COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Topic Of The Microproject : AIR POLLUTION

Group Members

ROLL NO CLASS NAME

3145 CO5I Aniket tore
3134 CO5I Shubham shirke
3141 CO5I Yash tangadi
314 CO5I Jay tangadi

GUIDED BY:
Mrs. Suneeti Wagh
 PART -A PLAN
Topic Of The Microproject : Air pollution

BRIEf IntRODUCTIon
▪ Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful
to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate
or to materials.
▪ There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including
ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon
dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and
biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies, and even death
to humans.
▪ Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related
diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung
cancer.[1]
▪ Growing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may be associated with
reduced IQ scores, impaired cognition,[2] increased risk for psychiatric disorders
such as depression[3] and detrimental perinatal health.

AIM OF THE MICROPROJECT

➢ The objective of air pollution control is to prevent adverse responses by all
receptor categories exposed to the atmosphere: human, animal, vegetable, and
material.
➢ These adverse responses have characteristic response times: short-term (i.e.
seconds or minutes), intermediate-term (i.e. hours or days), and long-term (i.e.
months or years) (Table 8.8). For there to be no adverse responses, the pollutant

➢ concentration in the air must be lower than the concentration level at which
these responses occur.
 ACTION PLAN:
SR.NO DETAILS OF THE ACTIVITY PLANNED PLANNED NAME OF
START FINISH TEAM
DATE DATE MEMBERS
1. Group was formed according to the Aniket tore
Roll no. and Group leader was Shubham shirke
selected. Yash tangadi
Jay tangadi
2. Finalization of micro project and Aniket tore
discussion of Micro project. Shubham shirke
Yash tangadi
Jay tangadi
3. Planning of micro project regarding Aniket tore
resources, language used, software Shubham shirke
used, submission date, completing Yash tangadi
Part A plan of Project. Jay tangadi
4. Complete analysis and Design part of Aniket tore
Micro project and distribution of Shubham shirke
module among group members. Yash tangadi
Jay tangadi
5. Designing Commands for project and Aniket tore
getting it finalized from guide. Shubham shirke
Yash tangadi
Jay tangadi
6. Implementation of Linux Commands Aniket tore
and testing the output of it. Shubham shirke
Yash tangadi
Jay tangadi
7. Presentation of micro-project in front Aniket tore
of Guide by each member of group Shubham shirke
and preparing Part B plan for micro- Yash tangadi
project. Jay tangadi
8. Submission of Micro-project both Aniket tore
Plan A & B, hard copy and as well as Shubham shirke
soft copy. Yash tangadi
Jay tangadi
 PART -B PLAN
Topic Of The Microproject : Air pollution

BRIEf IntRODUCTIon
▪ Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to
the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or
to materials.
▪ There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including
ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon
dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and
biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies, and even death
to humans;
▪ Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases,
including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.[1]
▪ Growing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may be associated with
reduced IQ scores, impaired cognition,[2] increased risk for psychiatric disorders
such as depression[3] and detrimental perinatal health

AIM OF THE MICROPROJECT

➢ The objective of air pollution control is to prevent adverse responses by all
receptor categories exposed to the atmosphere: human, animal, vegetable, and
material.
➢ These adverse responses have characteristic response times: short-term (i.e.
seconds or minutes), intermediate-term (i.e. hours or days), and long-term (i.e.
months or years) (Table 8.8). For there to be no adverse responses, the pollutant.
➢ concentration in the air must be lower than the concentration level at which
these responses occur.
COURSE OUTCOME INTEGRATED:

Understanding of the Air pollution , and to stop it for the well-being of

humankind.

ACTUAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED:

➢ Group Information
The basic aim of micro project is to accelerate the attainment of the
various outcomes in the cause. In the first two weeks of September
the subject was introduced. The syllabus as well as detail of
microproject was discussed. The groups of 4 members were formed. A
group leader was selected. The schedule of Plan A & B and
presentation were finalized. The various micro project topic related to
subject was discussed and Guide gave us the opportunity to select the
topic of our choice.

➢ Finalization Of Micro Project

After attending the feature of two weeks, we were able to select the
topic for micro project. We discussed the topic with our guide,
regarding the concept which we are going to apply in the project. We
individually tried to explain the basic platform of project.

➢ Planning
From finalizing the project, we the group members started working on
the project. We started the planning phase. We discussed among
ourselves regarding the resource such as hardware and software
requirement. In this week, we completed the Part A plan of the micro
project and submitted to the guide which is nothing but an initial
description of project.
 ➢ Module Distribution And Analysis Part
Once the planning was over regarding resources etc., we also finalized the
module which we will be designing. According to the members we
distributed the module among them and started the analysis.

