Collect the details of safety norms followed during RCC construction at site and write a report

A
MICRO PROJECT REPORT

“ColleCt the details of safety norms

followed during rCC ConstruCtion at site
and write a report”
SUBMITTED BY –

Name of Student: -
1. Aditya Pawar

2. Abhishek Pawar

3. Omkar Wadar

UNDER THE GUIDANCE:

Mr. Jadhav Sir

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERMENT POLYTECHNIC
RATNAGIRI

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021-22

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICALETION

CertifiCate
This is certified that students of third semester of Diploma in CE3I of institute
Government Polytechnic Ratnagiri (Code 1598) has completed the term work
satisfactorily in subject DESIGN OF STEEL AND RCC STRUCTURES for the
academic year 2021to2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

List of team members:

1. Aditya Pawar

2. Abhishek Pawar

3. Omkar Wadar
Place: Ratnagiri.

Date:

Jadhav sir Yogesh Pawar Sir A.M. Jadhav Sir

Subject teacher Head of department Principle

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goVerment polyteChniC ratnagiri

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

During the selection of topic entitled as “Preparation of report on Drip and

Sprinkler Irrigation, Rural Water Supply, Rural Sanitation, Indira Awas Yojana”, help
we received from our professors, family, and friends is invaluable and we are forever
indebted to them. We would first like to express our gratitude to our Principal
Prof. A. M. Jadhav, Our HOD. Yogesh Pawar Sir and our Project Guide.
Jadhav sir for their immense support, suggestion, encouragement and interest in our
micro project work. Without their invaluable suggestions our project selection would be
incomplete. Last but not least, we would like to thank our friends, parents and group
members for their belief and patience in our endeavor.

Name of Student: -
1. Aditya Pawar

2. Abhishek Pawar

3. Omkar Wadar

Date: -

Place: - Ratnagiri.

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2021-22

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ABSTARCT
To identify and evaluate the safety management in construction projects to minimize and control
health and safety (H&S) of construction workers. Questionnaire is used to collect a wide range of
opinions from experienced professionals working in different construction sites for comparison
between them. The reviews of the related literature are the first step in obtaining information from
previously related studies.
The literature reviews provide a theoretical background about safety management that guided
the design of the questionnaire. This research concludes that the construction industry has a high number
of fatalities and long-term injuries. This is unacceptable in a modern society and it also makes the
industry inefficient, with days lost due to injuries. This research shows that the high rates of accidents
are due to several common factors, such as poor construction planning, lack of safety in design,
inadequate safety training, and worker behavior, inherent safety H&S risk of construction and lack of
knowledge of site rules. Key words: H&S risk management, Construction project, Health and Safety
(H&S), Employee/Worker, Accident, Injury, Questionnaire.

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Index
Page
Sr.no Title
no

CHAPTER NO 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Safety Measures at Construction Sites 2
1 1.3 Analyze Your Worksite or Worksites 3
1.4 Check Equipment, Tools and Machines 3
1.5 Provide Proper Training 4
8
1.6 Ensure Proper Material Handling and Storage

CHAPTER NO 2
2.1 Earthwork 9
2 2.2 Jungle Clearance/ Felling Trees: 9
2.3 Excavation in all kind of soil: 9
2.4 Concrete Works 10

CHAPTER NO 3

3 3.1 Precautions To Be Taken During Construction Of New Buildings 11

3.2 common Requirements For Reinforced Cement Concrete 12
3.3 Precautions To Be Taken During Construction Of New Building 12

CHAPTER NO 4 13
4.1 Reinforcement 13
4.2 Brickwork and Block work: 14
4.3 Brick Work: 15
4 4.4 Stonework: 15
4.5 Health Hazards during Excavation 15
4.6 Safety of Materials 16
4.7 Piling and Deep Foundation 16
4.8 Working in Compressed Air 16

CHAPTER NO 5
5 17
Conclusion

CHAPTER NO 6
6 Reference 18

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CHAPTER NO 1
1.1 Introduction

Safety Management
The safety of personnel engaged in building construction shall be ensured through a well-
planned and well organized mechanism. For this, depending on the size and complexity of building
construction project, safety committee shall be constituted to efficiently manage all safety related
affairs. The site in-charge or his nominee of a senior rank shall head the committee and a safety officer
shall act as Member Secretary.
The safety committee shall be organized a training program for the personals and workers to train up
them about safety issues involved in the construction process and also organize meeting of the
committee regularly say fortnightly or monthly depending on the nature of the project, however,
emergency meetings shall also be called as and when required. The safety committees shall deal with
all the safety related issues through well- structured agenda, in the meetings and all safety related
measures installed at the site and implementation thereof shall be periodically reviewed.

