Exam prep History of International Relations 2

Content:
Week 1: The Cold War page 1
Week 2: East Asia page 7
Week 3: Latin America page 15
Week 4: Middle East page 21
Week 5: South Asia and Decolonization page 28
Week 6: Africa page 36
Week 7: Eastern Europe and the End of the Cold War page 42

Week 1: The Cold War

1. In what year did Soviet troops invade in Afghanistan?

1979

2. In what year was START I signed?

1991

3. Please list the following American presidents in the right chronological order.
1. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
2. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)
3. John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
4. Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
5. Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

4. Please list the following leaders of the Soviet Union in the right chronological order.
1. Vladimir Lenin (1922-1924)
2. Joseph Stalin (1924-1953)
3. Nikita Krushchev (1953-1964)
4. Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)
5. Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)

5. Please match the following Soviet leaders to the right description. 

Joseph Stalin - He assumed leadership over the Soviet Union upon Lenin’s death.
Nikita Khrushchev - He became leader of the Communist Party after Stalin’s death, but rejected
Stalinism.
Leonid Brezhnev - He signed several arms control treaties with the US, including the Anti-
Ballistic Missile Treaty.
Mikhail Gorbachev - He was the last leader of the Soviet Union.

6. Please match …
Truman - The Korean War
Eisenhower - The Suez Crisis
Kennedy - The Cuban Missile Crisis
Nixon - The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I and the signing of the Anti-Ballistic Missile
Treaty

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Reagan - "Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"

7. Please place the following historical events in the right chronological order.
1. Korean War (June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953)
2. Start construction of the Berlin Wall (August 13, 1961)
3. Cuban Missile Crisis (October 16, 1962)
4. U.S. troops withdraw from Vietnam (December 1969)
5. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (December 24, 1979)
6. Demolition of the Berlin Wall (November 9, 1989)

8. Please rank the following events in the right chronological order.

1. Battle of Dien Bien Phu (May 7, 1954)
2. Gulf of Tonkin incident (August 2, 1964)
3. First U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam (March 8, 1965)
4. Tet Offensive (Jan 31, 1968 – Sep 23, 1968)
5. U.S. withdraws from Vietnam (December 1969)

9. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu took place in what year?

1954

10. The Cuban Missile Crisis took place in what year?

1962

11. The Korean War took place from .... to .... ?

1950 - 1953

12. The Soviet Union existed from .... to ....

1922 - 1991

13. The signing of the Helsinki Accords took place in what year?
1975

14. What do we call a war in which opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other
directly?
Proxy war

15. What does "Sinatra Doctrine" refer to?

a. The Soviet policy under which ‘eastern bloc’ satellite states were not allowed to damage socialism or the
fundamental interests of other socialist countries.
b. The ideology that was used to justify the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
c. Gorbachev's policy to allow states within the Soviet block to determine their own internal affairs.
d. The rejection by Soviet satellite states of socialism and the severance of their ties with the Soviet Union.

16. What does "containment" refer to?

a. Soviet efforts to maintain the strict rule of the Communist Party in nearby socialist countries.

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b. A foreign policy strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from taking certain actions, or to prevent them
from doing something another state desires.
c. The nuclear arms race to create a ‘balance of power’ between the United States and the Soviet Union.
d. A geopolitical strategy to prevent the spread of communism.

17. What does the abbreviation "CSCE" stand for?

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

18. What does the abbreviation "START" stand for?

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

19. What does the abbreviation "MAD" stand for?

Mutually Assured Destruction

20. What formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War?
a. There was no border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War.
b. The Han river (also known as Hangang).
c. A demarcation line set by Japanese forces.
d. A circle of latitude, namely the 38th parallel north.

21. What happened during the Gulf of Tonkin incident?

a. North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked a ship of the U.S. Navy
b. Forces of the Viet Cong launched a surprise attack against naval bases of the South Vietnamese Army and
the U.S. forces.
c. Soviet troops launched a surprise military strike against a U.S. naval base in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.
d. A U.S. Marine garrison in South Vietnam was bombarded with massive artillery by communist forces from
the People’s Army of North Vietnam.

22. What is the more common name for the 'European Recovery Programme', under which many European
countries received more than $12 billion between 1948 and 1951?
Marshall Plan

23. What is the name of the 'doctrine' that affirmed the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs
of communist countries in order to protect communism?
Brezhnev Doctrine

24. What is the name of the American policy to provide military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey,
which was subsequently used to justify aid to any country perceived to be threatened by communism?
Truman Doctrine

25. What is the name of the Vietnamese Communist revolutionary who was president of the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 1945 to 1969?
Ho Chi Minh

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26. What is the name of the Vietnamese, communist-led organization whose forces fought against the
Japanese and the French in Indochina?
Viet Minh

27. What is the name of the attack launched by the NLF in South Vietnam in late January and early February
1968, which dramatically contradicted optimistic claims by the American government that the war had
already been won?
Tet Offensive

28. What is the name of the political advisor who played a dominant role in US foreign policy in the late
1960s and 1970s and received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating an end to the US role in the
Vietnam War?
Henry Kissinger

29. What is the name of the theory suggesting that if one Southeast country fell to communism, many
others would follow?
domino theory

30. What is the word often used to describe the easing of hostility between the US and the Soviet Union
during the Cold War?
Détente

31. What year marks the end of the Vietnam War?

1975

32. Which of the following Soviet leaders instigated the Cuban Missile Crisis by placing nuclear missiles in
Cuba?
a. Khrushchev
b. Brezhnev
c. Malenkov
d. Chernenko

33. Which of the following Soviet leaders wanted to pursue “peaceful coexistence” with the United States?
a. Gorbachev
b. Khrushchev
c. Brezhnev
d. Stalin

34. Which of the following Soviet leaders announced a unilateral withdrawal from Afghanistan?
a. Malenkov
b. Khrushchev
c. Yeltsin
d. Gorbachev

35. Which of the following U.S. Presidents embarked upon a full-scale military intervention in Vietnam, that
would cost the lives of 58,000 Americans and a far larger number of Vietnamese?

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a. John F. Kennedy
b. Lyndon B. Johnson
c. Ronald Reagan
d. Richard Nixon

36. Which of the following U.S. presidents began to withdraw troops from Vietnam, a policy known as
"Vietnamization"?
a. Truman
b. Eisenhower
c. Nixon
d. Reagan

37. Which of the following countries supported North Korea during the Korean War?
a. Germany
b. The United States
c. The Soviet Union
d. China
e. Japan
d. None of the above

38. Which of the following countries supported South Korea during the Korean War?
a. The Soviet Union
b. The United Kingdom
c. The United States
d. Australia
e. The Netherlands
f. None of the above

39. Which of the following definitions correctly describes "MAD"?

a. The type of atomic bomb that was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, nicknamed “Little Boy”.
b. An American doctrine of reciprocal deterrence resting on the US and the USSR each being able to inflict
unacceptable damage on the other in retaliation for a nuclear attack.
c. An agreement signed by Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States, committing nations to halt
atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons.
d. A strategy used by U.S. President Nixon, which involved using deliberate signals and sending false
information to communist countries in order to create the impression the U.S. may use nuclear weapons
against them.

40. Which of the following events marked the end of the Vietnam War?
a. The exit of U.S. ground troops from Vietnam
b. The fall of Saigon
c. The North Vietnamese defeat in the Spring Offensive
d. The signing of the Paris Peace Accords

41. Which of the following presidents was an army general and supreme commander of the Allied
Expeditionary Forces in Europe before he became President of the United States in 1953?
a. Franklin D. Roosevelt
b. Harry S. Truman
c. Lyndon B. Johnson
d. Dwight D. Eisenhower

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42. Which of the following statements about "CSCE" are correct?
a. This was a multilateral forum for dialogue and negotiation between the East and the West.
b. It was established in 1983.
c. It was an important aspect of the strategy of deterrence.
d. It was concluded with the signing of the Helsinki Accords.
e. Leonid Brezhnev refused to participate.

43. Which of the following statements about Henry Kissinger are correct?
a. He was appointed as national security advisor by US president Richard Nixon.
b. His foreign policies are often characterized as ‘realpolitik’.
c. He urged president Truman to use nuclear weapons in order to deter the Soviet Union.
d. He negotiated with the North Vietnamese government for a ceasefire agreement and the withdrawal of U.S.
troops from Vietnam.
e. He had to resign as a result of the “Watergate” scandal.

44. Which of the following statements about Joseph Stalin are correct?
a. He transformed the Soviet Union into a major world power.
b. He rejected the Bretton Woods arrangements.
c. His period in office was marked by the Cuban Missile Crisis.
d. Under his rule, the Soviet Union became involved in the Vietnam War.
e. He was the chief architect of the totalitarian Soviet state.

