International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and

Science (IJAERS)
Peer-Reviewed Journal
ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Vol-8, Issue-12; Dec, 2021
Journal Home Page Available: https://ijaers.com/
Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.812.20

The sanitary void of soybeans as a measure to control

Asian rust and the importance of official plant health
defense actions in this context
Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft1, Emerson Shirota1, Carlos Eduardo Bitencourt Cardozo1,
Carlos Matheus de Souza Sobrinho1, Cristiane Navarrete Néris1, Danilo Furtado dos
Santos1, Luís Felipe Charbel1, Nelson Caleffi Del Corona1, Kelcilene Azambuja
Martinez1, Pedro Kadjaoglanian M Molina1, Samuel Carvalho de Aragão2, Jorge Granja
de Oliveira Junior1, Márcio Teixeira Oliveira3, Sônia Maria Salomão Arias4, Gisele
Garcia de Sousa1, Paulo Eduardo Ferlini Teixeira5, Matheus Bornelli de Castro2, Bruno
Toríbio Lima Xavier2, Priscila Gonzales Figueiredo2

1StateAgency for Animal and Plant Sanitary Defense - IAGRO, Campo Grande-MS, Brazil
2Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul - IFMS, Campus Naviraí-MS, Brazil
3Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul - IFMS, Campus Três Lagoas-MS, Brazil
4Ministry of Agriculture, Cattle and Supplying - MAPA, Campo Grande-MS, Brazil
5Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul - IFMS, Campus Nova Andradina-MS, Brazil

Corresponding Author Email : silvia_vollino@hotmail.com

Received: 01 Oct 2021,
Received in revised form: 28 Nov 2021,
Accepted: 10 Dec 2021,
Available online: 16 Dec 2021
©2021 The Author(s). Published by AI Publication.
This is an open access article under the CC BY
license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Keywords—IAGRO, Mato Grosso do Sul, Sanitary
Empty, Soy.
Abstract— In Mato Grosso do Sul agribusiness accounts for 30%
of gross domestic product - GDP, being the 5th largest soybean
producer in the country and the 4th in corn production. According
to the state government, the 2020/21 soybean crop exceeded
forecasts and reached 13.305 million tons, a volume 17.8% higher
than that of the 2019/2020 crop. Asian rust is one of the diseases
that most affect and compromise soybean production. The
causative agent is the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, which is
biotrophic, polycyclic and has a large amplitude of hosts, which
gives it the ability to survive from one agricultural year to another,
due to "green bridges". Asian rust, which was rapidly softened
every year, was so severe in the 2005/2006 crop that there was a
mobilization among those involved in the production chain, to try
to standardize the activity and reduce the problem in the following
harvests. This joint effort, with forums and meetings, came the
creation of a state legislation based on the prevention and control
of Asian Soybean Rust in Mato Grosso do Sul. Its initial milestone
was State Law No. 3,333, of December 21, 2006, whose purpose
was to implement the sanitary void of soybeans and make it
mandatory to control raccoon plants after harvest. To make the
effects of the sanitary void more effective, State Law No. 5025, of
July 19, 2017, prohibited the cultivation of soybeans after

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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021

soybeans, in the same area and in the same agricultural year. Then,
the Secretary of State for The Environment, Economic
Development, Production and Family Agriculture - SEMAGRO
published Resolution SEMAGRO No. 648, from August 15, 2017,
establishing the soy sowing calendar from September 16 to
December 31. In order to characterize the plant health defense
actions related to the supervision and application of legislation
dealing with the sanitary void, for the purpose of maintaining the
control of Asian soybean rust in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, it
was carried out the survey of information of inspection actions with
the state agency, from 2009 to 2021, stored in the IAGRO database.
The information showed that, after the soybean sanitary void law,
fiscalization and sanitary education work positively influenced
compliance with the legislation and few producers deliberately
violated it, especially with regard to sowing during the sanitary
void period. The greatest number of infringements was due to the
lack of registration of the planting areas, followed by the non-
control of spontaneously growing soybean plants.

I. INTRODUCTION However, there has been an advance in grain planting

Brazil is one of the main exporters of agricultural
products in the world, serving more than 180 countries,
having as main buyers China, MERCOSUR countries, the
European Union and the United States. The main
exportsegments of products from Brazilian agribusiness
are the soybean complex (36.9% share); meat (19.2%
share); forest products (11.5% share); cereals, flours and
preparations (8.6% share) and sugar-alcohol complex
(8.4% share), which had an 84.5% share in the total
exports of August 2021 [1].
It should be noted that all agricultural production is
carried out in about 30% of the Brazilian territory, being
only 7.8% for agriculture as a whole and only 4% destined
for soybean planting [2], which proves the country's
commitment to sustainable production and environmental
preservation.
In Mato Grosso do Sul, in 2018, agribusiness
accounted for 30% of gross domestic product – GDP,
constituting the main segment of the state's economy[3]. In
2020, the state's Gross Production Value – VBP increased
by 29%, reaching R$70.9 billion. The State is the 7th in
the Brazilian agribusiness production ranking and
agriculture has been standing out year by year. While the
VBP of livestock production totaled R$ 17.7 billion in
2020 and grew 14% compared to 2019, the VBP of crops
increased by 34.4% in this period, reaching R$ 53
billion[4].
Soybean is grown throughout the state of Mato Grosso
do Sul, except for the Pantanal biome region, with
emphasis on the northern region (Chapadão do Sul) and
the southern region of the state (Maracaju, Dourados).
areas in some traditionally livestock regions, in which
soybean areas have been increasing in place of pasture
areas, especially where they present some degree of
degradation [4].
Asian rust is one of the diseases that most affect and
compromise soybean production, which can cause losses
of up to 90% in untreated areas [5]. In the 2001/2002
crop, Asian rust reached about 60% of the Brazilian
soybean area. In Mato Grosso do Sul, São Gabriel d'Oeste,
Chapadão do Sul and Costa Rica were the most affected
municipalities, recording income losses ranging from 30 to
75% in the last two [6].
The severity of the disease in the 2005/2006 harvest
was aggravated by two causes: favorable climatic
conditions, which allowed the early emergence of the
disease, still in the vegetative stage and also by control
failures, because the applications were timed, starting in
flowering, but delayed to that context [7]. The severe
situation caused those involved in the soybean production
chain to mobilize to seek the standardization of the activity
and reduce the problem in the following harvests. This
joint effort, with forums and meetings, came the creation
of State Law No. 3,333, of December 21, 2006, based on
the prevention, control and eradication of Asian Soybean
Rust in Mato Grosso do Sul.
The main pillar of this law is the control of soybean
sowing, which in Mato Grosso do Sul, is allowed soon
after the end of the soybean sanitary void, and the sowing
calendar from September 16 to December 31, is
established, according to SEMAGRO Resolution no. 648,
from August 15, 2017.