Construction work is a hazardous land-based job. Some construction site jobs include: building
houses, roads, tree forts, workplaces and repair and maintain infrastructures. This work includes many
hazardous task and conditions such as working with height, excavation, noise, dust, power tools and equipment.
The most common fatalities are caused by the fatal four: falls, being struck by an object, electrocutions, and
being caught in between two objects. Construction work has been increasing in developing and undeveloped
countries over the past few years. With an increase in this type of work occupational fatalities have increased.
Occupational fatalities are individuals who die while on the job or performing work related tasks.[3] Within the
field of construction it is important to have safe construction sites.

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2.2 Safety Measures at Construction Sites

Fig no 1. Safety Measures at Construction Sites

Working on a construction site is one a dangerous occupation. According to recent findings from the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, construction-related fatalities accounted for around 21.4% of all worker fatalities in 2015.
With nearly, 6.5 million people working at over 250, 000 construction sites across the US on any given day,
it’s easy to see why enforcing preventative construction site safety procedures is critical.

Some of the potential hazards that construction workers face every day include:

• Falls from heights

• Scaffold collapse
• Electrocution and arc blast/flash
• Trench collapse
• Repetitive motion injuries
• Failure to use the required PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Every employer is required by law to ensure the safety and health of their workers, regardless of the industry
or their occupation. Construction workers are particularly exposed to high-risk environments that pose
dangers which need to be addressed. If you’re a construction site manager or project manager, it’s your
responsibility to take the right safety measures to safeguard the work site from unnecessary dangers or
hazards.
3.3 Analyze Your Worksite or Worksites

Regularly analyze your work site to identify any potential hazards and come up with an effective way or plan
to eliminate them. Be aware of the main potential hazards in construction sites:

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• Electrocution
• Falls
• Caught-between or caught-in
• Struck-by

If workers are carrying out their work without the proper protective equipment, identify the problem and let
them know. If workers are struggling to complete certain tasks safely, prioritize on the specific issue in your
training program.

4.4 Check Equipment, Tools and Machines

Fig no 2. Check Equipment, Tools and Machines

Before any work commences, you should always check construction equipment, tools and machines in the
construction site to ensure they’re safe for use. For instance, conducting proper planning and staging before
starting the day ensures that employees have the right tools and equipment they need for their work.

• Use Clear Signage

It’s important to use clear signage so that all construction site safety procedures are known, including
a 24-hour emergency number and clear directions to the site office. Visible signage helps workers

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remember and understand safety protocols that need to be followed at all times. There should be clear
signage for site amenities as well as first aid and emergency fire equipment.

• Site Security

Ensure proper construction site security. Restricted site access is not just about preventing equipment
theft or damage. You should have security measures in place that restrict access to the work site
outside of working hours to protect workers or any other person from potential construction hazards.
Strict safety and security protocols must always be followed.

• Entry and Exit Points

Construction sites must also have separate entry and exit points for vehicle access and heavy
machinery to ensure safety at high-traffic areas in the construction site.

5.5 Provide Proper Training

Fig no 3. Provide Proper Training

Training is a key part of ensuring workplace safety in all industries. Many project managers assume that all
workers are aware of the construction site safety procedures of a working site. Failing to provide training to
workers, whether working only for a few days or months to come, is one of the contributing factors to rising
cases of injuries and fatalities in construction sites.

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1. Develop a Simple but Effective Training Plan

Based on worksite analysis, develop a simple training plan for your workers. It’s advisable to have
more than one category. E.g.

• Safety training on new equipment

• Safety training for new workers
• Safety training refresher courses for existing workers
• Safety training updates for all employees

Your training plan should prioritize on the most common mistakes, safety risks and incidents that
you’ve noted in a specific area. The training program should be simple but effective.

2. Provide Training in an Easy Format

It’s one thing to offer training and another to offer it in an easy-to-understand format. Workers will be
more engaged if they can understand the training you’re offering. Whether you’re offering training to
address certain violations or on construction site safety procedures for a new construction project, you
should deliver training in an accessible and flexible model.