45. Which of the following statements about Leonid Brezhnev is correct?

a. He succeeded Joseph Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union.
b. The day following his resignation as President, the Soviet Union was formally dissolved.
c. During his leadership, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan.
d. He announced that the Soviet Union would allow ‘Eastern bloc’ states to freely determine their own internal
affairs.

46. Which of the following statements about START are correct?

a. The treaty was signed by George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev.
b. The signatories agreed to remove all ballistic missiles from foreign territory.
c. U.S. President Ronald Reagan proposed radical reductions in each superpower’s existing stock of missiles.
d. The treaty entered into force after the Soviet Union dissolved.
e. The treaty set specific limits on how many different missiles signatories were allowed to keep.

47. Which of the following statements about president Harry S. Truman are correct?
a. He succeeded president John F. Kennedy after Kennedy was assassinated.
b. He made the decision to use the atomic bomb in Japan.
c. After tense negotiations, he reached an agreement with Krushchev to remove all ballistic missiles in Turkey
and Cuba, respectively.
d. He decided to intervene in the Korean War.
e. The main purpose of his foreign policy was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion, by financially or
militarily supporting nations deemed threatened by Soviet communism.

48. Which of the following statements about the Helsinki Accords are correct?
a. The Helsinki Final Act was signed on 1 August 1991.

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b. The declaration was signed by thirty-five states, in an attempt to reduce tension between the Soviet and
Western blocs.
c. This agreement put an end to the nuclear arms race.
d. The document contained a number of key commitments on polito-military and economic issues.
e. The Helsinki Accords composed environmental and human rights dimensions.

49. Which of the following statements about the Korean War are correct?
a. President Johnson slowly increased the number of American troops on the ground.
b. After the North Korean Peoples’ Army invaded the Republic of Korea, the U.S. called on the Security Council
to invoke the United Nations Charter.
c. Twenty-one member nations of the UN committed themselves to South Korea.
d. A Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) was established on the border as both sides withdrew from their fighting
positions.
e. The escalation of the war resulted in widespread anti-war protests across the Western world.

50. Which of the following statements about the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan are correct?
a. The Soviet Union intervened in support of the new Afghan government in its conflict with anticommunist
Muslim guerrillas.
b. The intervention lasted for almost ten years.
c. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the détente between the United States and the Soviet
Union.
d. The Brezhnev doctrine was used to justify the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
e. The Soviet Union succeeded in implementing a sympathetic communist regime in Afghanistan.

51. What was the name of the non-physical boundaries diving Europe between the U.S and Soviet Union's
spheres of influence?
Iron Curtain

Week 2: East Asia

1. In what year was the Tripartite Pact signed?

1940

2. What was the main purpose of the Tripartite Pact?

a. To secure Soviet support during World War II.
b. To keep European powers from intervening in East Asian affairs.
c. To keep America from intervening either in Europe or in Asia.
d. To abolish the military alliance with Axis powers.
e. To unify China, Japan and Manchuria.

3. Which of the following countries signed the Tripartite Pact?

a. Japan
b. China
c. Russia
d. France
e. Germany
f. Italy
g. The UK
h. The United States

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4. When did the Washington Conference take place?
a. 1921-1922
b. 1924-1925
c. 1946-1947
d. 1949-1950

5. What was the main topic of discussion at the Washington Conference?

a. Whether the United States should intervene in the Sino-Japanese War.
b. International co-operation in the Pacific region and how to establish a framework for naval arms limitation.
c. How to ensure that nationals of all countries get equal commercial and industrial rights in the Pacific region
as well as to establish a ‘free market’ system.
d. How to control the Japanese power.
e. The peace terms for the defeated Central Powers after the First World War.

6. Which of the following statements best describes the ‘Washington system’?

a. The tariff reforms meant to ensure fair economic competition among the 5 Powers.
b. The policy of realpolitik that resulted in the formation of an Anglo-American bloc against Japan.
c. The set of treaties that established a new overarching framework for international co-operation in the
Pacific region.
d. The worldwide trend towards greater idealism in both foreign and domestic policy, including Wilsonian ‘new
diplomacy’.

7. The Nanjing Massacre took place in what year?

1937

8. Which of the following countries were part of the Pact of Steel?

a. Japan
b. China
c. Germany
d. Russia
e. France
f. Italy

9. Please name the country that signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan in 1936.
Germany

10. The Paris Peace Conference took place in what year?

1919

11. Which of the following best describes the result of the Paris Peace Conference for Japan?
a. Japan gained the former German Pacific islands only as League of Nations mandates rather than
possessions.
b. The Japanese delegation left completely satisfied, as all demands were met.
c. Japan failed to reach its goals, as a result of Germany’s absolute refusal to make any concessions.
d. The inclusion of the “racial equality proposal” was the only Japanese success.

12. Which of the following were Japanese demands at the Paris Peace Conference?

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a. To formalize its control over the Jiaozhou lease;
b. To acquire the German islands in the west Pacific;
c. To get full control over Korea and South Manchuria;
d. To oppose any foreign interference in its domestic economy;
e. To insert a clause opposing racial discrimination, also known as the Racial Equality Proposal;
f. To settle the Sino-Japanese War.

13. Please name the historical event depicted in this map.

The Long March

14. Please click on Manchuria on this map.

Yellow cross indicates Manchuria on map below.

15. What is the common name for the movement initiated by the CCP in 1958 to achieve rapid
modernization in China?
Great Leap Forward

16. Which of the following statements best describes the “1955 system” in Japan?
a. The “autonomous diplomacy” of Hatoyama that meant reaching out to China.
b. The normalization of relations with the Soviet Union.
c. The Right-Left polarization of Japanese politics.
d. The ‘liberal’ phase of the American occupation of Japan.

17. Why was the “Income Doubling” concept a vital turning point in Japanese history?
a. It created the conditions for the so-called ‘1955 system’.
b. It marked a shift in focus from security and national defense to an emphasis on economic growth.
c. It was introduced by the U.S. in an effort to make Japan more financially independent.
d. It meant a first step in Japan’s full reconciliation with Asia.

18. Who suggested the idea of a ‘Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere’?
a. The Chinese leader Jiang Jieshi
b. The Japanese Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka
c. The Chinese leader Mao Zedong
d. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt
e. The Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida

19. Please fill in the blank in the following description:

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In the 1930s, Japanese policy shifted towards the idea that it should establish its own “Monroe Doctrine” for
East Asia. This arose out of the belief that if Japan limited Western activities in the region, China could be
persuaded to co-operate, and that this would pave the way for development of regional prosperity.

20. The ‘New Order in East Asia’ statement was declared in what year?
a. 1931
b. 1938
c. 1945
d. 1952

21. What was the main message of the ‘New Order in East Asia’ statement?
a. Japan, Manchukuo and China should unify and co-operate.
b. Manchukuo should declare war against the Japanese aggressor,
c. East Asia should open up its internal economic markets.
d. China should put an end to the Sino-Japanese War.

22. What is the common name for the idea that Asia should free itself from Western imperialism and unite
in common effort to modernize?
Pan-Asianism

23. The political scientist Chalmers Johnson has characterized Japan as a “developmental state”. What does
he mean by this?
a. Because Japan’s security was protected by the United States, Japan was able to focus on economic growth
and development.
b. After the Japanese surrender, the national economy had collapsed completely and its recovery and
development became the first priority.
c. Following the American example, the Japanese economy recovered through opening up its borders for
international free trade.
d. In contrast to the American model of capitalism, in Japan, the state played a direct role in planning the
development of a capitalist economy.

24. What does Japan’s so-called “free ride” refer to?

a. The Japanese return to normal market-based trade free from SCAP’s regulations.
b. The fact that Japan allowed to keep some its armed forces after its surrender, despite its formal compliance
with international agreements.
c. The way in which Japan was able to benefit from the regional ‘Open Door’ policy introduced by the U.S.
d. The idea that a disarmed Japan was able to concentrate on generating economic growth while profiting
from America’s protection.
e. The claims that measures of rearmament would be necessary for Japan’s self-defense.

25. What is the common name for the policy of maintaining equal commercial and industrial rights for the
nationals of all countries within a certain territory?
Open Door

26. What does the ‘reverse course’ refer to?

a. The growing anti-Americanism in the mid-1950s, and in particular the reversal of Yoshida’s legacy of
perceived deference to American wishes.
b. The refusal of the new Japanese government to comply with the reforms that were imposed after the
Japanese surrender.

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c. The change of emphasis from punishment and democratization to economic reconstruction that the United
States introduced in its occupation of Japan.
d. The major reorientation in American occupation policy from financial austerity to a more ‘liberal’ free
market system.

