CAGAYAN DE ORO COLLEGE

PHINMA EDUCATION NETWORK

Max Suniel St., Carmen Cagayan de Oro City

“KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS ON DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT DURING COVID-19”

A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of School Of Criminology and Criminal Justice
PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

(NAMES)

2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Table of Contents ii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 1
Significance of the Study 3
Scope and Limitation 4
Definition of Terms 5
Abbreviations 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature 7
Review of Related Studies
Hypothesis 13
Conceptual Framework 13

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

Research Design 15
Locale of the Study 15
Tools and Instruments 16
Data Gathering Process 16
Statistical Treatment 17
Ethical Considerations 17

REFERENCES 19
APPENDICES 20
a) Research Questionnaire 20
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the

novel coronavirus (WHO, 2020). With COVID-19 spreading quickly around the world,

guaranteeing the readiness of public hospitals to respond efficiently and effectively is a vital key

to defense.

According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction,

preparedness is defined as "the knowledge and capacities developed by governments,

professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively

anticipate, respond to, and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard

events or conditions." To contain the spread of COVID19, proactive and effective preparedness

of organizations and individuals in public health and law enforcement systems are therefore

required.

During this unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic, there are many requirements emerging at

police organizations all throughout the world. Police establishments are moving forward to help

law authorization in numerous ways. As police establishments draw in with the local area to get

financing and offer types of assistance that will help their specializations, establishments go

about as a significant contact among the local area, organizations, and the police office. Police

establishments assist offices with accomplishing their public security objectives and are a road

to acknowledge both monetary and in-kind help from intrigued benefactors. Thusly, police

establishments are in an optimal spot to offer basic help to a police organization during seasons

of emergency, for example, the COVID-19 pandemic.

Criminology students are individuals who wish to pursue having a position within public

law enforcement. Thus, it is significant to assess their knowledge about disaster preparedness.

The police as a profession, working together with the local government and other individual

agencies such as the DILG, DSWD, etc., is essential to achieving the national preparedness goal 1
of having secured and disaster-resilient communities. Police and law enforcement officers have

critical roles and responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. They will continue to be at the

front line and be actively involved with evaluation and monitoring within the community to

secure safety ensure that citizens within the community are adhering to the national policy in

regards with health protocols such as social distancing and wearing masks in public. Hence,

police officers are one of the most indemand professionals needed in the public safety to aid in

combatting the spread of Covid-19.

PHINMA Education Network is a private tertiary institution located in Cagayan De Oro

which offers BS in Criminology. Statistically, students enrolled in BS Criminology program has

over approximately 800 students from first year to fourth year. Exploring the issues that

criminology students might encounter with public safety and crowd control during disaster or a

pandemic may develop resilience in response to the crisis, as well as enhance preparedness and

recovery from the crisis. Additionally, understanding these issues will help support the

policemen and criminology students by informing leaders and decision-makers about these

issues and providing recommendations and implications. Therefore, this integrative review aims

to explore the issues facing criminology students during their response to the COVID-19 crisis.

Specifically, this study aims to determine the knowledge and attitude of criminology

students enrolled in BS Criminology at PHINMA Network Education, Cagayan De Oro College.

The focus of the assessment includes two areas: knowledge and attitude. The study will also

explore the relationship between the demographic data of the respondents which include their

age and gender to their knowledge and attitudes towards disaster risk reduction and

management. Data gathering will be obtained through a self-administered questionnaire of a

structured survey.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude on disaster risk reduction and
management of the nurses in ESPH during COVID-19. Specifically, it aims to answer the
following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

2
a. age?
b. gender?

c. year level?

d. work experience?

2. What is the level of knowledge of criminology students on disaster risk reduction and
management during COVID-19?

3. What is the level of attitude of criminology students towards disaster risk reduction and
management during COVID-19?

4. What is the relationship of the demographic profile of criminology students to the level of
knowledge on disaster risk reduction and management during COVID-19?

5. What is the relationship of the demographic profile of criminology students to their attitude
towards disaster risk reduction and management during COVID-19?

Significance of the Study

To the respondents/ criminology students. Through this study, criminology students of

PHINMA Education Network, Cagayan De Oro College would be adequately equipped with the

knowledge and attitude to respond during disasters similar to COVID-19. The data gathered and

interpreted will encourage the respondents to evaluate and/or improve their knowledge and

attitude towards disaster risk reduction and management that will be useful and significant

within the profession.

