up water requirement of the proposed power plant. For providing high-
quality makeup water for steam generator and also a cooling tower, RO water plant will be
provided. The water balance diagram for the Power Plant shall be as per requirements keeping
the total requirements of the plant.

The water is pumped into the raw water reservoir using Horizontal centrifugal pumps.
The storage capacity of raw water reservoir including dead storage for firefighting shall be

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2400 m3. The total continuous requirement of water for the plant for RO water, makeup and
portable and other use.

Basic scheme:

The cooling water requirement is primarily to dissipate the heat load of the power plant
generated by various auxiliaries. The prime heat load in a Rankine cycle is the latent heat of
condensation of steam to the condensate, which takes in the condenser provided at the back
end of the turbine. The heat is removed from the system by cooling water and rejected in the
atmosphere.

The secondary heat load is from generator air cooler, lube oil cooler system requires a
comparatively lower quantity of cooling water.

The requirement of the total cooling water for the plant is met by a single cooling tower,
which has dedicated pumping system for both the requirements.

RO WATER PLANT

For meeting the power cycle make-up water requirements an RO water plant is
required. The losses from the power cycle due to boiler blowdown system losses need to be
made up by the demineralized water of required quality and quantity.

COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM

The compressed air system shall comprise plant air system and instrument air system.
Air receiver will be provided for service air and instrument air. The outlet from air receiver
will be connected to a Heat less type air drying plant. The outlet from the air drying plant will
be connected to receivers located in various consumption plant areas. Both the service air and
instrument air will be distributed to various service/consumption points within the power plant.
Suitable capacity reciprocating type Compressors of 2X50% configuration shall be provided
with working pressure of 7Kg/cm2 (g) at the Air receiver outlet.

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General

The compressed air system caters to the needs of service air requirements of the various
equipment like steam turbine generator area, boiler and other plant locations needing
compressed air. The system also caters to the need of instrument air of specified quality for
various pneumatic instruments like control valves, positioners, I/P converters, pneumatic
transmitters etc.

The compressed air system basically consists of the following: -

RECIPROCATING type Air Compressors of 2 x 50% W + 1 SB)

Air compressors are designed for continuous operation to deliver air at desired pressure.

Reciprocating pistons in the cylinder are of a double acting type. Lubrication between
the piston & cylinder surfaces is achieved by metallic l rings, which require oil lubrication. The
pistons are driven by crankshaft housed inside a crankcase. Bearings holding the crankshaft are
forced lubricated through shaft driven oil pump. The compressor is powered by an electric
motor via belt and pulley arrangement.

In addition to the above system have intake air filter, silencer, necessary safety devices,
and instruments for interlocks and remote monitoring at the central control room.

One local control panel with gauges, annunciation points, plant/stop push buttons,
lamps timers with controls for automatic load unloaded operation. Service air receiver.

An air receiver of suitable capacity is provided to store the air before drying. This caters
to the service air requirements in the plant.The receiver is sized for the continues and
intermittent needs of various utilities. The receiver has a relief valve, trap station & necessary
instruments.

Heatless type purge dryer with all accessories

The compressed air required for instruments dried by means of heatless type dryer.
Operation of dryer involves two cylinders each filled with a moisture absorbing material such
as activated alumina, out of which one is working while other is regenerating, alternatively
dryer is located downstream of the service receiver.

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 Compressed air flows through the working cylinder, and as it emerges out of it, the
moisture is absorbed by the absorbent, which in turn gets moist during operation. Subsequently,
the absorbent has to be regenerated, as it can no longer dry air efficiently. Now the other
cylinder comes into action and wet air is passed through it. As it emerges out, part of it (dry
air) is used to regenerate the other cell, while remaining part is passed to the receiver. This
process continues the cycle and the switchover from working mode to regenerating mode is
achieved by means of solenoid valves and timer.

AIR RECEIVER:

An air receiver of suitable capacity is provided to store the air after drying. This caters
to the instrument air requirements in the plant. The receiver is sized for the continues and
intermittent needs of various utilities. The receiver has a relief valve, trap station & necessary
instruments.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

The entire fire protection system will be designed as per the requirements of the Tariff
Advisory Committee fire protection manuals to avail maximum possible rebate in fire
insurance premium. The fire protection system for the plant will be complete with fire hydrants,
portable fire extinguishers, and sprinkler system, medium velocity water spray system.
Separate fire alarm system is not warranted and not provided.

AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION

The control room for the operations of the steam generators and TG units will be air-
conditioned, using split or package air conditioners. The ventilation system for
switchgear/MCC rooms where the dust-free air is required for protection of the equipment
pressured ventilation system with supply air fans, inlet filters, and exhaust fans will be
provided. To create an effective draft, induced draft ventilation is provided for the TG ball by
installing an adequate number of roof exhausters. The supply air will be provided by a set of
fans. All the air entering the room will rise through various places and the hot air is finally
exhausted through the room exhausters.

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CRANES

Electrically operated pendant controlled overhead traveling crane will be provided in

the TG Room. The capacity of the EOT crane will be 25 tonnes, the auxiliary hook will be 5
tonnes. Suitable mechanical hoist shall be provided in water pump house.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Introduction

The design concept of the electrical system as a whole will be based on the requirements
for the safe and reliable performance of TG set and the interconnected electrical system with
provision for easy maintenance and overhauling. The rated voltage of the generator is 11kV.
The power plant auxiliaries would be fed at 415V. The 11 kV switchgear is connected to a
33kV bus through a star/delta step-up transformer rating 7MVA, 11 kV/33kV. The transformer
is connected in Delta on the 11kV side and star on the 33kV. The western grid, to which the
power plant will be connected, the frequency varies between 47.8 Hz to 51.5 Hz under normal
conditions.

The plant generator should be sized to operate at its full capacity at extreme frequency
levels under all conditions. The MSETCL’s substation at 132kV Phursungi, where the hooking-
up will be done, it is expected that the voltage under normal conditions will vary between 124
kV to 139 kV. In order to maintain voltage variations within limits for the plant loads, the
generator transformer that will interconnect the grid (at 132 kV) and the plant generator will
be provided with sufficient tappings on higher as well as lower ends to take care of grid voltage
variations and transmission system voltage variations due to loading.

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General Description

The description of major electrical equipment for the proposed power plant is given briefly
below:

Generator

The generator shall have the following salient features:

Type : Synchronous generator

Rating at MCR condition : 5000 KW

Rated power factor : 0.8 lag

Voltage : 11 kV

Insulation : Class F (temp. rise limited to class B)

No. of phase : 3

Speed : 1500 rpm

The generator winding shall be star connected and all the winding leads shall be brought
out of the stator frame for connection of bus ducts or cables. The CT’s for protection/metering
shall be mounted inside the separate enclosure. The neutral of the generator shall be earthed
through a resistor of low resistance to limit the ground fault current to 100 amps as per standard
practice. The generator shall be provided with brushless excitation system having the fast
response time to meet the system requirement. The generator shall be TEFC type. The
generator leads shall be connected to 11kV bus ducts or 11 kV XLPE cables.

HT Transformer

The generator voltage at 11 kV is stepped up to 33 kV by an 11/33kV star/delta transformer.

The transformer shall be mineral oil filled type with on load taps provided on the HT side and
suitable for the outdoor location.

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LT Transformer

It is envisaged to provide one no. 1600kVA 11 kV/ 433 V, delta/star unit auxiliary transformer
fed from the 11kV side. The transformer shall be three phase, 50 Hz, oil cooled, copper wound
with all accessories and fittings and provided with 2% x 2.5% off circuit tap changers. The
transformer shall be mineral oil filled type suitable for the outdoor location.

Bus Ducts

The secondary of the unit auxiliary transformer will be connected to the 415 V power control
center through suitably rated 415V bus duct. The bus duct shall be the non-phase-segregated
type with the aluminum conductor in sheet steel enclosure.

Motor Control Centers and Power Control Centre

Motor Control Centers (MCC s) and Power Control Centre (PCC) shall be of the sheet
steel vertical section, compartmentalized withdraw out type cubicles for PCC & fixed type for
MCC’s for individual feeders having aluminum alloy buses designed to withstand LT fault
current for 1 sec. Each cubicle shall house the necessary equipment required for control, such
as fuse, contactors, relays, push buttons and indicating lamps in the case of MCC’s and air
circuit breakers and switch fine units in the case of PCC’s. The buses shall be of aluminum
alloy and shall be designed to withstand, without damage, a fault current of 45 KA (RMS) at
415V for one (1) second duration. The 415V breakers of the Power Control Centre shall be of
air break, trip free and draw-out type capable of safe breaking of the full load current in
connected feeders. Fuses shall be of HRC type with minimum rupturing capacity of 45KA at
415V. Rating of the fuses shall be as per requirement of individual feeders. Protection and
controls.

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The major electrical equipment shall be provided with the controls and protections as required.

Controls

A) Generator Controls:

A simpler type control panel will be provided for having controls of the generator. The control
panel will be having all meters relating generator, AVR, excitation system etc. The control
panel also houses necessary indication lamps, push buttons, annunciator, etc. A MIMIC will
be provided up to 415V PCC at the lower end and up to the generator transformer at the upper
end. The 415V PCC incomer breaker from both UAT and DG set will be provided in this
control panel.

B) 33KV System Controls

A simpler type control panel will be provided for 33KV system housing all required meters,
indications, synchronizing facility. Both the 33Kv feeders will be provided with control panels.
The control panel will be located in the main control room.

Protection

The protection panels housing following relays for following equipment will be provided.

Generator

The following are the protections offered for the generator.

i. Overcurrent protection (51)

ii. Overvoltage protection (59)
iii. Differential protection (87)
iv. Under voltage protection (27)
v. Reverse power protection (32)
vi. Starter earth fault protection (51N)
vii. Negative sequence protection (46)
viii. Loss of excitation protection (40)
ix. Under frequency protection (81)
x. Rotor earth fault protection (64 R) (only for static excitation system)

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 xi. Generator & turbine lockout relay (86G . 86T)
xii. Generator overload alarm (51O/L)
xiii. 33KV System Protection

Outgoing line feeder

3 phase directional overcurrent relay with the high set instantaneous element (67/50)

Directional earth fault relay with high set instantaneous element (67N/50N)

Three phase backup over current and earth fault (51 / 51N)

Under voltage protection (27)

Generator transformer feeder

Three phase of current protection with high set instantaneous element (50)

Restricted earth fault relay (64R)

Backup earth fault relay (51N)

Overall differential relay (87OA), covering generator, generator transformer, and unit auxiliary
transformer primary.

Transformer mechanical protection

C) 415V System

Breaker Feeders

Three phase of current and earth fault 51/51N

Restricted earth fault (64R) (only for incomer feeder)

Transformer mechanical protection

Under voltage protection (27) for bus

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Other outgoing feeders

Switch fuse unit of suitable rating. Alternatively, MCCB will be provided if the rating exceeds
400A.

Motor feeders

Switch fuse units, contractors, overload relays

DG set incomer breaker

All protection as required.

Apart from protection relays mentioned above, lockout relays (86), trip circuit supervision
relay (74) anti-pumping relay (94) will be provided for all breaker feeder.

Tariff Metering

Tariff metering will be provided for the outgoing line feeders to Mahadiscom. The
tariff metering will be of tri-vector type having main and check meters. Both main and check
meters will be having only export meters. The meters will be of class 0.2 accuracy class. Both
main and check meters will be connected to same CT and PT cores of 0.2 accuracies. The
tariff meters will be housed in the separate lockable panel. One standby set will be provided to
enable yearly certification by authorized agencies as per the latest instructions.

Grounding and Lightning Protection

The earth mat of the station shall be designed as per the requirements of IEEE-80 and
142 and IS 3043 such that the total ground impedance does not exceed 1.0 Ohm. The earth mat
for the plant grounding shall be of steel conductor, as per requirement and 3 meters long steel
earth rods, Equipment grounding conductors shall be galvanized steel flat bars.

All metallic parts of the electrical equipment exposed to be at earth potential and
buildings and structures shall be connected to the grounding mat. The lightning protection shall
be as per IS: 2309. Air terminals located on the top of the structures shall be connected to the
ground loop surrounding the structures with downcomers as per the provisions contained in the
latest issues of Indian Electricity rules and Indian Standards IS 2309.

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Power and Control Cables

11kV cables, if used as an alternative to bus ducts, shall be of heavy duty XLPE
insulated, each core is screened on the conductor as well as on insulation, color-coded, extruded
PVC inner sheathed, single round galvanized steel strip armored (for multi-core cables only)
and overall PVC sheathed with the stranded aluminum conductor. LT power cables shall be
1100V grade with stranded aluminum conductor PVC insulated, extruded PVC inner sheathed,
single galvanized steel strip armored (for multi-core cables only) and overall PVC sheathed.
Control cables shall be a multi-core 1100V grade, PVC insulated inner sheathed, single round
galvanized steel strip armored and overall PVC sheathed with 2.5 sq. mm, stranded copper
conductors.

Main factors which shall be taken into consideration for selection of cable sizes shall be as
follows:

a) System short circuit current

b) De-rating factors due to higher ambient temperature and grouping of cables.
c) Continuous current rating.
d) Voltage drop during starting and continuous operation.
e) Standardization of the cable size to minimize sizes of cables.
f) Illumination system

The plant lighting system shall include the normal lighting of the plant as well as emergency
lighting to selected areas of the plant during plant emergency conditions. The lighting
distribution system of the plant shall consist of:

a) Normal AC lighting
b) Emergency DC lighting

Illumination levels shall be based on the Indian Standards Code of Practice.

For general illumination, fluorescent fixtures are taken into consideration. However, in
some places where fluorescent fixtures are not suitable, high-intensity discharge (mercury
vapor) and incandescent lighting fixtures of suitable design will be considered. This will be
energized from the normal AC supply of three phase, 4-wire, 415V available from the main

90
lighting boards. All lighting fixtures connected shall be 'ON' as long as the 415 AC supply is
healthy.

Plant emergency DC lighting will be fed from the emergency lighting panels and will
be supplied from the plant DC distribution system.

Station DC system

The station DC power system shall comprise:

Battery

Battery charger (float and boost charger)

DC distribution boards.

Battery

Battery shall be the lead acid tubular type and shall be sized for one-hour duty to cater to the
emergency loads. The battery set voltage rating shall be 110V.

Battery charger

The float charger shall be capable of floating the battery and supplying the DC load. The boost
charger shall be capable of quick charging the battery to 2.75 volts per cell. The charger shall
have sufficient capacity to restore a fully discharge battery to a state of full charge in 10 hrs.

DC distribution boards

One (1) no. main DC distribution board shall be provided for the entire plant DC system. The
main DC distribution board will have one income and outgoing switch fuse units.

Uninterrupted Power Supply system

One (1) no UPS unit will be provided commonly for the whole plant sized to feed the following
loads.

PLC based control loops turbine start/stop sequential control turbine speed and load control

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Combustion control

Turbine supervisory instruments

The UPS system shall consist of a battery, rectifier, inverter and necessary ACDB.

DG SET - Standby for plant startup

Suitably rated 415V DG set will be provided for black starting of the power plant. The DG set
will have radiator cooling engines, all required mechanical auxiliaries, Local AMF panel with
breaker (ACB) and protections etc. The DG set will be connected to the 415V PCC by Non
segregated phase bus duct or Cables as per layout provisions. Alternatively, a lesser capacity
emergency DG set can be considered with back up from the grid.

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION

The design philosophy to be adopted for instrumentation and control (I&C) systems for the
proposed power plant is as follows:

Design Objective

The primary objective of I & C system will be:

1. To ensure maximum availability of the plant.

2. To provide necessary information for the operating personnel to effectively monitor the
plant parameters.
3. To effectively control the plant parameters to achieve maximum efficiency throughout.
4. To provide all necessary protective interlocks and safety controls to ensure plant and
personal safety and to reduce downtime.
5. To help maintain the plant equipment effectively.

Data acquisition system

Control Philosophy

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Control system for the Plant (Central / localized) shall cover of following Major
equipment/Auxiliaries:

 Boiler including Air & fuel system, Startup System. Sampling System.
 Steam turbine with all auxiliaries
 RO plant
 Circulating water system
 Firefighting system.
 Service/Instrument Air compressor, System
 Ash handling/Fuel handling system / Ash handling
 Cooling water system.
 Makeup water system.

Electrical systems.

Steam turbine related instrumentation shall be provided with Turbine & all controls monitoring
shall be achieved through PLC.

Turbine Governor Control System shall be supplied with Turbine & necessary interface to PLC
shall be provided.

For all other systems as RO plant, CW system, Air Compressor etc., Control & Monitoring
will be done from local panels & monitoring of only critical inputs will be in CCR. The system
supplied shall supply the system including local control panels, complete field instrumentation.

General Description

The instrumentation and control system for boiler, steam turbine generator, and auxiliaries will
comprise the following field instrumentation including electronic transmitters, with an output
of 4-20 mA DC, flow elements, control valves and control drives with pneumatic actuators
with I/P converters.

a. Operator interface sub-system for efficient control and monitoring of the plant.
b. Protection and interlocking system
c. Electro-hydraulic turbine control system
d. Turbine supervisory instruments

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 e. Analytical instrumentation
f. Control room and control panels
g. Generator control panel
h. Local panels
i. Uninterrupted power supply

Modular design concept will be adopted for the design in order to ensure that the isolation of
the single defective equipment/accessory will not disturb the functioning of the overall systems.

CIVIL, STRUCTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL WORKS

Foundation Details

Design of TG foundations will be carried out in accordance with IS: 2974 and shall be
isolated for vibration control. To avoid resonance, the natural frequency of the TG foundation
will be kept 20% away from the operating frequency and amplitudes will be kept within the
allowable limits specified by the manufacturer or as specified in the IS-Codes. The foundation
shall be of RCC framed type supported on a rigid raft resting on hard strata.

It is assumed that pile foundation is required. A safe bearing capacity of 15 T/m2 at a

1.5m depth below GL. All equipment foundations for equipment mentioned in the scope of
work shall be taken care of.

CIVIL

Main Plant Building

The building will be of RCC framed structure up to operating floor level with brick wall
cladding and steel columns up to roof level with roof trusses and corrugated steel sheet roof
and cladding the load-bearing floors shall be of RCC construction

Misc. Plant Buildings

Separate buildings with steel roof truss and AC / steel sheeting are envisaged for
ancillary buildings. Side cladding with a brick will be provided.

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Chimney

Chimney will be of RCC self-supporting type, 70 m high, single flue designed to meet current
emission standards.

Fuel Handling System

Civil works for fuel handling system consist of foundations for hoppers, conveyor trestles,
Crushers etc., to meet the functional requirements.

Raw Water Reservoir (optional)

Raw Water Reservoir shall be earthen bund trapezoidal type with bentonite clay treated basin.
The raw water reservoir is sized for approx.300 m3.

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

PRECIPITATOR

 Precipitator main Casing, Hoppers, inlet and outlet funnels in MS, with access doors.
Gas distribution screen with special perforated plates for proper distribution of gas.
 Compression insulator house that envelopes all support insulators.
 Rigid frame emitting system configuration with twisted square bar electrodes that
maintain perfect alignment during operation.
 Panel form of collecting electrode plates - Aerodynamically shaped to reduce pressure
drop.
 Steel support structure, staircase, platforms.
 Structural bearings.
 Painting of non-insulated parts of ESP with 2 coats of red oxide primer. (However, TR
sets and rappers will be with original equipment painting provided by manufacturer).
 Insulation and cladding of ESP.
 Purge Air system

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ELECTRICALS

 Transformer - Rectifier sets with individual microprocessor-based control panels with

DC kV/MA meters. Also, protection features provided for under voltage, overload,
coolant oil temperature, short circuit and automatic sparking control etc. Each TR set
will be provided with a grounding switch.
 Earthing of ESP till bearing level.
 Auxiliary control panel.
 Intermittent energization system with features of power optimization (PSEC).
 HV bus duct connection from TR sets to emitter frame.
 High voltage bushings.
 Shaft insulators: Alumina insulators having outstanding tensile, compression and
thermal strength.
 Support insulators: Alumina having outstanding tensile, compression and thermal
strength.