27. What does the so-called ‘Century of Humiliation’ refer to?

a. The ambiguous position of Taiwan as the Republic of China (ROC).
b. The period of national shame since the Japanese surrender during World War II.
c. The annexation of Manchuria by forces.
d. The period of intervention and imperialism by Western powers and Japan in China.

28. What is the name for the reformulation of Marxism-Leninism by Mao in the late 1930s and early 1940s,
in which he argues for an alliance of classes, including both the proletariat and the peasantry?
a. The Cultural Revolution
b. The ‘New Democracy’ movement
c. The Great Leap Forward
d. Pan-Asianism
e. Communism

29. What is the name of the founder of the Chinese Nationalist Party?
a. Jiang Jieshi
b. Sun Yatsen
c. Tsai Ing-wen
d. Xi Jinping
e. Zhang Xueliang

30. What is the name of the Chinese Nationalist party initiated a modernization programme before leading
the country into war against Japan? (Please give the name, no acronym)
Guomindang / Kuomintang

31. What is the name of the radical ultra-left group of which Mao’s wife Jiang Qing was the key member?
a. The Gang of Four
b. The Red Guards
c. The Communist Movement
d. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

32. What was the main reason for the mass protest at Tiananmen Square in 1989?
a. Nationalist sentiments and disagreement with Gorbachev’s visit to Beijing.
b. A concern about the rapidity of economic change in the PRC.
c. A discontent with communist rule and calls for greater democracy in China.
d. Grievances about economic inequality and poor quality of education.

33. Which of the following was the direct cause of a global wave of disapproval of Chinese behaviour?
a. Widespread corruption in the Communist Party of China.
b. The Chinese policy of assimilation intended to destroy Tibetan society and culture.
c. The lack of democratic reforms under the Deng administration.
d. The violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protest.

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34. Which article of the Japanese constitution bars the country from going to war and possessing armed
forces?
a. Article 4
b. Article 5
c. Article 9
d. Article 11
e. Article 51

35. In what year was the new Japanese constitution promulgated, which vested all political authority in the
prime minister and stated that the emperor was merely to be a ‘symbol’ of the state?
1947

36. Which of the following statements about the Peace Treaty of San Francisco are correct?
a. The peace conference took place in 1945.
b. The treaty stated that Japan would regain its full sovereignty.
c. The treaty formally ended Japanese control over its empire.
d. The treaty stated Japan should pay reparations to the states that it had occupied.

37. Which of the following countries were part of the so-called “4 power treaty”?
a. Japan
b. USA
c. Russia
d. France
e. Germany
f. Italy
g. The Netherlands
h. United Kingdom
i. China
j. Belgium

38. Which of the following statements about Chiang Kai-shek (also spelled as Jiang Jieshi) is correct?
a. He strongly rejected Chinese nationalism.
b. He became a principle ally of the Soviet Union.
c. He tried to challenge Japanese influence by building railways parallel to those owned by the South
Manchurian Railway.
d. In 1926, he launched a military offensive to unify China, known as the Northern Expedition.

39. Which of the following terms best describes how China presented itself in the early 21 st century?
a. Great Power
b. Asian Tiger
c. Developmental state
d. Peaceful rise
e. Pan-Asianism

40. Which of the following things most strongly complicated the Sino-Soviet alliance, eventually leading to
the Sino-Soviet split?
a. The Sino-Soviet alliance did not allow China to intervene in the Korean War.
b. The death of Stalin in 1953.
c. The differences in political agendas between the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong.

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d. The ‘de-Stalinization’ speech in which Khrushchev called for a move towards peaceful co-existence with the
West.

41. What year marked the establishment of the People’s Republic of China?
1949

42. What is the name of the Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the
People’s Republic of China?
Mao Zedong

43. What is the name of the Supreme Commander for the Allied
Powers (SCAP), standing next to the Japanese emperor in this picture?
Douglas MacArthur

44. What was the SCAP’s most immediate task?

a. To negotiate the Peace Treaty of San Francisco.
b. To create a military union of Allied powers.
c. To contain Soviet influence in East Asia.
d. To dismantle Japan’s war machine.
e. To bring the Japanese emperor to trial.

45. Which of the following events marked the beginning of Mao’s

Cultural Revolution?
a. Mao’s return as leader of the CCP.
b. The formation of the Red Guards and ultra-left workers’ groups.
c. The death of Zhou Enlai.
d. The 9th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
e. The collapse of the Sino-Soviet alliance.

46. Which of the following statements about the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are correct?
a. The PRC was a sovereign state that covered the territories of modern China between 1912 and 1949.
b. Sun Yatsen was the PRC’s first president.
c. In its early years, the PRC was a key ally of the Soviet Union.
d. The Communist Party of China is the founding and ruling party of the PRC.
e. The PRC was not included in the Treaty of San Francisco.

47. Which of the following events meant a breakthrough in Sino-American relations in the early 1970s?
a. The creation of the Sino-American Alliance.
b. The UN vote in favour of the PRC taking over the Chinese permanent seat on the Security Council.
c. The secret diplomatic talks of Henry Kissinger and Zhou Enlai.
d. The meeting of Mao and Nixon in Beijing.

48. What was the main implication of the Nixon Doctrine for Japan?
a. It meant an increasing U.S. commitment to Japan and the entire East Asia region.
b. It meant increasing pressure on the Japanese government to follow the American model of capitalism.
c. Japan could no longer take U.S. commitment and protection for granted.
d. The Nixon Doctrine had no immediate implications for Japan.

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49. What was the effect of the Cultural Revolution on the PRC’s foreign relations?
a. Mao tried to spread the spirit of Revolution to neighbouring countries.
b. The PRC took a stronger stance against the West, and the United States in particular.
c. Mao turned to Leonid Brezhnev for support.
d. The country largely cut itself off from the outside world.

50. Which of the following was NOT part of Deng Xiaoping’s “four modernizations” policy?
a. A shift in agriculture away from collectivization towards cultivation based on private family plots.
b. The use of new tools to stimulate the growth of heavy industry.
c. Strengthening national defence.
d. Improving diplomatic relations with the United States.

51. The “one country, two systems” scenario refers to the Chinese policy about the future of which place or
territory?
Hong Kong

52. Which of the following statements about the Nanjing Government are correct?
a. Jiang Jieshi became president of the Communist Party of China in 1928;
b. As a result of its modernization policies, the Nanjing government grew stronger over the course of a decade;
c. In the 1930s relations between China and Japan significantly improved;
d. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Nanjing government had to retreat.

53. Which of the following was NOT a direct result of Mao’s failed large-scale modernization movement?
a. Mao had to retreat from the political front line.
b. The Great Chinese Famine.
c. The Sino-Soviet split.
d. Economic regression.

54. Please match the following leaders to the right government administration.
a. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) - Republic of China (ROC)
b. Mao Zedong - People’s Republic of China (1949-1976)
c. Deng Xiaoping - People’s Republic of China (1978-1989)
d. Fumimaro Konoe - Prime Minister of Japan (1937-1941)
e. Hirohito - 124th Emperor of Japan
f. Shigeru Yoshida - Prime Minister of Japan (1946-1947, 1948-1954)
g. Ichiro Hatoyama - Prime Minister of Japan (1954-1956)

55. Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.
1. Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)
2. Washington Conference (1921-1922)
3. The Long March (1934-1935)
4. Nanking Massacre (1937-1938)
5. Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
6. Signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951)
7. The ‘Great Leap Forward’ (1958)

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 Week 3: Latin America

1. Hugo Chavez was president of which country?

Venezuela

2. In the late 19th century, American imperialists drew on ideas from people like the influential historian
Brooke Adams, who declared that among nations, as among animals and plants, the principle of ‘the survival
of the fittest’ ap. plies. What is the name of this theory?
Social Darwinism

3. In what year was the Alliance for Progress initiated?

1961

4. Jorge Ubico, Juan José Arévalo, and Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán were leaders of which Central American
country?
Guatemala

5. What does America’s ‘Manifest Destiny’ refer to?

a. The idea that the United States was destined by God to rule the entire Western Hemisphere.
b. The idea that American culture is inherently superior and therefore needs to be protected from outside
influences and should avoid foreign entanglements.
c. The idea that English-speaking peoples are superior and that they should expand the blessings of Anglo-
Saxon civilization across the North American continent.
d. The idea that America should free itself from European imperialism and unite in a common effort to
modernize.

6. The Havana Conference took place in what year?

1940

7. UFCO became a major land-owner in many Latin American countries. What does ‘UFCO’ stand for?
United Fruit Company

8. What is the name of the US president who declared his ‘Good Neighbour’ policy in 1933? (Please give first
and last name)
Franklin Roosevelt

9. What is the more common name for the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, under which an
armed attack or threat of aggression against a signatory nation will be considered an attack against all?
Rio Treaty

10. What was the main issue Spain and the United States fought over in the Spanish-American War of 1898?
a. The future of the Spanish colonies in Latin America.
b. The question who controlled Cuba and the Philippines.
c. Spanish interference in the Western Hemisphere.
d. A dispute over the Mexican-U.S. border.