To the University/ PHINMA Network Education. This research study will be able to raise

awareness to the university on the need of being prepared during natural disasters similar to

COVID-19. It will also provide information on disaster risk reduction and management during

natural calamities. Through this, improvements can be made on the knowledge and attitude of

the students and other stakeholders. The study might also be utilized towards disaster

resilience of the university towards natural calamities as an institution.

To the Local Government Unit. This research study will provide the municipal officials'

information on how well university institutions and law-enforcement officers, particularly

policemen, respond to future calamities. This study can also be used as the basis for the Local

Government Unit to generate activities or programs that will enhance the knowledge and

practices of criminology students and other programs on disaster risk reduction and

management. It may also encourage the LGU to improve the DRRM practices within the city.
3
To the Police Regional Office. This study can be used as an academic source by the police

administrators and policy making officers to plan for training that will enrich the knowledge and

attitude of police professionals in dealing with disasters and emergencies.

To the Researchers. This study will be able to assess the researchers’ knowledge and attitude

on disaster risk reduction and management. As future policemen serving in the community, the

researchers will be able to learn what DRRM measures to apply in the community in case a

disaster/natural calamity occurs.

Scope and Limitation

This study is focused on the assessment and interpretation of the level of knowledge

and attitude of the respondents based on the DRRM guidelines of the National DRRM plan. The

respondent of the study is only limited to students enrolled in BS Criminology in PHINMA

Network Education. The study also encompasses the determination of the relationship between

the demographic data of the respondents which include their age, gender, year level, to their

knowledge and attitudes towards disaster risk reduction and management. The study will use a

guided interview using a modified questionnaire from several research studies similar to the

research being conducted. The focus of the assessment includes the three areas: the

demographic profile, knowledge, and attitude.

Definition of Terms

Attitude. As defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is a feeling or way of thinking that

affects behavior. In this study, an attitude refers to the way of thinking of respondents

regarding DRRM.

COVID-19. A disease caused by the new strain of coronavirus. “CO” stands for corona, “VI” for

the virus, and “D” for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as “2019 novel

CoronaVirus” or “2019 – nCoV”. COVID-19 virus is a new virus 6 linked to the same family of

viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some types of a common cold.
4
Disaster Risk. Defined by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction as the potential

disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihood, assets, and services, which could occur to a

particular community or a society over some specified future time. This study refers to the

possible harms brought about by the calamity. The study operationally uses this same definition

but is specific on disaster risk for natural disasters.

Disaster Risk Management. According to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

(UNISDR), is the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and

operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies, and improved coping

capacities to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. It is used the

same operationally in this study but specifically refers to disaster risk management during

natural disasters only.

Disaster Risk Reduction. Defined by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

(UNISDR), is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to

analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to

hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the

environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events. The same definition is used

operationally in this study but disaster specifically refers to natural disasters only.

Health. A state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are

absent. 7

Knowledge. Defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is the fact or condition of knowing

something with familiarity gained through experience or association. In this study, it is used the

same operationally but refers to the knowledge specifically on DRRM.

Natural Disasters/Calamities. Defined by the UN as the consequences of events triggered by

natural hazards that seriously affect the social and economic development of a region. A similar

definition is used operationally in this study.

Abbreviations

• AADMER (Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response) 5

• ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

• DENR (Department of Energy and Resources)

• DOH (Department of Health)

• DOST (Department of Science and Technology)

• DPWH (Department of Public Works and Highways)

• DRRM (Disaster Risk Reduction and Management)

• DILG (Department of the Interior and Local Government)

• DSWD (Department of Social Welfare and Development)

• ESPH (Eastern Samar Provincial Hospital) 8

• IRR (Implementing Rules and Regulations)

• LGU (Local Government Unit)

• MDRRMO (Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management)

• NEDA (National Economic and Development Authority)

• NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council)

• NHA (National Housing Authority)

• OCD (Office of Civil Defense)

• OFDA (Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance)

• PDRRMC (Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council)

• PIA (Philippine Information Agency)

• R.A. (Republic Act)

• RDRRMC (Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council)

• RHU (Rural Health Unit)

• UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction)

• WHO (World Health Organization)

6
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign & Local Literature & Studies

Forms of Disaster

The most common and most devastating disasters in the country come from natural

hazards. Data from the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database shows the types of natural

disasters that occurred in the Philippines from 1900 to 2014 include: drought, earthquakes,

epidemic, flood, insect infestation, mass movement, storm, volcanic eruptions, and wildfires.