INSTRUMENT CONTROLS

 Specially designed ring type heater for compression insulator, (thermostatically

controlled).
 Thermostatically controlled electric heating element (NiChrome pad type) for the
hoppers.
 Safety interlocks system: a Mechanical key interlocking system that prevents access to
ESP when the internals are energized (life).
 High level switches for hoppers one per each.

RAPPING SYSTEM

Top mounted rapping system, away from the flue gas stream, facilitating ON-LINE
maintenance and comprising:-

EMIGI (Electro Magnetic Impulse Gravity Impact) rapper for dislodging of the dust from the
collecting plates.

EMIGI rappers for emitting electrodes (Note = Collector & emitter rappers are 100%
interchangeable).

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Rapper control system - online matrix type microprocessor based rapper controller that
minimises cabling and with LED display diagnostic features for annunciation of faults and with
the automatic bypassing facility of faulty rappers.

Also provided Electrostatic precipitators for reducing the particulate emission. ESP is provided
to limit the particulate emission to 115 mg/Nm3 and the design considerations are as follows.

COLLECTING ELECTRODE SYSTEM

It has a Plate type configuration that prevents re-entrainment of particles and provides quiescent
zone at plate surface. It has outstanding strength and rigidity and exhibits excellent acceleration
characteristics to dislodge dust during rapping.

EMITTING ELECTRODE SYSTEM

It has a rigid pipe supporting frame maintains critical alignment. The system has high dielectric
strength insulators and a bus section. It has excellent electrical characteristics over a wide range
of conditions and gives improved power conservation.

RAPPING SYSTEM

The rapping system has components outside the gas stream and abrasive atmosphere. It is
designed so that rapper force applied vertically and transmitted directly to plates aided by
gravity and the ‘g’ Value of acceleration is maintained along the length of the plate.

RAPPER CONTROLS

Rapper controls are provided to impact rappers individually adjusted for frequency, intensity,
and sequence. The design is so that Inlet fields can be operated at more frequent and higher
intensity than outlet fields and only one impact rapper are activated at a time.

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PERFORMANCE DATA

The following performance is anticipated for the power plant based on the various input
parameters:

BOILER:

1] Maximum continuous rating : 70 tph

2] Pressure at super heater outlet : 44 bar (a)
3] Type of firing Grate : Reciprocating Step Grate
4] Temp. at super heater outlet : 440±5°C
5] Temp. control range : 60-100%
6] Feed water to economiser : 150°C
7] Exit flue gas temp. : 160-170°C
8] Main fuel : MSW
9] Qty : 750 tpd

STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR

1] Turbogenerator type : Multi bleed cum condensing

2] Turbogenerator capacity : 13000 kW
3] Turbine inlet Steam Parameters : 41 bar(a) ,395 (+/-) 5 °C
4] Turbine exhaust steam pressure : 0.18 ata
5] Type of condensing equipment : ACC
6] Ambient temperature for ACC design : 38°C
7] De-aerator operating temperature (ºC) : 150 ºC
8] Generation voltage : 11 KV

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9.6 Waste Segregation Plant
Municipal Solid Waste Segregation 8: Treatment plant based on Organic Extrusion or
equivalent

Technology

Composition of MSW

Municipal waste is mixed in nature and comprises various waste fractions like
Recyclables (paper, plastic. metal, glass, rubber, and textile), Organics or Bio-waste (food
waste, vegetable waste, dead animals. slaughterhouse waste). Inorganics (Inorganics are fine,
mixed material which cannot be recycled as it is for eg, thin micron plastic bags. crushed paper,
textile. cloth, rags, wood. etc.), Inert material (stone, grit, sand, construction debris etc).

Typically these fractions are present in the following range,

 Recyclables - 5 to 6%
 Organics or Bio-waste - 45 to 55%
 inorganic - 10-15%
 Inert- 15- 20%

As the waste has 45 to 55% organics (which has 70-75% moisture), it has very poor
calorific value, 600 to 800 kcal/kg and therefore direct thermal incineration based process do
not work effectively. The most economical and sustainable method of treatment is a mechanical
biological treatment process, which maximizes the potential for organics and generates biogas
and compost. Biogas can be used to generate electricity. The input waste quality is subject to
daily changes, seasonal changes and also linked to local festivals, monsoon, and any other such
variation.

The MSW facility should be planned to keep the following aspects in mind, the facility
should be planned for the future population of 15 to 20 years. The plant should be aimed at
100% “waste treatment” and not just Waste management”. Dumping has to be limited to only
the inert fraction.

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 The plant should have a minimum human intervention, fully automatic, should be free
of odor, leachate, and unhygienic large “garbage storage mounds”. It is evident that facilities
that are unhygienic have a resistance to human operation or involvement. The facilities should
be totally enclosed in modern high structured sheds with proper lighting & ventilation.

The plant should be designed to handle a variable input feed condition, based on
seasonal and climatic changes and also varying % of fractions rather than a “fixed feed quality”.

All efforts should be made to recover the recyclables like paper, plastic, metal, glass
etc. which can be recycled back. Once the recyclables are recovered proper segregation via
organic extrusion method needs to be done of the organic (or wet fraction) from the inorganic
(or dry fraction).

Organic extrusion process effectively segregates the mixed waste into these 2 fi-actions.
The wet fraction is then sent for anaerobic digestion to generate biogas and compost. The
biogas is used to generate electricity. The dry or inorganic fraction is converted into refused
derived fuel RDF, having a calorific value of 3000 Kcal/kg. RDF is used as an alternate fuel
source by cement industries and also local small-scale industries, which use coal-based boilers.
If required a waste to energy plant on be constructed on the RDF material, which is separated
from the mixed waste. As RDF has a calorific value of 3000 Kcal/kg, thermal incineration plant
will work very effectively and can be used to generate additional power.

Resource recovery

Based on the input waste, the following outputs can be expected from the MSW facility,
Table 31: Inputs and outputs for 100 TPD of waste generation
Sr. For 100
No. Resource or Output Percentage of Input waste TPD
Recyclables like paper, plastic,
1
cloth, glass, metal etc. 3 to 5% 3 TPD
2 Compost 8 to 10% 10 TPD
Electricity 0.6 to 0.8 MW per 100 TPD of
3
input waste 0.7 MWH
4 RDF 12-15% 12 TPD
5 Inserts to landfill 15 to 20% 15 TPD

Treatment scheme

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 The municipal solid waste plant is designed to treat mixed municipal waste comprising
inorganic (paper, plastic, metal. cloth. inert etc.) and organic fractions (bio-waste). An
integrated approach has been considered for the treatment of the mixed municipal solid waste
using Organic Extrusion technology. which involves the following steps,

1. Recovery of recyclables
2. Segregation of organic and inorganic fractions using organic extrusion technology
3. Conversion of the wet organic matter into biogas and generating electricity from the
same
4. Stabilization of the digestate (sludge) to convert it into a soil conditioner! compost
5. Processing of the dry fraction to recover high quality of refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
6. Disposal of inerts to a land fill area

Treatment Units

a. Tipping floor, Input bunker with rotating drum feeder

The input waste shall be brought into the facility and tipped on the tipping floor. The
waste is then put into the moving bunker via a wheel loader. The moving bunker ensures waste
heaps are not formed on the tipping floor. 111a moving bunker has a rotating drum feeder at
one end, to regulate the flow of the incoming waste in an orderly manner and to ensure a
consistent flow rate is maintained for the downstream units to perform.

The first unit is the material recovery and segregation facility (MRSF), which will
operate on a shift basis.

b. Material Recovery and Segregation section

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 The waste will be taken into a lamella screen of 120-150 mm size, via a conveyor. Here
larger sized material will be screened and taken into a manual sorting section. The manual
sorting section will have a moving conveyor with provision to hand pick recyclable material
and drop it into chutes.

Figure 15: Lamella screen & manual sorting conveyor

Figure 16: Magnetic separator

The underflow from the screen shall be then fed into the organic extrusion unit via a
conveyor and feeding hopper. A magnetic separator on the conveyor will remove ferrous
material prior to feed into the extrusion unit.

Organic extrusion-based segregation of input material

The waste after recovery of recyclables and removal of ferrous metal is taken into the
extrusion press. Here the wet and the dry fractions from the waste will be segregated in a single
step automatic process. The organic fraction is also termed as “wet” fraction and is very high
in the organic or biodegradable matter and moisture content.

The inorganic fraction is also termed as “dry” fraction, which contains inorganic
material like, paper, plastic, wood, cloth, rubber, cellulosic fiber, inert, grit etc. This fraction is
also be termed as refused derived fuel (RDF) and after simple removal of inerts and heavy
fractions like sand, silt, stones can be refined into high quality of RDF.

102
 Mixed Municipal solid wastes

High Pressure Extrusion

Wet Fraction Dry fraction

All food waste, green cuts, all inorganic dry matter like

Vegetable waste, plastics, paper, cellulosic matter,

Biodegradable and organic metal, inert, grit and sand.

Typically as 45-55% of the waste is organic in nature about 40 to 50% the input material shall
come out as the wet fraction and balance material will come out as the dry fraction.

d. Bio-methanation and composting of the wet fraction

The wet fraction from the extrusion unit is transported using a screw auger into a
cleaning system- dynamic cyclone, which removes any grit, stones and heavy particles from
the wet fraction. A two-stage or optionally single stage thermophilic anaerobic digestion
system is provided, in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the
absence of oxygen. The process provides volume and mass reduction of the input material
while generating useful products like biogas and a nutrient-rich solid, which can be used as
compost.

There are two principal products of anaerobic digestion: biogas and digestate.

Biogas & Electricity Generation

Biogas generation in the fermentation process comprises 60% methane, 35% carbon-
di-oxide and traces of moisture, hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The gas is passed
through a bio-scrubber to remove hydrogen sulfide and then through a chiller unit to remove
moisture. This cleaned gas is then used in a gas engine to generate electricity.

103
Digester

The input wet fraction is 60 % stabilized in the digester. The sludge or the digestate is
taken out at about 7 to 8% consistency and dewatered in a screw press to 30% solids
consistency. The dried sludge is mixed with structure material (if required) taken into a
maturation shed for further stabilization of the sludge into a good quality compost/soil
conditioner.

e. Maturation and compost storage area

The dewatered digestate is stored in windrows of approx. 2.5 meters height for a period
of 20 to 30 days for maturation purpose, after which it can be screwed using star I drum screen
and bagged for further sale. Alternatively enclosed composter drums can also be used to
eliminate open composting. odor and leachate nuisance.

f. Treatment of the Dry fraction from extrusion press

The dry fraction from the extrusion matrix comprises of inorganics like plastics, papers,
cellulosic material, inerts, stones and other debris. This fraction has about 20-25% moisture.
This fraction is taken into a double deck 80/20 mm lamella screen, to remove the smaller
fractious like sand, grit, and inerts, which is taken out as inerts to the landfill site. The larger
fraction is taken to a ballistic sifter to remove heavy fraction/ stones etc.

The balance material from the wind sifter is very high-quality RDF that can be sold as
an alternative fuel or can be used as a fuel in the waste to energy plant for power generation.

Land requirement

Municipal waste Treatment plant: 2.0 hectares

104
Capital Cost

The budgetary capital investment for a complete MSW facility (end to end) including complete
infrastructure, civil works, electro-mechanical work for a 100 TPD organic extrusion MSW
facility is Rs. 40.00 Crs.
Table 32: Operations and Maintenance

S No. Head Cost

1 Power 200
2 Diesel 25
3 Manpower 80
4 Maintenance 250
5 Landfill operation 35
6 Administration 25
7 Bailing cost 35
8 Compost Bagging 30
10 Miscellaneous 20
Total (Rs/Ton) 700
Total (Rs/Day) 700*100= 70,000 Rs/day

Revenue generation

The revenue generation is based on actual input waste quantity.

Revenue generation based on 100 TPD of waste

Table 33: Revenue generation

Quantity of waste 100 TPD

Sr. Quantity Unit Rate Amount
No. Item % TPD Rs./Kg Rs./day
1 Recyclables 3% 3 2 6,000
1 Compost 10% 10 1 10,000
2 RDF 12% 12 1 12,000
3 Electricity MW 0.7 4 67,000
95,000 =
Sub Total 950 Rs/day

105
 1. O&M expense: Rs. 700 / Ton
2. Revenue: Rs. 950 Rs/ Ton
3. Income: 950-700=250Rs/Ton

Operator earns an income of Rs. 250 per ton of waste treated, or Approx. 1.0 cr per annum.

Conclusion and Remarks

It is desirable that a proper MSW facility based on Organic Extrusion segregation

system is implemented for Treatment and Disposal of the Municipal solid waste. The plant is
completely enclosed, with minimum odor & leachate, neat and clean. The process is expected
to ensure 100% segregation of waste into wet and dry fractions so that proper downstream
treatment takes place. Automation and use of proper equipment ensure that there is a minimal
human interface with Garbage. The process maximizes the recovery of recyclables and
resources from the waste.

Revenue generated from the plant is a source of income for the operator to offset its
operating expense. Carbon credits can also be earned from the plant.

9.7 E-Waste Storage Facility

It is proposed that the PMC should construct and operate an E-waste storage facility
where about 10,000 MT of E-waste of all description may be stored. It is proposed that a facility
spread over about 5000 sqm with an office, weighbridge, security arrangements, CCTV
monitoring and regulated entry and exit should be created and maintained. The waste should
be delivered by the generators in the PMC-PCMC region for storage and further disposal of
processors. The PMC should charge the generators for using the storage area on monthly basis
per ton of waste deposited.

It is estimated that a secure facility as envisaged can be created at a cost of Rs. 10.00 Crs.
Subject to PMC’s approval to this proposal the specific details shall be incorporated in the final
DPR.

106
CHAPTER 10. DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL
In the design for development of secured engineered landfill for Pune, the basis proposals
for site engineering encompass,

 To develop and maintain the sanitary landfill site

 To avoid the groundwater contamination
 To ensure the safe disposal of process rejects of municipal solid waste

MSW Guidelines for Sanitary Landfill Design

As per the Municipal Solid, Waste (Management and Handling), 2016, Part – II –
Section 3 – Sub-Section (ii), Rule 6(1), 6(3) and 7 (2) the sanitary landfill shall comply with
the following,

The sanitary landfill shall be provided with fence, security gate, approach and internal
roads, waste inspection facility, weighbridge, equipment and machinery, infrastructure like
water supply, lighting, etc. and health inspection facilities.

Waste shall be compacted adequately and provided with a daily cover of minimum
10cm of soil inert debris.

Prior to commencement of monsoon intermediate cover of thickness, 45cm has to be

provided with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper
drainage berms shall be provided to divert runoff from the active cell of the landfill.

The minimum bottom layer specifications shall be a composite barrier having 1.5mm
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane overlying 90 cm of soil (clay/amended soil)
having permeability coefficient not greater than 1X10-7cm/sec. The highest level of water table
shall be 2m below the clay/amended soil layer.

The final cover shall have a barrier layer comprising of 60cm of clay/amended soil with
permeability coefficient not greater than 1X10-7cm/sec., on the top of the barrier soil layer
there shall be a drainage layer of 15cm and on the top of drainage layer there shall be a
vegetative layer of 45cm thick.

107
 In order to prevent the pollution problems stormwater diversion drains, leachate
collection and treatment system and preventive measures for runoff from landfill area entering
any stream, lake, river or pond shall be provided.

The buffer zone around the landfill site and a vegetative cover over the completed site
shall be provided.

The post-closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen years and
long-term monitoring plan shall be prepared.

As per the SWM Rules, 2016 sanitary landfill shall be designed for 20 years. Since the
landfill will be developed in a phased manner and it is also expected that quantity &
characteristic of MSW changes with time initially landfill is designed for 10 years.

Sanitary Landfill Design Concepts

Landfill design involves the development of the concept, adoption of suitable procedure
and safety considerations. The landfill is a typical combination of different component and
each of these components has to be designed separately. For this process, standard design
procedure by CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, United States
Environmental Protection Agency's Manual on Solid Waste Management (Subpart - D, Design
Criteria) and Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules have been adopted.
Design concepts for the following components have been developed.

Assessment of landfill volume and area required

1. Landfill life
2. Design of Leachate collection system
3. Design of liner system
4. Assessment of landfill gas generation
5. Design of landfill gas collection system
6. Design of final cover system
7. Landfill Area and Volume

As presented in the earlier chapters, the quantity of waste disposed of in the landfill is about
50 TPD. A below and above ground landfill design is proposed. The basic cross-section of the

108
landfill is designed as a trapezium with a bottom slope of 1:1 and depth 5 m and top slope of
1:3 and height 15m. The bottom portion of the landfill shall be below ground level and the top
portions shall be above ground level. The landfill has been designed for 400 TPD and details
are given below.
Table 34: Designing of a Sanitary Landfill

Quantity of waste to be disposed 400 Tons per day

Design life 5 Years
Total quantity of waste to be disposed 7,30,000 Tons
Compacted Density of landfill waste 1 Ton/cum
Volume of waste to be disposed 7,30,000 Cum
Average height 20 m
Area of landfill 36,500 Sq. m

109
Design of Landfill

Location Criteria

The disposal site has been examined whether the site met the criteria set out as per CPHEEO
Manual, the assessment of the site is given below in table 37
Table 35: Location criteria as per CPHEEO Manual
Location
Criteria as per CPHEEO
Applicability Remarks
Manual
Landfill location should not Not existing. There is no
This criterion met the
be less than 200m from lake lake/pond within the 200km
CPHEEO Manual.
or pond from the landfill site
Landfill location should not Not Existing. There is no
be less than 100m from a river/stream within 100m This criterion met the
river or 30m from non- and 30m respectively from CPHEEO Manual.
meandering stream the landfill site.
Landfill location should not
This criterion met the
be within a 100-year No floodplain
CPHEEO norms.
floodplain
Landfill location should not
Yes. Landfill site is not less This criterion met the
be less than 200m from
than 200m from NH/SH CPHEEO norms.
National/State Highway
Landfill location should not
This criterion met the
be less than 500m from the Yes
CPHEEO norms.
notified habituated area
Landfill location should not
This criterion met the
be less than 300m from a Yes
CPHEEO norms.
public park
Landfill location should not
be within the wetland,
This criterion met the
critical habitat area, reserved Yes.
CPHEEO norms.
forest, coastal regulation
zone
Landfill location should not
Yes. There is no airport This criterion met the
be less than 20 km from the
within 20 km of the landfill CPHEEO norms.
airport
Landfill location should not
This criterion met the
be less than 500m from the Yes.
CPHEEO norms.
water supply well

110
Standard Design Requirement

For design and development of landfill recommendation from SWM Rules, 2000 have been
adopted.
Table 36: Design and development of Landfill recommendation
Component Requirement Reference
A 90cm thick compacted clay or amended soil
(amended with bentonite) of permeability not
greater than 1X10-7 cm/sec
Bottom Liner / An HDPE geomembrane liner of thickness
SWM Rules, 2016
Composite Liner 1.5mm
A drainage layer of 300mm thick granular
material permeability not greater than 1X10-2
cm/sec.
Vegetative layer of 450mm thick with good
vegetation supporting soil
Drainage layer of 150mm thick granular
material with permeability 1 X 10-2cm/sec
Final Cover SWM Rules, 2016
Barrier layer of 600mm thick clay/amended
soil with permeability 1 X 10-7cm/sec
Gas venting layer of 200mm thick granular
material with permeability 1 X 10-2cm/sec
USEPA’s Manual
Maximum
on Solid Waste
Allowable Leachate
30 Cm Management
Head within
(Subpart- D Design
Landfill
Criteria)
Base Slope 2% CPHEEO Manual
Cover slope Not steeper than 1:4 CPHEEO Manual

Based on the above analysis and standard design consideration the profile of landfill has been
finalized as follows:
Vegetative layer 0.45m
Drainage layer of granular material with permeability 1 * 10-2 cm/sec 015m
Barrier layer of clay with permeability 1*10-7 cm/sec 0.60m
Gas venting layer of granular material with permeability 1 * 10-2 0.20m
cm/sec
Municipal Solid waste 18m
Drainage layer of permeability not greater than 1 * 10-2 cm/sec 0.30m
HDPE Geomembrane layer (1.5mm) 1.5mm
Compacted Clay permeability not greater than 1*10-7 cm/sec 0.90m

111
Design of Leachate Collection system

The primary function of leachate collection systems is to collect and convey leachate
out of the landfill unit and to control the depth of the leachate above the linear. The leachate
collection systems should be designed to meet the hydraulic performance standard of
maintaining less than the 30cm depth of leachate or head above liner, as suggested by USEPA
Manual. The flow of leachate through imperfections in the liner system increase with an
increase in leachate head above the liner. Maintaining a low leachate level above the liner helps
to improve the performance of the composite liners.