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Thus, this study had as general objective to
characterize the actions carried out by IAGRO in relation
to the sanitary void of soybean in the control of Asian rust.
a) Origin, domestication and dissemination of
soybeans in the world
The oldest literary reference about soy would be
the one contained in the Pen Ts'ao Kang Mu herbarium,
written by the Chinese Emperor Sheng Nung, in imprecise
date, between the years 2838 and 2383 BC. However,
Chang & Watson (no / d) cited by Bonetti (1981), suggest
that only dates recorded in history after 814 AD are
accepted as the most correct [8]. According to Hymowitz
(1976), the emergence of soybeans as a domestic plant
took place in the 19th century. XI BC., in the northern half
of China, which is the main center of origin of the species
and assumed that the first crops occurred during the Shang
Dynasty, between 1500 and 1027 BC. From the 17th
century to the 19th century, it was introduced in several
countries and was taken from Japan to Europe (1712). In
the United States it was introduced in 1804, where it
acquired importance only in the year 1880, as forage. In
1890, many experimental agricultural stations had
experiments with soybeans, but it was only in 1941 that
there was significant expansion of the area for grain
production in that country.In Brazil, according to the
history established by Bonato & Bonato (1987), soybeans
were initially brought to Bahia in 1882 for varietytesting.
In 1892, the first studies were initiated in São Paulo, at the
Agronomic Station of Campinas (current IAC). In Rio
Grande do Sul, in 1901, the first performance data of the
species were obtained, but the official introduction of
culture in the State is attributed to Professor F. G. Graig,
from the School of Agronomy and Veterinary Of the
Technical University (now UFRGS), in 1914. Only
between 1946 and 1950, variety crops were started for
behavior observation in several regions of Brazil: PR, SP,
MG and RS.
Outside the experimental fields, the first plantations for
consumption in food were made in 1908 by Japanese
immigrants in the State of São Paulo [8]. Soybean
cultivation on a commercial scale began in Rio Grande do
Sul in 1941, the year also of the construction of the first
soybean processing plant. Initially, the cultivation aimed at
the production of forage and grains for the rooting of pigs.
With the expansion of crops, in 1949 the first export of
Brazilian soybeans occurred, of about 18,000 tons, when
Brazil began to appear in international statistics as a
soybean producer[11].
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b) The expansion of soybean cultivation to the
Midwest and North of the country
In the late 1960s, commercial soybean production
became a strategic necessity. The country intended to
increase the production of pigs and poultry, generating
demand for soybean meal. Soybean planting then emerged
as a summer option in succession to wheat. In the early
1970s more than 80% of the volume produced was
concentrated in the three states of the Southern Region.
During this period, the valorization of soybeans in the
international market sharpened the attention of farmers and
the Brazilian government [1] and the expansion of the
crop became of interest to both.
Given the different edaphoclimatic conditions of the
country, the pioneering spirit of the producers and the
possibility of expanding the cultivated area in Brazil, with
the leadership of the Brazilian Agricultural Research
Company - EMBRAPA and participation of several
universities and private companies, there were investments
in technological research in several areas of agronomy
such as: genetic improvement, agrometeorology, fertility
and land use, phytosanitary defense, etc. to adapt culture
to the various Brazilian conditions and ecosystems.
According to FERREIRA and SILVA (2019), in the
late 1970s the Brazilian Midwest was considered a barn of
opportunities for the expansion of the agricultural frontier
and many factors encouraged migration from the south to
the west center of the country. The land was low cost, had
good conditions of relief, flat in large part, and well-
defined dry and rainy weather. And also the special credit
lines that were opportunistic by the Government,
facilitated investments. This encouraged the occupation of
large "empty spaces" in central Brazil, although the lands
had yet to be cleared, demanding a lot of persistence,
determination and a lot of work.
Thus, the Midwest emerged as a new productive option
as research in the area of soils and fertility, mechanization
and genetic improvement of soybeans intensified, seeking
cultivars more adapted to the conditions of the cerrado,
previously considered a poor soil, but which came to be
seen with a new look. From the constant insertion of
technology making the soil fit for the practice of
agriculture, allied to a geopolitical condition that favors
production, the Midwest has achieved, each year,
increasingly higher production rates [14].
The achievement of good results of the research
provided and continues to provide the expansion of the
agricultural frontier to the northern region of the country
(Fig. 1) and excellent productivity.
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Fig. 1: Expansion of the soybean plantation area in Brazil from 1970 to 2003.
Source: Agrolink-a, (2021).