Storms have the highest incidence followed by floods (Commission on Audit, 2014).

Drought, the absence of deficiency of rainfall in a geographical region for an extended

period, causes general suffering in the society. Its impacts slowly accumulate over a

considerable time. Agriculture that is dependent on soil moisture is irst affected by drought. It

then slowly affects the community as drinking water availability diminishes. Moreover, reduced

energy production, food shortage, health reduction and loss of life, increased poverty, reduced

quality of life, and social unrest may lead to migration (Singh & Dey, 2016).

An earthquake, the sudden shaking of the earth's crust is one of the most destructive

natural hazards. Its occurrence is sudden and is usually without warning (Carter, 2008). Primary

adverse effects include damage to buildings, structures, and infrastructures (Singh & Dey,

2016). Secondary adverse effects include fires, dam failure, and landslides which may block

waterways and also cause flooding. Damage to facilities using or manufacturing dangerous

materials may result in possible chemical spills. Communication facilities may also be broken

down due to earthquakes (Singh & Dey, 2016).

A tsunami, also called a Seismic Sea Wave, is a phenomenon where seawater is

displaced, inundating the land with great destructive power. Displacement of water is due to

geological movements specifically: fault movement on sea, a landslide either occurring

underwater or originating above the sea, and volcanic activity. Adverse effects include;

saltwater contamination of crops, soil, and water supplies; and destruction of or damage to
buildings, structures, and shoreline vegetation. It also has an impact on the public health

system. Deaths are mainly due to drowning, being washed away, or crushed by the giant waves

and debris. Though damage to ports and airports may prevent the importation of needed food

and medical supplies, there is very little evidence that shows that tsunami flood has caused

large scale health problems (Singh & Dey, 2016).

A landslide refers to the downward and outward movement of slopes composed of

rocks, soils, artificial fills, or a combination of all these materials. Impact most commonly affects

structures, buildings, roads, and communication lines built near the slopes. Crops may be

affected as areas of crop-producing land may be lost due to a major slippage of soils from a

mountainside. Flooding may also be a secondary effect as erosion blocks the rivers (Singh &

Dey, 2016).

Volcanic eruption is the emissions of materials that form deep beneath the earth

expelled through volcanoes. Volcanoes that can be a disaster threat are well documented and

monitored, thus major volcanic eruptions can be predicted. Volcanic blasts may destroy

structures and possible fires. The eruption may also result to land surface cracking which may

further destroy buildings and other structures. Lava flow can bury buildings and crops. Ash

ground deposits can affect land fertility and may contaminate the water supply. In addition, ash

may also cause respiratory problems. Mudflows may also arise from associated heavy rain

(Singh & Dey, 2016).

Bushfires or Wildfires are destructive fires in forests and other areas with vegetation.

Areas prone to wildfires are well-known and well defined. Fires tend to seasonal, occurring

under conditions of high temperature and high winds. Effects include loss of buildings, timber,

and livestock. Loss of life due to fires can be prevented if counter-disaster arrangements are

adequate. Recovery from the effects of fire on the environment may take several years (Carter,

2008).

A cyclone, or a “tropical cyclone‟ or a “typhoon‟ as known in the country, is a region of

low atmospheric pressure surrounded by high atmospheric pressure resulting in swirling

atmospheric disturbance accompanied by powerful winds (Singh & Dey, 2016). It is one of the 7
most destructive phenomena with impacts that cover a wide area (World Health Organization,

2015). Through cyclones carry strong winds, these are not the ones causing the greatest

damage to life and property; rather the secondary events such as storm surges, flooding,

landslide, and tornadoes (World Health Organization, 2015).

Factors causing vulnerability to typhoons include the following factors: settlement

located in low-lying coastal areas, poor building design, insufficient lead time for warning and

evacuation, no compliance with evacuation procedures, and inadequate shelter (World Health

Organization, 2015).

Adverse effects include physical damage to infrastructure and housing. Crops and food supplies

are also affected because destructive force winds and intense rainfall may destroy crops and

other plantations (Singh & Dey, 2016).

Communication links may be severely disrupted as strong winds bring down electricity

and communication towers. Lack of proper communication may affect the effective distribution

of relief materials (Singh & Dey, 2016). Direct impacts to health include injuries, trauma, and

asphyxiation from building collapse and wind-strewn debris. Moreover, electrocution and

drowning could also cause injuries and deaths (World Health Organization, 2015).