15
11. What is the common name for the ‘neo-liberal’ free market ideology that suggested that Latin American
countries were held back by the state’s role in the national economies?
Washington Consensus

12. What does the term ‘Banana Wars’ refer to?

a. The Latin American insurgence from the 1960s to the 1980s.
b. The Mexican-American border conflicts.
c. The US interventions and occupations in Central America in the early 20 th century.
d. The guerrilla movements in Central America in the late 20 th century.

13. What is the last name of the left-wing leader who was elected president of Chile in 1970?
Allende

14. What is the last name of the military general who became President of the Government Junta of Chile in
1973?
Pinochet

15. What is the name of the Cuban revolutionaries under Fidel Castro’s leadership?
Fidelistas

16. What is the name of the notorious leader of the Panamanian Defence Forces, who was convicted for
money laundering and drug-trafficking by a US federal court?
a. Manuel Noriega
b. Daniel Ortega
c. Sergio Ramírez Mercado
d. Raoul Cedras
e. Hugo Chavez

17. What does the acronym ‘OAS’ stand for?

Organization of American States

18. What is the name of the Nicaraguan leader who returned to presidency in 2007?
a. Chavez
b. Castro
c. Ortega
d. Lula
e. Allende
f. Cedras

19. Which of the following U.S. Presidents considered it “incumbent on all civilized and orderly powers to
insist on the proper policing of the world”, as he tried to expand American influence in the Caribbean and
the Pacific?
a. Theodore Roosevelt
b. Woodrow Wilson
c. Ronald Reagan
d. Dwight D. Eisenhower

16
20. What does the acronym ‘NAFTA’ stand for?
North American Free Trade Agreement

21. What is the name of the Latin American trade organization

established in 1991, the members of which are visualized on this
map?
Mercosur

22. What kind of rhetoric did the Bush and Clinton administration
use to justify their interventions?
a. ‘Gunboat diplomacy’
b. ‘Modernization’ and development
c. The Monroe Doctrine
d. Wilsonian internationalism
e. Realpolitik

23. Please match the following U.S. administrations to the name of the right foreign policy or intervention in
the Western Hemisphere.
a. Theodore Roosevelt
b. Woodrow Wilson
c. Franklin D. Roosevelt
d. Dwight D. Eisenhower
e. Ronald Reagan
f. John F. Kennedy
g. George H.W. Bush
h. Bill Clinton
- The Platt Amendment, Roosevelt Corollary and realpolitik
- Internationalism and self-determination
- ‘Good Neighbour’ policy
- Not-so-hidden hand in the overthrow of Arbenaz and bombing of
Guatemala City
- Global containment and a policy of eradication
- Alliance for progress
- Operation Just Cause
- Operation Uphold Democracy

24. Please rank the following treaties and declarations in the right chronological order.
1. Declaration of Lima (1938)
2. Declaration of Panama (1939)
3. Act of Havana (1940)
4. Rio Treaty (1947)
5. United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

25. What was the main purpose of ‘Operation Uphold Democracy’?

a. To capture Noriega, as part of the ‘war on drugs’.
b. To overthrow Fidel Castro’s regime.
c. To deal with the mounting refugee crisis in Haiti.
d. To secure free democratic elections in different Caribbean countries.

26. What was the main purpose of the Alliance for Progress?
a. To undermine Fidel Castro’s regime in Cuba
b. To counter the negative political consequences of inequality in Latin America
c. To avoid European intervention in the Western Hemisphere
d. To improve regional economic stability and development
e. To maintain U.S. influence in the Caribbean

17
27. What was the main reason the U.S. government was so determined to replace the Chilean president
elected in 1970?
a. Vast economic interests in Chile and fears of nationalization.
b. Strategic interests: Chile hosted two American intelligence stations that monitored the movements of the
Soviet Pacific fleet.
c. The new president’s communist ideas and links with the USSR and Cuba.
d. The prospect that other countries in the region might follow the Chilean example.

28. Which of the following best describes the significance of the election of Luis Inacio ‘Lula’ da Silva as
president of Brazil?
a. It symbolized a significant rupture from the neo-liberal ideas of the Washington Consensus.
b. He was the first Latin American president to implement a neo-liberal free market policy.
c. He declared he would free his country from American influence.
d. His election was heavily supported by the United States.

29. Which of the following correctly describes the Act of Havana?

a. It established the Organization of American States (OAS).
b. Cuban revolutionaries tried to export their movement to the rest of the Western Hemisphere.
c. It stipulated the conditions for American intervention in Cuban affairs and permitted the United States to
lease a naval base in Cuba.
d. It declared that the American republics would occupy any territory which was in danger of being transferred
from one external power to another.

30. Please match the following leaders to the right titles.

a. Fidel Castro
b. Ernesto “Che” Guevara
c. Salvador Allende
d. Augusto Pinochet
e. Manuel Noriega
f. Daniel Ortega
- Communist leader of Cuba
- Argentine-Cuban Revolutionary and guerrilla leader
- Leader of the Unidad Popular movement
- Chilean general and dictator
- Leader of the Panamanian Defence Forces
- Leader of the Sandinista National Liberation Front

31. Which of the following leaders expropriated approximately 400.000 non-cultivated acres of UFCO land?
a. Fidel Castro
b. Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán
c. Hugo Chavez
d. Salvador Allende

32. Which of the following most strongly reflects the idea of ‘pan-Americanism’?
a. The Cuban Revolution
b. Wilsonian internationalism
c. The Monroe Doctrine
d. The Declaration of Panama
e. The Washington Consensus

33. Please rank the following historical events in the right chronological order.
1. NAFTA enters into force (January 1, 1994)
2. Operation Uphold Democracy (September 19, 1994 – March 31, 1995)
3. End of the Guatemalan civil war (1996)
4. Hugo Chavez becomes president (1998)
5. Fidel Castro hands over power to his brother Raul (2013)

18
34. Which of the following statements about ‘Good Neighbour’ policy are correct?
a. The policy proved to be a massive break with overt American interventions during the 1920s.
b. Military dictators such as Somoza, Trujillo and Batista are examples of “good neighbours” of the US in the
1930s.
c. Theory and practice of this Latin American policy were very different.
d. The policy marked a shift in favour of indirect rule over direct interventions.
e. The policy clashed with interests of the Pan-American movement.

35. Which of the following statements about Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara are correct?
a. He organized his guerrilla group also called the National Liberation Army of Bolivia (ELNB Ejército de
Liberación Nacional de Bolivia) from Chile in the mid-1960s.
b. He was a prominent communist figure in the Cuban Revolution.
c. He served as a military advisor to Fidel Castro.
d. He was leader of the “Contras”.
e. He was killed by the Bolivian army in 1967.

36. Which of the following statements about Fidel Castro are correct?
a. He took power in Cuba in 1949.
b. His domestic popularity was heavily based on anti-Americanism.
c. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state.
d. He was inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin.
e. He was overthrown after two decades of communist rule.

37. Which of the following statements about the Banana Wars are correct?
a. The interventions started after the end of the Spanish-American War.
b. American intervention in the Caribbean was tied to its increasing economic investment in the region.
c. Woodrow Wilson effectively abandoned the aggressive gunboat diplomacy.
d. In Honduras, where the UFCO controlled most of the country’s revenue, U.S. troops intervened at least five
times.
e. The U.S. entry in the Second World War put an end to the ‘Banana Wars’.

38. Which of the following statements about the Monroe Doctrine are correct?
a. The doctrine was declared by president James Monroe in 1865.
b. Monroe announced that the United States would not tolerate intervention by the European Powers.
c. The doctrine stressed the similarities between the political systems of Europe and the Western Hemisphere.
d. The doctrine emerged as a justification for growing American involvement in the affairs of its Southern
neighbours.
e. The doctrine is reflective of American universalism.

39. Which of the following statements about the Platt Amendment are correct?
a. The amendment is an addendum to the Cuban constitution.
b. It put an end to American intervention in Cuban affairs and declared Cuban independence.
c. It permitted the United States to lease Guantanamo Bay.
d. It was made into policy by president Franklin D. Roosevelt.
e. The amendment was abrogated in 1934.

40. Which of the following statements about the Sandinistas are correct?

19
a. Sandinistas are members of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación
Nacional).
b. The 1979 Sandinista victory was supported by the United States.
c. The Sandinista victory brought down the long-lasting dynasty of the Somoza family.
d. The Sandinistas tried to pursue “non-alignment” in their foreign policy.
e. The former Sandinista leader was elected president of Panama in 2007.