c) Soybeans in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul
The expansion of agricultural areas in Brazil and,
mainly, soybean cultivation in the Midwest, was
consolidated as a result of stimuli and economic
advantages combined with the warming of the
international market [12]. An advantage for the State of
Mato Grosso do Sul in the process of geographical
expansion for soybean production, towards the Cerrado,
were the large dimensions of the land, as evidenced by
Faccin (2017) and Ferreira & Silva (2019), when
presenting the fact as one of the variables involved in the
regional competitiveness of the State. Thus, the structuring
and specialization of the south-mato-grossense territory
occurred in order to meet the demand of the
sojicultorsector[12][15].
In Mato Grosso do Sul, the significant increases in the
production of the soybean agro-industrial complex are the
result of the agricultural modernization acquired in recent
decades [16]and soybean production, in the last 20 years,
has grown 320%, keeping the state in the position of 5th
largest producer of grain in the country [17]. Thus,
soybeans play a major role in the command of territorial
structuring, with the production of large-scale agricultural
commodities for export as the economic base of the
State[12].
In Brazil, exports of basic products from the primary
sector (fig. 2), with little or no added value, such as those
of the soybean complex (crushed soybean and soybean oil
meal and residues), represented 11.9% of the value of the
products exported by the country in 2018. Similarly, the
exporting matrix of the stateof Mato Grosso do Sul (fig. 3),
compared to exports from Brazil, it portrays the same
composition, in which soy complex products occupied the
first position, with 37.4 % of the value of exportedproducts
[18].

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Fig. 2: Overview of exported products: participation in relation to the value exported in 2018.
Source: Comex Vis/MDIC Reproduction (2019).

Fig. 3: Mato Grosso do Sul: Overview of products exported in 2018.

Source: Comex Vis/MDIC Reproduction (2019).

The soybean chain is among the activities that form the services derived from primary products, created for the
basis of the South Mato Grosso economy, contributing to implementation of the few main activities.
the maintenance of the industry sectors and also the The use of precision technology in agriculture
combined with rural management comes year after year,