As for indirect health impacts, communicable disease outbreaks are rarely observed,

however, there is an increased risk for water-borne disease transmission due to environmental

changes (World Health Organization, 2015). Destruction of infrastructures and lifeline systems

can result in food shortage and may interrupt basic public health services. Mental health could

also be compromised due to stress, grief, and loss associated with the disaster (World Health

Organization, 2015).

A flood is a state of high water level along a river channel or on the coast that leads to

the inundation of land (Singh & Dey, 2016). Major causes of flood are heavy rainfall, heavy

siltation of the river bed reducing the river's water carrying capacity, blockage of drains, and

blockage of the flow of the stream due to landslides (Singh & Dey, 2016). Factors affecting

vulnerability to floods include man-made and natural factors, location of settlements on

floodplains, non-resistant buildings and foundations, lack of warning systems and awareness of

flooding hazard, land with a little capacity of absorbing rain (World Health Organization, 2015).

Adverse effects of flood mainly arise from inundation and erosion which may lead to

loss of life and destruction of or damage to structures. Agriculture is also affected as the flood

reaches agricultural lands destroying the crops (Singh & Dey, 2016). Direct impacts include

drowning which is the leading cause of death in case of flash floods and coastal floods. Injuries

like small lacerations and punctures may be caused by glass debris and nails. Electrical shocks

can also occur. Communicable diseases outbreak is less likely though there is an increased risk

for water and vectorborne diseases (World Health Organization, 2015). Indirect impact comes

from the danger of destruction of infrastructures and lifeline systems which can also result in

delayed health care services and food shortage. Contamination by toxic chemicals during a

flood is theoretically possible but no verifiable correlation has been observed or measured so

far (World Health Organization, 2015).

Epidemic or the outbreak of diseases affecting a large population in an extensive

geographic area generally arises from disrupted living conditions. Food sources, water sources,

inadequate medical facilities/standards, malnutrition, and vector-borne sources may cause an

epidemic of the following diseases: hepatitis, typhoid, diphtheria, malaria, cholera, influenza,

diarrhea, skin disease, and food poisoning (Carter, 2008).

Civil Unrest is when violent and disruptive activities like bombing, clashes, and violence

occur. It is usually the responsibility of police, paramilitary and armed forces. However, other

emergency services such as fire services, medical authorities, and welfare agencies become

involved. The effective warning is difficult because the patterns of civil unrest are difficult to

predict (Carter, 2008).

Pandemic is defined as an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing

international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people‖ (Porta 2014).

Pandemics are, therefore, identified by their geographic scale rather than the severity of illness.

For example, in contrast to annual seasonal influenza epidemics, pandemic influenza is defined

as when a new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not 8
have immunity (WHO 2010). Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious diseases that

can greatly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant

economic, social, and political disruption. Evidence suggests that the likelihood of pandemics

has increased over the past century because of increased global travel and integration,

urbanization, changes in land use, and greater exploitation of the natural environment (Jones

and others 2008; Morse 1995). These trends likely will continue and will intensify. Significant

policy attention has focused on the need to identify and limit emerging outbreaks that might

lead to pandemics and to expand and sustain investment to build preparedness and health

capacity (Smolinsky, Hamburg, and Lederberg 2003).

Corona Virus Disease – 19 (COVID-19) Pandemic

The COVID-19 is a disease that develops due to infection with a type of coronavirus. The

virus started causing infections in Wuhan, China, before spreading internationally. On the

recommendation of the WHO, more than one-third of the world’s population is on lockdown.

Several countries including the United States, United Kingdom, India, and China have closed

their borders, affecting global travel and industry. People in many countries have also lost

employment as a result of nonessential businesses closing to restrict the spread of the virus.

Restaurants, gyms, religious buildings, parks, and offices have closed in many places (Felman,

2020).

A pandemic can also increase the pressure on healthcare systems by raising the demand

for certain treatments. People with severe COVID-19 symptoms use more ventilators and beds

in intensive care. As a result, resources may be in short supply for others who need this

equipment. However, countries have put in place measures to counter this. For example, the

U.S. government has requested that companies, including Ford and General Motors, start

making respirators, ventilators, and face shields to meet increased demand. Authorities hope

that these emergency manufacturing measures and the restrictions of movement which have a

worldwide economic and social impact will slow the spread of the disease (Felman, 2020).