41. Which of the following statements correctly describes the Declaration of Lima?
a. It endorsed a co-operative spirit of the ‘American Republics’ to resist the influx of external influences.
b. In this declaration, the United States abandoned their initial requirement that aid was to be tied to political
reform.
c. It declared that the American republics would occupy any territory which was in danger of being transferred
from one external power to another.
d. It secure the independence of Caribbean states.

42. Which of the following statements correctly describes the Roosevelt Corollary?
a. In return for European non-intervention in the Western Hemisphere, it guaranteed that the U.S. would not
intervene in European affairs.
b. It permitted the United States to lease a naval base in Cuba.
c. It asserted that nationals of all countries would get equal commercial and industrial rights, in an effort to
safeguard American economic interest in China.
d. It stipulated that the United States would intervene in cases where the Caribbean states were threatened by
internal or external dangers.

43. Which of the following was a result of the Spanish-American War?

a. The American acquisition of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam.
b. The American acquisition of Cuba and other Caribbean states.
c. The independence of several Spanish colonies.
d. The Spanish acquisition of Cuba.
e. The collapse of the Spanish Empire.

44. Who initiated the Alliance for Progress?

a. Franklin D. Roosevelt
b. Harry S. Truman
c. Dwight D. Eisenhower
d. John F. Kennedy
e. Lyndon B. Johnson

45. Please rank the following historical events in the right chronoglogical order.
1. US entry in the Second World War (1941)
2. Overthrow of the Arbenz government (1954)
3. Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba (1959)
4. Failed Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
5. Victory of the Sandinistas (1979)
6. Hugo Chavez becomes president of Venezuela (1999)

46. Who was the leader of the Sandinista National Liberation Front?
a. Fidel Castro
b. Daniel Ortega
c. Salvador Allende

20
d. Manuel Noriega
e. Jorge Ubico

47. Why did the Wilson administration intervene in Mexico between 1913 and 1917?
a. Wilson believed ‘gunboat diplomacy’ was the most effective way to control its Southern neighbours.
b. In the name of ‘good government’, Wilson backed the constitutionalist movement of Carranza.
c. Wilson tried to restore order after the outbreak of guerrilla conflict.
d. US police forces were sent in to supervise the presidential elections and to negotiate a treaty that would
secure US influence.

Week 4: Middle East

1. In what 1920 treaty were Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire divided and put under French and British
mandates?
San Remo

2. In what year did the First Intifada take place?

1987

3. In what year did the Madrid Conference take place?

a. 1991
b. 1992
c. 1993
d. 1994
e. 1995

4. In what year did the Six-Day war take place?

1967

5. In what year did the Suez Crisis take place?

1956

6. In what year did the first Lebanon war take place?

1982

7. In what year did the so-called Jewish revolt begin in Palestine?

a. 1943
b. 1944
c. 1945
d. 1946

8. In what year was Israel declared independent?

1948

9. In what year was the PLO founded?

21
1964

10. In what year was the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel signed?
1979

11. In what year was the question of Palestine referred to the UN by Britain?
a. 1945
b. 1946
c. 1947
d. 1948

12. In what year were the Oslo Accords concluded?

a. 1991
b. 1992
c. 1993
d. 1994
e. 1995

13. In which year was the Czech Arms deal concluded?

a. 1954
b. 1955
c. 1956
d. 1957

14. Please match the following countries to their year of effective independence?
a. Egypt - 1952
b. Lebanon - 1943
c. Jordan - 1946
d. Syria - 1946
e. Iraq - 1932

15. Please match the following milestones of the peace process to the agreements that they involve.
a. Madrid Conference - Officially initiated the peace process and divided it into a bilateral track
with each party involved and a multilateral track dedicated to resolving
regional problems. 
b. Oslo Accords - Provided mutual recognition between Palestinians and Israel for the first
time and mentioned arrangements for a Palestinian government
c. Cairo Agreement - Created the Palestinian Authority and policy force.
d. Oslo II Accords - Expanded the powers of the Palestinian Authority. 

16. Please match the following reports and commissions to their descriptions, assessments of and proposals
for the situation in the British Mandate in Palestine.
a. Shaw Commission - Was created to investigate the 1928-29 Wailing Wall
riots, concluding that Arab hostility was caused by their feedling of
landlessness and fear for their future.
b. Passfield White Paper - Blamed the Jewish population for inciting riots and demanded
concessions from them. 

22
c. Peel Commission
d. MacDonald White Paper
- Concluding that there was a mutual incompatibility between
Jewish and Arab aspirations, it was the first to recommend
partition. 
- Restricted Jewish immigration and land purchases, while
promising a Palestinian state. 

17. Please match the following reports and commissions concerning the British Mandate in Palestine in the
1920s and 1930s  to the year where they were issued or constituted.
a. The 'Hope-Simpson Commission' - 1930
b. The 'Shaw Commission' - 1929
c. The 'Passfield White Paper' - 1930
d. The 'Peel Commission' - 1937
e. The 'MacDonald White Papers - 1939

18. The so-called October war took place in the year …

1973

19. To what does the term 'Aliyah' refer?

a. The systematic and violent prosecution of Jewish populations.
b. The strategy of incrementally buying land and settling in Palestinian territory.
c. A wave of Jewish immigration.
d. The goal of establishing a Jewish home in Palestine.

20. What does the acronym IDF stand for?

Israel Defense Forces 

21. What does the acronym PLO stand for?

Palestine Liberation Organization

22. What does the acronym PAN stand for?

Palestinian National Authority

23. What does the acronym UNEF stand for?

United Nations Emergency Force

24. What does the acronym UNSCOP stand for?

United Nations Special Committee on Palestine

25. What does the acronym UNTSO stand for?

United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

26. What is another common name for the October War?

Yom Kippur War

23
27. What is the Biltmore Program?
a. A plan by the Roosevelt administration to pressure Britain to stop the naval blockade.
b. A plan by the American Zionist network to crate a Jewish state in Palestine
c. A plan by the Eisenhower administration to stop colonial fighting in the Middle East.
d. A plan by the American Zionist Network to allow for the entry of Holocaust refugees in Palestine during the
war.

28. What is the common name of the Letter sent to Lord Rothschild in 1917 guaranteeing a Jewish home in
Palestine?
Balfour Declaration

29. What is the name commonly given to the deliberate prosecution of and attacks on Jewish populations
that were committed in many European countries from the end of the nineteenth century onwards?
Pogrom

30. What is the name of the Jewish para-military organization created in 1920 that is the origin of the
current IDF?
Haganah

31. What is the name of the Palestinian leader who founded the organization Fatah in 1957 and eventually
became president of the PAN?
Yasser Arafat

32. What is the name of the author of the 1896 book The Jewish State? Write first name and surname.
Theodor Herzl

33. What is the name of the first Israeli Prime Minister?

David Ben-Gurion

34. What is the name of the international institution founded in 1897 to promote the creation of a home for
the Jewish people in Palestine?
World Zionist Organization

35. What is the name of the leader of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970? Write only his surname
Nasser

36. What is the name of the leader of Egypt from 1970 until his death in 1981? Write only his surname
Sadat

37. Which of the following are short- or mid-term consequences of the Six-Day war?
a. A realignment of Egypt into the US camp
b. A loss of prestige for certain Arab states such as Syria,  which decided to re-militarise.
c. A realignment of Egypt into the Soviet camp.
d. A loss of prestige for certain Arab states such as Syria, which decided to de-militarise.

24
38. Which of the following countries intervened military during the Suez Crisis?
a. Syria
b. Israel
c. France
d. United States
e. United Kingdom
f. Jordan

39. Which of the following countries were involved in the Six-Day war?
a. Jordan
b. Lebanon
c. Syria
d. United States
e. Egypt
f. United Kingdom
g. Israel

40. Which of the following sentences about the Hussein-McMahon correspondence are correct?
a. It took place in the years 1915 and 1916.
b. After the war, the United Kingdom argued that it had excluded Palestine.
c. It promised Arab independence in exchange for support against the Ottoman empire
d. It took place in the years 1914 and 1915.
e. After the war, the Arabs argued that it had excluded Palestine.
f. It constitutes the declaration that a Jewish national home could be established in Palestine.

41. Which of the following sentences about the Lavon Affair are correct?
a. It occurred in 1954
b. It caused existing negotiations between Egypt and Israel to fail
c. It was a plan to create discord between Egypt and the West carried out by Israeli agents and consisting of
attacking American and British property
d. It occurred in 1955.
e. It was a plan to create discord between Israel and the West carried out by Egyptian agents and consisting of
attacking American and British property.