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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021
providing increased productivity. Agricultural research in
Mato Grosso do Sul generates technologies that, when
incorporated into production systems, ensure their
viability, with consistent technological bases [19].
According to data from SEMAGRO (2021), in Mato
Grosso do Sul, in the 2020/21 harvest soybean production
reached an all-time high, when 13,305 million tons of
soybeans were produced in an area of 3,529 million
hectares[17]. The productivity of 62.8 bags/ha exceeded
expectations and the volume produced was 17.8% higher
than that harvested in the previous harvest, which contrasts
with the increase of only 4% in the planted area. Among
the municipalities with little agricultural tradition and
which has been growing in the planted area of soybeans,
are Campo Grande and Bandeirantes (fig. 4), these in
recent years, have replaced pastures, mostly presenting
some degree of degradation, by the cultivation of legumes.
Also other municipalities, besides those already
mentioned, such as Jaraguari, Camapuã, Itaquiraí, Paraíso
das Águas, Nova Andradina, Anaurilândia, Naviraí and
Ribas do Rio Pardo are having their cultivated areas
significantly increased[19].
Fig. 4: Evolution of soybean cultivated area in some
municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Source: CONAB, 2021
d) State Agency for Animal and Plant Sanitary
Defense - IAGRO
With the creation of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul in
1977, it was necessary to implement the inspection and
health defense service in the new state and then, under
Decree-Law No. 9 of January 1, 1979, the Department of
Agricultural Inspection and Defense of Mato Grosso do
Sul - IAGRO was created. Subsequently, through Law No.
2,152, of October 26, 2000, the agency received the
current name: State Agency for Animal and Plant Sanitary
Defense, maintaining the old acronym.
IAGRO is an autarchy, with its head and fore in the
State Capital. It is bound by the Secretary of State for The
Environment, Economic Development, Production and
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Family Agriculture - SEMAGRO, which, according to
Law No. 4,640 of December 24, 2014, is the body
responsible for supervising the activities of the Agency,
which has legal personality of public law, own assets,
technical, administrative and financial autonomy, and
indefinite duration, under the law, being the body
responsible for operationalizing and implementing the
standards of the Unified System of Attention to
Agricultural Health - SUASA.
Purposes of the State Agency for Animal and Plant
Sanitary Defense:
1.Implement public policies in the areas of
inspection, inspection, health education and
health, with the objective of promoting,
maintaining and recovering animal and plant
health, the quality of its products and by-
products, through health defense, control,
inspection and inspection of products and by-
products of agricultural origin, inspection of
agricultural products and biosafety activities,
to ensure human health.
2. Comply with and enforce the obligations
delegated by the Executive Branch, with regard
to legislation governing the protection of animal
and plant health and the control and inspection
of agricultural products, goods and services,
processes and technologies achieved by the
system of attention to agricultural health.
IAGRO is the agricultural defense authority of the
State of Mato Grosso do Sul and prioritizes promoting,
maintaining and recovering the health of animals and
vegetables, as well as the quality of agricultural products,
their derivatives, especially in relation to harmlessness,
acting in prevention with a view to quality and the defense
of the diffuse rights of consumers. Decree No. 15,519, of
October 14, 2020, assures IAGRO the other prerogatives
necessary for the proper exercise of its duties.
In addition to implementing actions to meet mapa's
federal programs, it also implements actions not covered
by these programs, but which are of strategic and
economic importance to the state, due to the need to
preserve public health, animal and plant health, or due to
compliance with rules established by international
organizations such as the OIE, CIPV and Codex
alimentarius, or to meet the demands of the Public
Prosecutor's Office.
IAGRO's work in relation to agricultural production
goes beyond inspection, surveillance and inspection. From
these actions, problems and failures in the productive
system are often found that can harm both the health of the
general population, as well as the finances of producers,
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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021
municipalities and the state. As an example is the recent
introduction in south-mato-grossense territory of the
bacterium causing HLB disease in citrus and cases of
misuse of pesticides, which can leave residues in food, not
meeting the requirements of the PNCRC - National Plan
for Control of Waste and Contaminants, harming
consumers and also international trade, subjecting the
country to commercial retaliation, in addition to causing
damage to the environment.
Many of the problems of health defense can be
minimized in the long term, provided that health education
work is continuously developed that, together with the
sanctions provided for in the laws governing agricultural
activities, will consciously and lastingly promote a change
in behavior in producers and others involved in production
processes.
The work of health education and awareness carried
out by IAGRO is based on the National Program of
Sanitary Education in Agriculture - PNESA, created by
The Normative Instruction MAPA no. 28, of May 15,
2008, meeting the other national health defense programs
of MAPA and other topics of interest to health defense, in
order to bring preventively to the target public the
technical knowledge and requirements of sanitary
legislation, in order to make you aware of the production
of safe food. Educational actions are developed, assuming
that all those involved in production processes should be
aware of their responsibility in relation to animal and plant
health defense and the use of agricultural insumuins.
e) Characterization of soybean rust and its
occurrence in Brazil, the Midwest and Mato Grosso do
Sul
Asian rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora
pachyrhizi, is among the main diseases of soybeans and
has greater potential for crop damage in the country. Early
defoliation is the main damage caused by Asian rust,
which causes a decrease in photosynthetic and
photonatorates, preventing the complete formation of
grains, with consequent reduction of productivity [20].
The level of damage that the disease reaches and the
damage caused will depend on what stage of growth the
plants are in when the fungus begins the colonization of
leaf tissues and also that the climatic conditions are
favorable to the multiplication of the pathogen, which can
reach 70% [16]. In studies conducted by Sumitomo
Chemical Brasil (2021)[5], it was found that, if not
controlled, because it is an aggressive microorganism,
Asian rustcan cause losses of up to 90% in soybean crops.
At any stage of development, soybean plants can be
infected by Asian rust, but the fungus attack becomes more
intense from the closure of the crop canopy, when the
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highest incidence is observed due to the formation of a
microclimate favorable to infection. Shading and higher
humidity are factors that give protection to spores against
the effects of UV radiation and direct solar radiation,
which have a deleterious effect on their survival [21].
The onset of the disease occurs when uredospores
(spores) germinate and begin colonization in the host
tissues. The first symptoms are the appearance of tiny dark
scores (1 mm), greenish to greenish-gray on the leaf. With
the evolution of the disease, lesions (2 to 5 mm) of light
brown color with darkened spots appear. On the abaxial
face of the leaves are the uredias (breeding structure),
which break and release the uredospores, which are
transported by the wind and which restart the cycle [20].
After infection by the fungus, the leaves become chlorotic,
dry and early dehiscence occurs. This will impact the
photosynthetic rate, which will be lower. Therefore, the
earlier there is infection and defoliation, the smaller the
size of the grains with greater loss of yield and quality
[22].
The first record of Asian rust in Brazilian crops
occurred in 2001, in Paraná, from there, in the following
harvests, it spread throughout the other producing regions.
The evolution of the disease throughout Brazil was very
rapid and in the 2001/2002 harvest, it reached about 60%
of the Brazilian soybean area, according to a study by
Yorinori et al. (2005) cited by Godoy et al. (2020) [21]. In
this harvest, in Mato Grosso do Sul the most affected
municipalities were: São Gabriel d'Oeste, Chapadão do Sul
and Costa Rica with a record of income losses ranging
from 30% to 75% in the last two [6].
Characteristics of the pathogen are very important in
the maintenance and persistence of the disease. According
to Hartman et al. (2015) and Godoy et al. (2016),
mentioned by Godoy et al. (2020), the reproductive
structures of the fungus are miniature and easily