The main components of leachate collection system are drainage layer and conveyance
system. Leachate conveyance systems is a network of pipes by which the leachate is collected
through perforated HDFE pipes and collected in a sump. The drainage shall be provided as per
the standards recommended by SWM Rules, 2016.

The leachate collected shall be treated in a leachate treatment plant of adequate capacity before
disposing of off the same to inland water bodies.

112
CHAPTER 11: ENVIRONMENT IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
11.1 Introduction
Effective solid Waste from Management helps environment in the Project Area;

 As it prevents waste from contamination of water (in drains) and soil in particular
 Reduces Waste sent to the landfill, which may have negative impacts on groundwater
and air quality
 Reduce emissions from energy consumption – as waste when recycled requires less
energy than making goods from virgin materials thereby reducing the energy demand
and pressure on nonrenewable sources(oil, Fossil Fuels):
 Contributes to climate change by reducing Methane emissions from landfills. Waste
prevention and recycling (including composting) divert organic wastes from landfills,
reducing the methane released when these materials decompose. Thereby reducing the
emission of greenhouse gases and climate change;
 Improved Waste Management services reduce chances of spread of diseases; and
 Efficiently designed waste management reduces multiple handling of waste avoiding
potentially injurious or dangerous practices.

The Economic benefits of Solid Waste Management –

Reduction in quantum of waste by diverting it to recycling and other processing unit reduces
the landfill costs;

Better managed waste management services indicate better value at same cost

An effective waste management implies reduce, reuse and recycle waste matter leading to
introduction of more & more of waste matter into the value chain leading to economic benefits;
and

Waste management is a labor-intensive activity, it helps in employment generation.

Introduction of rag pickers into formalized waste collection and segregation process is a win-
win scenario for implementers

113
 The impact of open dumping at existing landfill site practiced can lead to many adverse
impacts. The main environmental impacts are` the emissions of landfill gas and leachate due
to a complex sequence of physical changes associated with biological and chemical reactions
in the solid waste placed in a landfill. Unless necessary control mechanisms are` not take these
release into the environment causing severe problems. The contribution to the greenhouse gases
from the methane released into the atmosphere through anaerobic degradation of waste material
in open dumps is significant. It is said that on the global scale about 8% of the greenhouse
gases to the atmosphere comes from landfills. In addition to greenhouse gases, the other gases
released in the process of degradation of the waste material, such as H28 and organic
mercaptans create an odor problem. The impacts of open dumping at existing landfill site
practiced at present can lead to many adverse impacts. Damage can include -

Infrastructure disruption such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles pollution of

the road from dirty wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill. The wheel washing system
are many at times used to clean the wheels as vehicle exits the landfill site

Pollution of local environments such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifer

by leakage or sinkholes

Residual soil contamination during landfill usage

Poisonous leachate can also leak from the landfill contaminating nearby soil and
groundwater

Emissions of methane which is a greenhouse gas many times more potent titan Carbon
Dioxide due to decaying of organic waste. It can itself be a danger to inhabitants of area

Methane gases are flammable and explosive if exposed to heat harboring of disease
vectors Such as rats and flies. Particularly from improperly operated landfills. Flies sitting on
these wastes promote transmission of disease like diarrhea, dysentery, Typhoid, Hepatitis,
Cholera etc.

Promote growth of disease-carrying bacteria and increase risk to diseases like Hepatitis
&Typhoid

114
 Nuisance problems such as odor, dust during waste transportation, odor, fire vermin or
noise pollution at the Landfill site.

Pollutants found in leachate include organic contaminants which are soluble refuse
components of decomposition products of biodegradable fractions of municipal solid waste
and a variety of heavy metals (Reinhart, I993 & Brown & Donnelly, 1998). The existing waste
disposal practice will threaten many ecologically valuable habitats. Though offsite impacts of
landfills are of primary concern to regulators, the status of the resident microbial community
in a landfill may determine the efficiency with which natural attenuation of contaminants
proceeds on site. Capping of existing landfill site is therefore proposed to control pollution.
The recovered land can be converted to parkland which will improve the aesthetics of the area.

11.2 GEOGRAPHY
Pune is located 560 m (1.840 R) above sea level on the western margin of the Deccan
plateau. It is situated on the leeward side of the Sahyadri mountain range, which forms a barrier
from the Arabian Sea. It is a hilly city, with its tallest hill, Vetal Hill, rising to 800 m (2,600 ft)
above sea level. Just outside the city, the Sinhagad fort is located at an altitude of 1300 m. It
lies between 18° 32"North latitude and 73° 51 "East longitude. Pune City is located between
17 Degrees 50 Minutes N and 19 Degrees 24 Minutes N latitudes and 73 Degrees 19 Minutes
E and 75 Degrees10 Minutes E longitudes and lies in the western belt of Maharashtra State.
The city is the urban core of the Pane Metropolitan Region, situated on the western margin of
the Deccan Plateau at the confluence of the rivers Mula and Mutha and bounded by Hinjewadi
1T Park on the north-south and Rajangoan MIDC on northeast side on the south. It is about l6
km and 48 km respectively from the city. Shirwal MIDC is situated on southern side at 43 km
from the city.

The city is located to the South East of Mumbai at a distance of 178 Inns. At an elevation,
of1840 feet (560 meters) above mean sea level. The Mumbai, Banglore. National highway (N:
4) passes through the City and runs towards a Southern direction. National highway (N: 16)
Pune Nashik road also connected to the City, while state highway Pune Ahmednagar (S.N.)
road runs towards North Eastern side. The Pune-Solapur-Hyderabad National Highway (NH)
also runs from the City towards eastern side.

115
11.3 CLIMATE
Central Pune is located at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. The Pavana and
Indrayani rivers, tributaries of the Bhima River, traverse the northwestern outskirts of
metropolitan Pune. It has a tropical wet and dry climate with average temperatures ranging
between 20 to 28 °C (68 to 82 °F).Pune experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon, and a
winter.

Typical summer months are from March to May, with maximum temperatures ranging
from 30to 38 °C (86 to 100 °F). The warmest month in Pune is April although summer doesn't
end until May. The city often receives heavy thundershowers in May (and humidity remains
high). Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude.
The highest temperature ever recorded was 43.3 T (109.9 °F).

The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures
ranging from22 to 28 °C (72 to 82 °F). Most of the 722 mm (28.4 inches) of annual rainfall in
the city fall between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms
are also common in this region.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
39.
8 42.3 41.7 39.8 33.7 31.6 35.3 36.7 34.0
Record high 33.8 36.2 (10 (108 (107 (103 (92. (88. (95. (98. (93. 32.8 42.3(
˚C (˚F) (9) (97) 4) .1) .1) .6) 7) 9) 5) 1) 2) (91) 108
29.9 31.9 35. 37.7 36.9 31.7 28.4 27.4 29.4 31.4 30.1 31.59
Average (85. (89. 4 (99. (98. (89. (83. (81. (84. (88. (86. 28.9 (88.8
high ˚C (˚F) 8) 4) (96) 9) 4) 1) 1) 3) 9) 5) 2) (84) 6)
20.5 22.0 25. 28.8 29.7 27.4 253 24.5 25.1 22.3 20.2 24.7
Daily mean (68. (71. 6 (83. (85. (81. (77. (76. (77. 25.0 (72. (68. (76.4
˚C (˚F) 9) 6) (78) 8) 5) 3) 5) 1) 2) (77) 1) 4) 6)
11.0 12.1 15. 19.9 22.4 22.9 21.6 20.8 18.5 14.4 11.5 17.76
Average (51. (53. 8 (67. (72. (73. 22.2 (70. (69. (65. (57. (52. (63.9
low ˚C (˚F) 8) 8) (60) 8) 3) 2) (72) 9) 4) 3) 9) 7) 6)
4.8 5.2 12.3 14.7 16.8 19.5 16.0 6.0 4.5 4.5
Record (40. (41. 8.4 (54. (58. (62. (67. 17.8 (60. 10.0 (42. (40. (40.1
low˚C (˚F) 6) 4) (47) 1 5) 2) 1) (64) 8) (50) 8) 1) )
3 11 40 138 163 129 155 28 4 741(
Record n 0 (0.1 (0.4 (1.5 (5.4 (6.4 (5.0 (6.1 68(2 (1.1 (0.1 29.17
mm (inches) (0) 2) 2 3) 7) 3) 2) 8) ) .68) ) 6) )
Avg. Precip
itation days 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 10.9 5 2.4 0.3 67.8
2,895
% humidity 36 36 .90
Mean
monthly
sunshine 291. 282. 316. 120. 111. 288. 2,895
hours 4 8 301 303 2 186 9 6 177 248 270 3 .90

116
 Winter begins in November; November, in particular, is referred to as the Rosy Cold
(literal translation). The daytime temperature hovers around 28 °C (82 °F) while night
temperature is below 10 °C (50 °F) for most of December and January, often dropping to 5 to
6 °C (41 to 43˚F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was 1.7 ˚C (35 ˚F) on 17 January 1935

There was a disaster due to the bursting of the Panshet Dam in 1961 where high floods
in the Mutha river has been recorded. Also, floods were observed in 1997.

11.4 SEISMOLOGY
Pune lies very close to the seismically active zone around Koyna Dam, about 100m (62
mi) south of the city, and has been rated in Zone 3 (on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most
prone to earthquakes) by the India Meteorological Department. Pune has experienced some
moderate-intensity and many low-intensity earthquakes in its history.

Earthquakes felt in Pune with a magnitude of more than 3.0 are listed below.
Date Magnitude Epicenter
17-May-2004 3.2 Katraj Region, Pune, Maharashtra
30-Jul-2008 4.2 Koyna Dam, Koynanagar, Maharashtra
14-Apr-2012 4.9 Satara District, Maharashtra

11.5 Geomorphology and Soil Types

The district forms pan of Western Ghat and Deccan Plateau. Physiographically the
district can be divided into three distinct belts i.e.,

1) The western belt stretching from 16 to 31 km. east of Sahayadri — an extremely rugged
country cut by deep valleys, divided and crossed by hill ranges.
2) The central belt extending for about 30 km. east of the western belt across the track
whose eastern boundary is roughly marked by a line drawn from Pabal in the north,
southwards through Pune to Purandhar. In this belt, a series of small hills stretch into
valleys and large spurs from Plateaux and
3) The eastern belt with a rolling topography and the low hills sinking slowly into the
plains with relatively broader valleys. -

Therefore, the physiography of the district has given rise to four major characteristic
landforms namely; (1) The hills and ghats (2) the foothills (3) the plateau and (4) the plains.

117
The district has three major drainage systems namely

[1] The Bhima – Ghod River system in the northern, northeastern and eastern part, of which
Bhima River has a total length of about 355 km. and Ghod River has a drainage of about
[2] Mula – Mutha River system covering the central part and have a total length of 242 km.
in the district.
[3] Nira River system covering the south, south-east and eastern part and has a total length
of about 231 km. in the district The other Important rivers that are flowing through the
district are Bhima, Andhra, Karna, Shivganga, Pudhpavati, Pauna, and Indrayani. All
the rivers have most semi-dendritic drainage pattern and the drainage density is quite
high. Based on geomorphologic setting and drainage pattern the district is divided into
71 watersheds.

11.5.1 Soil

Soil Types

On the basis of soil depth, drain, soil characteristics, slope etc. following soil types are
identified in the district and the following Table shows the soil types and its location in the
district

Five major Types of soil are found in the district

a) Deep, Moderately Well-drained, strongly calcareous, fine soils on gently sloping plains
and valleys with moderate erosion.
b) Slightly deep, well-drained, strongly calcareous, fine soils on gently sloping lands with
mesas and buttes with moderate erosion
c) Very deep, well-drained, loamy soils on gently sloping narrow valleys with moderate
erosion
d) Shallow well drained, clayey soils on gently sloping lands with mess and buttes with
moderate erosion and slight stoniness
e) Shallow, well drained, clayey soils on gently sloping land with moderate erosion.

118
 Table 37: Soil types and Geomorphology within Pune district

sr.
No. Soil Type Locations in The District
Deep. Moderately Well Drained,
Strongly Calcareous, fine soils on Narrow, Stretches are spread in Taluka Ambegaon
gently sloping plains and valleys Khed. Maval. Mulshi. Velhe. Haveli. Bhor, Purandhar,
1 with moderate erosion. Baramati, and Indapur along the river banks
Except Maval and Mulshi Taluka remaining all Taluka
have this soil coverage. Which include a major portion
Slightly deep, well-drained, fine, of Taluka Indapur, Baramati. Purandhar, Pune-City,
calcareous soils on very gently Haveli, Daund, and Shirur. A narrow stretch on the
sloping lands with mesas and buttes eastern side is spread in Taluka Junnar, Khed,
2 with moderate erosion Ambegaon and Velhe.
Very deep, well drained. Loamy
soils on gently sloping narrow
3 valleys with moderate erosion Patches are spread in Taluka Mulshi, Bhor and Velge
A major portion of the district is covered by this type
Shallow well drained. Clayey soils of soil. This includes a major portion of Taluka Maval.
on gently sloping lands with mesas Khed Mulshi. Velge. Bhor, Purandhar Haveli, and
and buttes with moderate erosion Daund. Small Stretch is spread in Taluka Pune-City,
4 and slight stoniness Indapur, Baramati, Ambegaon, Shirur and Junnar.
Shallow, well drained. Clayey soils Stretches are spread in Taluka Ambegaon, Junnar.
on gently sloping land with Maval Shirur, Haveli, Purandhar, Baramati, Daund,
5 moderate erosion Khed, and Indapur.
11.6 Physiography and Slope
11.6.1 Physiography

The district shows three distinct physiographical patterns described below.

I. The Hilly Area on the West

The district has 15 to 30 km strip of Sahyadri Mountains towards West known as

“Ghatmatba”. The peak of the Sahyadri Mountain is at Bhimashankar, Tal. Khed
(1,420m above MSL). The famous tourist places “Lonavala” and “Khandala” are
located in this physiographic area. Altitude of this area ranges between 500 and 1500
m above MSL.

II. The Hilly and Undulating Area

Towards East of “Ghatmatha”. 15-30 km belt is known as "Maval ” which is hilly and
undulating. A strip on the West of Taluka lunnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Bhor and Western
&Central pan of Taluka Maval, Mulshi and Velbe comes under this region. The altitude
of this region ranges in between 100 and 500 m above MSL.

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III. The Eastern Plateau

On the East of ‘Maval’, a remaining belt of the plain is called “Desh”. This area covers
basins of the river Bhima and its tributaries. Central and Western part of the Taluka
Junnar & Khed, half Eastern part of the Taluka Ambegaon, Eastern zone of Taluka
Velhe. Mulshi. Bhor and Western part of the Taluka Haveli falls in this area. The area
of Shirur, Daund, Baramati and Indapur Taluka is mostly plains

11.7 Ground Water

The gonad water in the district occurs under phreatic, semiconfined and confined
conditions. Generally, the shallower zones down to the depth of 20 to 22 m bgl form the
phreatic aquifer. The water-bearing zones occurring between the depth 20 and 40 m bgl when
weathered or having shear zones yield water under semi-confined condition. The deep confined
aquifers generally occur below the depth of 40 m bgl.’

Alluvium occurs in small areas along banks and floodplains of major rivers like Bhima.
Ghod, Mula, Mutha and their tributaries. In alluvium, the granular detrital material like sand
and gravel usually occurring as a thin layer in the District yields water. But due to its limited
extent, the groundwater potential in this formation is negligible.

Central Ground Water Board monitors water levels in 49 National Hydrograph Network
Stations (NI-INS) stations in the district. These NHNS are measured four times in a year viz.
January, May (Pre-monsoon). August and November ("Post monsoon).The depth of water level
timing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon are shown in figures given below.

As per the groundwater survey carried out by Central Ground Water Board in Pune
District the SAR and RSC values of the majority of groundwater samples are less than 10 and
l.25 respectively indicating groundwater is good for irrigation purposes. However, the RSC
values of groundwater sample collected from the well located at Uruli Kanchan is between [.25
and 2.50, whereas at Kalamb it is more than 2.50 suggesting that the groundwater from these
wells is doubtful to unsuitable for irrigation purposes. Overall, the groundwater quality in the
wells monitored is good for irrigation purpose and there is a less possibility of developing
sodium hazard.

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11.8 Vegetation
11.8.1 Fauna

The fauna of Pune shows species diversity and richness this is because of the fact that
the city has diversified natural habitats such as forests, plantations, grassland, water bodies and
wetlands and public garden established many decades ago. Over the years there has been a
change in the native fauna of Pune because of urbanization and introduction of exotic species.
Development of the city has resulted in the habitat loss and posed a threat to the faunal
community. The current fauna] diversity of urban Pune is as given below
Table 38: Fauna Riches in Pune

Group Unit Pune

Aquatic insects Family 13
Snails Species 15
Ants Genus 12
Butterflies Species 105
Fishes Species 110
Amphibians Species 14
Reptiles Species 52
Birds Species 332
Mammals Species 65

The following information is based on a report ‘Millennium Biodiversity Directory of

Pune City’ published by Ecological Society of Pune in its monthly journals in 2000.1'he report
was compiled based on research of various expert naturalists in Pune.

Amphibians

Amphibians are probably the best indicators of the environmental health of all
vertebrates being extremely sensitive to temperature and humidity (Daniels, l99l). Their easily
permeable skin makes them susceptible to environmental changes, including pollution. They
are also sedentary, unlike birds that have strong dispersal ability. Thus, any change in
amphibian population alarms conservationists the most. A record of 13 amphibian species from
Pune City, Nine of these today occur only outside the city while four of them are recorded only
beyond 20 km from city center. Five species could not be presently retraced in localities or
elsewhere and may be locally extinct. These include Rana hexadactyla, Bufo stomaticus, B.
parietal, B. microtympanum and Philatus bombayensis. Much of the amphibian decline can be

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attributed to the habitat loss due to rampant urbanization, accompanied by quarrying and slum
5 developed on the hill slopes.