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease that results from an infection with the virus

SARS-CoV-2, a type of coronavirus. COVID-19 can occur without any symptoms. It can also 9
cause symptoms that are severe and complications that can be fatal. Doctors do not yet know

the full impact that it has on the body, but COVID-19 commonly affects a person„s ability to

breathe. Even if a person has no symptoms, they can pass the infection to others. It is vital to

take steps to prevent this. There is no cure for COVID-19. To prevent the illness, take

precautions, such as washing the hands frequently, wearing a face-covering in public, and

staying away from others. Isolating is especially crucial for people who feel ill. Vaccines are

becoming available and are free for everyone in the United States (Goodwin, Davis, 2021).

Symptoms of COVID-19 may begin 2–14 days after exposure to the virus, and they can

vary widely. A person may have no symptoms, or the symptoms may range from mild to severe.

In some cases, COVID-19 is fatal. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC), the disease may cause; a fever, chills or both, a cough, difficulty breathing, fatigue, a

headache, muscle aches, a net loss of taste or smell, a sore throat, nasal congestion or a runny

nose, nausea or vomiting and diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) lists the

following less common symptoms; skin rash, conjunctivitis, known as pinkeye, discoloration of

the fingers or toes. According to the WHO, about 80% of people with COVID-19 recover without

needing hospital treatment. Around 20% become seriously ill and about 5% need intensive care

(Goodwin, Davis, 2021).

At-risk groups. Older adults and people with certain medical conditions appear to have

a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19. COVID-19 can also affect young people, including

those with no known health conditions. The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases as a

person gets older. The greatest risk is among people aged 85 years and above. In the U.S.,

around 8 in 10 deaths from COVID-19 have been among people aged 65 or older. Individuals in

this age group should take very careful precautions to avoid contact with the virus. This might

involve asking a neighbor or family member to collect groceries, for example. People with pre-

existing health conditions Doctors continue to identify factors that may increase the risk of

becoming severely ill with COVID-19. Some factors that are likely to have this effect, according

to the CDC: smoking, pregnancy, type 2 diabetes, obesity, classed as a body mass index (BMI) of

30 or above, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, known as COPD,
heart disease, a weakened immune system due to a solid organ transplant, sickle cell disease,

cancer, down syndrome.

COVID-19 in the Philippines

The first case of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, now COVID-19) in the Philippines was

confirmed on 30 January 2020, in a 38-year old woman who arrived from Wuhan. Two days

later, the Philippines recorded the first death outside China on 01 February 2020. The

Philippines government declared a health emergency on 09 March, following a spike in new

confirmed cases and local transmission. The move will release funds to local governments and

healthcare officials to handle any further surge in cases. The COVID-19 Code Alert system was

revised upwards to Red Sublevel 2 on 12 March 2020 (Duddu, 2020).

Cases and deaths. As of 31 March 2020, the total Philippines coronavirus cases stand at

1,546. One of the coronavirus-confirmed on 06 March was confirmed to be a human-to-human

transmission putting the nation on a high alert. The man attended prayer in late February,

which increases the concerns of possible transmission to other devotees who attended the

same. The country„s first death was of a 44-year old Chinese national, who was the relative of

the first patient diagnosed with COVID-19. The patient developed severe pneumonia. A total of

78 deaths have been reported in the country (Duddu, 2020).

CoronaVirus Risks in the Philippines. Due to its proximity to China, the Philippines is at

a far greater risk of witnessing increased cases of the novel coronavirus infection compared to

other countries. The Philippines is also home to hundreds of workers from China working in the

Philippine Offshore Gambling Operation (firms offering online gambling services). More than

230,000 migrant Filipinos often referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) are also

working in China particularly Hong Kong and Macau as household workers. A temporary ban

was imposed on the workers from traveling to China or its special administrative regions after

the coronavirus outbreak on 2 February. The ban was lifted on 18th February allowing OFWs to

return to Hong Kong and Macau. Manila is among the top 30 global cities receiving airline

passengers from 18 high-risk cities in China, according to World Pop which ranked the

Philippines 14th among the 30 high-risk countries. Chinese nationals account for the majority of 10
the tourist population visiting the country as trade and cultural relations have increased

between the two countries in the recent past (Duddu, 2020).

State of Calamity Declared. The Philippines government announced the entire country

will be placed under a state of calamity for six months. The declaration will enable national and

local governments to quickly access relief funds to curb the spread of the disease. A state of

calamity was first declared for Quezon City due to coronavirus on 13 March 2020 (Duddu,

2020).