➢ Presentation
In this week, we have to present the micro project in front of the guide.
Each member of group presented their part with confidence. She asked
various queries regarding the topic. We presented the detail of each
concept we have used in project. She asked to do various changes
regarding the topic.

➢ Submission
This week was the submission week, we have to submit the project to the
guide. We have to complete both the Part A and Part B plan of
project. We also have to submit the soft copy of project to the guide.

The Report was created by : aniket

Brief Introduction, Actual Resources: y a s h
Aim, skill developed by: shubham
Actual steps followed by: jay
The Output Of The Project Is According To Following Index:

SR.NO CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. Source & Harmful effects of air pollution
3. How can we stop air pollution
4. REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION

AIR POLLUTION :

Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful
to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the
climate or to materials. There are many different types of air pollutants, such as
gases (including ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides,
methane, carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic
and inorganic), and biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases,
allergies, and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living
organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural
environment (for example, climate change, ozone depletion or habitat
degradation) or built environment (for example, acid rain). Both human activity
and natural processes can generate air pollution.

Productivity losses and degraded quality of life caused by air pollution are estimated to
cost the world economy $5 trillion per year[15][16][17] but, along with health and
mortality impacts, are an externality to the contemporary economic system and most
human activity, albeit sometimes being moderately regulated and monitored.[18][19]
Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air
pollution.[20][21] To reduce the impacts of air pollution, both international and
national legislation and regulation have been implemented to regulate air pollution.
Local laws, where well enforced, have led to strong public health improvements. At the
international level, some of these efforts have been successful – for example the
Montreal Protocol was successful at reducing release of harmful ozone depleting
chemicals or the 1985 Helsinki Protocol which reduced sulfur emissions, while other
attempts have so far been less successful in implementation, such as international
action on climate change.
Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of
pollutionrelated diseases, including respiratory infections, heart
disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.[1] Growing evidence
suggests that air pollution exposure may be associated with
reduced IQ scores, impaired cognition,[2] increased risk for
psychiatric disorders such as depression[3] and detrimental
perinatal health.[4] The human health effects of poor air quality
are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory
system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air
pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed
to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and
genetics.[5] Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1[6][7] to 4.21
million deaths annually, making it one of the top contributors to
human death.[1][8] Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of
around 7 million people worldwide each year, and is the world's
largest single environmental health risk.[1][9][10] Indoor air
pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the
world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith
Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[11] The scope of
the air pollution crisis is enormous: 90% of the world's population
breathes dirty air to some degree. Although the health
consequences are extensive, the way the problem is handled is
often haphazard.[12][13
 An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans
and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A
pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary
or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced by processes such as ash
from a volcanic eruption. Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor
vehicle exhausts or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are
not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or
interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant. Some
pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and
formed from other primary pollutants.

Carbon dioxide (CO2): Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been
described as "the leading pollutant"[22] and "the worst climate pollutant".[23] Carbon
dioxide is a natural component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life and given
off by the human respiratory system.[24] This question of terminology has practical
effects, for example as determining whether the U.S. Clean Air Act is deemed to
regulate CO2 emissions.[25] CO2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm)
of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times,[26] and
billions of metric tons of CO2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.[27] CO2
increase in earth's atmosphere has been accelerating.[28]
Sulfur oxides (SOx): particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the
formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes.
Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates
sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as
NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain is formed. This is one of the causes for
concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled
from high temperature combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by
electric discharge. They can be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume
downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2.
It is one of several nitrogen oxides. One of the most prominent air pollutants, this
reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor.
Carbon monoxide (CO): CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas.[29] It is a product of
combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust contributes
to the majority of carbon monoxide let into the atmosphere. It creates a smog type
formation in the air that has been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to
the natural environment and animals.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC): VOCs are a well-known outdoor air pollutant.
They are categorized as either methane (CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs).
Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced
global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases
because of their role in creating ozone and prolonging the life of methane in the
atmosphere. This effect varies depending on local air quality. The aromatic
NMVOCs benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to
leukemia with prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound
often associated with industrial use.
Particulate matter/particles, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM),
atmospheric particulate matter, or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid
suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to combined particles and gas.
Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest
and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the
burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes
also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged worldwide, anthropogenic
aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for approximately 10
percent of our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to
health hazards such as heart disease,[30] altered lung function and lung cancer.
Particulates are related to respiratory infections and can be particularly harmful to
those already suffering from conditions like asthma.[31]
Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles are linked to
cardiopulmonary disease.[32][33]
Toxic metals, such as lead and mercury, especially their compounds.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products that
are currently banned from use. These are gases which are released from air
conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays, etc. On release into the air, CFCs rise to
the stratosphere. Here they come in contact with other gases and damage the
ozone layer. This allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the earth's surface. This
can lead to skin cancer, eye disease and can even cause damage to plants.
Ammonia: emitted mainly by agricultural waste. Ammonia is a compound with the
formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor.
Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by
serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or
indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals.
Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.[34] In the
atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur to form secondary
particles.[35]
Odors: such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes.
Radioactive pollutants: produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war
explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.
Secondary pollutants include:

Particulates created from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in

photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution. Classic smog results from
large amounts of coal burning in an area, which produces a mixture of smoke and
sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular
and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from
the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions
to form photochemical smog.
Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key
constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions
of the stratosphere commonly known as the ozone layer. Photochemical and
chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in
the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought
about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant and
a constituent of smog.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (C2H3NO5): similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:

A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in
USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.
A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulates
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to
environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.
Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be
capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue,
biomagnify in food chains, and to have potentially significant impacts on human
health and the environment.
Sources of air pollution& Harmful effects of air
pollution:
Anthropogenic (human-made) sources[edit]

Controlled burning of a field outside of Statesboro, Georgia in preparation for spring

planting
Smoking of fish over an open fire in Ghana, 2018 These
are mostly related to the burning of fuel.
• Stationary sources include:
o smoke stacks of fossil fuel power stations (see for example
environmental impact of the coal industry)
o manufacturing facilities (factories) [additional citation(s) needed]

▪ a 2014 study found that in China equipment-, machinery-, and

devices-manufacturing and construction sectors contributed more
than 50% of air pollutant emissions[37]
o waste incineration (incinerators as well as open and uncontrolled fires of
mismanaged waste, making up ~a fourth of municipal solid terrestrial
waste)[38][39]
o furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices
o In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major
source of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood, crop waste
and dung.[40][41]
• Mobile sources include motor vehicles, trains (particularly diesel locomotives
and DMUs), marine vessels and aircraft.
• Controlled burn practices in agriculture and forest management. Controlled or
prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management,
farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part
of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for
foresters. Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirable
forest trees, thus renewing the forest.
There are also sources from processes other than combustion:
• Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents.
These can be substantial; emissions from these sources was estimated to
account for almost half of pollution from volatile organic compounds in the Los
Angeles basin in the 2010s.[42]
• Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Methane is highly
flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is also an
asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Asphyxia or
suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below 19.5%
by displacement.
• Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and
rocketry.
[43][44]
• Agricultural emissions contribute substantially to air pollution o Fertilized
[45]
farmland may be a major source of nitrogen oxides.

Natural sources[edit]
Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas
• Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little vegetation or
no vegetation
• Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle
• Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Radon is a
colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed
from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas
from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas
such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer,
after cigarette smoking.
• Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. During periods of active wildfires,
smoke from uncontrolled biomass combustion can make up almost 75% of all
air pollution by concentration.[46]
• Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on warmer days. These VOCs react with
primary anthropogenic pollutants—specifically, NOx, SO2, and anthropogenic
organic carbon compounds—to produce a seasonal haze of secondary
pollutants.[47] Black gum, poplar, oak and willow are some examples of
vegetation that can produce abundant VOCs. The VOC production from these
species result in ozone levels up to eight times higher than the low-impact tree
species.[48]
• Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates

A HARMFULL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Even healthy people can experience health impacts from polluted air including
respiratory irritation or breathing difficulties during exercise or outdoor activities.
Your actual risk of adverse effects depends on your current health status, the
pollutant type and concentration, and the length of your exposure to the polluted
air.
High air pollution levels can cause immediate health problems including:
• Aggravated cardiovascular and respiratory illness
• Added stress to heart and lungs, which must work harder to supply the body with
oxygen
• Damaged cells in the respiratory system
Long-term exposure to polluted air can have permanent health effects such as:
• Accelerated aging of the lungs
• Loss of lung capacity and decreased lung function
• Development of diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and possibly
cancer
• Shortened life span
Those most susceptible to severe health problems from air pollution are:
• Individuals with heart disease, coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure
• Individuals with lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Pregnant women
• Outdoor workers
• Older adults and the elderly
• Children under age 14
• Athletes who exercise vigorously outdoors
People in these groups may experience health impacts at lower air pollution
exposure levels, or their health effects may be of greater intensity.
Health Effects from Specific Pollutants
Ground-level Ozone
Ground-level ozone is formed when volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides
of nitrogen (NOx) react with the sun's ultraviolet rays. The primary source of
VOCs and NOx is mobile sources, including cars, trucks, buses, construction
equipment and agricultural equipment.
Ground-level ozone reaches its highest level during the afternoon and early evening
hours. High levels occur most often during the summer months. It is a strong
irritant that can cause constriction of the airways, forcing the respiratory system to
work harder in order to provide oxygen.
It can also cause other health problems including:
• Aggravated respiratory disease such as emphysema, bronchitis and asthma
• Lung damage, even after symptoms such as coughing or a sore throat disappear
• Wheezing, chest pain, dry throat, headache or nausea
• Reduced resistance to infections
• Increased fatigue
• Weakened athletic performance

Particulate Matter (PM) and Wildfire Smoke

Particulate Matter is a complex mixture that may contain soot, smoke, metals,
nitrates, sulfates, dust, water and tire rubber. It can be directly emitted, as in
smoke from a fire, or it can form in the atmosphere from reactions of gases such as
nitrogen oxides.
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health
problems. Small particles (known as PM2.5 or fine particulate matter) pose the
greatest problems because they bypass the body’s natural defenses and can get
deep into your lungs and potentially your bloodstream. Exposure to such particles
can affect both your lungs and your heart.
Long-term exposure to particulate pollution can result in significant health
problems including:
• Increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing or
difficulty breathing
• Decreased lung function
• Aggravated asthma
• Development of chronic respiratory disease in children
• Development of chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive lung disease
• Irregular heartbeat
• Nonfatal heart attacks
• Premature death in people with heart or lung disease, including death from lung
cancer
• Tips For Children (.pdf) Spanish | Russian | Hmong
• Tips For Seniors (.pdf) Spanish | Russian | Hmong
• Tips For Residents (.pdf) Spanish | Russian | Hmong

Short-term exposure to particulate pollution can:

• Aggravate lung disease causing asthma attacks and acute bronchitis
• Increase susceptibility to respiratory infections
• Cause heart attacks and arrhythmias in people with heart disease Even if you are
healthy, you may experience temporary symptoms, such as:
• Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat
• Coughing
• Chest tightness
• Shortness of breath
 How can we stop air pollution:

Actions You Can Take to Reduce Air Pollution Follow

these Tips Every Day to Reduce Pollution:
• Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.
• Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office
equipment.
• Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible.
• Follow gasoline refueling instructions for efficient vapor recovery,
being careful not to spill fuel and always tightening your gas cap
securely.
• Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers labeled
“spillproof,” where available.
• Keep car, boat, and other engines properly tuned.
• Be sure your tires are properly inflated.
• Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever
possible.
• Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.
• Consider using gas logs instead of wood.
On Days when High Ozone Levels are Expected, Take these Extra
Steps to Reduce Pollution:
• Choose a cleaner commute - share a ride to work or use public
transportation.
• Combine errands and reduce trips. Walk to errands when possible.
• Avoid excessive idling of your automobile.
• Refuel your car in the evening when its cooler.
• Conserve electricity and set air conditioners no lower than 78
degrees.
• Defer lawn and gardening chores that use gasoline-powered
equipment, or wait until evening.
 On Days when High Particle Levels are Expected, Take these Extra
Steps to Reduce Pollution:
• Reduce the number of trips you take in your car.
• Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use.
• Avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials.
• Avoid using gas-powered lawn and garden equipment.

REFERENCES:
We do have used a few references during the process of building
our project. The references used are websites, books, etc.
• Dust and Smoke: Air Pollution and Colonial Urbanism, India, C....Book by
Awadhendra B. Sharan
• The Great Smog of India Book by Siddharth Singh
• Air: Pollution, Climate Change and India's Choice Between Policy and Pretence

WebSItes:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution
• http://www.sparetheair.com/health.cfm
• https://www3.epa.gov/region1/airquality/reducepollution.html
 SKILL DEVELOPED/LEARNING OUT OF
THIS M ICRO PROJECT
Firstandforemost,welearnttoworkina group,shareinformation.Even
though we had a lot of fun, we could learn a great deal
thefrom
micro
project,thanwewouldhavefromtheclassroomlearning.Welearnt
how toworkasa team,andhowtodobrainstorming.Wehavelearnt
howto get the information we
need.