disseminated by the wind. In addition, the presence of
soybeans for most of the year in the producing regions that
have a favorable climate for the development of the
disease, were essential for the rapid expansion of Asian
rust in Brazil[21]. In this sense, Yorinori et al. (2004)
stated that soybean cultivation in the off-season
(June/July) led to the early onset of the disease in the
2003/2004 crop, mainly in the Midwest and North regions
of Brazil, being detected in 2004 in all soybean producing
regions in Brazil, except in Roraima, in the Boa Vista
region[6].
The vertiginous spread of the disease led to the created
in 2004 the Antiferrugem Consortium, which is a network
of laboratories, researchers from public and private
institutions and cooperative trials for fungicide tests,
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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021
distributed in all Brazilian regions in order to monitor the
occurrence and generate up-to-date information about the
disease [1].
Because Asian rust is a polycyclic disease, capable of
completing several cycles and spreading for long periods,
it is that even after the end of the commercial harvest, the
fungus continues to survive and reproduce in alternative
hosts and raccoon soybean plants [5] that form the so-
called "green bridge", essential for maintaining the
inoculum source at high levels at the beginning of the next
crop. This situation is aggravated by the cultivation of
soybean scum. In Brazil, between 2006 and 2007, due to
the severity of the disease and difficulty in control, which
caused many problems for sojicultores, the sanitary void of
soybeans (period of absence of soybeanin the field) was
Fig. 5: Occurrences of Asian rust in Brazil. Source: Antirust Consortium/2021.
Also according to data from the Antirust Consortium,
in the current crop (2021/2022), until the beginning of
November, there is the report of only one focus of Asian
soybean rust in the state of Roraima-RR registered in mid-
September, probably due to the agricultural calendar in
Roraima being different from the calendar of the rest of the
country (the state is located in the northern hemisphere, in
which planting usually takes place in April and June). In
Brazil, in the 2020/2021 harvest, 377 foci of Asian rust
were recorded, of these 25 occurred in the state of Mato
Grosso do Sul.
f) Legislation applied to asian rust control
In studies conducted by Yorinori et al(2004), they
found the increasing incidence and wide dissemination
throughout The Brazilian territory of Asian Soybean Rust
from the 2001/2002 harvest. That is why in Mato Grosso
do Sul, entities linked to the sector and producers
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implanted in order to reduce the pressure of inoculum at
the beginning of the following crop [23].
Data from the Antiferrugem Consortium show that in
Brazil, as in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, the number
of outbreaks of the disease increased rapidly from the
2005/2006 harvest, peaking in the 2006/2007 crop (Fig. 5).
On the other hand, the historical series of Asian rust
records in MS shows a 4-year fall in records after the
implementation of State Law No. 3,333 of December 21,
2006, establishing the sanitary void of soybeans as a tool
in disease control. This makes evident the importance of
phytosanitary measurement in the control of the disease,
which combined with the awareness of rural producers and
the use of preventive measures have achieved satisfactory
results in grain production.
converged on the need to discipline the activity of
sojiculture in theState [6].
Aiming at strengthening the agricultural production of
legumes and mitigating economic risks to producers, joint
phytosanitary strategies for the prevention, control and
eradication of the disease were instituted through specific
legislation. The strategies were supported by the research,
the participation of the productive sector, representatives
of the public sector and other invited relevant entities or
bodies [24].
The initial milestone in Mato Grosso do Sul was State
Law No. 3,333, of December 21, 2006, which established,
for any areas of the state, regardless of type or location, the
sanitary void of soybeans, which is the period in which
there should be total absence of soybean plants, whether
planted or raccoons, from 15 June to 30 September [25]
date which was subsequently amended. It also determined
the control of raccoon plants, those from grains abandoned
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or lost in the soil at the time of harvest or during grain
transport.
Another action that was implemented as mandatory for
soybean producers is a declaration of soybean planting
areas, which should be done annually, through registration
on the IAGRO website, whose deadline was set in later
law. It also stipulated that it is the responsibility of the
sojicultor to always follow up during the conduction of the
crop, which is the monitoring of plants for detection of the
disease and realization, when due, and according to the
prescriptions of its technical responsible, chemical,
biological or mechanical control of prevention or fight of
the disease [25].
In the same law, the State Committee for the Control of
Asian Soybean Rust was created. The Committee,
assertively, due to the robust technical staff, was
responsible for employing dynamism to the sojiculture of
the State, even though the measures it deliberated became
inflexible legal instruments. Developments in agricultural
production have triggered the modernisation of legislation,
which can be updated over time, by appropriated legal
instruments so as not to hinder rural progress [24].
The current fixed members of the Committee are: the
State Agency for Animal and Plant Sanitary Defense -
IAGRO; the Agrarian Development and Rural Extension
Agency - AGRAER; Association of Soybean Producers of
the State of Mato Grosso do Sul - APROSOJA/MS;
Regional Council of Engineering and Agronomy of Mato
Grosso do Sul - CREA/MS; Foundation for Agricultural
Research Support of Chapadão - Chapadão Foundation;
MS Foundation for Research and Dissemination of
Agricultural Technologies - MS Foundation; Brazilian
Agricultural Research Company - West Agricultural
Research Center - EMBRAPA/CPAO [26].
On November 24, 2008, State Decree No. 12,657
entered into force, regulating State Law No. 3,333.[ Later,
it was necessary to make some updates of this legislation
through the changes and insertions of instruments
promoted by other laws. Law No. 3,606, of December 19,
2008, among other changes, instituted the socio-
educational measure, which allows the conversion of the
fine due to the lack of registration of planting areas
participating in a lecture on the sanitary void of soybeans
and relevant legislation. This law also set the period of
regular registration of soybean planting areas in the state,
which is from September 1 to January 10 and should be
doneannually on the IAGRO website[26].
Two important changes were made by Law No. 4,218
of July 11, 2012. One was the anticipation of the end date
of the sanitary void from 30 to September 15,
standardizing the calendar with that of neighboring states.
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The other was the setting of June 14 as a date until the
control of the non-control of spontaneously growing
soybean plants, already mandatory by Law 3333, by the
respective legal guardians, in any public or private areas
where they have germinated, including rural properties,
roads, warehouses, etc. and even in urban areas, and all
voluntary soybean plants, must be controlled and
destroyed before the start of the sanitary void [27].
The most recent complement ation was made by Law
No. 5,025 of July 19, 2017, which prohibited the planting
and cultivation of soybeans succeeding soybeans in the
same area and agricultural year, the popular soybean
safrinha. It also instituted the planting calendar for
soybean cultivation, which is allowed from September 16
to December31. It should be noted that soybeans cannot be
sowing before September 16, even if seedling emergence
only happens after the start date of the sowing calendar.
The government of Mato Grosso do Sul, through
SEMAGRO, published RESOLUTION SEMAGRO no.
648, of August 15, 2017, which ratified the existing state
legislation, in addition to meeting the determinations of the
new PNCFS[29].
At the federal level, the Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock and Supply (MAPA) was initially established,
initially the National Program for the Control of Asian
Soybean Rust (PNCFS) by Normative Instruction No. 2 of
January 29, 2007 [30], which is currently repealed and
replaced by the new PNCFS of Ordinance No. 306 of May
13, 2021 [31] . In it, mapa establishes phytosanitary
measures for pest control and competencies to the State
Organs of Plant Sanitary Defense.
The current PNCFS, established that the period of
sanitary void must have a minimum duration of 90 days,
with annual occurrence, be published annually by MAPA,
with the decision taken together with the State Organs of
Plant Sanitary Defense, and that the dates of coverage of
each Unit of the Federation, can be established in a
regionalized manner, with different dates, within the same
Federation Unit. It also implemented the sowing calendar,