You can use a learning management system to deliver short and precise courses that can be accessed
online on any device so that workers can access them anywhere and at any time.

3. Tailor Your Training for Your Workers

It’s common to find construction workers speaking multiple languages in construction sites acrossthe
United States. Even though all your workers may speak some English, you should tailor your training
program to fit all your workers. That’s why adopting a learning management system that you can
develop and modify courses to fit your workers’ needs is recommended.

For one, you can create training courses in different languages, or you can have specific courses for
specific workers like those using heavy machinery or working at height.

4. Train Workers on First Aid

In the construction industry, you’re required to have at least one qualified first aid officer per
25 workers. On top of that, it’s best to train your workers on basic first aid in case of an emergency.
First aid kits and equipment must also be provided and placed in easily accessible areas in the
construction site.

5. Supply Workers with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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As part of construction site safety procedures, all construction workers should be provided with the
proper personal protective equipment and clothing. If you’re a worker and don’t have the right
protective clothing or gear, you have the right to demand them from the people in charge or your
employer. Here are some of the PPE requirements for construction sites.

6. Minimum PPE requirements for Construction Sites

• A helmet has to be supplied and worn at all times at the construction site
• Safety glasses must be provided to protect workers against debris in the air
• Safety/high-visibility vests must be provided and worn to keep workers visible
• Protective gloves should be supplied and worn to protect against cuts
• Proper clothing is a must for worker protection both indoors and outdoors Anti-slip footwear is also
necessary

7. Additional PPE Requirements

• Hearing protection must be worn near any tool, machine or equipment that produces loud noises
• Respiratory protection is needed to protect against dust and other air contaminants
• Face shields are a must for welding operations and other debris/spark producing operations
• Safety harnesses must be used as a safety procedure to prevent falls
• Quality, well-fitting and comfortable personal protective equipment and gear must be provided to
construction workers. The gear and equipment should be stored properly after use and be inspected and
maintained on a regular basis.

8. Promote and Enforce Good Practices

In every working environment, promoting and enforcing good practices and construction site safety
procedures plays a huge role in ensuring safety for everyone. Ensure that the top management, site
supervisors, and even workers are enforcing rules, observing working protocols and encouraging
positive behavior.

9. Empower Workers to be Part of the Safety Program

You should also encourage your workers to be part of the construction site safety program. They can
contribute by offering ideas on improving their own safety. Encourage workers to report safety
concerns and risks to supervisors and project managers. The management is expected to take
immediate action on any reported hazards. Most incidents can be easily avoided if someone speaks
up, so remind workers to be open when they see something.

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10. Don’t Become Complacent

Construction sites present new safety challenges every other day. You must be vigilant in maintaining
safety at all times. For instance, good site housekeeping practices like cleaning up working areas after
a day’s work can help avoid trips and falls that could cause injuries. If there is a damaged or broken
fence, have it fixed to protect workers.

11. Environmental Conditions

Let your workers know the right time to work and when to stop working due to environmental
conditions. Extreme weather conditions can easily cause safety hazards in construction sites. You
should have in place clear construction site safety procedures for workers to follow in the event of an
emergency.

12. Minimize and Manage Risk

Due to the nature of working at construction sites, it’s hard to eliminate all safety risks. While
enforcing good practices in construction sites may help prevent safety issues, it’s always best to
minimize and manage risks in construction sites. This can be done by regularly conducting safety
audits and having in place protocols to report, evaluate and address potential hazards.

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6.6 Ensure Proper Material Handling and Storage

Fig no 4. Ensure Proper Material Handling and Storage

All personnel working at a construction site should be aware of the proper material handling and storage
procedures. For manual material handling, the expected lifting techniques should be made clear to avoid
injuries. For handling of mechanical materials, operators need to be aware of the weight lifting capacity of
equipment like cranes and forklifts to avoid potential accident

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CHAPTER NO 2
2.1 Earthwork
General precaution: -

1. Excavating shall not be carried out below foundation level of adjacent buildings, until underpinning,
shoring, etc., is done.