Reptiles

A total of 52 reptilian species have been reported from the Pune area. About two third
of which are snakes. There has been an increase in the number of species. The high diversity
at Pune can be primarily attributed to its mantle of rivers and hill chains. Mule-Moths riverbed
is an excellent foraging ground for snakes due to the abundance of prey species such as rodents
and frogs, However, much of this fertile breeding ground is lost due to channel walls and
ongoing road along the riverbed, demolishing also crab holes that shelter snakes. Similarly,
encroachment of grassland and barren lands i.e. so-called wasteland along city fringes by
urbanization has affected species such as Saw-scaled viper. Habitat loss includes deforestation
that especially affects tree-dwelling species such as Bamboo pit viper, Cat and Vine snakes.
However, the habitat of grassland dwellers like Racer snakes is lost due to monoculture
plantations around Pune. Especially on hillocks. Saw-scaled vipers are susceptible to rock
excavation along hills. While soil extraction from riverbed and banks affects shield tail and
worm snakes. Keelback snakes seem susceptible to chemical water pollution. Fertilizer and
pesticide effluents from agriculture affect the breeding of most species therein while domestic
chemical sprays threaten house geckos. Killing out of superstitious affects Chameleon the
most. Turtle and Monitor lizard is hunted for consumption of food and for medicinal purpose.
If proper measures are not taken then there will be the possibility of reptile population
declining. Possible corrective measures include encouraging the restoration of not just hill
forests but also grasslands and rocky areas from fringe villages as well as the restoring the
riverbed ecology, besides public awareness to minimize the fear-home killing.
Table 39: Reptile species richness across habitat types
No. of Total No. of Unique
Habitat Type
Species Species
Forest 30 7
Scrub 20 1
Grassland 20 -
Plantation 24 -
Agriculture 22 -
Housing 8 1
Low impact zone (Forest, Scrub, Grassland) 41 11
Impacted zone (Plantation, Agriculture,
28 2
Habitation)

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Avifauna

Pune has 332 species of birds. There are six major habitat types that include Forest (F).
Scrub(S), Grassland (G). Tree plantation (P) including garden, orchards and avenues. Houses
(H). Agriculture (A) and Waterbodies (W). The first three habitat types (F, S, G) comprise the
wilderness zones with low human impacts while the next three (P, H, A) comprise the impacted
none on land. About a third of the Species are water birds, primarily winter migratory. Black-
winged stilt are most abundant in polluted water where hardly any other species survive; few
species such as sparrow, crow and common myna are preferential of human habitations. Less
than a tenth of the total species inhabit human habitations while over 90% of the total species
inhabit the wilderness zone. This emphasizes why hill forests, grasslands and water bodies are
essential to maintain over a third of the urban avifauna. Four habitat types’ viz. Hill forest and
scrub, tree plantations and water bodies together support most of the urban avifauna. Well-
wooded compounds with large, tall trees are popular roosting sites for communal birds like
Crows, Mynas, Herons and Egrets, Parakeets and Kites. House Crows, House Sparrows,
Common Mynas, Rose-ringed Parakeets and Cattle Brats go out of the city in the morning and
return by evening. Their daily commuting routes more or less coincide with the river courses
and the hill ranges. Commoner species such as House Sparrows and Crows are showing
declining trend particularly in the last five years. The proportion of Jungle Crow to House Crow
has increased. The Red-whiskered Bulbul, once considered to be uncommon within the city
has now started replacing the Red-vented Bulbul as around Bibwewadi and Sinhagad road this
due to loss of tree cover on the city outskirts. Little Brown Dove also seems to be declining.
The removal of age-old Banyan and other fig trees from Pune-Paud road, Pune-Panshet road.
Pune-Satara- Bangalore Highway and University road is probably preventing the Common
Green Pigeon from visiting the area. The waders along rivers, streams, and lakes have declined
significantly. However, there may not be much change in the population of Egrets and common
Ducks. The little Cormorant, considered to be an uncommon bird in the past, has now become
numerous, especially along the rivers Mula-Mutha. The Black-winged Stilt has also become
numerous, especially around those spots, where sewage water enters the river. Pied Kingship
has also declined in number, particularly along the much-polluted stretch of the Mula-Mutha,
where turbid water prevents it from fishing. Non-insectivorous species of grassland and
cultivations have not declined compared to the insectivorous species. Species such as Magpie-
Robin, Iora, Sunbirds, Tailorbird, Red-vented Bulbul, which are indirectly associated with

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urban habitats have not been affected. Owls as a whole except the Spotted Owlet are showing
a declining trend.
Table 40: Species Diversity and Exclusivity Distribution across habitat types
Species Total Unique
Agriculture (A) 100 1
Forest (F) 125 40
Scrub (S) 140 10
Grassland (G) 55 2
Habitations (H) 30 2
Plantations (P) 80 -
Water bodies (W) 105 80
Wilderness (FGSWu) 300 180
Impacted zone (AHPWp) 105 10

Mammals
Pane urban area hosts 65 species of mammals, ranking highest amongst India
metropolis. Despite the extinction of few species and general population decline or rein-eat,
rodents, particularly rats and mice appear flourishing. Squirrels can be spotted aplenty during
the day, unlike most other species. Fruit bats have benefited most due to urbanization, where
home gardens bear many fruit trees. Besides carnivores, herbivores inhibiting hills but foraging
on crops in the plains are main sufferer’s hill deforestation. Until two decades ago, thickets
along the Katraj and Pashan lake were the favorite haunt of Jungle Cat that has disappeared
today, as housing colonies have enveloped the lake. The wild boar has shifted to a less impacted
Shivganga basin across the Katraj hills. Besides habitat loss urbanization has also resulted in
habitat degradation or disturbance. The dense network of overhead electric wires poles and
transformers in the city has become hazardous for some mammals. Flying foxes are the most
vulnerable. Wild boar is the most heavily persecuted animal, having been shot, poisoned and
even bombed decreasing its number to 8-10 individuals two decades ago.
Table 41: Mammal Species Richness of Pune habitats
No. of Total % of Unique
Habitat Type
Species Species
Forest (F) 38 30
Scrub (S) 20 10
Grassland (G) 10 6
Plantations (P) 12 -
Agriculture (A) 22 -
Habitations (H) 15 6
Low impact zone (Forest, Scrub, Grassland ) 42 30
Impacted zone (Plantation, Agriculture,
36 6
Habitation)

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11.8.2 Flora

Pune Municipal Corporation has already developed 67 gardens in the city, and 32 more
gardens are in the pipeline. Within short time PMC will cross the number of 100 gardens in the
city.

Corporation has undertaken some theme parks beautification projects. Proposed Beautification

Projects

1. 1. Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park - Katraj - 165 AC

2. 2. Ayurvedic Garden - Kondhawa - 6 AC
3. 3. Smrutivan Udyan - Kothrud Depot - 3 AC
4. 4. P. L. Deshpande Udyan - Sinhgad Road - 35 AC
5. 5. Nakshatra Udyan - Mukundnagar - 1 AC
6. 6. Palm Garden - Yerawada - 8 AC
7. 7. River Beautification - Mutha River
(Source: Garden Depart-neat. PMC)

There are some gardens in Pune, which are maintained by some private organizations.
Some gardens in this category are as follows:

List of Private Organizations maintaining Gardens

1. Kamala Nehru Park - Kalyani Steel Ltd.

2. Salisbury Park
3. Lane Panasare Garden
4. Bundgarden Jogging Park
5. Smruti Udyan
(Source: Garden Department, PMC)
- Poonawalla Group
- Mahavir Pratishthan
- Rotary Club of Pune Central
- Nisargsevak

The total area covered by the gardens (developed by PMC is 345.85 acres. A Boo-Park
is being developed on Vetal Tekadi. Kothrud by Maharashtra Academy of Engineering and
Educational Research's (MAEER).The forest department has approved this project. PMC is
also planning for the different type of gardens. And a Palm garden is the first step. It may be
the first garden in this type in India. PMC has planned this 12-acre garden in Yerawada within

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2 years. About 67 palm species & 218 cane species will be planted in this garden. Apart from
PMC, some local experts or groups are also contributing to the biodiversity of Pune. Recently
Dr. Hema Sane & Dr. Vinaya Ghate published a book related to rare species in Pune
Table 42: Rare Species in Pune Area
Sr. No. Local Name Scientific Name
1 Undi Calophyllum inophyllum
2 Satvin Alstonia Scholaris
3 Rudraksha Elaeocarpus ganitrus
4 Kanakachampa Ochna Squarrosa
5 Walunj Salix tetrasperma
6 Popular Populus sp.
7 Tamhan Lagerstroemia flows-reginae
8 Tiwas Ougeinia oogenesis
9 Sunrangi Mammea Auriga
10 Muchkund Pterospermum acerifolium
11 Kanchan Bauhinia retusa
12 Pine Pinus longifolia
13 Red Sedar Acrocarpus fraxinifolius
14 Sita Ashok Saraca asoaca
15 Gorakh Chinch Adansonia digitata
16 Kadam Autocephalous Kadamba
17 Sami Prosopis spectra
18 Kanchanraj Bauhinia blackened
19 Sitaranjan Citharexylum subserratum
20 Gulabi Savar Bombax ellipticum
11.9 Air Quality
The existing air quality of Pune area is monitored regularly for 24 hrs at four locations
in the city, and the variation in the ambient air quality was not significant over the years. The
air quality is monitored with respect to SO2. NOx, and RSPM. The existing air quality was
compared to the national ambient air quality standards suggested by CPCB. From the
monitored values for the air quality, it is observed that the NOx. and SO2. values are within
the prescribed limits. The level of suspended particulate matter (SPM) is marginally above the
prescribed limits in major traffic loads & near railway station. This may be due to and also due
to the unutilized right of way on the majority of roads in the city. Most of the vehicles such as
taxis & rickshaws are compliant with the norms and release dangerous exhaust. The existing
lead (Pb) levels are below the limits.

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 Table 43: Air Quality Monitoring by MPCB

Type of
Sr No. Location Station Year
2013 2014 2015
1 Chitale Clinic / Voro Noko School Residential
Sulphur Dioxide (So2) 17 17 18
Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) 36 34 36
RSPM 111 96 79
Maratha Chamber of Commerce, Bhosari,
2 Pune Industrial
Sulphur Dioxide (So2) 25 21 23
Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) 42 45 35
RSPM 129 107 112
3 MSEB office, nal Stop, Pune Residential
Sulphur Dioxide (So2) 24 20 21
Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) 42 45 37
RSPM 133 106 57
4 Near Traffic Police Chowki, Swargate, Pune Industrial
Sulphur Dioxide (So2) 26 20 22
Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) 43 49 39
RSPM 134 108 100
5 Continuous Monitoring Station Commercial
Sulphur Dioxide (So2) 25 21 26
Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) 42 46 48
RSPM 128 114 109

The main objective of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring conducted by ARA] in 2007
was to generate baseline data of ambient concentration of critical air pollutants and source
apportionment study for PM") in different parts of the city of Pune. A comprehensive air quality
monitoring exercise was carried out for a period of one year at seven representative locations
including two residential sites, two kerbside sites, one industrial site, one institutional site, and
one background site, having different land use pattern and sources of activity. Air Quality
Monitoring was carried out in 2 sets of 4 sites each in a season. Background site was common
to both the sets. One residential and one kerbside site were included in each set. Monitoring
was carried out, continuously for 20 days in a season at each site during summer, post-monsoon
and winter seasons, for suspended particulate matter (8 PM) using high volume sampler, PMIO
using 4 channel speciation samplers, SO2, NOx by wet chemical method. PM2.5 monitoring
was carried out at sites for seven days in a season for all three seasons using FRM sampler.
Monitoring of meteorological data was carried out for wind direction, wind velocity. Ambient
temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and rainfall. Aldehydes, Benzene, 1.3-butadiene

127
were monitored at all sites once in a season. To get an idea of air quality with respect to standard
limits exceeds of daily average value with respect to CPCB standards for criteria pollutant were
observed. Air quality in critical winter season is presented below-

 PM10 data in winter season is represented below. At background site 35% of times the
 PM10 concentration exceeded the daily average limit value for the residential area.
While at residential site exceed observed was more than 55% of values out of these,
25% of daily average values exceeded 200 ug/m3.

At Kerbside site, 80% times daily avg. values were exceeding 200 ugs/m3 out of which
35% times they were exceeding 250 ug/m3.At the industrial site, 90% times the daily average
values were exceeding 150 ug/m3 (24 hr limit for the industrial site). For 20% times, PM10
concentration was exceeding 300 ug/m3

NOx was not found to exceed except at kerbside sites 'in winter season, which is restricted
to 50% time which was found to be below 100 ug/m3

SO2 was found to be very well below the limits (80 ugltn3 -24 hr daily average for
residential) at all sites including Industrial location (120 uglm3 - 24 hr daily average for
industrial). At industrial site, however, 20% values were between 80 and 105ug/m3

8 hr average concentration of CO was found to exceed the limit (2000 ug/m3-8 hr average)
at kerbside site during summer and winter. 1 hr average C0 cone. Were found to exceed
standards (4000 ug/m3) during morning peak (9 am to 1 pm) and e veining peak (7 pm to 10
pm)

Re-suspended road dust was found to be a major source of PM. From the fraction data, it
is observed that fraction of particle greater than PM10 (PM10/SPM ratio) is found to be more
than 40% at all the sites during all the seasons of the monitoring period. This high proportion
of SPM is attributed to the re-suspended dust.

PM2.5 mass was found to contribute about 35% of the PMIO, at all the sites during all the
season. Crustal elements are found to comparatively higher in PMIO than inPM2.S which
indicates the major portion of the PM1O is coming from suspended dust The Ambient Air
Quality is regularly monitored by Pune Municipal Corporation. Sulphur Dioxide: The year

128
wise concentration of SO. in Pune observed during survey during 2012 -2013 is given below.
This shows that s0x is within the limit of 50µg /M3 fixed by Central Pollution Control Board.

The year wise concentration of NOx in Pune observed during survey dining 20l 2 -2013 is
given below.

Nitrogen Oxide: This shows that No, levels are higher than the standard of 40ug/M3
fixed by Central Pollution Control Board in 2009 in 2010 while in 2012 while in 2012
NOx is higher in the Hadpsar industrial area only.

The year wise concentration of PM10 in Pune observed during survey during 20l2 -20l3 is given
below.

PM10: This shows that PM10 levels in 2012 are higher than standard of Gong/M3 fixed
by Central Pollution Control Board in 2009 in Navi Peth (residential), Mandai
(commercial) & in Hadapsar (industrial) very high

The year wise concentration of PM2.5 in Pune observed during survey during 2012 -2013is
given below.

PM2.5: This shows that PM2.5 levels in 2012 are higher than the standard of 40ng/M3
fixed by Central Pollution Control Board in 2009 in Navi Peth (residential), Mandai
(commercial) & in Hadapsar (industrial).

11.11 Noise Quality

The noise quality is monitored by Lee Municipal Corporation regularly in residential,
commercial & Silence Zone. PMC Environment: noise pollution was higher in the morning
and evening hours in residential and silent zones. Despite installing 717 no-honking boards,
the noise levels were high even in the silent zones like Poona Hospital, where levels touched
90 dB in 2011. The acceptable level. The Noise monitoring data is depicted in the following
graph.

In Pune Silence Zone has been declared in a 100-meter belt around all Courts, Hospitals,
and Educational Institutes. Due to urbanization & increase in traffic here also levels noise
pollution are high.

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11.12 Process Facilities in PMC
Pune Municipal Corporation has installed following SWM Treatment Plants. The details of the
status of these facilities are given in earlier Chapter

1. ROCHEM

M/s. ROCHEM have constructed a plant for treating about 700 MTPD of composite
waste by pyrolysis and power production using the RDF from the PMC plants. The
plant is rated to produce about 10 MW power using 700 TPD waste. However,
currently, the plant is capable of consuming only about 300 TPD waste. it was
understood that the plant has been able to produce only about 500 kW power using
about 75 MT waste.

2. Disha Waste Management

M/s. Disha Waste Management has installed a 100 MTPD vermicomposting plant at
Ram-Tekdi. This plant has not been functioning properly.

3. Bhumi Green

Bhumi Green have also installed a 100 MTPD vermicomposting plant for the PMC.
The problems with the operations management of this plant are similar to the above
plant of Disha Waste Management.

Generally, it was observed that major complaints are against the fetid odor associated
with decomposing waste from the city, Leachate Management etc. The surrounding urban and
rural communities have objected to the dumping of waste for all the above plants. They have
also represented that the PMC must adopt measures to mask/remove the foul smell.

The proliferation of rodents and vectors is another major problem affecting the ecology
of this area. Predator bird’s menace is another undesirable consequence of the waste dumping
in Uruli Dewachi and RamTekdi facilities.

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11.13 Proposed Treatment Facilities for PMC
Considering the above problems following treatment plants are proposed for PMC -

100 TPD Organic Extrusion Segregation Plant

In this plant, an integrated approach has been considered for the treatment of the mixed
municipal solid waste using Organic Extrusion technology, which involves the following steps,

1. Recovery of recyclables
2. Segregation of organic and inorganic fractions using extrusion technology
3. Conversion of the wet organic matter into biogas and generating electricity from
the same
4. Stabilization of the digestate (sludge) to convert it into a soil conditioner
compost
5. Processing of the dry fraction to recover high quality of refuse-derived fuel
(RDF)
6. Disposal of inerts to a land till area

It is essential that a proper MSW facility based on Organic Extrusion segregation

system is implemented for Treatment and Disposal of the Municipal solid waste. The benefits
of this plant are that Plant is completely enclosed, with minimum odor & leachate, neat and
clean.

OREx ensures 100% segregation of waste into wet and dry fractions so that proper downstream
treatment takes place.

Automation and use of proper equipment ensure there is a minimal human interface with
Garbage.

The process maximizes the recovery of recyclables and resources from the waste.

Revenue generated from the plant is a source of income for the operator to onset its operating
expense.

Carbon credits can also be earned from the plane

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Control Combustion (incineration) Plant

The key advantages of Control Combustion (incineration) plant are as follows:

 An environmentally safe and none polluting system.

 Energy is extracted from the organics in the feedstock, which are dissociated into a
Syngas. This Syngas is available for use as a fuel to generate a significant amount of
energy and/or replace the use of fossil fuels such as diesel and natural gas.
 Inorganics in the feedstock are vitrified by the temperatures generated by the plasma
torches into an inert glassy or vitrified “slag”. This can be used as a substitute for
concrete aggregates, otherwise exacted by quarrying, which degrades the environment.
Other applications include brick making, roadbeds, or even manufacturing ceramic tiles
or garden furniture.
 The facility will be able to receive, treat, and produce renewable electricity from the
MSW and other wastes. It eliminates the need for landfilling and disposal of
contaminated ash.
 Self-sufficient in plant’s energy requirements. The Control Combustion (incineration)
system will produce sufficient electrical energy for internal consumption, and for sale
to the local utility company at a profit. It will address the energy security issues.
 The facility is compact and will occupy the small land area.
 Economical and efficient in terms of capital and operating expenses when compared to
a standard incineration plant of comparable size and capacity. Because of excess power
generation, it will offset capital and operational costs very much more than other kinds
of the plant of similar size.