which was defined as the single period of up to 110
consecutive days, for the start and end dates of soybean
sowing. The new PNCFS also made mandatory the
registration of soybean planting areas and delegates the
competence of receiving it to the State Organs of Plant
Sanitary Defense [1].
The entire legal framework in force can be translated,
to Mato Grosso do Sul, in some phytosanitary measures
that must be taken together by all producers,
concomitantly.
Any disagreement with legal phytosanitary measures
will cause the offender to receive administrative sanctions,
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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021
such as fines, destruction or elimination of irregularly
cultivated crops and voluntary plants or socio-educational
measures.
g) Asian rust control strategies in soybeans
Asian soybean rust is a disease that requires planning
and use of different management strategies, including
before planting and, to achieve control results, as efficient
as possible, it is mandatory to integrate preventive cultural
measures. As a strategy in the management of the disease,
Embrapa recommends the absence of soybean sowing and
the elimination of voluntary plants in the off-season
through the sanitary void to reduce the fungus inoculum.
Another technique adopted as a disease escape strategy
is the use of early cycle cultivars and soweds at the
beginning of the recommended season, according to
agroclimatic zoning and also the use of fungicides in a
preventive manner. These measures aim at preventing the
disease from leakage in relation to the presence of the
pathogen and/or the environmental conditions more
favorable to its development Embrapa (2017) or Godoy et
al., 2017[1][22].
The occurrence of Soybean Rust is closely related to
weather conditions. Thus, meteorological information
obtained with the monitoring of temperature and relative
humidity, and other climatological variables (rainfall, dew
point and leaf wetting) are used as a subsidy in the
prevention and control of the disease. According to
Sentelhas (2004), the duration of the leaf wetting period
(PMD) is one of the most important factors that influence
the propagation and severity of plant diseases caused by
fungi and bacteria, because the presence of water in liquid
form on the surface of plants allows the germination and
penetration of phytopathogenic agents in leaf tissues. In
this sense, the predictions about the time for the near
future are important for decision-making about the
treatment with fungicides in relation to the installation
and/or evolution of soybean rust.
It also influences the development of the disease the
microclimate that forms inside the crop canopy, because it
is related to the spacing between the planting lines, which
influences the ventilation between them and the dispersion
of moisture. Maldalosso et al., 2010, apud Lemes &
Gavassoni (2015), observed that greater spacing between
the lines (60cm) provided lower values of accumulated
disease and higher productivity[32].
Regarding the biological control of the fungus
Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Goellner et al. (2010), apud Lemes
& Gavassoni (2015) report that there are few alternatives
studied: two species of hyperparasite fungi Lecanicillium
psalliotae and Simplicillium lanosoniveum, which develop
in leaves already infected by P. pachyrhizi, reducing the
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pustules of this. However, despite the promising results,
there are some limitations, such as leaf wetting necessary
for the development of hyperparasite species, which hinder
and limit their use, even if associated with other control
methods[32].
Rust management is mainly done by the use of
chemical control, however, the high number of
applications evidenced in recent years, results in loss of
fungicide efficiency and development of resistance, since
the characteristic of being polycyclic, favors adaptation to
active ingredients, due to a series of mutations that
accumulate in the genome of the fungus, as reported by
Schmitz et al. (2014); Klosowski et al. (2016); Simões et
al. (2018) apud EMBRAPA, 2020[1]. Converging with
these conclusions, Reis et al, (2018) observed that the use
of fungicides impacts on the cost of production
andincreases the risk of selection of resistant fungal lines
and both factors are dependent on the number of sprays
and that no scientific criteria is adopted to define when to
make the first application[33]. This process is cyclical,
especially if strategies to combat resistance are not adopted
[32] as the use of fungicides with different mechanism of
action.
There are three main groups of active ingredients
recommended for chemical control of Asian soybean rust
and recorded in mapa: Demethylation Inhibitors (MDI) –
"triazois"; External Quinone inhibitors (IQe) –
"strobilurines" and Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors
(ISDH) – "carboxamides". In addition to these, there are
multisite or protective fungicides (mancozeb,
chlorothalonil, copper-based fungicides) which are the
combination of more than one active ingredient in the
formulation [21].
In general, among the control alternatives for diseases,
genetic resistance is a solution that requires a long period
of development, but which becomes an excellent form of
disease management. In the case of soybean rust, the plant
reaction will interfere with the degree of the injury caused
by the pathogen and the viability of its reproduction in the
plant.
The fig. 6 demonstrates the differences between the
degrees of resistance to soybean rust. Resistant plants do
not present lesions (A); plants with partial resistance
present RB-type lesions, where the pathogen develops the
lesion, with reduced urenian production and size (B);
susceptible plants present TAN-type lesions, which show
full reproduction of the pathogen and are indicative of
susceptibility (C).
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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021
Fig. 6: The three types of qualitative response of soybean to P.pachyrhizi infection: immunity or complete resistance (A),
RB lesions or incomplete resistance (B) and TAN lesions indicative of susceptibility (C). Source: Pionner, 2016
With regard to specific resistance to P. pachyrhizi,
seven dominant genes were identified: Rpp1 [34], Rpp2
[35], Rpp3 [37], Rpp4 [38], Rpp5 [29], Rpp6 [37] and
Rpp7 [40]. However, these genes confer resistance to
some biotypes, but are not effective against all populations
of the pathogen.
Cultural Control - Soy Sanitary Void in Mato Grosso do
Sul
The most important and ancient phytosanitary measure
taken and being almost unanimous among researchers,
public sector and producers is the sanitary void of
soybeans, which was established by legislation as a
defined and continuous period in which one cannot sothe
or maintain live plants of a plant species in a given area,
with the aim of reducing the inoculum of diseases or
population of a given pest, as stated in Ordinance No. 306
of May 13, 2021 [41].
One of the paradigms of phytopathology is the disease
triangle, in which the conditions for a disease to settle are
formed: susceptible host, virulent pathogen and favorable
environment. And by eliminating one of these
components, the disease cannot settle. The logic of the
sanitary void is to make the establishment of the disease
unfeasible due to the lack of host, since the interaction of
pathogen, host and environment factors is essential for the
occurrence of diseases in plants [42].
This is the biological basis for the adoption of the
sanitary void of soybeans, which is a mandatory and very
effective management measure, which prohibits soybean
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planting for a period of 60 to 90 days and requires the
eradication of guaxs soybean plants, or spontaneous
growth, whether in the crop, on the roadside, preventing
or minimizing "green bridges". However, in the case of
this sanitary measure, it must be respected collectively. If a
farmer does not respect the sanitary void of soybeans, it
can endanger the health of neighboring crops. Another
important consequence of the sanitary void of soybean is
the reduction of the possibility of selection of p. pachyrhizi
populations resistant to fungicides available in the market.
The occurrence of Asian rust in the 2005/2006 crop,
which had a great economic impact on the soybean
production chain, promoted or stimulated efforts for the
participants of the chain to promote discussions to mitigate
the impacts of the fungus on crops, which worsened each
crop.
Thus, the implementation of measures to prevent and
control Asian soybean rust in the State of Mato Grosso do
Sul began to be discussed on May 4, 2006, when a rural
union meeting of Chapadão do Sul was held with the
presence of about 70 participants among producers,
technicians and researchers, together with representatives
of IAGRO. Similar meeting took place in the municipality
of Maracaju. It was the beginnings of state legislation that
is the basis for prevention, control and eradication of Asian
Soybean Rust in Mato Grosso do Sul, which has been
described earlier, whose initial landmark was State Law
No. 3.333.333.
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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021