2. Adequate precautions shall be taken to see that the excavation operations do not affect adjacent buildings.

3. Trenches and foundation pits shall be securely fenced and posted with proper

4. Precautionary signs. They shall be marked with red lights at night to avoid accidents.

5. Arrangement shall be made for protection / diversion of service installations like

6. Water supply lines, sewer lines, power cables etc., situated within excavation area.

7. Permanent bench mark shall be drawn from standard bench mark erected at

8. Site. Ensure that whether the bench mark coordinated with interrelated

9. Agencies like PWD, Railways, and NHAI etc.

10. Ensure that profiles made on ground to indicate the correct formation level at different level.

2.2 Jungle Clearance/ Felling Trees:

1. Ensure that all operations involved including uprooting of vegetation’s, clearance of grass etc., as provided
for in the contract execute.

2. Ensure that serviceable materials stacked properly and in-serviceable materials cleared from site to
facilitate disposal.

2.3 Excavation in all kind of soil:

1. Ensure that all excavated material is being disposed of as provided for in the contract.

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Fig no 5. Earthwork

2.4 CONCRETE WORKS

1. Ensure that mandatory tests have been carried out for checking of quality of ingredients of concrete.

2. Ensure that manufacturer’s test certificate on quality of cement and admixture available to confirm their
satisfying requirements as per specifications laid down.

3. Ensure that regular sources for supply of materials of required grades/ sizes identified including standby sources.

4. Ensure that the principle of “First in, first out” followed in drawing cement for use the works.

5. Ensure that concrete is of consistency / slump as specified. Ensure that concrete cubes are made and tested as
specified.

6. Ensure that concrete is placed, and compacted before initial set.

7. Insist on machine mixing in proper proportion as per design mix. Use only potable water in concreting.

8. In batching concrete, the quantity of both cement and aggregate shall be determined by weight except where
volumetric batching is permitted by the Engineer.

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Fig no 6 Concrete Works

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CHAPTER NO 3

3.1 PRECAUTUONS TO BE TAKEN IN CONSTRUCTION OF NEW BUILDING

1. Ensure that shuttering is strong enough to withstand the dead and live loads, forces caused by
ramming and vibration of concrete and other incidental loads imposed upon it during and after
casting of concrete. Ensurethat surface has been coated with suitable mould oil.

2. Use suitable vibrators for all RCC work and pavement slabs and other important works.
3. Ensure that rate of concreting in vertical direction restricted to maximum 1 metre per hour.
4. Ensure that vertical drop of concrete while placing is not more than 1.5 metres at a time. If drop
is more than 1.5 meter then chute shall be used for concreting.

5. Avoid concreting when temperature falls below 4.50 C and temperature of wet concrete goes over
380 C.

6. Ensure that no layer takes final set before the layer above is placed and compaction of every
layer is completed within 30 minutes of addition of water to the dry mixture.

3.2 COMMON REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

1. Ensure that manufacture’s test certificate on quality of steel available to confirm it satisfying the
requirements as per specifications laid down.

2. Ensure that correct spacers for cover are maintained to ensure uniform concrete cover.

3.3 PREACUTIONS TO BE TAKEN DURING CONSTRUCTION OF NEW BUILDING

1. Ensure that mandatory test have been carried out for checking quality of steel for reinforcement and quality
found to be satisfactory before starting concreting.

2. Check that cranking is at correct positions.

3. Check that the laps are dimensionally correct and are staggered.
4. Ensure that welding is carried out as per norms, where this is specified.
5. Don’t allow rusty reinforcement.

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CHAPTER NO 4
4.1 Reinforcement:
1. Ensure that steel proposed for use is free from loose mill scale, dust, loose rust, coats of paint/ oil/ other materials
which may destroy or reduce bond strength.

2. Ensure that anchorage length of bars provided in tension / compression is as specified for development length
as per IS 456-2000.

3. Ensure that welding permitted in lieu of overlap have done as per IS 2751 and IS 941.
4. Ensure that steel test certificate checked before used.
5. Ensure that overlaps are staggered and of proper length.
6. Ensure that steel got tested from a recognized laboratory, if provision is made in contract.
7. Ensure that blocks are of adequate ratio of cement and coarse sand, strength, thickness and evenness to ensure
the availability of cover for protection of steel reinforcement against corrosion.

Fig no 7 Reinforcement

4.2 Brickwork and Block work:

1. Use of Mortar: The mortar used should have adequate workability. Mortar shall be used as soon as possible after
mixing and before it begins to set, and in any case within half hour, after the water is added to the dry mixture.