Thus from pollution angle, this technology has advantage of -

1. No restriction on the particle size of feed. Thus there is no requirement of feed

pretreatment such as segregation, pulverization, RDF preparation
2. Very high temperatures imply that heat exchange is dominated by radiation.
3. Conversion can be as high as 100% and hence material left for disposal in landfill is
very very small.
4. The particulate emissions are very negligible as fuel for the power plant is syngas.
5. The process flexibility is very high. The technology is offered in small scales identical
modules. So there are no scale-up risks.

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11.14 Environmental Impact Assessment of SWM Project &
Mitigation Measures
The impact of the SW project during the construction stage as well as the operational
stage was assessed with respect to land use, air quality, noise quality. Vegetation, pedestrian
and vehicular safety and convenience, visual intrusion and cultural parameters

The potential impacts arising due to construction and operational activities of proposed facility
Table 44: Identification of impacts during construction and operation phase
SN Components Aspect Potential Impact
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Dust emissions from site
Minor negative impact on plant
Ambient Air preparation, excavation, material
1 premises. No negative impact on
Quality handling and other construction
plant site. Short term
activities at the site.
Minor negative impact near noise
Noise generation from
generation sources inside premises.
construction activities,
2 Noise No significant impact on ambient
construction equipment and
noise levels at sensitive receptors.
vehicular movement
Short term
No significant negative impact.
Surface runoff from project site
However hazardous chemicals
3 Water quality Oil/fuel and waste spills.
should be handled properly Short
Improper debris disposal
term
Positive impact. Currently, the land
is used for dumping of waste.
Land use and However, capping of existing
4 Land development
Aesthetics landfill is in progress. Development
of integrated plant will increase the
aesthetics of the area.
Topography
5 Site development No significant Impacts
and Geology
Minor negative impact. The
excavated material generated in the
Construction activity leading to above construction will be reused
6 Soils
topsoil removal and erosion. to the maximum extent and
remaining will be disposed of. The
soil of the area is already degraded.
Ecology Flora Habitat disturbance during No impact as the area is devoid of
7
and Fauna construction activity any vegetation.
Socio- Increased job opportunity for
8 Overall positive impact
economy locals
Haul Truck/construction vehicle
9 Traffic Pattern Minor negative impact
movement

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 OPERATION PHASE
Air quality will improve after the
Ambient Air Particulate emissions from the
1 construction of treatment plant &
Quality plant, material handling.
capping of the dump site.
Noise from plant operation and
2 Noise Minor negative impact
vehicular movement
Oil/fuel and waste spills.
Wastewater from plant processes
3 Water Quality Discharge of wastewater and
contaminated stormwater from
site
4 Water Usage Use of - 500 m3/day of water
Storage of solid wastes Fuel and
5 Soils
material spills
Ecology Flora
6 Land use change
and
7 Traffic Pattern Slight increase in traffic
11.15 Impact of the project on air quality
11.15.1 Construction Phase

During the commotion phase, SPM is expected to be the main pollutant associated with
on-site roads (paved and unpaved), stockpiles and material handling. The proposed activities
during construction phase would primarily involve the development of site and construction of
new plant.

During the construction phase, pollution emission sources shall be distributed

throughout the project site and shall fall under the category of area source. The project area is
flat, so extensive formation work is not expected during this phase. In addition, due to the
confined nature of heavy construction activity during this limited period, tailpipe emissions
from construction equipment are assumed to be negligible The total area of the site is
approximately 19 acres. The entire site will not be simultaneously under heavy construction,
with different sections of the site generating 8 PM in a progressive manner.

The air quality deterioration would depend on the construction practices that would be
adopted at the site. Air quality could be deteriorated due to:

a) Exhaust emissions from various construction equipment, vehicles, and engines

b) Fugitive dust emission loom construction areas, operations and traffic allowed
carriageway

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 c) Gaseous emissions from on-site trolley mounted, mobile asphalt Bitumen mix
equipment

Significant impacts of above nature are expected to occur at the project site albeit for
temporary duration lasting through construction phase of the project during execution of the
following construction activity

 Clearing and grubbing

 On-site storage and transport of waste
 Providing and laying concrete
 Construction activities
 Maintenance and use of storage yards

Various construction activities such as earthwork, excavation, transportation of

construction materials, raw material handling & storage, vehicular exhausts, etc. will contribute
to increases in levels of air pollutants, especially 8 PM. Also, use of Kerosene for cooking etc.
by construction workers will add to air pollution. However, increase in air pollution will be
nominal & for a temporary period.

11.15.2 Operation Phase

During the operational phase, the major source of pollution will be boiler stack. The
proposed project will result in a minor increase in traffic and vehicular activity for
transportation of waste to the project site. However, it is estimated that about 300-325
additional hips would be made from the project for transportation of waste as raw material and
rejects to disposal sites. The emission units from OREX Plant are as under —

 Tipping floor. Input bunker with rotating drum feeder

 Material Recovery & Segregation section
 Organic Extrusion -based segregation of input material

The products after segregation will be used as feedstock for Control Combustion (incineration)
Plant as well as existing facilities in PMC.

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The emission units from Control Combustion (incineration) Plant are as under —

1. Material Handling consisting of fuel feedstock. Limestone. Powdered activated carbon

and process bye products
2. Plasma Arc Gasifier to generate Syngas
3. Emergency Syngas flaring system
4. Multi-Staged thermal Oxidizer fueled by Syngas. an HRSG and an STG
5. Emergency generated fueled by biodiesel or ULSD fuel oil
6. Emergency fire water pump engine fueled by biodiesel or ULSD fuel oil
7. Auxiliary boiler fueled by natural gas

The comparison of Control Combustion (incineration) Technology proposed as against

other Technologies with respect to air emissions are given below –
End-Product By Product Emissions
Particulates,
Bottom Ashes Fly Nox, Sox,
Incineration / boiler Hot flue gas (500 c) Ashes dioxins / furans
Char and Syngas
Oil ultimately upgraded that contains soot Particles Low
Ext. heated pyrolysis to diesel/ gasoline and tar emissions
Plasma pyrolysis (better Char and Syngas
efficiency than ext. heated Oil ultimately upgraded that contains soot Particles Low
pyrolysis to diesel/ gasoline and tar emissions
Syngas Fuel (1100 c) to
Control Combustion produce electricity, virtually no
(incineration) biofuel, etc. Inert Slag emissions

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11.16 Impact or the Project on Noise Level
11.16.1 Construction Phase

The assessment of the impacts of noise on the surrounding community depends upon:

 Characteristics of noise source (instantaneous, intermittent, or continuous in nature.

With the latter contributing the least to noise pollution);
 Time of day at which noise occurs; and
 Location of noise source with respect to noise sensitive receptor.

For the purposes of predicting noise emissions impacts from the site, the noise emission sources
were examined during construction and operational phases.

A) CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Sources of noise emissions are expected from various construction machinery equipment.
General noise levels generated from the operation of equipment and machinery are provided in
Table below:
Table 45: Noise levels generated from construction equipment

Name of Noise Level at 16 m (50 ft ) from Noise Level at 1m from source

Source source in dB (A) (calculated) in dB (A)
Air
87 110
Compressor
Back Hoe/
81 105
Loader
Concrete
85 109
Mixer Truck
Concrete
70 94
Pumper
Concrete
77 101
Vibrators
Cranes –
81 105
mobile
Dump Truck 83 107
Generator Not Considered 75 (as prescribed by CPCB)
Hammering 86 110
Jackhammer 88 112
Pile Driver 100 124
Radial Arm
80 104
Saw

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 Since the construction phase is expected to be minor in nature, hence the possibility of
all the equipment working together is ruled out. Hence, the noise generated is not anticipated
to be high.

B) OPERATIONAL PHASE

During the operational phase, the major some of the noise are

 Noise from blowers, shredders

 Noise from turbogenerator, compressor, and ether rotating equipment of the power
plant
 Noise due to vehicular movement inside the plant premises and on the road

All the noise producing equipment such as blowers, shredders, turbogenerator, and
compressors would be housed in an acoustic enclosure; hence the ambient noise is not
anticipated to be very high. The noise level outside the acoustic enclosure for different
equipment would not exceed the prescribed standards (75 dB (A) at l inch distance from the
equipment). Equipment will be statically and dynamically balanced to eliminate any vibration
that can lead to noise generation. Blow off valves, discharge pipes, relief valves and other noise
producing static equipment will be equipped with silencers. Pipelines will be suitably sized to
avoid excess velocities that can lead to noise generation. Wherever necessary, insulation will
be provided for reducing noise pouting. The above abatement measures will ensure that noise
levels are kept below standards for the rotating equipment. To reduce the occupational impact
on the employees working in the close vicinity of the equipment, suitable ear protection devices
would be provided. Hence, the overall noise impact because of project activities is not very
high.

11.17 Water Environment

This section describes the potential impacts on the water resource due to the proposed project.
The potential impacts during construction and operation phase are assessed based on the
various project activities.

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A) CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Construction activities for the proposed development can have a minor impact on hydrology
and water quality of the area as the construction waste will not be leached into the ground or
any surface water body. Potential impacts on the hydrology and water quality have been
discussed as under.

 Soil runoff from the site leading to off-site contamination (particularly during rainy
season).
 Improper disposal of construction debris leading to off-site contamination of water
resources.
 Unaccounted disposal of domestic wastewater from temporary labor camps.
 Spiflageofdlandgessefiomdwvehiclesandwastewaerarmgemmedfiunomsiwactivities
such as vehicles washing, workshop etc.

Construction and Development of site

Development of the proposed site could lead to stockpiling and excavation activity on thereby
causing erosion of hose soil. The runoff from the site may contain high quantity of suspended
solids (SS). The impact of runoff may not be very significant except during rainy season. Ember
construction of garland drains will reduce the runoff from the stockpiles.

Labour Activities

During the construction phase, wastewater shall be generated from labor activities on site
Wastewater generated would be characterized by high levels of BOD. SS, Nitrogen and E. Coli.
Significant water quality impact will occur if the sewage is disposed of without any prior
treatment. Since most of the people would be deployed locally, the impact from labor colony
is not anticipated to be very high. Temporary soak pits and septic tanks shall be constructed on
the site during the construction phase to mitigate the impact.

The project implementation would involve various construction activities. The following
section summarizes the water requirement, its sources, and management of wastewater.

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B) OPERATIONAL PHASE

Water Requirements:

During the operation phase of the project, water would be required for the following activities

Domestic consumption and service requirement

Air cooled condensers shall be provided to reduce the water consumption

The water demand for the proposed facility has been estimated as 25(1) m3lday. PMC will
provide the required water quantity from their source

Some wastewater generated locally shall be treated in the Leachate treatment plants at landfill
sites. The municipal waste arriving at the site will be unloaded into two pits. Which will be
covered. The small quantities of leachate generated will be collected in the sump and treated
in Treatment Plant.

11.18 Land and Environment

11.18.1 Impacts on Land use & aesthetics

The existing waste disposal site is open land and no change in the land use of the site
due to the proposed project is anticipated. With the development of the proposed plant, the
green belt would be developed and other aesthetic changes would be made to the plant site,
thereby mating overall positive impact on the aesthetics of the site. The existing landfill site in
use is being closed following guidelines of MOEF and green cover will be developed on it.
Part of Landfill site will be used for the construction of Control Combustion (incineration)
Plant (4 acres) & Orex Plant (10 acres) and remaining area will be converted to the scientific
landfill for further use.

11.18.2 Impacts in Topography & Geology

The proposed site is plain land, hence the topography as well as geology is not
anticipated to change due to the proposed project. No additional environmental stresses will be
imposed by the project on these parameters and hence no significant impacts are expected.

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11.18.3 Impacts on soils

A) CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Impact on soil owing to the project construction activity includes soil erosion, compaction,
physical and chemical desegregations. The proposed plant will be developed on the open land,
hence no negative impact due to the development is anticipated.

B) OPERATION PHASE

No significant impact is expected on the soils on and around the site, due to the following
management measures:

The input waste shall be brought into the facility and tipped on the tipping floor. The Waste is
then put into the moving bunker via a wheel loader. The moving bunker ensures waste heaps
are not formed on the tipping floor. The moving bunker has a rotating drum feeder at one end,
to regulate the flow of the incoming waste in an orderly manner and to ensure a consistent flow
rate is maintained for the downstream units to perform.

All solid wastes and hazardous wastes from the plant complex are collected properly and
disposed of.

The entire plant site area is well drained and thus there is no leaching of any substances in case
of spills, which are well confined and decontaminated.

Reject treatment

Hence, no negative impact on soil quality on the project site is expected due to the proposed
project activities.

Impacts due to waste disposal

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CONSTRUCTION PHASE

During the construction phase, the typical solid waste will be generated from the project
includes waste from land clearing activities and construction waste. Impacts from construction
waste may arise owing to storage on site, transportation, workshops, etc. Proposed mitigation
plan suggests maximum reuse/recycling of construction waste on-site or removal of waste at
the site and proper disposal, which would reduce the impact significantly.

The proposed project will not have significant impacts, owing to the following measures:

 Unloading of incoming municipal waste in a covered storage area Spray of herbal

pesticide in the receiving pits for reducing odor, pest, and rodents
 The small quantities of leachate generated will be collected in the sump and treated
before disposal.
 Appropriate management of solid rejects (approx 15 to 20% of the total waste) from
different processing activity
 Providing ultrasonic hooters to mitigate bird menace around the project site

11.19 Impacts on Ecological Environment

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

The potential impacts of project construction on terrestrial ecological potential sources include:

11.19.1 Terrestrial Ecology

Site formation: The existing land cover and physiognomy support plant species typical
of habitats and having a low plant diversity and simple structure. Due to the commonness of
the species recorded and a small area of habitats for herbs and shrubs to be lost, potential
impacts to flora are considered minor. During the construction stage; removal of understorey
(shrubs and herbs) will reduce the habitat for a few faunal species. It will be temporary and
suitable alternatives are available in nearby areas. The proposed peripheral greenbelt will
provide a much better habitat for those species than earlier. Noise,

Air Pollution and other Disturbances: Air, noise and visual disturbance may be
generated during the site development that can affect the behavior of fauna (especially bird,
butterflies and other insects, reptiles and very small mammalian species} of the adjacent
habitats. These species will be temporarily affected and may be migrated to nearby areas.

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However, alternative habitats are available in nearby areas, and disturbance is going to confine
to the construction period only. Besides, these activities and the resulting impact on the existing
ecology would be suitably compensated and mitigated adopting comprehensive EMP. Hence;
the potential impacts to faunal groups from this source are ranked minor.

(B) OPERATION STAGE

This section of the report considers the potential impacts of the project during the
operation on terrestrial ecology and potential sources of impact include air, noise pollution,
wastewater and other disturbances.

Potential impacts of project operation on terrestrial ecology include long-term air and
noise pollution and disturbance generated by area lighting and traffic. Based on the limited
fauna community and important flora observed in the buffer zone and the existing land use
pattern of the surroundings, potential impacts to fauna from this source are ranked as minimal.

Since most terrestrial fauna recorded or reported to occur in the study area are disturbance
tolerant and some are dwellers of typical rural setting hence, operational impacts are ranked as
minimal. In addition, a green belt will be included in the development plan. This will provide
habitats for a few faunal groups. No impact on the local ecology is expected from the
background sources during the operational stage.

11.20 Impacts on Socio-economic Environment

Based on the nature and type of impacts, the assessment has been divided into three
categories i.e. Positive, negative and negligible impacts. For example, the positive impacts are
job creation for men and women, better utilization of land, preservation of the environment,
and infrastructure development. Long-term impacts have taken into account i.e. demography,
aesthetics, accessing utilities and impact on archaeological sites. Negative impacts include
adverse impacts on health, air pollution including noise, road safety, and odor.

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A) POSITIVE IMPACTS

Job Opportunity: During the social impact assessment process, locals raised the
question regarding more job opportunities. The occupational profile of the region is such that
the locals can be good sources of labor during construction phase especially the ones residing
in the nearby locality and villages and can look forward to benefiting due to more jobs
availability. The benefit related to the direct employment associated with the construction.

During the operations phase, one of the project activities would comprise of segregation
of waste. The locals inhabiting the neighboring villages, who have been performing the task of
informal waste collection, can be harnessed for this specific activity during the operational
phase. The plant would, therefore, provide employment opportunities during construction and
operation phase. Thus, the impact on employment due to construction and operation of the
plant can be considered as “significantly positive”.

Benefits to women /poor section: The proposed facility would generate jobs for the
women laborers / poor section during construction as well as operation phase. Women are also
likely to get a job during the construction phase. This will considerably reduce their travel time
and therefore enable them to attend to their children and other household chores.

B) NEGATIVE IMPACTS

Traffic and Transport: With the construction of the plant, the traffic in the area is likely
to Increase, particularly during the construction phase. The increase in tunic may create
congestion, potential delays, and inconvenience for residents nearby. This probability of
inconvenience faced due to the movement of trucks (hiring construction plane would be
negligible since the trucks would be allowed to transport construction material during the night
and non-peak hours. Furthermore, the traffic study and Transportation Management Plan being
developed for the project would further reduce the negative impact of the traffic increment.

Transient Labour population: Labours for the project would be from surrounding areas.
A maximum of 400 labors would be working on the site and most of them would be locals. No
significant pressure on local infrastructure is envisaged if a small percentage of laborers settle
in and around the site during the construction phase.

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 Health: Health impacts are envisaged during the operations phase, particularly the
effects of air pollutants on the employees working within the plant and the effects of the release
of certain polluting components in the localities surrounding the plant. However, inbuilt
precautions have been designed for the same. Since adequate measures have been envisaged in
the project design, this is unlikely to happen and therefore no likely adverse impact on people’s
health is predicted. Therefore, the impact significance of the operation stage vis-a-vis public
health is very low. Public consultations were conducted in order to inform them about the
proposed project. Locals were also communicated about the safety aspects incorporated in the
project design.

Noise: The noise levels expected from the planned operating conditions are likely to be
within acceptable levels.

C) NEGLIGIBLE IMPACTS

Demography: During the construction phase, a maximum of 400 workers could be

deployed. Majority of the labor is likely to be recruited locally and only skilled workers would
be from Outside, which is anticipated to be very small and will not alter the existing
demographic profile of the area. During the operation phase also, the facility would not lead to
migration or relocation of any group to the proposed site. A very small fraction of people
working in the complex may come and settle near the site. Therefore, the project is not likely
to significantly alter the existing demographic profile and the existing population density.
Therefore, the impact on demography due to construction and operation of the proposed
integrated waste management facility can be considered as “no impact”.

Impact on accessing utilities: Utilities include the supply of water, electricity and
sewage facilities. Residents in the neighborhood would not face bottlenecks in accessing utility
services such water supply, electricity or sewage facilities due to upcoming of the project in
the area. Hence, impact on existing utilities due to construction and operation of the proposed
waste management facility can be considered as “no impact”.

Impact on Historical, Archaeological and Architectural Sites: There are no historical

or archaeological monuments of significance within the study area and hence negative impact
in this regard is anticipated.

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Air Pollution Mitigation

During project initiation and construction period, the adverse impacts on ambient air
quality are anticipated to occur mainly due to site clearance activities, construction material
movement, and during various road construction activities.