At the time the law came into force, to clarify
producers about the new legal requirements, the Health
Education Division, together with the Division of Plant
Sanitary Defense and in partnership with rural unions and
inPEV - National Institute of Empty Packaging Processing,
held a series of lectures for producers, in the main
soybean producing regions of the state, to present the new
law and the technical foundations that guided the new
conducts, the care with the management of the crop that
became mandatory and also how the inspections would be
carried out and what sanctions would be imputed to
producers in case of commit of infractions.
Other states, before the MS, had already adopted the
sanitary void of soybeans and others adopted it later,
including the neighboring country Paraguay, in 2011, as
shown in fig. Six, six.

Fig. 6: Periods of sanitary vacuum in Brazilian states and Paraguay, established by regulations in their respective
phytosanitary defense agencies. Source: Embrapa, 2020

During the period of the soybean sanitary void (June 15 the sanitary void of soybeans aiming at maintaining the
to September 15) IAGRO inspectors make visits to rural control of Asian rust in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul.
properties in order to inspect the cultivation area and other II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
adjacent areas regarding the destruction of soybean crop
a) Research Design
residues (raccoon, rebolded or planting).
In this work, a survey of the supervisory actions of the
This worksees you as objective to characterize the
state agricultural inspectors agronomists of IAGRO related
health defense actions carried out by IAGRO regarding the
to the conduct of activities to control Asian soybean rust in
supervision and application of legislation that deals with

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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021
the State of Mato Grosso do Sul was carried out. Data
were searched for the period from 2006 to 2021, both in
the former Phoenix system and in the current one, e-
Saniagro.
Data were used regarding fines for lack of registration,
for non-control of plants and due to planting during the
period of the sanitary void. It was also determined the
number of participants and the number of Socio-
educational Seminars held for lack of registration of
soybean plantation, soybean planting areas registered,
areas inspected in the harvests and amount of infringement
notices drawn up each period of inspection of the sanitary
void are stored in the computerized systems of IAGRO.
b) Data collection at IAGRO
The State Agricultural Inspectors (FEA) - agronomists
carry out annually, during the sanitary void of soybeans,
on-site inspections in soybean producing properties in
order to ensure compliance with the legislation for the
control of the disease.
Inspections are based on planning according to the data
obtained from the registration of soybean plantations
(required by law) for the current crop. From the listing of
Table 1: Violations of the Law of The Sanitary Void of Soy and amount of the fine. Source: e-Saniagro, IAGRO/MS
Violations of the Soy Sanitary Void Law and corresponding penalties
Infraction
Lack of registration of the planting area
Non-disposal of raccoon plants
Non-compliance with the sowing schedule, with graduation according
to size of irregular area
Not performing any type of disease control
Soybean planting in succession to soybean (safrinha) with graduation
according to irregular area size
Planting during the period of the sanitary void
Value of UFERMS in November 2021: R$42.56
The inspection reports feed IAGRO's data storage
systems, along with the mandatory registrations made by
the producers, informing the planting areas that they will
carry out in the current harvest. With the evolution of the
system, the data stored between 2009 and March/2017
(Fênix System) were migrated to the official system
database, currently in use, the e-Saniagro.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the implementation of the period of sanitary void
and the mandatory registration of planting of soybean
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registered properties, the FEA responsible, after thorough
analysis, plans with the IAGRO coordination the field
inspection actions. In the inspections, it is verified whether
the producer has fulfilled the soybean void period, with the
destruction of irregular plantings, or of plants that were
born spontaneously from grains lost during harvest or
transport.
The quantitative execution of inspections is based on
the resources made available through a federal agreement
with MAPA and resources of the Government of the State
of Mato Grosso do Sul. The amount of resources available
is adjusted together with the IAGRO board server team.
In case of non-compliance with current legislation,
penalties are applied according to the violation observed.
Cash penalties are fixed in the State Reference Tax Unit of
Mato Grosso do Sul - UFERMS, whose value is indexed in
national currency (Reais) and is often adjusted. Table 1
presents the value in UFERMS corresponding to the main
infractions to the legislation of the sanitary void of
soybeans.
Basic amount of fine in UFERMS
100 UFERMS
200 UFERMS
200 UFERMS
400 UFERMS
1000 UFERMS
1000 UFERMS
areas in the MS, these have been periodically supervised to
verify compliance with the legislation. To optimize the
actions, several technological tools are used for data
analysis, being possible to achieve an optimization of the
staff of the servers and a better assertiveness, prediction
and resolution of irregularly identified events. The
dynamicity, an intrinsic characteristic of agriculture,
reinforces the need for constant evolution of legal
instruments. The implementation of new legislation causes
much resistance and questioning on the part of producers
and members of the chain who are affected by the
measures.
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In order for any implementations or changes in
legislation to be disseminated and clarified, with a view to
compliance by those involved in the production chain,
IAGRO relies on the Health Education Division, which is
responsible for preparing and conducting interactive
lectures that are held in the field, to clarify producers,
develop educational support material, such as folders and
flyers, in addition to preparing and disseminating legal
deadlines in various communication channels.
To specifically meet the legislation of the Soy Sanitary
Void, the Division of Sanitary Education holds socio-
educational seminars, composed of two lectures, for the
lack of registration of soybean planting areas since the
year 2010, and since December 2020, the seminar has been
held in the modality of videoconference, due to the
pandemic of Covid 19. The fine for failure to register,
which is classified as a minor infraction, is 100 UFERMS
and can be converted entirely into a socio-educational
measure, as stated in Law 3.606/2008. The lectures
address the cycle of the fungus of Asian rust, the
biological principles for the adoption of the sanitary void,
all relevant legislation and the importance of sanitary
defense for the country. In all, 664 employees have
benefited from registering soybean areas. Table 2 presents
the data by municipality where the socio-educational
seminars were held.