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2. Ensure that mandatory tests have been carried out for checking quality of water, cement, aggregate & coarse
sand quality found satisfactory.
3. Check the manufacturing month of cement and ensure that quality of cement is satisfactory.
Also ensure the manufacture’s test certificate.
4. Ensure that proper storage arrangement for the storage of water, cement, aggregate and sand.
5. Ensure that grade of masonry mortar required for the work has been decided along with the cement mortar or
cement lime mortar.

6. Ensure that mixing of mortar done properly to achieve necessary working consistency.

4.3 Brick Work:

1. Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the water penetrates to its full thickness. Normally
6 to 8 hours of wetting is sufficient.

2. A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork. Vertical joints shouldn’t be continuous but
staggered.

3. The joint thickness shouldn’t exceed 1 cm. It should be thoroughly filled with the cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6
(Cement: Sand )

4. All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top (depression on top of the brick for providing bond
with mortar).

5. Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment, verticality and horizontality of construction.

6. Ensure that joints are fully filled with mortar leaving no voids. Joints should be raked and properly finished with
trowel or float, to provide good bond.

7. A maximum of one meter wall height should be constructed in a day.

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Fig no 8 Brick Work

4.4 Stonework:
1. Stones should have homogenous structure. They should be strong, hard, and tough, close grained and should be
of uniform texture. The size of these stones should be as large as possible to minimize the number of joints.

2. Stones should be free from defects, flows, soft patches, cavities and cracks.
3. The stones should be well seasoned and washed clean before they areused.
4. They should be dressed well as per the requirement.
5. Stones should be well watered before using in the construction so that they do not absorb moisture from the
mortar instantaneously. Immediate withdrawal of water from the mortar affects the hardening process of mortar
and renders it to be weak.

6. The mortar used should have adequate workability.

7. Stones should be laid on their natural bed and the joints completely filled with mortar so that there is no cavity.

8. Proper bond should be maintained throughout the work. Continuous vertical joints should always beavoided.

4.5 Health Hazards during Excavation

Mechanical ventilation shall be provided where gases or fumes are likely to be present in trenches. All
personnel working there shall be provided with protective respiratory equipment. All trenches/tunnel shall be provided
with emergency exits (see Sec 3.11.2 and Sec 3.11.3). The precautionary measures provided shall meet the
requirements of the local health authority.

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Fig no 9. Stonework

4.6 Safety of Materials

Materials required for excavation, like ropes, planks for gangways and walkways, ladders, etc, shall be
inspected by the Engineer-in-charge who shall ensure that no accident shall occur due to the failure of such materials.
a) Fencing, Warning Signs and Watchman
Where excavation is going on, for the safety of public and the workmen, fencing shall be erected. Sufficient
number of notice boards and danger sign lights shall be provided in the area to avoid any member of public
from inadvertently falling into the excavation.
b) Vibrations from Nearby Sources Vibration due to adjacent machinery, vehicles, railroads, blasting, piling and
other sources require additional precautions to be taken.

c) Precautions While Using Petroleum Powered Equipment At the site of excavation, where petroleum powered
equipment is used, petroleum vapors are likely to accumulate at lower levels and may cause fire explosion under
favorable circumstances.

4.7 Piling and Deep Foundation

All piling and deep foundation operations shall be supervised by a competent foreman. He shall also be
responsible for the precautionary measures to be taken. For work during night, lighting of at least 100 lux intensity
shall be provided at the work site.
4.8 Working in Compressed Air
Working in compressed air, in case of deep foundations, requires several precautions to be observed to
safeguard the workmen against severe hazards to life, compressed air disease and related ailments. Filtered
compressed air shall be supplied to a working chamber sufficient to provide 0.3 m3 of fresh air per minute per person
at the pressure in the chamber. Means for the escape of foul air, as well as circulation of fresh air in the chamber, shall
be ensured.
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CHAPTER NO 5

CONCLUSION

Ensuring safety for all workers in a construction site takes more than just
implementing a safety program or enforcing rules. There has to be a dedicated effort by
supervisors, project managers and workers to ensure construction site safety procedures are
followed every day, risks identified and incidents reported to help prevent further accidents
or injuries. Teamwork is key in ensuring safety.

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CHAPTER NO 6

REFERENCE

Books:
1. Construction Site Safety: A Guide for Managing Contractors
2. Construction Safety and the OSHA Standards
3. Construction Safety (Safety Management)

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