42. Which of the following statements about Anwar Sadat is correct?

a. As the successor of Nasser, he wanted to continue his project of modernization and Pan-Arabism for Egypt.
b. He initially attempted to negotiate a peace agreement with Israel
c. He created the United Arab Republic to implement his Pan-Arabist project.
d. He initially attempted to call an international conference between all Arab states and Israel, which
culminated in the Camp David Accords.

43. Which of the following statements about Palestine before the First World War are correct?
a. Palestine was established as an independent sub-province of the Ottoman Empire in 1872
b. Palestine was a British Mandate under the League of Nations.
c. Arab Nationalism traditionally considered Palestine part of Greater Syria
d. Historians agree that there was Palestinian nationalism in the late nineteenth century.

44. Which of the following statements about Theodor Herzl are correct?
a. Theodor Herzl was a Viennese journalist

25
b. Theodor Herzl’s idea of a Jewish state was inspired by what he considered distinctive Jewish qualities.
c. Theodor Herzl advocated a romantic version of Zionism.
d. Theodor Herzl's idea of a Jewish state was inspired by European upper-middle class ideas of the time
e. Theodor Herzl convened the first Zionist congress in 1897  in Switzerland.
f. Theodor Herzl advocated for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine, as this was the promised land.

45. Which of the following statements about Zionism in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth
century are correct?
a. Zionism included some socialist stands
b. Zionism was a Romantic movement that advocated the creation of a home state for the biblical Jewish
people.
c. Despite initial debates about where to establish a Jewish state, agreement was quickly reached among
Zionists that it should be in the territory of Palestine.
d. Zionism was quickly institutionalised into a variety of organizations, such as the Zionist Organization of 1897
(renamed World Zionist Organization in 1960)

46. Which of the following statements about institution building in Palestine in the inter-war period are
correct?
a. The Jewish Agency was created in 1929
b. The Muslim-Christian association was the most important organization on the Arab side, advocating for
restrictions to Jewish immigration
c. Zionist institutional organization started in the late nineteenth century, with organizations such as the
Jewish Colonial Association and the Jewish National Fund.  
d. Jewish institution-building was focused exclusively on political parties, financial institutions, and education
and linguistic organizations, but excluded military action as they were under the British Mandate.
e. The core weakness of Arab institution-building was a separation between the existing elite and leadership,
on the one hand, and the emerging institutions on the other.
f. Jewish and Arab sides experienced similar institution-building processes.
g. The Jewish Agency was created in 1920.

47. Which of the following statements about the 1948 war are correct?
a. The UN declared a cease-fire after approximately a month, which allowed the Arab states to rearm.
b. The UN declared a cease-fire after approximately a month, which allowed Israel to rearm
c. In the initial stages, Arab states seemed to be winning the war
d. In the initial stages, Israel seemed to be winning the war.
e. The war had a destabilizing effect on the governments and regimes of many of the Arab states that took part
in it
f. At the end of the war, both Israel and the Arab states gained territory.  
g. At the end of the war, only Israel gained territory.

48. Which of the following statements about the Arab Revolt in Palestine is correct?
a. It began in 1936
b. It began in 1937.
c. It was predominantly undertaken by new urban working classes, showing the importance of the class
tensions brought about by the new waves of immigration.
d. It was predominantly undertaken by peasants,  showing the importance of the land question
e. It is considered to be a clear mark of the existence of Palestinian nationalism by historiography.

49. Which of the following statements about the Camp-David accords are correct?
a. They took place in 1979
b. They were signed between Egypt and Israel

26
c. They were based on the land-for-peace principle.
d. They reaffirmed the boundaries of 1967.
e. Israel took legal possession of the Sinai as a result.
f. They took place in 1978.
g. They were signed between Syria, Egypt, and Israel.
h. The reaffirmed the boundaries of 1948.

50. Which of the following statements about the Lebanon war Is correct?
a. Israel invaded Lebanon
b. It involved the stationing of Israeli troops in southern Lebanon until 1994.
c. It had as its goal to eliminate Hizbullah’s control in Southern Lebanon.
d. Lebanon invaded Israel.
e. It involved the stationing of Israeli troops in southern Lebanon until 2000
f. It led to the Lebanese Civil war.
g. It had as its goal to eliminate the PLO’s control in southern Lebanon.

51. Which of the following statements about the Six-Day war are correct?
a. It lead to a clear victory of Israel, which gained significant territory
b. It was partially caused by Nasser's closing of the Strait of Tiran
c. One of its long-term causes is the rise to power of the Ba'th  group in Syria.
d. It occurred after Nasser asked the UN to withdraw the UNEF.
e. It occurred after the United Nations unilaterally withdrew the UNEF.
f. One of its long-term causes is the rise to power of the Ba’th group in Iraq.
g. All countries involved gained significant territory.

52. Which of the following statements about the Sykes-Picot agreement are correct?
a. It created colonial mandates to be implemented during the war in the Middle East.
b. It was an agreement between France and the United Kingdom.
c. It was signed in 1916.
d. It was signed in 1917.
e. It was an agreement between France and the United States.
f. It mapped areas of control in the Middle East.

53. Which of the following statements about the development of the Suez Crisis are correct?
a. Nasser also closed the Strait of Tiran, preventing Israeli access to the Red Sea
b. It lead to the UN deploying the UNEF.
c. After the Czech Arms deal, the US decided to withdraw funding from the Aswan Dam,  which led Nasser to
nationalize the Suez Canal.
d. It lead to the UN deploying the UNTSO.
e. After the Czech Arms deal, the US decided to withdraw funding from the Suez Canal, which led Nasser to
nationalize the Aswan Dam.
f. Nasser also closed the Strait of Suez, preventing Israeli access to the Red Sea.

54. Which of the following states declared war on Israel on 1948?

a. Egypt
b. Jordan
c. Turkey
d. Syria
e. Lebanon
f. Iraq
g. Iran

27
55. Which of the following was the recommendation of UNSCOP for Palestine?
a. The creation of an Arab state with recognized rights for the Jewish minority.
b. The creation of a Jewish state with recognized rights for the Jewish minority.
c. The creation of a federal union between an Arab state and a Jewish state.
d. Partition in two states

Week 5: South Asia and Decolonization

1. Which of the following statements about the Atlantic Charter are correct?
It was released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
It recognized "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live".  

2. What does the acronym SEATO stand for?

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

3. Please give the acronym of the international

organization the members of which are
highlighted on this map.
SEATO

4. What is the common name for the proclamation of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
by Irish nationalists, and the subsequent rebellion in Dublin? 
Easter Rising

5. In what year did the 'Easter Rising' take place?

a. 1916
b. 1919
c. 1921
d. 1926

6. In what year was the 'Quit India Movement' launched?

a. 1930
b. 1942
c. 1947
d. 1955

7. What was the main demand of the 'Quit India Movement'?

a. An end to the Dominion status of India
b. An end to British Rule in India
c. Democracy and self-determination
d. An end to civil disobedience in India

8. In what year did the Asian-African conference of Bandung (also known as the Bandung Conference) take
place? (Please give your answer in numbers)
1955

28
9. What is commonly seen as the first move towards the establishment of a Third World lobby in
international politics? 
a. The Bandung Afro-Asian Conference
b. The Geneva Accords
c. The 1961 Non-Aligned Conference
d. BRICS
e. SEATO

10. Which of the following statements about the Bandung Afro-Asian Conference are correct? 
a. It was the cradle of the Non-Aligned Movement.
b. It's purpose was to stimulate co-operation between former colonies.
c. Representatives from Israel, South Africa, Taiwan and Korea attended the conference.
d. The conference was a platform for neutral states to voice their criticism about the Cold War.
e. Those present voted to endorse the general application of the "five principles of peaceful co-existence".  

11. What is the last name of the Indian nationalist leader and
organizer of the Indian National Congress's campaign of non-
cooperation, standing next to his wife in this picture? 
(Mahatma) Gandhi

12. Which of the following statements about

the satyagraha campaigns are correct?
a. The movement was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.
b. Gandhi's concept of satyagraha became a major tool in the Indian
struggle against British imperialism.
c. The first campaign was instrumental in India's struggle for independence.
d. Congress launched the first of its non-cooperation campaigns in 1930.
e. The ‘Salt March’ was a violent protest against the British salt monopoly.

13. Which of the following statements about Mahatma Gandhi are correct?
a. He led the Salt March and the Quit India movement.
b. He was arrested for conspiracy in 1922.
c. He led the first non-cooperation campaign against British rule in 1919.
d. He became the first Prime Minister of independent India.
e. In the early years of independence, anti-colonialism was the cornerstone of his foreign policy.
f. He called off the disobedience campaign following the Chauri Chaura massacre.