Table 2. Socio-educational seminars held for employees due to lack of registration.

Des/DDSV Socio-Educational Seminar
Plant Sanitary Defense and Soybean Sanitary Void Law
Number of
#1 Municipality Date Total
Participants
First Campo Grande 17.12.2010 39 39
2nd Campo Grande 12.06.2011 63 63
Campo Grande 1st.12.2011 7
Third 40
Golden 02.12.2011 33
Campo Grande 22
Golden 36
4th 26.04.2012 86
New Andradina 17
Ponta Porã 11
Campo Grande 12
Costa Rica 6
Cushion 1
5th 06.12.2012 56
Golden 19
New Andradina 3
Ponta Porã 15
Campo Grande 16
Costa Rica 3
6th 28.11.2014 41
Golden 18
New Andradina 4
Campo Grande 22
7th 18.03.2016 26
New Andradina 4
Campo Grande 38
8th 18.11.2016 74
Costa Rica 5

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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021

Golden 20
Naviri 3
New Andradina 8
Campo Grande 9
Cushion 3
9th 08.06.2017
Golden 10 33
Naviri 1
New Andradina 10
10th Campo Grande 7 19
Costa Rica 1
Golden 07.12.2017 4
Naviri 3
New Andradina 4
Campo Grande 9 28
Costa Rica 4
Golden 6
11th 08.06.2018
Naviri 1
New Andradina 7
Ponta Porã 1
Campo Grande 26 60
12th Golden 06.12.2018 19
N. Andradina 15
Campo Grande 6 23
13th Golden 14.06.2019 1
N. Andradina 16
Campo Grande 7 18
14th Golden 05.12.2020 4
N. Andradina 7
15th Campo Grande - On Line 03.12.2020 14 14
16th Campo Grande - On Line 19.03.2021 15 15
17th Campo Grande - On Line 25.08.2021 12 12
18th Campo Grande - On Line 01.09.2021 17 17
TOTAL 664

In thefig. 7 data from estimated planting areas (IBGE),

areas registered in IAGRO and inspected areas in the
2006/07 harvests to 2014/15 are demonstrated.

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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021

Fig. 7: Estimated planting areas (IBGE), areas registered in IAGRO and areas inspected in the 2006/07 harvests to 2014/15.

Through a survey in the IAGRO database, from 2009
on, it was observed that, after the entry into force of the
Soybean Sanitary Void Law and the inspection activities
of the planting areas, soybean crops during the lifetime of
the sanitary void were few. In addition to having been
widely disseminated the legislation in the media, at the
time of its entry into force, lectures were also held to
clarify the new legal requirements and on the biological
foundations for the empty sanitary adoption. Thefig. 8
shows the number of assessments that occurred during the
2009/10 harvests until 2020/21. The largest amount was
due to the lack of registration of soybean planting areas,
and in the 2020/21 crop there was an increase of 177% in
the cases. This may be related to the fact that there was an
increase in the planted area of soybean, with even in
regions that had livestock as the main activity [1], in this
case, producers beginning in the activity, may not have
knowledge about the legal requirement to register the
areas. It is observed that there were few assessments for
non-compliance with the sanitary void, and there was an
increase in the 2014/15 crop and then 5 cases in the
2019/20 crop, There was also an increase in the occurrence
of fines for not controlling raccoon plants in the 2017/18
crop, followed by two harvests with this fall parameter and
a new increase in the 2019/20 20 2020/21 harvests. As for
fines for lack of chemical, biological or mechanical control
of soybean rust already installed, in this period analyzed,
there were only 4 assessments.

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Sílvia Vollino Libman Luft et al. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 8(12)-2021
Fig. 8: Infraction notices in the 2009/07 to 2020/21 harvests. Source: e-Saniagro/IAGRO.
In relation to the inspectors who act to curb the
non-compliance with the sanitary legislation, from the year
2020, there was a reduction in the number of staff, which
may cause some difficulty to meet the inspection targets, if
the trend of increase in soybean areas in the state of Mato
Grosso do Sul persists.
IV. CONCLUSION
In the state's production matrix, soybean
cultivation has become a master activity of the South Mato
Grosso economy due to its connection with the industrial
sector and partly with the service sector. Thus, negative
variations in productivity may affect the state's production
chain and economy.
Given IAGRO's history of action in the last 20 years, in
the face of Asian soybean rust, it is known that its control
permeates the work carried out by IAGRO in promulgating
competent legislation.
An essential factor for compliance with the legislation
is in the work carried out by the Agronomists and
Technicians FEAs. Therefore, the decrease in servers due
to retirements, medical leave and other factors will
increase the risk for maintaining the control status
achieved, and consequently, the improvement of IAGRO's
actions.
Although we have specific laws at the national and
state level to control soybean rust, such as the soybean
planting schedule and also the strict control of inspections
carried out by IAGRO, it was necessary to implement the
prohibition of the planting of soybeans in second harvest,
in succession to soybean, in the same area and in the same
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agricultural year. Even with all preventive measures and
with farmers having already become aware that this period
of sanitary vacuum must be respected, all care is not
sufficient, because this pathology has as characteristic the
propagation through the action of air currents and even if
excellent management is carried out in the off-season, it
will still occur, with greater or lesser intensity, depending
on weather conditions.
All this is reason to further promote the actions of
awareness of producers, through educational actions and
thus giving support to the strict control made by inspection
actions, after all, the aim is to maintain the sanity of our
crops, the safety of the food we produce and safeguard the
market, since soybeans is a product with great importance
for the economy of the state and Brazil.
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