Lock-down of Affected Areas. The Philippines government started announcing local

lock-downs (home quarantine) following the increase in global coronavirus cases. The entire

Luzon island is locked down affecting more than 50 million people. The lock-down prohibits

people from going outside their homes except for getting necessities. Metro Manila lock-down

was announced on 12 March and will continue until 14 April, while similar quarantine measures

are expected in Bohol and Cainta provinces. Davao City has imposed travel restrictions.

Quarantining (lockdown) will be imposed in the Philippines barangays, municipalities/cities, and

provinces if at least two COVID-19 coronavirus cases are recorded in two different households

in the respective locations. During the lock-down, domestic transportation of all modes

including land, air, and sea are suspended. Residents are not allowed to leave their homes

unless for emergencies. Large gatherings, parties, and concerts are banned. Thousands of police

officers and military personnel have been deployed to ensure that citizens comply with the

lock-down. Checkpoints have been placed at all entry points to Manila to check people for

temperatures with thermal scanners (Duddu, 2020).

Preventive Measures by the Government. The Philippines government is taking several

steps to control the spread of the virus, including travel restrictions, closure of schools and

colleges, as well as training schools of the Philippines National Police. Educational institutes in

the country are announced to be closed from 09 March to 15 March 2020, whereas in Metro

Manila the classes will be suspended until 12 April. Stringent social distancing measures will be

in place in the National Capital Region (NCR) for 30 days from 15 March the same year. The

government announced earlier on 2 February 2020 that all persons except Filipino citizens and 11
permanent resident visa holders were temporarily barred from entering the country. A

temporary ban on Filipinos from traveling to China or its special administrative region was also

imposed. Mandatory 14-day quarantine for Filipinos returning from China or its special

administrative region was announced. Further, the visa upon arrival for Chinese nationals has

been temporarily suspended. An adviser to the President of the Philippines advised that the

government should move to a barangay-based quarantine system after the lock-down on Luzon

ends to save the economy. He noted that employees involved in production will not be required

to carry passes or IDs and security checkpoints should be removed to enable cargo to move

freely (Duddu, 2020).

The Role of Police in a Pandemic

Police officers can help the neighborhood and community during the pandemic by: 1)

Purchasing defensive stuff like infrared thermometers, nitrile gloves, veils, hand disinfecting

wipes, and hand sanitizer, 2.) Attempting to supply offices with cleanliness units, towels, and

phone chargers for nonstop tasks, 3.) Financing proficient sterilization of police offices and gear,

5) Giving sanitizer stations to police office, 6.) Getting elective lodging for officials who are

wiped out or need to segregate themselves from relatives at more serious danger of

inconveniences whenever tainted with COVID-19, 7) Getting a COVID-19 testing place for

restrictive use by specialists on call and other fundamental nearby representatives, 8)

Introducing versatile trailers furnished with cameras and tag perusers to address regions with

an increase of wrongdoing because of no schools in meeting Coordinating feast and nibble gifts

and conveyances to people on call, 9) Giving hair stylists and shoe shiners securely to guarantee

officials actually can keep up with uniform norms during this time, 9) Assisting with elevating

informing to the local area for the benefit of their police organizations or potentially nearby

local area government, incorporating advancing consistence with general wellbeing orders, 10)

Advancing messages of appreciation and backing for law implementation through web-based

media crusades, 10) Giving instructors or potentially guardians with exercise manuals and

shading pages from official amicable projects for self-teaching.

12
Hypothesis

HO1: There is no significant difference between the socio-demographic profile of the nurses in

ESPH and their level of knowledge on disaster risk reduction management during COVID-19.

HO2: There is no significant difference between the socio-demographic profile of the nurses in

ESPH and their level of attitude on disaster risk reduction management during COVID-19

Conceptual Framework

Knowledge on Disaster Risk

Socio-Demographic Reduction and Management
profile:

a.) Age

b.) Gender

c.) Year level

Attitude on Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management

Figure 1. Socio-Demographic Profile Vs. Knowledge and Attitude on DRRM

In this study, the variables include the socio-demographic profile of Healthcare workers, which
consists of age, gender, year level.

A.) Age

Age may affect knowledge on and attitudes towards disaster risk reduction and

management. A study conducted by Taghizadeh, Hosseini, Navidi, Mahaki, Ammari & Ardalan

(2012) entitled “Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Tehra’s Inhabitants for an Earthquake and

Related Determinants” reveals that the age of the participants does not only affect their

knowledge but also their attitudes regarding disaster preparedness during earthquakes.
13
Knowledge is expected to increase through time as a person gains experiences as he/she ages.