For mobile source emissions

Dust covers should be provided on the vehicles to be used for transportation of materials
Prone to fugitive dust emissions Construction requiring street closings should be carried out
during non-peak hours Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should not be permitted
during periods when they are being unloaded or are not on active use Construction site should
be sprinkled with water to minimize the fugitive dust Trucks carrying cement, gravel, and sand
will have to travel to site and may cause dust emission. Therefore ready-mix concrete carried
in enclosed container may be better option as compared to on-site batch mixing

For stationary source emissions

All stationary equipment should be located as far away as possible from sensitive
receptor locations in order to allow dispersion of emitted pollutants Areas prone to fugitive
dust emissions due to activities such as demolition, excavation, grading sites and routes of
delivery vehicles across patches of exposed earth should be frequently watered to suppress re-
entrained dust Apart from these, the equipment/ machines and vehicles should be always kept
in good state of repairs to minimize emissions. Low emission construction vehicles/ equipment
should be used wherever feasible. Construction areas should be enclosed, wherever possible

Exhaust and noise emission of construction equipment shall adhere to emission norms
as laid out by MoEF/CPCB

The contractor shall ensure that the batching plant is located away hour the residential
areas and shall be licensed and authorized for operation by the concerned authorities Periodic
inspection of the site shall be carried out to ensure removal of construction debris to the landfill
sites

A construction management plan should be prepared for each of the schemes by the
Project Management Consultant in consultation with the Contractor, incorporating the

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mitigation measures suggested in the Environmental Management Plan. Fugitive dust
emissions should be contained within the site by barriers. Dust covers shall be made
compulsory for transporting materials. Drilling operations should be coupled with dust
collectors. All construction debris should be disposed of at the Dumping Ground. Heavy
vehicles should not be allowed in the site during peak hours. A traffic management plan should
be made for the construction period indicating traffic diversions, parking area and parking time
changes, vehicular restrictions and time-related restriction.

Noise Pollution Mitigation:

The following mitigation measures are being recommended to control noise level during
Construction and operation phase.

11.21 Construction Phase

11.21.1 Site Control

Stationary equipment shall be placed away from Road

11.21.2 Source Control

All construction equipment shall be fitted with exhaust silencer and shall not emit noise
greater than 90 dB (A) for the eight-hour operation shift. Damaged silencer to be promptly
replaced by the contractor Proper maintenance of equipment shall be undertaken with the
provision of enclosures and intake silencers

DG sets, if used, shall adhere to the noise standards of MoEF

11.21.3 Scheduling of Project Activities

Construction activities involving generation of high noise shall be avoided between 10

p.m. and 6 a.m. in the residential and sensitive areas

Provision of protection devices (earplug) to be provided to the workers in the vicinity

of high noise generating machinery. Construction activities should not be allowed between 10
pm-7 am. As far as possible, maximum noise producing work should be avoided during peak
hours. Localized and stationary noise sources like generators should be encased within
temporary noise barriers. Noise generating equipment should have quality mufflers installed.
All equipment should be lubricated and maintained in a good condition. To avoid the use of
mixing plants, ready-mix concrete should be used. Proper signage should be provided near the

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schools, discouraging the use of horns. Heavy vehicles should not be allowed to use on smaller
road while laying pipes

11.21.4 Operational Phase

During operation phase, there are a number of sources of noise pollution such as truck
traffic, Blowers, and shredders. Where necessary, enclosures would be provided to ensure that
noise Levels do not exceed the prescribed standards (85 dBA at 1 m distance from the
equipment). For the workers’ safety, earplugs would be provided and equipment would be
maintained to ensure optimum working conditions.

In the power plants, major noise producing equipment such as turbogenerator,

compressors will be provided with suitable noise abatement enclosures. Equipment will be
statically and dynamically balanced to eliminate any vibration that can lead to noise generation.
Blow off valves, discharge Pipes, relief valves and other noise producing static equipment will
be equipped with silencers. Pipelines will be suitably sized to avoid excess velocities that can
lead to noise pollution. The above abatement measures will ensure that noise levels are kept
below standards from the rotating equipment.

Further, green belt development around the project will further reduce noise pollution, and
the following species can be used in a greenbelt to serve as noise breakers:

 Butea monosperma (Palash);

 Leucaena leucocephala (Subabual); and
 Dalbergia Sissoo (Shisham).

11.21.5 Mitigation for loss of vegetation:

The construction of the plant will require clearing of plot requiring felling of trees. To
compensate for the loss of trees, twice the number of trees removed should be replanted. Trees
that are liable to be transplanted should be prepared &executed in consultation with tree
authority shall be planted with shrubs like Lantana and Wedelia Trilocata, which has good dust
absorbing properties. The proposed project does not envisage filling up of any existing water
bodies. Hence the issue of impact on aquatic fauna also does not arise. There are no endangered
faunal species/birds found within the core zone.

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 The above mitigative measures are incorporated in the Environmental Management
Plan (EMP). The EMP covers all the mitigative measures suggested for the project, responsible
agencies and the monitoring and reporting schedules. The Project, Implementing Agency will
get the EMP implemented through the Project Management Consultant (PMC) by
incorporating the EMP) requirements in the contractual agreement. A Monitoring Panel to be
constituted with the objective to ensure that the policies related to social and environmental
issues are followed. The panel will meet periodically to review the periodical reports,
environmental compliance report, etc. submitted by PIAs and PMCs/Contractors.

11.21.6 Terrain & Geology

Significant adverse impact on geological resources is anticipated to occur at quarry sites

and borrow areas identified for the project. The excavated material to the extent possible would
be reused and the quarrying material will be exclusively procured by the Contractor from
licensed quarried. The quarry site’s proximity to project site will have advantages in
transporting quarry material to project site. Since as per the license conditions, the quarry site
will be addressed and impacts, if any, will be mitigated.

Utility Diversion

Before commencement of the construction, utility service will be relocated /shifted if

necessary.

Environmental Management Plan

Environment Management Plan (EMP) is a site-specific plan developed to ensure that

the project is implemented in an environmentally sustainable manner. EMP also ensures that
project implementation is carried out in accordance with a design by taking appropriate
mitigation measures to minimize the impact on the environment during construction and
operational phase. EMP will outline Environmental aspects of concern as well as their level of
risk and environmental protection measure to diminish this risk. It emphasizes how the
development may impact on relevant environmental factors and how these impacts may be
mitigated and managed so as to environmentally acceptable.

Environment Management Plan (EMP) plays a vital role in safeguarding the environment
and ensures, where all contractors and subcontractors including consultants, understand the
potential environmental risks arising from the proposed project. Environmental monitoring,
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mitigation program, and implementation arrangements are also dealt with in the subsequent
section

11.22 EMP for Air environment

(A) CONSTRUCTION PHASE

During the construction phase, the main air emission is dust. To mitigate effects of dust
as SPM the following measures are recommended for implementation.

The most cost-effective dust suppressant is water because a source of water tends to be
readily available on a construction site. Water can be applied using water trucks. Handheld
sprays and automatic sprinkler systems Furthermore, incoming loads could be covered to avoid
loss of material in transport. Especially if the material is transported off-site. it. is also
suggested to follow the following procedural changes to construction activities:

Idling Time Reduction - Construction equipment is commonly left idling while the
operators are on break or waiting for the completion of another task. Emissions from idling
equipment tend to be high. Since catalytic converters cool down. Thus reducing the efficiency
of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide oxidation. Existing idling control technologies, which
automatically shut the engine off after a preset time can reduce emissions, without intervention
from the operators.

Improved Maintenance - Recognizing that significant emission reductions can be

achieved through regular equipment maintenance, contractors will be asked to provide
maintenance records for their fleet as part of the contract bid and at regular intervals throughout
the life of the contract a monetary incentive/disincentive provision will be established to
encourage contractors to comply with regular maintenance requirements.

Reduction of On-site Construction Time - Rapid on-site construction would reduce the
duration of traffic interference and therefore, reduce emissions from traffic delay. Off-site
fabrication of structural components can also enhance the quality of work, as the production
takes place in controlled settings and external factors such as weather and traffic do not
interfere.

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B) OPERATION PHASE

Air emission standards envisaged for the project are far more superior to the applicable
National Standards. Resulting in better air quality management. The potential sources of air
pollution are likely to occur from the boiler and fugitive emissions during material handling
and processing.

i) Fugitive Dust and Odour from waste handling and processing

The Orex plant for waste handling & segregation is completely enclosed, with
minimum odor & leachate, neat and clean and hence the unloading, as well as processing of
the waste, would generate negligible dust and odors. These activities will be carried out in
covered areas with proper ventilation, which are under negative pressure as well.

To control the odor and also for convenient uploading of MSW from trucks to the
processing plant, the input waste shall be brought into the facility and tipped on the tipping
floor. The waste is then put into the moving bunker via a bunker has a rotating drum feeder at
one end, to regulate the flow of the incoming waste in an orderly manner and to ensure a
consistent flow rate is maintained for the downstream units to perform.

Furthermore, the entire process building will be kept under negative pressure which will
allow fresh air to enter the building and the inside air along with any residual odor will be taken
outside the building and will be passed through filters/water washed before it is allowed to
escape into the atmosphere. Wherever logistically possible this exhaust air will be put into the
boiler or HOT Air Generator (HAG) to destroy its volatile organic vapors causing odor. In
addition, the process operation has been so designed that raw MSW is not allowed to stay in
the Storage pits for long. The Waste after recovery of recyclables and removal of ferrous metal
is taken into the extrusion press. Here the wet and the dry fractions from the waste will be
segregated in a single step automatic process. The organic fraction is also termed as “wet”
fraction and is very high in the organic or biodegradable matter and moisture content. The
inorganic fraction is also termed as “dry” fraction, which contains inorganic material like,
paper, plastic, wood, cloth- mime cellulosic fiber, inert Grit etc. This fraction is also be termed
as refused derived fuel (RBF) and after Simple removal of inert and heavy fractions like sand,
siltstones can be ref-mad into high quality of RDF. Once the material is dried after segregation
and homogenization, MSW gets totally sterile with no further onset of its decomposition.

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11.23 EMP for Noise Environment
To mitigate the impact of noise from construction equipment during the construction
phase the following measures are recommended for implementation:

Noise Shields - Construction equipment producing the maximum noise level should be fitted
with noise shields.

Time of Operation - Noisy construction equipment should not be permitted during night hours.

Job Rotation and Hearing Protection — working hours of the workers employed in high noise
areas will be rotated. Earplugs/muffs, or other hearing protective wear will be provided to those
working very close to the noise generating machinery. During operation phase. There are a
number of sources of noise pollution such as truck traffic, blowers, and shredders. Where
necessary, enclosures would be provided to ensure that noise levels do not exceed the
prescribed standards (85 dBA at 1 m distance from the equipment). For the workers’ safety,
earplugs would be provided and equipment would be maintained to ensure optimum working
conditions.

In the power plant, major noise producing equipment such as turbogenerator.

Compressors will be provided with suitable noise abatement enclosures. Equipment will be
statically and dynamically balanced to eliminate any vibration that can lead to nurse generation.
Blow off valves, discharge pipes, relief valves and other noise producing static equipment will
be equipped with silencers. Pipelines will be suitably sized to avoid excess velocities that can
lead to noise generation. Wherever necessary, insulation will be provided for reducing heat loss
and noise pollution. The above abatement measures will ensure that noise levels are kept below
standards from the rotating equipment. Further, green belt development around the project will
further reduce noise pollution.

11.24 EMP for Water Environment

A) CONSTRUCTION PHASE

To prevent degradation and maintain the quality of the water source, adequate control
measures have been proposed to check the surface run-off, as well as the uncontrolled flow of
water in the surrounding areas. Following management, measures are suggested to protect the
water quality during the construction phase.

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  Avoid excavation during monsoon season
 No discharge of wastewater to soil and groundwater body
 Check dams will be provided to prevent construction runoff from the site to the
surrounding water bodies.
 Pit latrines and community toilets with temporary soak pits and septic tanks will be
constructed on the site during the construction phase to prevent wastewater from
entering the groundwater or surrounding water bodies.
 Pit latrines and community toilets with temporary soak pits and septic tanks will be
constructed on the site during the construction phase to prevent wastewater from
entering the groundwater or surrounding water bodies.
 To prevent surface and groundwater contamination by oil/grease, leak-proof containers
will be used for storage and transportation of oil grease. The floors of oil/grease
handling area will be kept effectively impervious.
 All stacking and loading areas should be made impervious and provided with proper
surface or groundwater resources.

Storm Water Management:

Adequate storm water will be generated from the project site. Contamination of stormwater as
possible from the following sources:

 Leachate generated from the waste.

 Diesel and oil spills in the Diesel Power Generator & fuel storage area.
 Waste spills in the solid/ hazardous waste storage area.
 Oil spills and leaks in vehicle parking lots and washing area.

A detailed “Storm Water Management Plan” will be developed after considering the above
sources. The plan incorporates best management practices which include the following:

 Regular inspection and cleaning of the storm drain.

 Cover waste storage areas.
 Avoid application of pesticides and herbicides before the wet season.
 Secondary containment and dikes in fuel/oil storage facilities.
 Conducting routine inspections to ensure cleanliness.
 Preparation of spill response plans, particularly for fuel and oil storage areas.

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  Good housekeeping in the above areas.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The main streams of waste generation in the OREX Plant are wet fraction which is rich in
organic matter and the dry fraction which can be called as RDF. Both these wastes can be
treated in Control Combustion (incineration) Plant as well as existing SWM treatment facilities
of PMC.

Rejects from Waste Segregation System:

It is estimated that of the total MSW received at the proposed facility will be around 100 TPD
for segregation plant and 750 TPD for Control Combustion (incineration) Plant. The wet & dry
fraction from the waste segregation system will be appropriately treated. This landfill site will
be so designed as not to cause groundwater contamination & odor nuisance.

Management Plan for Socio-Economic Environment

The social management plan has been designed to take proactive steps and adopt best practices,
which are sensitive to the socio-cultural setting of the region.

SOCIAL INVESTMENT STRATEGY

The project envisages addressing the wider goal of environmental protection through a social
investment strategy for the communities around the proposed project. By investing in social
projects in the neighboring community, seeks to increase the benefits to the local population
and contribute towards meeting community’s expectation of benefits from the project.

These are taking into perspective concerns of the local community and requirement of the
overall population.

a. Proper disposal of Municipal Solid waste

b. Water treatment
c. Demand for employment opportunities
d. Training Rag pickers and low-level workers at plant

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EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

The project will provide job opportunities to those people from adjoining areas during
construction and operation phase that fulfills the desired requirements on preferential basis.

TRAINING TO RAGPICKERS AND WORKERS

The waste received at the project site is a mixed waste, which reduces the efficiency of
the proposed power plant thus it is necessary to make people aware of the benefits of the
segregated waste. So it is planned to carry out awareness campaigns on segregation of waste at
source from time to time for the residents of the area and training will be provided to rag pickers
operating in the nearby areas for safe handling of waste.

Workers involved in non-mechanical work at the plant will be trained and provided
with 13“) me gears. Informal recyclers and dismantlers will also be taken into a loop and they
will be educated to adopt scientific methods and safe technology to recycle.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND MONITORING PLAN

For the effective and consistent functioning of the project, an Environmental Management
System (EMS) should be established at the site. The EMS should include the following:

 An Environmental management cell

 Environmental Monitoring
 Personnel Training
 Regular Environmental Audits and Corrective Action
 Documentation — Standard operating procedures Environmental Management Plans
and other records

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CELL

Apart from having an Environmental Management Plan, it is also necessary to have a

permanent organizational set up charged with the task of ensuring its effective implementation
of mitigation measures and to conduct environmental monitoring. The PMC already has
Environment Cell. The major duties and responsibilities of Environmental Management Cell
shall be as given below:

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  To implement the environmental management plan,
 To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations,
 To ensure regular operation and maintenance of pollution control devices,
 To minimize environmental impacts of operations as by strict adherence to the EMF,
 To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule.
 Review and interpretation of monitored results and corrective measures in case
monitored results are above the specified limit.
 Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable environmental
laws as a ready reference.
 Maintain environmental related records.
 Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants, monitoring laboratories.
 Maintain of log of public complaints and the action taken

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

The purpose of environmental monitoring is to evaluate the effectiveness of

implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by periodically monitoring the
important environmental parameters within the impact area so that any adverse effects are
detected and timely action can be taken.

In consultation with the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), the Agency will
monitor ambient air quality, noise levels, groundwater quality, and solid wastes in accordance
with an approved monitoring schedule. The monitoring protocol and location selection will
have to be done carefully. The monitoring sampling program should be discussed and approved
by HPCB.

RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING

Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for

ensuring sustainable operational issues. Typical record keeping requirements for the proposed
facility is summarized in Table.

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 Table 46: RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
Parameter Particulars
Daily quantity of waste received
Solid Waste Handling and Daily quantity treated and recycled
Disposal Daily quantity sent for landfill
Daily quantity of treated sewage received
Daily quantities of treated effluent disposed
Quantity and point of usage of treated wastewater
Waste Water Treated wastewater quality
Regulatory Licenses
(Environmental) Environmental Permits / Consents from MPCB
Records of all monitoring carried out as per the finalized
Monitoring and Survey monitoring protocol.

Parameter Particulars
Date and time of the accident
Sequence of events leading to accident
Chemical datasheet assessing effect of accident on health and
Accident environment
reporting Emergency measure was taken Step to prevent recurrence of such events
Logbook of compliance
Employee environmental, health and safety records
Equipment inspection and calibration records, where applicable
Other Vehicle maintenance and inspection records

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ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION PLANS

To assess whether the implemented EMP is adequate, periodic environmental audits will be
conducted by Implementing Agency. These audits will be followed by Corrective Action Plans
(CAP) to correct various issues identified during the audits.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Emergency prevention through good design, operation, maintenance, and inspection are
essential to reduce the probability of occurrence and consequential effect of such eventualities.
However, it is not possible to totally eliminate such eventualities and random failures of
equipment or human errors, omissions and unsafe acts cannot be ruled out. An essential part of
major hazard control has, therefore, to be concerned with mitigating the effects of such
Emergency and restoration of normality at the earliest.

The overall objective of a disaster management plan is to make use of the combined resources
at the site and outside services to achieve the following:

 To localize the emergency and if possible eliminate it;

 To minimize the effects of the accident on people and property;
 Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties;
 Safeguard other people;
 Evacuate people to safe areas;
 Informing and collaborating with statutory authorities;
 Provide authoritative information to news media;
 Initially, contain and ultimately bring the incident under control;
 Preserve relevant records and equipment for the subsequent inquiry into the cause and
circumstances of the emergency;
 Investigating and taking steps to prevent reoccurrence

The DMP has, therefore, to be related to the identification of sources from which hazards can
arise and the maximum credible loss scenario that can take place in the concerned area. The
plan takes into account the maximum credible loss scenario – actions that can successfully
mitigate the effects of losses/ Emergency need to be well planned so as they would require
fewer efforts and resources to control and terminate emergencies, should the same occur.

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ACTUATION OF THE PLAN

Any emergency starts as a small incident that may become a major accident if not controlled
in time. At the initial stages, the fire organization chart (would be prepared separately for each
facility) shall need to be put into action. If the incident goes beyond control, the Main Incident
Controller will need to actuate the on-site plan at the appropriate stage as considered necessary.
During idle shift/ holidays, the security personnel will combat the incident as per the fire
organization chart below and at the same time inform various emergency controllers for
guidance and control the situation?

An organogram needs to be drawn once the site is operational by appointing key personnel and
defining their specific duties that will be handy in an emergency.

EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

The site controller will maintain a list of emergency handling equipment including details of
fire extinguishers, protective clothing, and personal protective equipment for emergency
handlers etc. Details of fire management services of Pune city and neighboring hospitals will
be available with site controller in his operating checklist.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE

DANGEROUS SITUATIONS

These are defined as the following:

 Any fire or explosion in the facility

 Any fire in the service buildings
 Fire or explosion in the boiler area
 Fire in the waste storage area
 Exercise fire drill.
 Actions in the event of Fire:
 Basic actions as detailed above.

Extinguishing fires: A small fire at a point of leakage should be extinguished by enveloping

with a water spray or a suitable smothering agent such as CO2 or DCP. Firefighting personnel

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working in or close to un-ignited vapor clouds or close to the fire must be protected
continuously by water sprays. Firefighters should advance towards the fire downwind if
possible- BE CAREFUL TO AVOID H2S EXPOSURE.

In case the only valve that can be used to stop the leakage is surrounded by fire, it may be
possible to close it manually. The person attempting the closure should be continuously
protected by water sprays, fire entry suit, water jet blanket and SCBAs etc. the person must be
equipped with a safety belt and a manned lifeline. In case of a rapid increase in decibel level,
evacuate the area, as there would have been over pressurization.

RESPONSE SEQUENCE FOR DANGEROUS SITUATIONS

Person noticing the fire should attempt to isolate and extinguish the fire with the available
equipment and inform or arrange to inform the leader/ senior representative regarding the

 Location of the fire

 What is burning?
 The extent of fire
 Callers name and number

DO NOT DIS-CONNECT UNLESS THE PERSON ON THE OTHER SIDE REPEATS THE
MESSAGE OR ACKNOWLEDGES IT.

 Security on duty coordinators will respond to the scene of the incident

 Arrange to send the necessary firefighting equipment to the scene of the incident
 Extinguish the fire with the available equipment.

The security officer will:

 Sound the siren as per the siren code

 Inform the site main / incident controller and act as per his instructions
 To ensure closure of gates immediately to regulate traffic in such a way that free
movement of outside assistance like fire tenders, ambulance etc is available.

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Security should cordon off the area and local city firefighting staff should be notified. The
facility will have the firefighting water system but may not be equipped with staff to operate
it. Local firefighters may need to be notified.

All other management / asst. / Labour staff on hearing the siren, should STOP their operations/
work, switch off lights, fans, engines, air conditioners etc., close all doors, pipeline valves and
line up in front of their working places and meet at a pre-arranged location. These people will
assist in evacuating the residence if necessary.

POST EMERGENCY FOLLOW UP

All cases of fire occurrence, no matter how small, must be reported promptly to the coordinator
for follow up.

Under no circumstance should fire extinguishing equipment once used be returned to its fixed
location before it is recharged/certified fit by the fire chief/safety manager.

Used fire extinguishers must be laid horizontally to indicate that they have been expended.

EARLY WARNING / ALARM SYSTEM

An audible electric alarm (siren) should be located in the main gate. The different sounds that
should be generated by the alarm are:
SMALL FIRE: No Siren
MAJOR FIRE: A wailing siren for two minutes. Sirens will be sounded three times
for thirty seconds with an interval of 15 seconds in between
EMERGENCY: The Same type of siren as in case of major fire but the same will be
sounded for three times at the interval of two minutes.
ALL CLEAR (For Straight Run Siren for two minutes.
Fire):
TEST: Straight run Siren for two minutes.

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EMERGENCY CONTROL CENTRE (ECC)

The control room will be nominated as the ECC. At the time of the emergency, On-site
Controller assisted by other designated coordinators shall take a position to perform their
duties. The security office at the gate shall be the standby. The emergency control center will
be the focal point in case of an emergency from where the overall operations to handle the
emergency are directed and coordinated. It will be located outside the area of potential hazards
and easily approachable.

The emergency control center should have the following resources available:

 Copies of the DMP

 Layout Plan of the complex.
 Information regarding safety equipment, firefighting material
 A list of telephones of key and essential staff of the company along with their residential
numbers.
 Copies of the local telephone directories.
 A list of important telephone numbers like those of neighboring industries, Fire Bridge,
hospitals etc.
 Personal protective equipment.
 First-Aid Kit.

The communication equipment is checked periodically to ensure that they are functional. The
ECC is capable of being activated within a few minutes upon declaration of an emergency.

MEDICAL RESOURCES

The medical management for the possible emergency situations essentially consists of
treatment for burns and maybe some asphyxiation cases. They could cause burns injuries.

Material safety data sheets and other relevant information would also be available at
the facility to enable ready treatment of any casualty, should the unfortunate need arise. It is
also proposed to circulate any important Health and Toxicology material available through the
latest research to all Doctors.

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RESPONSE EVALUATION, TESTING, AND UPDATING OF THE PLAN

Formulation of a Disaster Management Plan cannot possibly be an end in itself. It needs to

be tested by holding of periodical mock emergency simulation and drill. Any shortcomings
revealed during such exercise should thereafter be corrected by amending the plan. The plan
should be for times to come; hence, it must be reviewed at periodic intervals. The plan should
be also reviewed and updated when:

 Major alteration or extension of the plant is carried out.

 Major change inhabitation or land use of the neighborhood takes place.
 Important telephone numbers used are altered, facilities are changed.

Mock drills activating the disaster preparedness plan will be conducted periodically for
ensuring its efficiency during an emergency as well as for refinement and updating. These drills
based on the plan will help achieve its objectives.

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 CHAPTER 12. VIABILITY GAP FUNDING AND ITS
ROLE
12.1 Necessity of Viability Gap Funding (VGF)
Rapid urbanization has resulted in over-stressing of urban infrastructure services
including Municipal Solid Waste Services due to poor resources and inadequate capacity of the
ULBs. Therefore, augmentation of Solid Waste Management (SWM) facilities and their
Operation & Maintenance in a sustainable manner by the urban local bodies would not only
require huge capital investment, but also introduction of latest and cost-effective technologies,
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in waste management and introduction of appropriate waste
management practices in order to prevent urban waste from causing environmental pollution
and health hazards.
To ensure better human health and safety, there is a need for effective management solid
waste systems. It should safeguard the public health and should be safe for the workers. Also,
it should be both environmentally and economically sustainable. An environmentally and
economically sustainable waste management is effective if it follows an integrated approach.

The main constraint in India’s infrastructure sector is the lack of source for finance. More
than the overall difficulty of securing funds, some projects may not be financially viable though
they are economically justified and necessary. This is the nature of several infrastructural
projects which are long-term and development oriented.

For the successful completion of such projects, the government has designed Viability
Gap Funding (VGF). Viability Gap Finance means a grant to support projects that are
economically justified but not financially viable.

The scheme is designed as a Plan Scheme to be administered by the Ministry of Finance

and amount in the budget are made on a year-to-year basis.

Such a grant under VGF is provided as a capital subsidy to attract the private sector
players to participate in PPP projects that are otherwise financially unviable. Projects may not
be commercially viable because of long gestation period and small revenue flows in future.

The VGF scheme was launched in 2004 to support projects that come under Public
Private Partnerships.

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 VGF grants will be available only for infrastructure projects where private sector
sponsors are selected through a process of competitive bidding. The VGF grant will be
disbursed at the construction stage itself but only after the private sector developer makes the
equity contribution required for the project.
The usual grant amount is up to 20% of the total capital cost of the project. Funds for
VGF will be provided from the government’s budgetary allocation. Sometimes it is also
provided by the statutory authority who owns the project asset. If the sponsoring Ministry/State
Government/ statutory entity aims to provide assistance over and above the stipulated amount
under VGF, it will be restricted to a further 20% of the total project cost. However, the solid
waste management initiative is facing problems. The response from the private sector has been
poor. The ministry has increased viability gap funding for solid waste management projects
from 20 percent to 35 percent now, ignoring the Kasturirangan panel’s recommendation for 40
percent VGF.

The project agreements must also follow the best practices that would secure value for
public money. Regular monitoring and evaluation should be done by the lead financial
institutions for the disbursal of the grants.

The lead financial institution for the project is responsible for regular monitoring and
periodic evaluation of project compliance with agreed milestones and performance levels,
particularly for the purpose of grant disbursement.

Viability Gap Funding (VGF) will reduce the upfront capital costs of the proposed project
by providing grant funding at the time of financial close, which can be used for construction
and deliver municipal services related to solid waste management. The VGF ‘gap’ is between
the revenues needed to make a project commercially viable and the revenues likely to be
generated by selling the by-products. Although the economic benefits of a private investment
project may be high, in situations where the incomes of end users are low it may not be possible
to collect sufficient user fees to cover costs. It is being observed by various urban local bodies
in India and abroad, solid waste management is not viable due to the availability of a market
for the by-product, delivery of the services to the customer and kinds of waste generated. VGF
is designed to make projects that are economically viable over the long term, commercially
viable for investors. It helps mobilize private sector investment for development projects while
ensuring that the private sector still shares in the risks of infrastructure delivery and operation.

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CHAPTER 13: PROJECT FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
13.1 Background
The total long-term funds required to finance the cost of the scheme aggregates to
Rs.387.16 Crs.. The Requirement of funds is detailed in Annexure. The above requirement of
funds is proposed to be met mainly by grants from grants available from Government of India
(GOI) under the SBM...

13.2 International experience

As per June 2013 Report of ‘ecoprog GmbH’, there are 2,200 W to E plants in the world.
They have a disposal capacity of about 255 million tons of waste per year. By 2017, another
180 plants with a capacity of 52 million tons will be added. Modern W to E technologies has
been commercially deployed, especially in Europe, Japan, Australia, China and the USA. In
US there are 86 W to E Plants - about 12 % of waste is combusted for energy recovery – mostly
‘mass burn’.

13.3 Government Initiatives for Promoting Waste to Wealth

13.3.1 WASTE TO COMPOST
The Union Cabinet has approved for a Policy on Promotion of City Compost. Under
the policy, a provision has been made for market development assistance of Rs. 1500 per tonne
of city compost for scaling up production and consumption of the product. Market development
assistance would lower purchase cost of city compost to farmers. Compost from city garbage
would not only provide carbon and primary/ secondary nutrients to soil but will also help in
keeping the city clean. Eco-Mark standard for City Compost would ensure that environment-
friendly quality product reaches the farmers. Apart from this, the Ministry has also eased some
of the FCO’s norms and conditions that would encourage the compost producers to sale the
compost in bulk (without packing) for the benefit of farmers.

13.3.1.1 Compost Policy:

Market Development Assistance Policy under Swachh Bharat Mission Initiative

1. Market Development Assistance (MDA) of Rs. 1500 per metric tonne of city
compost to be paid to fertilizer marketing companies.

2. Fertilizer Marketing Companies obligated to purchase all city compost manufactured

by respective cities to which they have been tagged.

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 3. Amendment on 28th September 2016: ULBs / Compost Manufacturers can also
market compost directly to farmers (in bulk) and claim MDA of Rs. 1500 per tonne. DAC&FW
Notification in this regard released for 43 plants and Notification for 47 plants is underway.

13.3.2 WASTE TO ENERGY

The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal of the Ministry of Power for amendments
in the Tariff Policy. For the first time a holistic view of the power sector has been taken and
comprehensive amendments have been made in the Tariff Policy 2006. Swachh Bharat Mission
to get a big boost with procurement of 100% power produced from Waste-to-Energy plants.
The provision in the Electricity Tariff Policy 2006 is to “Mandatorily Purchase All Power
Generated from Municipal Solid Waste at the Rate Determined by Appropriate Authority” by
State Electricity DISCOMs.

13.3.2.1 Guidelines by Task Force Constituted by Planning Commission on Waste to Energy

The guidelines by the Task Force constituted by the Planning Commission (2014) for
establishing Waste to Energy plants include the following:

1. Appropriateness of WtE for a community must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis

and should only be considered after waste reduction and responsible recycling programs are
implemented.

2. Minimum eligibility criteria for getting financial support to set up WtE plants are the
following:

• Municipal authority must select a suitable concessionaire through a competitive

bidding to set up, operate and maintain the waste processing facility for a long-term not below
20 years (DBOOT).

• The applicant must be a developer or technology provider who will actually construct,
operate and maintain the plant;

• The developer must have critical staffing on board on full-time basis or on long-term
contract;

• The developer must have past experience of operation and maintenance (O&M) of at
least one such plant.

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 The Task Force Report clearly mentions the suitability of WtE plants when total waste
generated is more than 550 TPD, along with composting for biodegradables as well as making
RDF. This is suitable for ULBs having a population of 10 Lakhs and above. Considering the
high costs of transportation of waste as well as the processed waste products and the existence
of extensive urban sprawl in large ULBs, coupled with the obligation of renewable energy on
Electricity Discoms mandated to procure 100% power for WtE plants under Tariff Policy Dt.
28.01.2016, setting up WtE Plants is ideal for large ULBs.

13.4 Grants under SBM

In order to bridge the resource gap that cities and towns are facing today, the Swachh
Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched. SBM is a Mission mode approach that integrates the two
pressing needs- massive investments/resource requirements for infrastructure development and
at the same time urban reforms those are required to sustain big investments

SBM is a reform-oriented Government of India assisted fund.

Urban Reforms

As per the Scheme Guidelines, State Governments have to commit to undertake urban reforms
both at the state level and Urban Local body level. The urban reforms to be carried out by the
State Government are as under:

(A) Mandatory Reforms

Reforms at Urban Local Body

 Adoption of modern, accrual-based double entry system of accounting.

 Introduction of a system of e-governance.
 Increase Property Tax collection by at least 85% within next seven years.
 Collection of the full cost of operation and maintenance or recurring cost within
next seven years. However, cities/towns in North East and other special category
States may recover at least 50% of operation & maintenance charges initially. These
cities /towns should graduate to full O & M cost recovery in a phased manner
 Internal earmarking within local body, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.
 Provision of basic services to urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery of other

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 already existing universal services of the Government for education, health, and
social security
(B) Optional Reforms ( State and ULB level)
 Revision of bye-laws to streamline the approved process for construction of
buildings, development of sites etc.
 Simplification of conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes.
 Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.
 Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housing projects
 (Both public and Private Agencies) for EWS / LIG category with a system, of
cross-subsidization
 Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.
 To make rainwater harvesting mandatory in all buildings and adoption
 Of water conservation measures.
 Bye-laws for reuse of recycled water.
 Administrative reforms
 Structural reforms
 Encouraging Public-Private Partnership.

13.5 Means of Finance

The capital cost estimated at Rs. 143.25 Cr. required to be financed in the ratio of 37% (GOI
(25%), State Government (9%) and PMC (3%)) as per the financial plan applicable under SBM
of the total project cost of Rs. 387.16 Cr. PMC/Developer can also raise funds from financial
institutions to part finance its share.

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13.6 Project Financial Sustainability /O & M Framework and
Planning
The fund requirement for setting up facilities has been detailed in section 12.1 and Project
Financial Structuring has been detailed in section 12.1 Once the facilities are erected, it is
important that the operations are efficient, reliable and sustainable. The proposed financial
model considers the sustainability of operations of the four (4) areas of MSW management
namely:

 Collection and transportation of MSW

 Closing of Existing dump site
 Operations of The MSW Processing Control Combustion (incineration) Plant.
 Operations of the landfill site

The basis of the proposed model in on PPP of the O&M components. The paragraphs below
details the need for a PPP model and list the way forward in implementing the PPP
arrangements by PMC. The sustainability of the PPP schemes and determination of tipping
fees necessitate projected in each of the four (4) areas of MSW operations.

Closing of Existing
PMC PP from beginning along with responsibility of IEC
Dump Site
Processing Control
PPP through Design Build Operate & Maintain basis
Combustion PMC
with Penalty a Bonus.
(incineration) plant
PPP of landfill on Design Build Operate & Maintain
SLF PMC basis with option of combining with Processing or
Waste to energy plant

Financed by grants and PMC share funded by Financial Institution or Private partner

The contractual agreement among private sector investors & PMC, for any of the above PPP
arrangement, will include clearly defined services considering

 Health and safety

 Environmental protection
 Legal aspect of compliance towards legislation
 Cost recovery/operational economics

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 Clarity in the definition of the services made in the mutual agreement will ensure good and
reliable services which will be helpful at the larger stage for monitoring and evaluation of
services. The performance monitoring in terms of service efficiency, reliability, service quality
and cost can be emphasized by defining operational standards, regulatory checks and
periodicity of performance checks through public awareness and participation.

Of late, both reward and punishment systems have are being incorporated into motivation
and efficient performance of the private operator.

The private sector may, however, be encouraged to participate in a manner not affecting
the interest of the existing labor forces, not violating the provisions of the labor laws, and above
all restricting exploitative labor practices at the same time reducing the establishment cost off
PMC. Sound through the above may seem there are practical constraints and improvements
can be achieved over a period of time through proper training, education and workforce
redeployment and implementation of a planned retirement and hiring policy. Investment in
capital infrastructure without concurrent addressed of labor productivity issues and public
awareness will be futile.

Procedurally, PMC should invite tenders to finalize the private operator in each of the
specified areas. The tenders should be evaluated on the basis of private operators past
experience in the field, his financial strength, willingness to deploy funds upfront, technical
evaluation of the proposal and the tipping fee payable to/by the PMC.

13.7 PPP in operation of collection, segregation, and storage of waste

This activity should be done by the present staff of PMC and PPP should only be
introduced in a gradual manner. Once PPP operates successfully for periods of time, only then
should it be introduced into more wards after analyzing all the other requirements

Bigger municipalities have implemented the scheme of managing collection,

segregation, and storage under public-private partnership (PPP) in some of their wards. Navi
Mumbai Ahmedabad, Vijayawada, New Delhi, Surat, Rajkot are few of the examples.

Locality/ward wise, tenders could be invited by PMC for private sector participation in
the collection of waste from doorsteps of households for a period of 2 to 3 years. The private
entrepreneur would select his own team of workers and supervisors and define the work content
to them.

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 Based on the experience in places where PPP is operational, tipping fee by way of
monthly collection charges can vary between Rs 30 for households per month to Rs. 500 to
10,000 per month per establishment depending on its type and waste quantity generated.

The most important thing for the success of PPP is that people would continue to pay if
the system delivers on its performance. The prime reason for the failure of PPP has been loud
promises and assurances but unsatisfactory performance. PMC should see this as a very
important strategy for fundraising and improve its user charges and ensure that people’s
expectations are met by making the PPP arrangement strong and effective.

In the interim, before PPP becomes self-sustainable and embedded in the society, the
annual expenditure on the collection, segregation, and storage would be continued to be funded
by PMC through internal accruals.

13.8 Summary of Total O & M Cost of PMC

The annual operations and maintenance cost shall be in addition to the annual O & M
budget of Rs. 79.00 Crs. of the PMC for the FY 2016-17. Thus the total O & M cost for the
project shall be Rs. 139.67 Crs during the first year of operation after completion of integrated
facilities.

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13.9 Revenue
Table 47: Revenues from the project
Installed Capacity 750 TPD
Gross Power
13 MW
Generated
Net Power Exporter
9.10 MW
to Grid
No. of days working 365
PLF 0.75 %
power 72072000 kWh
sale Price of Power 6.50 per kWh
Total Revenue 468468000 Rs/annum
4684.68 Lakhs/annum
Number of Plants 1
Total Revenue 4684.68 Lakhs/annum

Resale of Plastics 22 .5 TPD

10 per kg
Revenue 821.25 lakhs

User Fee/ Charges 236.96 lakhs/annum

5742.89 lakhs per
Total Revenue
annum

13.10 Financial Assessment

The annual budget of the PMC for the year 2016-17 for the head Solid Waste
Management was about Rs 368.86 Crs and for the year 2017-18 about Rs 421.45 Crs. There
was no revenue accrual to the PMC in this head. Now since the PMC proposes to embark upon
new projects and also maintain the user satisfaction through improved C& T plan by
augmenting its fleet, restoration of its processing capacity in the existing waste processing
plants and also erect 100 TPD segregation and 750 TPD Control Combustion (incineration)
plants, it is appropriate also to bring in sectoral reforms by way of introduction of user charges.