The study of Staudinger (1999) suggests that other factors such as a decrease in intellectual

functioning and changes in personality makeup may affect knowledge as a person grows older.
B.) Gender

A significant relationship between Gender and knowledge on disaster risk reduction is

shown in the study of Tuladhar, Yatabe, Dahal & Bhandary (2015) entitled “Assessment of

Disaster Risk Reduction Knowledge of School Teachers in Nepal” Moreover, another study

conducted by Ganpatrao (2014) revealed that females are comparatively more knowledgeable

on disaster management than males.

B.) Year level

Year level is the length of academic years being enrolled in BS Criminology. A person with a lot

of work experience is knowledgeable enough to deal with disasters and they have proper

training, such as nurses, they are trained to deal with emergencies and give off proper first aid

to a patient in danger. So, this socio-demographic profile can have a great effect on knowledge

and attitude towards Disaster Risk Reduction Management.

14

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY
 This Chapter presents the description of the research process. It provides information

concerning the method that will be used in undertaking this research as well as a justification

for the use of this method. It also describes the various stages of the research, which include

the selection of participants, the data collection process, and the process of data analysis.

Research Design

The researchers will use a descriptive quantitative research design for it is most

appropriate inaccurately portraying the details regarding the knowledge and attitude regarding

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) of all criminology students enrolled in BS

Criminology at PHINMA Network Education. The demographic profile of the respondents will be

included in the data collection. The correlational design will be used to determine if the

demographic profile of the respondents has a significant relationship to the variables: a.)

knowledge on DRRM on COVID-19, b.) attitude towards DRRM on COVID-19. The researchers

will also be using a cross-sectional study design because the data will be collected at a single

point in time (Gundran, 2014). The currently enrolled criminology students in PHINMA Network

Education, Cagayan de Oro College will be the respondents of this study.

Research Setting

The locale of this research study will be conducted at Phinma Network Education,

Cagayan de Oro. The Phinma Network Education is an institution and a private non-sectarian

college located at Max Suniel St, Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines and offers various

college courses including criminology.

Research Respondents

15
 This research aims to determine “knowledge and attitude of criminology

students on disaster risk reduction and management during covid-19”. The research paper will

conducted among at selected students in Bachelor of Criminology from first year, second year,

third year and fourth year separately at Phinma Education Network, Cagayan de Oro City.

In addition, the researchers will be utilizing the non-probability convenience sampling

within this study. Non-probability convenience sampling is picked based on the comfort of the

researcher. Frequently, the respondents are chosen because they are present at the time of

data gathering collection. Convenience sampling is most generally utilized in clinical studies

where patients who meet the consideration rules are selected in the review (Acharya, A. et. al ,

2013).

Furthermore, the data gathering process of this research paper will be conducted

through google form, non-probability convenience sampling will be able to consider those

respondents that can't use devices to get a chance to answer the questionnaire. Also,

contactless information gathering is a preparatory wellbeing convention that will reduce the

danger of Covid-19 transmission between the scientist and respondents.

DATA GATHERING PROCESS

The researches will be planning with the head program just as the dignitary of the

school division for BS Criminology at PHINMA Education Network; this is for the review to be

directed and be proficiently led for better result of the examination. Upon endorsement, the

scientists will then, at that point, be organizing with the study hall guides of consistently level

took a crack at BS Criminology to be told and be very much informed in regards to the

exploration study to be led. The polls will be regulated through the web using google structures

as the area to accumulate and count data. Before the information gathering assortment, the

criminal science understudies will initially be told on the most proficient method to answer the

overview survey from the connection gave. A while later toward the finish of information

gathering, results will be gathered and counted for investigation and translation which will
16
then, at that point, be introduced in figures and tables.
Categorization of Respondents

Age: 16-17y/o e 18-19y/o e 20-21y/oe 22-23y/o (Other answer: _______)

e
Sex: Male e
e Female

Year level: e First year e Second year Third year Fourth year

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The modified questionnaire was divided into 3 parts consisting of 19-items,

demographic characteristics (4-items), knowledge (10-items), attitude (5-items). Socio-

demographic characteristics consisted of 4 items, including age, gender, civil status, length of

work experience. Knowledge consisted of 10 items, including causative agent, incubation

period, mode of transmission, main symptoms, confirmatory diagnosis, and high-risk

population for a severe outcome, preventive measures, current management option, possible

complications, and mortality rate. It was a multiple-choice question (Tamang, N., Rai, P.,

Dhungana, S. et al 2020). The correct answer was given 1 point, and an incorrect answer was

given 0 point. The score ranged from 0 to 10. Higher scores denotes better knowledge. The

level of knowledge is considered as outstanding, satisfactory, good, fair, and poor if score

ranges are 9-10, 7-8, 5-6, 3-4, and 1-2, respectively. Attitude consisted of a 5-points Likert scale

having 5 items, including worry about transmitting the virus to family, friend & society, the

belief of virus transmission from an asymptomatic patient, the belief of handwashing with soap

& water, belief of development of a vaccine for COVID-19 and belief that COVID-19 would be

controlled completely. The statement for options strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and

strongly disagree was scored as 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively.

17

SCORING PROCEDURE
 SCALE Verbal Description
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Neutral
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Descriptive analysis will be employed in the study. Measures of central tendency

such as the mean and weighted mean will be used to summarize the quantitative variables. The

Categorical variables are to be presented in terms of number/frequency and percentages.

Results will then be presented in tables.

The data will be coded and analyze using the SPSS trial version. Pearson Product

Moment Test of Correlation will be used to determine the P-value of the data (at 95%

confidence level or 0.05 level of significance), to determine if there is a significant relationship

between the demographic profile of the students and their knowledge on and attitudes

towards disaster risk reduction and management on COVID-19. For results greater than 0.05

level of significance, the null hypothesis is accepted, thus considered not significant. While

results less than 0.05 level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected, thus considered

significant.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers need to consider ethics in the conduct of research. The respondents in the

study will not, in any way, be forced, deceived, coerced, or pressured to participate in the

study; a consent form will be presented to assure the willingness of the respondent to

participate in the study. It is assumed that the respondents will be adequately educated about

the research and will be informed about the purposes of the study before answering the

questionnaire. Privacy and confidentiality will be observed throughout the data gathering

17
procedure.
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89

19

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE:
Questionnaire to evaluate the Knowledge and Attitude among Criminology Students regarding
COVID-19

Part I: Demographic Characteristics of the Participants

Age: 16-17y/o e 18-19y/o e 20-21y/oe 22-23y/o (Other answer: _______)

e
Sex: Male e
e Female

Year level: e First year e Second year Third year Fourth year

Part II. Knowledge, Attitudes & Practices (KAP) of Participants regarding COVID-19 Knowledge

(only single answer is possible):

1. The virus causing the COVID-19 is… • SARS-CoV • MERS-CoV • SARS-CoV-2 • Ebola Virus

2. The incubation period of the COVID-19 is… • 2 to 14 days • 2 to 11 days • 2 to 21 days • 7 to

21 days

3. The mode of transmission for COVID-19 is… • Respiratory droplet • Direct (infected person)
& Indirect Contact (surface, objects such as thermometer) • Airborne Transmission (Aerosol) •
All

4. The main symptom of COVID-19 is … • High-Grade Fever • Dry Cough • Shortness of Breath •
All

5. Confirmatory diagnosis for COVID-19 is … • Rapid Diagnostic Test (RTD) • Reverse

Transcription – Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) • Chest Computed Tomography (CT) Scan •
All

6. The high-risk population of COVID-19 for the severe outcome is … • Children • Pregnant
Women • Elderly (over 65years) & People with underlying medical conditions such as; Diabetes,
Heart disease, Kidney disease, Asthma, Cancer, etc. • All

7. Preventive measures for COVID-19 infection is ... • Hand-washing with soap & water • Social
distancing and isolation of suspected & confirmed cases • Wearing of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) while caring for infected patients • All

8. The management option for COVID-19 is … • Supportive & Symptomatic Management •

Rehabilitative Management • Palliative Care

9. Complications of COVID-19 is … • ARDS • Shock • Organ dysfunctions (Acute Kidney Injury,

Acute Lung Injury, Acute Liver Injury, Acute Cardiac Injury, etc.) • All

10.The mortality rate of COVID-19 is… • 0.5 to 3% • 9.5% • 34.4% • 39%

Attitude (only single answer is possible): -

Statement Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree
1. Being a frontline
worker, having a high
possibility of exposure, I 20
am always worried
about transmitting the
virus to my family,
friends & society.
2. I believe that an
asymptomatic patient
can transmit the virus
to others
3. I believe that hand-
washing with soap &
water is sufficient for
infection prevention
4. I believe that the
vaccine for COVID-19
will be developed
5. I believe that COVID-
19 will be controlled
completely

21