The capital cost estimated at Rs. 143.25 Cr. required to be financed in the ratio of 37%
(GOI (25%), State Government (9%) and PMC (3%)) as per the financial plan applicable under
SBM of the total project cost of Rs. 387.16 Cr. PMC/Developer can also raise funds from
financial institutions to part finance its share.

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DRAWING

174
750 TPD WASTE TO ENERGY
(Incineration) PLANT Location – Ramkekdi, Pune

Figure 17: Satellite Image of project site

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Figure 18: Proposed WTE 750 TPD site layout

176
Annexure I - CAT PLAN

Collection and Transportation (D)

Units Cost of Total Cost
Reqd Units
Secondary collection
Auto Tippers No.s 160 354000 56640000
Ghantagadi No.s 240 400000 96000000
Hotel Trucks No.s 42 400000 16800000
Secondary collection
Dumper bins No.s 250 100000 25000000

Transportation
Dumper placers No.s 40 600000 24000000
CC formation for dumper bins No.s 200 600000 120000000
Bulk refuse carriers No.s 6
Compactors No.s 4
Street sweeping
Sweeping machine No.s 16 285000 4560000
Implements
Push Carts No.s 808 6700 5413600
Brooms (1/month/SW) No.s 13462 200 2692400
Metal Trays (2/yr/SW) No.s 2244 1000 2244000
Gum Boots(2/yr/SW) No.s 2244 1000 2244000
Shovels (2/yr/SW) No.s 2244 1000 2244000
UniformGloves (6 Pairs/yr/SW) No.s 2244 1000 2244000
Gloves No.s 6731 200 1346200
Drains Cleaning
No. of teams required No.s 400
No. of crews No.s 800
No. of pushcarts required No.s 400 6700 2680000
Gum boots(2/yr/SW) No.s 1600 1000 1600000
Shovels (2/yr/SW) No.s 1600 1000 1600000
Uniform (2/yr/SW) No.s 1600 1000 1600000
Gloves (6 pairs/yr/SW) No.s 4800 200 960000

GPS tracking system, computing hardware, and

software, workstation, communication &Surveillance 50 9000 450000
system, high mast lights, CCTV cameras
Other 20000000
Total 390319400

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Annexure II - Waste to Energy Control Combustion
(Incineration) (750 TPD)
Price and Commercial Terms & Conditions (FGT - Evaporation

Hitz
Hitachi Zosen
Cooler and Fabric Filter with Residue Recirculation)

ISGEC HEAVY
ENGINEERING LTD,

I. PRICE SCHEDULE
The price indicated herein shall be read in conjunction with the AIC lists and other Agreements
and details agreed upon.
The covered scope broadly described below

1. Design, Manufacture and Deliver and supervision of erection and Commissioning of 1 x

580 TPD Waste to Energy Plant's full EPC excluding all the associated civil works/
infrastructures /water supply to the terminal point of the system I boundary walls/Construction
/Startup and Commissioning power/ Construction water.

2. Scope/Exclusion and Terminal Points and agreed AIC list attached to our Proposal sent
earlier.

3. The price offered is firm and fixed considering 22 months as supply/ construction period.
The Purchaser shall provide necessary civil work front as per agreed time schedule and
the first critical milestone for erection commencement shall be the Feed hopper level in
the waste pit by 7th Month of NTP.

S. NO Description

Price for the supply portion defined for Hitachi

1 Zosen including Transportation up to Site,
excluding entire civil works.

Consortium with ISGEC BOP and TG +Ace Rs. 235.08 Crores

2
supply

Supervision of Erection Commissioning with

3 respect to scope defined in the AIC list within
Terminal points of CTS

Total Price in INR. (Rupees Two hundred

Rs. 235.08 Crores
Thirty-Five and Eight Crore)

Scope of Supply shall be as per the Attached AIC list

For HITACHI ZOSEN INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

S. Sankara Narayana K. Sreenivasa Rao

VP & Head of BU- India Group Head - Business Development

178
Annexure III - Civil Works for Waste to Energy Plant

Sr. No. Description

Civil Works for Waste to Energy plant- including substation
1
power evacuation and all ancillary facilities for the plant,
Raw waste storage, waste drying & Compacting, Maintenance
2
Workshop, Rs. 20 Crores
Recycle Collection is, Switchyard, control room and
3 administrative building, water storage tank, flare zone and grid
system, Shed etc..
Total Rs. 20 Crores

179
Annexure IV - 100 TPD Organic Waste to Biogas Plant for
Hotel and Restaurant Waste
CONCEPT NOTE

100TPD

OREX

BASED
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PLANT( Biogas Plant)

BY

InTERGEO
W W W.INTERGEO.COM
Intergeo Solid Waste Management Pvt limited

21st Floor the ambiance court .sector 19-D.vashi

Navi Mumbai. 400705 India

Tel: +9122278326467/47. FAX: +91 22 27832448 www.intergeo.com

1. Composition of MSW

Municipal waste is mixed In nature and comprises various waste fractions like.
 Recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, glass, rubber, textile)
 Organics or Bio-waste (food waste, vegetable waste dead animals, slaughterhouse waste)
 Inorganics (Inorganics are fine, mixed material which cannot be recycled as it is for eg.thin
micron plastic bags, crushed paper, textile, cloth, rags, wood, etc)
 Inert material (stone, grit sand, construction debris etc,)

Typically these fractions are present in the following range.

 Recyclables-5 to 6%
 Organics or Bio-waste -45to 55%
 Inorganics -10-15%
 Inert -15-20%

As the waste has 45 to55% organics (which has 70-75%moisture), it has very poor Calorific value, 600
to 800 kcal/kg and therefore direct thermal incineration based process do not work effectively. The
most economical and sustainable method of treatment is a mechanical biological treatment process,
which maximizes the potential for organics and generates biogas and compost. Biogas can be used to
generate electricity.

180
The input waste quality is subject to daily changes, seasonal changes and also linked to local festivals,
monsoon, and any other such variation.

2 key aspects while designing the MSW facility

The MSW facility should be planned to keep the following aspects in mind.

a. The facility should be planned for the future population of 15 to 20 years.

b. The plant should be aimed at 100%” waste treatment “And not just “waste management
“dumping has to limited to only the inert fraction.
c. The plant should have a minimum human intervention, fully automatic, should be free of odor,
leachate and unhygienic large”. It is evident that facilities that are unhygienic have a resistance
to human operation or involvement. The facilities should be totally enclosed in modem high
structured sheds with proper lighting & ventilation.
d. The plant should be designed to handle a variable input feed condition. Based on seasonal
and climatic changes and also varying % of fraction rather than a “fixed feed quality”.
e. All efforts should recover the recyclables like paper plastic, metal, glass etc. which can be
recycled back. once the recyclables are recovered proper segregation via organic extrusion
method needs to be done of the organic (or wet fraction)from the inorganic (or dry fraction)
f. Organic extrusion process effectively segregation the mixed waste into these 2 fractions.
The wet fraction is then sent for anaerobic digestion to generate biogas and compost. The
biogas is used to generate electricity .the dry or inorganic fraction is converted into refused
derived fuel RDF, having a calorific value of 3000 kcal/kg. RDF is used as an alternate fuel
source by cement industries and also local small-scale constructed on the RDF material, which
is separated from the mixed waste. As RDF has a calorific value of 3000 Kcal/kg, thermal
incineration plant will work very effectively and can be used to generate additional power.

3. Resource recovery

Based on input waste, the following outputs can be expected from the MSW facility

Sr.no Resource or output %Of input waste For 100 TPD

Recyclables like paper,plastic,
1 3 to 5% 3TDP
cloth,glass,metal etc.
2 Compost 8 to 10 % 10 TDP
0.6 to 0.8 MW per
0.7 MWH
3 Electricity 100 TDP of input
waste
4 RDF 12-15 % 12TDP
5 Inert to landfill 15 to 20 % 15 TDP

4 treatment scheme

The municipal solid waste plant is designed to treat mixed municipal waste comprising
inorganic (paper, plastic, metal, cloth, inert etc.) and organic fraction (bio-waste)

An integrated approach has been considered for the treatment of mixed municipal solid waste using
organic extrusion technology, which involves the following steps,
1. Recovery of recyclables
2. Segregation of organic and inorganic fraction using organic extrusion technology
3. Conversion of the wet organic matter into biogas and generating electricity from the same

181
 4. Stabilization of the digestate(sludge) to convert it into a soil conditioner/compost
5. Processing of the dry fraction to recover high quality of refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
6. Disposal of inerts to a landfill area
Treatment unit
1. Tipping floor, input bunker with rotating drum feeder

The input waste shall be brought in to the facility and tipped on the tipping floor. The waste is then
put into the moving bunker via a wheel loader.The moving bunker ensures waste heaps are not
formed on the tipping floor. The moving bunker has a rotating drum feeder at one end, to regulate
the flow of the incoming waste in an orderly manner and to ensure a consistent flow rate is maintained
for the downstream units to perform.

Fig. Moving Bunker with drum feeder and a wheel loader

The first unit is the material recovery and segregation facility (MRDF), which will operate on a shift
basis.

2. Material Recovery and Segregation section

The waste will be taken into a lamella screen of 120-150 mm size, via a conveyor. Here larger sized
material will be screened and taken into a manual sorting section. The manual sorting section will have
a moving conveyor with provision to hand pick recyclable material and drop it into chutes.

Fig. Lamella screen & manual sorting conveyor

The underflow from the screen shall be then fed into the organic extrusion unit via a conveyor and
feeding hopper. A magnetic separator on the conveyor will remove ferrous material prior to feed into
the extrusion unit.

182
Fig Magnetic separator

3. Organic Extrusion –based segregation of input material

The waste after recovery of recyclables and removal of ferrous metal is taken into the extrusion press.
Here the wet and the dry fractions from the waste will be segregated in a single step automatic
process.The organic fraction is also termed as “wet” fraction and is very high in the organic or
biodegradable matter and moisture content.

The inorganic fraction is also termed as ‘dry fraction, which contains inorganic material like, paper,
plastic, wood, cloth, rubber, cellulosic fiber, inert, grit etc. This fraction is also be termed as refused
derived fuel (RDF) and after simple removal of inerts and heavy fractions like sand, silt, stones can be
refined into high quality of RDF.

Mixed Municipal Solid Waste

OREX

Wet Fraction Dry fraction

All food waste, green cuts, all inorganic dry matter like
Vegetable waste, plastics, paper, cellulosic matter, metal,
Biodegradable and organic inter, grit and sand.

Typically as 45-55% of the waste is organic in nature about 40 to 50% the input material shall come
out as the wet fraction and balance material will come but as the dry fraction.

4. Bio-methanation and composting of the wet fraction

The wet fraction from the extrusion unit is transported using a screw auger into a cleaning
System- dynamic cyclone, which removes any grit, stones and heavy particles from the wet fraction

A two-stage or optionally single stage thermophilic anaerobic digestion system is provided, in which
microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The process provides
volume and mass reduction of the input material while generating useful products like biogas and a
nutrient-rich solid, which can be used as compost.
Products of anaerobic digestion
There are two principal products of anaerobic digestion: biogas and digestate.

183
Biogas & Electricity Generation
Biogas generated in the fermentation process comprises 60% methane, 35% carbon-di-oxide and
traces of moisture, hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The gas is passed through a bio-
scrubber to remove hydrogen sulfide and then through a chiller unit to remove moisture. This cleaned
gas is then used in a gas engine to generate electricity.

Digestate
The input wet fraction is 60% stabilized in the digester. The sludge or the digestate is taken out at
about 7 to 8 % consistency and dewatered in a screw press to 30% solids consistency. The dried sludge
is mixed with structure material (if required) taken into a maturation shed for further stabilization of
the sludge into a good quality compost/soil conditioner.

5. Maturation and compost storage area

The dewatered digestate is stored in windrows of approx. 2.5 meters height for a period of 20 to
30 days for maturation purpose, after which it can be screened using star/drum screen and bagged
for further sale. Alternatively enclosed composter drums can also be used to eliminate open
composting, odor and leachate nuisance.

6. Treatment of the Dry fraction from extrusion press

The dry fraction from the extrusion matrix comprises of inorganics like plastics, papers, cellulosic
material, inerts, stones and other debris. This fraction has about 20-25% moisture. This fraction is
taken into a double deck 80/20 mm lamella screen, to remove the smaller fractions like sand, grit, and
inerts, which is taken out as inerts to the landfill site. The larger fraction is taken to a ballistic sifter to
remove heavy/ stones etc.

The balance material from the wind sifter is very high-quality RDF that can be sold as an alternative
fuel or can be used as a fuel in the waste to energy plant for power generation.

5. Land requirement
Municipal waste Treatment plant: 4.0 hectares
Landfill area for next 10 years period: 2.0 hectares
Total land required: 6.0 hectares

6. Capital Cost
The budgetary capital investment for a complete MSW facility (end to end) including complete
infrastructure, civil works, electro-mechanical work for a 100 TPD organic extrusion MSW facility is Rs.
40.00 Crs. The cost may vary slightly depending on the soil specification, strata, bearing capacity,

184
equipment specifications and level of treatment for the by-products required by the client Pune
Municipal Corporation.

7. Operations and maintenance cost

Sno. Head Cost
(Rs /Ton)
1 Power 200
2 Diesel 25
3 Manpower 80
4 Maintenance 250
5 Landfill operation 35
6 Administration 25
7 Bailing cost 35
8 Compost Bagging 30
10 Miscellaneous 20
Total (Rs/Ton) 700
Total (Rs/day) 700*100=
70,000 Rs/day

8. Revenue generation
The revenue generation is based on actual input waste quantity.
Revenue generation based on 100 TPD of waste
Quantity of Waste 100 TPD

Sr. Item % Quantity Unit Rate Amount

No. TPD Rs./Kg Rs./day
1 Recyclables 3% 3 2.0 6,000
1 Compost 10% 10 1.0 10,000
2 RDF 12% 12 1.0 12,000
3 Electricity MW 0.7 4.0 67,000
Sub Total 95,000
=950 Rs/day

O&M expense: Rs. 700 / Ton

Revenue: Rs. 950 Rs/Ton
Income: 950 – 700 = 250 Rs/Ton
Operator earns an income of Rs. 250 per ton of waste treated, or Approx. 1.0 cr per annum.

10. Conclusions & Remarks

It is essential that a proper MSW facility based on Organic Extrusion segregation system is
implemented for Treatment and Disposal of the Municipal solid waste.The plant is completely
enclosed, with minimum odor & leachate, neat and clean.OREX ensures 100% segregation of waste
into wet and dry fractions so that proper downstream treatment takes place.Automation and use of
proper equipment ensure there is a minimal human interface with Garbage. The process maximizes
the recovery of recyclables and resources from the waste.Revenue generated from the plant is a
source of income for the operator to offset its operating expense.
Carbon credits can also be earned from the plant.

185
Annexure V - Sanitary Landfill

Unit
Component Unit Quantity Total Costs
Rate
Civil Works
Sq.
Sanitary Landfill 36500 4500 164250000
mtr
Gate L.S 4 150000 600000
Security Building Sqm 9 10000 90000
Weighbridge Office Sqm 25 10000 250000
Office Building & Laboratory Sqm 500 15000 7500000
Vehicle Parking Sqm 260 8000 2080000
Roads Sqm 4000 3000 12000000
Washing Area Sqm 200 7500 1500000
Workers Rest Room Sqm 150 7500 1125000
Drains Rmt 2000 5500 11000000
Leachate Tank Cum 150 7500 1125000
Landfill gas collection & flaring system, online
L.S 29000000
EMS, Deodorization system / Bio-mining
Other Head of Bio-mining L.S 36000000
Weigh Bridge Unit 1 1000000 1000000
Vibratory Roller No 2 2402327 4804654
Loaders cum Excavators No 2 2400000 4800000
Water Tankers (10000 Lit) No 2 1500000 3000000
Tippers No 3 1000000 3000000
Total 283124654

186
Annexure VI - E-waste Collection and Processing Facility

E-waste Collection and Processing Facility

Sr. No. Components Price in Cr.
1 Collection and transportation
2 Cutting Mill for electronic circuit boards, wires, and small parts
3 Granulation Mill for e-waste with primary separation
4 Vibratory Feeder Assembly for Granulation Mill
5 Enhanced Air Purification System
2.00
6 Conveyor Belt (10 ft.)
7 Magnetic Separator
8 Fraction Separator
9 Feeder Assembly for Fraction Separator)
10 Electrical control panel

187
Annexure VII - Construction and Demolition waste
Processing Plant

C&D
Sr. No. Particulars Price in Cr.
1 Hopper – Feeder
2 Feed Belt Conveyor
3 Waste Recycling Station
4 Washing & Rinse Screen
10.00
5 Sand washing Screen
6 Water Tank
7 Shredder/ Jaw Crasher
8 Civil work, Sheds

188
Annexure VIII - Civil Work and Machinery @ SLF &
Bio-mining

Civil Work and Machinery at SLF

Civil Works / Bio-mining L.S 64575000
Boundary Green Cover and green layout within the plant L.S 1500 10950 16425000
Office Furniture L.S 1 500000 500000
Laboratory Equipment L.S 1 1000000 1000000
Total 82500000

189
Annexure IX - IEC

BUDGET FOR CITYWIDE AWARENESS ACTIVITIES FOR FY 2017-18

Sr. No of
Particulars Rate Amount
No. Activities
1 Monthly paid Promotion on Social Media 12 30,000 3,60,000

2 Designing of Mascot & Other Designing 12 30,000 3,60,000

3 Coordination Charges 12 50,000 6,00,000

Content Development in English, Hindi and
4 12 30,000 3,60,000
Marathi
5 Media Agency Charges 12 30,000 3,60,000

6 Educative Cartoon Films 12 2,50,000 30,00,000

7 Beautification of Chronic Spots, Nalla's 600 8,000 48,00,000

8 Radio advertising -

105.4 Aakshwani 1200 200 2,40,000

91.1 Radio City 1200 1,000 12,00,000

93.5 Red FM 1200 1,000 12,00,000

94.3 Radio One 1200 1,000 12,00,000

98.3 Radio Mirchi 1200 1,000 12,00,000

Taking Mega events ‘World Environment
9 12 20,00,000 2,40,00,000
Day’
10 Paid Promotion for Mega Events 12 1,00,000 12,00,000

11 Conduction School events 500 2,500 12,50,000

12 Other Grass Rout activities 500 2,500 12,50,000

13 Event Management Agency Charges 12 2,00,000 24,00,000

TOTAL 4,49,80,000

190
Appendix X - PMC User Charge Proposal

PMC USER CHARGE PROPOSAL

Source Number Rate Rs. PM Revenue (Rs.)
Households 1000000 30 30000000
Commercial Establishments 300000 500 150000000
Drains (km) 382.63
Hotels 1400 2000 2800000
Bar & Restaurants 6000 2000 12000000
Malls 37 5000 185000
Primary Schools 523 500 261500
College 100 2000 200000
Universities 10 10000 100000
Markets 27 5000 135000
Cinema Halls 145 2000 290000
Function halls 500 3000 1500000
Total Per Month 197471500
Total per year 2369658000

191
Appendix XI – GR for merging Villages

192