14. What do countries highlighted on this map have in

common?
a. They gained independence in the 1940s and 1950s.
b. They joined the WTO under the Marrakesh Agreement.
c. They were the first members of what is now known as
the “Group of 77”.
d. They attended the Non-Aligned Movement Conference in
1961.

15. Which of the following leaders were founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement?
a. Josip Broz Tito

29
b. Jawaharlal Nehru
c. Mahatma Gandhi
d. Sukarno
e. Ho Chi Minh
f. Mikhail Gorbachev
g. Kwame Nkrumah
h. Winston Churchill
i. Gamal Abdel Naser
j. John Curtin

16. Which of the following were main aims of the Non-Aligned Movement?

a. Confronting the two blocs of the Cold War.
b. Ending underdevelopment.
c. Opposing (neo-)colonialism, imperialism and racism.
d. Non-involvement in Great Power conflicts.

17. French Indochina comprised of today's Vietnam, Cambodia and …?

Laos

18. What is the name of the Vietnamese, communist-led organization whose forces fought against the
Japanese and the French in Indochina?
Viet Minh

19. What is the full name of the communist revolutionary who became symbol of the Vietnamese struggle
for independence?
Ho Chi Minh

20. In what year did Ho Chi Minh declare independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam?
1945

21. In what year did the French effectively withdraw from Vietnam?
a. 1945
b. 1947
c. 1954
d. 1955

22. Which of the following statements about Vietnam's struggle for independence are correct?
a. The Americans supported France's attempt of regaining control in Indochina.
b. After 1949, the Viet Minh received increasing economic and military aid from the United States.
c. Between 1950 and 1954, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was fighting a proxy war in Vietnam.
d. In 1954, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
e. The French were defeated in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.

23. What did UNGA Resolution 1514 call for?

a. For the establishment of the World Bank.
b. For the establishment of the Group of 77.
c. For the independence of all states under colonial rule.
d. For the 1960s to be a ‘development decade’.

30
24. The countries highlighted on this map are members
of which group?
a. Third World
b. Non-Aligned Movement
c. Group of 77
d. World Economic Forum

25. In what year did Burma and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gain
independence?
a. 1945
b. 1946
c. 1947
d. 1948
e. 1949

26. What does the "second colonial occupation" refer to?

a. The ‘Scramble for Africa’ in the late 19 th century.
b. The renewed colonial efforts of European Powers after World War II.
c. The continuous French presence in Vietnam after the declaration of independence.
d. The British control over Ireland after the Irish War of Independence.

27. What happened in the Princely State of Kashmir, that caused a lot of friction between India and Pakistan
shortly after independence?
a. The Muslim ruler decided to merge his kingdom into Pakistan, even though the majority of the population
was Hindu.
b. The Muslim ruler decided to merge his kingdom into India, even though India was a secular state.
c. The Hindu ruler decided to merge his kingdom into India,  even though the majority of the population was
Muslim.
d. The Hindu ruler refused to merge his kingdom into Pakistan, because the majority of the population was
Hindu.

28. What is the collective term for those states that are neither part of the developed capitalist world nor
the communist bloc?
Third World

29. Which two countries signed a border treaty in 1954, which stated that relations between the two states
would be regulated by reference to the "five principles of peaceful co-existence"? 
a. Japan and China
b. India and Pakistan
c. India and China
d. North and South Korea
e. China and Vietnam

30. What is the common name for the organization of independent self-governing states linked by their
common ties to the former British Empire? 
Commonwealth

31
31. What was the purpose of the 'ethical policy' introduced by Dutch colonial rule at the start of the
twentieth century?
a. To provide the foundations for the economic development of the Dutch East Indies.
b. To improve the living standards of the colonized people in the Dutch East Indies.
c. To prepare for the independence of Indonesia.
d. To provide an example of ‘good governance’ to other colonial rulers.

32. Which of the following was a direct result of the Dutch 'ethical policy' in the Dutch East Indies? 
a. The formation of the Sarekat Islam movement.
b. The formation of the Volksraad (People's Council).
c. The formation of the Khilafat Movement.
d. The formation of the Indonesian nationalist movement.

33. Who was Mohammad Hatta?

a. Founding father of the Communist Party of Indonesia.
b. A leading secular nationalist who fought for the independence of Indonesia.  
c. Founder and leader of the Sarekat Islam movement.
d. The first president of independent Indonesia.

34. When did the Japanese Empire occupy the Dutch East Indies?
a. From 1940 to 1946
b. From 1942 to 1945
c. In 1928
d. In 1944
e. The Japanese never occupied the Dutch East Indies.

35. In what year did Sakurno proclaim Indonesian Independence, marking the start of the Indonesian
National Revolution? 
1945

36. Who was the first president of Indonesia?

a. Hatta
b. Sukarno
c. Habibie
d. Suharto

37. In what year did Indonesia effectively gain independence?

1949

38. What was the main purpose of the Sarekat Islam movement?
To preserve the authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam.
b. To gain greater political rights for Muslims in the Dutch East Indies.
c. To end Dutch rule in Indonesia.
d. To end British rule in India.

39. What is the common name for a completely self-governing colony which is freely associated with the
mother country?
Dominion

32
40. What is the common name for a territory administered by an imperial state without full annexation
taking place, and where delegated powers typically remain in the hands of a local ruler or rulers?
Protectorate

41. Which of the following countries were so-called Dominions of the British Empire?
a. India
b. Burma
c. Australia
d. New Zealand
e. The Irish Free State
f. South Africa
g. Canada
h. Liberia
i. Hong Kong
j. Myanmar

42. Which of the following countries were NOT colonized, but retained their sovereignty?
a. Siam (Thailand)
b. Korea
c. Cambodia
d. The Philippines
e. Persia (Iran)
f. India
g. Ethiopia (Abyssinia)
h. Liberia
i. Burma (Myanmar)
j. Indonesia

43. Which of the following was a British protectorate?

a. Egypt
b. Vietnam
c. Australia
d. Burma
e. Cambodia

44. Which of the following statements about the end of British rule in India are correct?
a. After the Second World War, Britain actively tried to retain its control over India.
b. With independence, British India split into two states: India and Pakistan.  
c. The independence of India symbolized and  further stimulated the desire to rid the Asian continent of
European colonialism.
d. The end of British rule in India was publicly announced on 24 February 1949.
e. The leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, became founding father of Pakistan.

45. In what year did India and Pakistan gain independence?

a. 1945
b. 1946
c. 1947
d. 1948
e. 1949

33
46. What is the common term for the policy whereby a state publicly dissociates itself from becoming
involved in Great Power conflicts? 
Neutralism

47. Who was the first major advocate of a policy of 'neutralism'? 

a. Jawaharlal Nehru
b. Chiang Kai-shek
c. Michael Gorbachev
d. Sukarno
e. Jiang Jieshi

48. Which international agreement provided for the withdrawal of the French and Viet Minh to either side
of the 17th parallel, and for the independence of Laos and Cambodia?
a. Geneva Accords
b. Paris Peace Accord
c. Atlantic Charter
d. Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty

49. What is the common term for the process whereby a colonial power grants juridical independence to a
colony, but nevertheless maintains de facto political and economic control?
Neo-Colonialism 

50. The League of Nations' mandate system involved a contradiction between two ideas. On the one hand, a
spirit of realpolitik, and on the other hand...?
a. Wilson's Fourteen Points
b. Neo-colonialism
c. Indirect rule
d. Decolonization
e. Modernization theory

51. Which of the following documents declared the United Kingdom and the Dominions to be "autonomous
Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect
of their domestic or external affairs"?
a. The Atlantic Charter
b. The Balfour Declaration
c. The Commonwealth Charter
d. The Paris Peace Treaty

52. How could East Asia develop into a 'second front' in the Cold War in the late 1940s? 
a. Communist movements profited from growing anti-colonial and nationalist sentiments.
b. Worried about a possible ‘domino effect’, the U.S. increasingly tried to contain the treat of communism in
East Asia.
c. The Second World War severely limited Western interference in the East Asian region.
d. East Asian states were forced to pick a side, as neutralism was “not an option”.

53. What was the main significance of the "Khalifat Movement"?

34
a. It marked the end of French rule in Morocco.
b. It marked the beginning of Islamic resurgence.
c. It resulted in the formation of the ‘Quit India Movement’/
d. It led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Egypt.

54. What is the name of the head of the Congress Party who
became the first Prime Minister of India, and is pictured here
on the left?
a. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
b. Jawaharlal Nehru
c. Rajendra Prasad
d. Mahatma Gandhi
e. Charan Singh

55. What is the common name for the process whereby an imperial power gives up its formal authority over
its colonies?
Decolonization

56. Which act effectively established the legislative independence of the self-governing Dominions of the
British Empire from the United Kingdom in 1931?
a. The Balfour Declaration
b. The Act of Union
c. The Constitution Act
d. The Statute of Westminster

57. Which of the following statements about the (de)colonization of the Philippines are correct?
a. The country was occupied by the Japanese during World War II.
b. The Treaty of Manila was signed by U.S. President Truman in 1946,  thereby recognizing the independence of
the Philippines.
c. The country was colonized by the Portuguese and the Americans.
d. The Philippine-American War was settled in 1945.

58. Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.
1 - Easter Rising (1916)
2 - Establishment of the Irish Free State (1921)
3 - Britain declares war on behalf of India (1939)
4 - Ho Chi Minh declares independence (1945)
5 - The Philippines become independent (1946)
6 - "Police actions" against the Republic of Indonesia (1947-1949)
7 - Geneva Conference (1954)

59. Please match the following countries to imperial power by which they were colonized. You may use the
same answer multiple times. Not all answers have to be used.
a. The Philippines - The United States
b. Indonesia - Netherlands (Dutch East Indies)
c. East Timor - Portugal
d. Burma - United Kingdom
e. Laos - France
f. Cambodia - France
g. India - United Kingdom

35
h. Vietnam - France
i. Korea - Japan

Week 6: Africa

1. According to Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, the ______ of the international economic system
produces high profit consumption goods.
Core

2. According to Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, the ______ of the international economic system
produces raw materials.
Periphery

3. In what year was the OAU founded?

1963

4. What does OAU stand for?

Organization of African Unity

5. In what year was the French Union created?

a. 1946
b. 1948
c. 1956
d. 1958

6. In what year was the French Union abolished?

a. 1946
b. 1948
c. 1956
d. 1958

7. Which of the following concepts was essential in articulating both French colonialism and anti-colonial
demands within French colonies after the Second World War?
a. Indirect rule
b. Modernisation theory
c. Citizenship
d. Metropolitan France

8. What is the name of the political entity created by the Fourth French Republican constitution that
encompassed both metropolitan France and the colonies?
French Union

9. In what year was the Atlantic Charter released?

1941

36
10. What is the Atlantic Charter?
a. The foundation Charter of the United Nations that enshrines the principle of decolonization.
b. An Anglo-American declaration of war aims that excluded decolonization.
c. An Anglo-American declaration of war aims that included decolonization.
d. An Anglo-French agreement for post-war colonial distribution.

11. In what year was the French Community created?

a. 1946
b. 1948
c. 1956
d. 1958

12. In what year was the French Community officially abolished?

1995

13. What was the name of the political entity created in 1958 as an association of former French colonies?
French Community

14. What does the acronym UNCTAD stand for?

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

15. Which of the following statements about UNCTAD are correct?

a. It was established in 1964;
b. Although reluctant, Western countries initially did not oppose it, as they  thought that not appearing
receptive would act as reverse-propaganda;
c. It had as its main goal to promote the conditions for the development of newly decolonized countries,
inspired by the then-prevalent modernization theory. 
d. It was completely opposed by Western countries, who though it was mostly communist-inspired
propaganda.
e. It was established in 1966.
f. It had as its main goal to promote the conditions for the development of newly decolonized countries, in
particular the alteration of the existing terms of trade.

16. When did the Algerian War take place?

a. 1958-1964
b. 1952-1964
c. 1954-1962
d. 1954-1958

17. In what year was the Evian Agreement signed?

a. 1960
b. 1962
c. 1958
d. 1964

18. Which of the following are commonly cited as reasons for the nature and duration of the Algerian War?

37
a. The presence of a large settler population
b. A sense of pride after the loss of Indochina
c. The fact that Algeria was considered part of Metropolitan France
d. The weakness of the government in the constitutional framework of the Fifth Republic
e. The reliance of France on raw materials exported from Algeria

19. Which of the following statements about the Algerian War are correct?
a. It took place between the French Army and the FNL
b. It led to the return of Charles de Gaulle to politics
c. It is partly responsible for the fall of the Fourth French Republic
d. It took place between the FNL (French Army) and the National Movement of Algeria.
e. It led to the resignation of Charles de Gaulle.
f. It is partly responsible for the fall of the Fifth French Republic.

20. Which of the following were former Portuguese colonies in Africa?

a. Madagascar
b. Sao Tomé and Principe
c. Mozambique
d. Angola
e. Guinea-Bissau
f. Equatorial Guinea
g. Zaire
h. Cape Verde

21. Which of the following statements about Portuguese decolonization in Africa are correct?
a. Decolonization took place in 1974-1975
b. It was partly triggered by a military coup that led to the establishment of a dictatorship.
c. Decolonization took place in 1976-1977.
d. Portuguese decolonization was relatively peaceful when compared to British decolonization in Africa.
e. It was partly triggered by a military coup that led to the fall of a dictatorship
f. Portuguese decolonization was relatively more violent when compared to British decolonization in Africa

22. In what year did the Fifth Pan-African Congress take place?
1945

23. What is the name of the anti-capitalist ideology proposed at the 1945 Manchester congress?
African Socialism

24. Which of the following statements about the Fifth Pan-African congress are correct?
a. It took place in Manchester
b. It denounced capitalism
c. It was exclusively attended by African leaders
d. It is sometimes references as a precedent for the Non-Aligned Movement.
e. It promoted African communism.
f. It denounced imperialism.

25. What does the acronym NIRO stand for?

New International Economic Order

38
26. Which of the following statements about the NIEO are correct?
a. It was passed in 1974
b. It was issued in the context of a debate about the consequences of the oil crisis.
c. It is a resolution of the UN Security Council.
d. It is a resolution of the UN General Assembly
e. It demanded a fairer trade system that allowed developing countries to control their own raw materials and
set their price. 
f. It demanded a fairer trade system that allows developing countries to form their own trade block of raw
materials.
g. It criticizes the oil crisis and the OPEC countries.

27. What is the colonial name of present-day Ghana?

Gold Coast

28. In what year did British colonial authorities establish majority African councils in Nigeria and Gold Coast?
a. 1944
b. 1945
c. 1946
d. 1947

29. In what year did the Gold Coast become independent?

1957

30. Order the following events in the process of independence of the Gold Coast?
1. Introduction of African participation in the Governor’s council.
2. Introduction of African majority in the legislative council. (1946)
3. First riots in Accra. (1948)
4. Creation of the Coussey Commission to draft a constitution. (14 March 1949)
5. Founding of the Convention People’s Party. (12 June 1949)
6. First legislative elections with the new parliamentary system.
7. Nkrumah elected Prime Minister. (1951)
8. Independence of the Gold Coast. (1957)

31. Which of the following are reasons for the choosing of the Gold Coast as the first African country to
achieve independence?
a. The presence of a long standing workers movement and unions.
b. The presence of a well-educated and healthy middle class
c. The presence of many relatively successful agricultural producers
d. The presence of a long tradition of local participation in the government of the colony
e. The presence of a strong leader in Nyerere.
f. The presence of large-scale oil deposits that made it a rich colony.

32. What was the Casablanca Group?

a. A Pan-Africanist group of states that criticized single-country African nationalism.
b. A Pan-Africanist group of states that wanted to create a supra-national African government
c. A Pan-Africanist group of states that wanted to prioritize national sovereignty after decolonization.
d. A Pan-Africanist group of states that led to the creation of the African Union.

39
33. What was the Monrovia Group?
a. A Pan-Africanist group of states that criticized single-country African nationalism.
b. A Pan-Africanist group of states that wanted to create a supra-national African government
c. A Pan-Africanist group of states that wanted to prioritize national sovereignty after decolonization.
d. A Pan-Africanist group of states that led to the creation of the African Union.

34. Please match the following countries with the group to which they belonged to.
a. Ghana - Casablanca Group
b. Guinea - Casablanca Group
c. Mali - Casablanca Group
d. Morocco - Casablanca Group
e. Algeria - Casablanca Group
f. Libya - Casablanca Group
g. Ethiopia - Monrovia Group
h. Sierra Leone - Monrovia Group
i. Liberia - Monrovia Group
j. Nigeria - Monrovia Group

35. What does the acronym ECOWAS stand for?

Economic Community of West African States

36. What is the name of the sovereign state that existed in the former Belgian Congo from 1971 to 1997?
Zaire

37. Which African territory did Mussolini's Italy invade in the 1930s?
Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

38. In what year did the Second Italo-Abyssinian war begin?

1935

39. What is the name of the policy aimed at incentivising domestic industrialisation and reducing foreign
dependency by establishing high tariffs that make foreign industrial products more expensive and thus
enabling domestic ones to replace them?
Import substitution

40. Which of the following statements about the Congo Crisis are correct?
a. It led to the radicalization of Pan-Africanists, who appalled the interference by Western and Communist
countries, enshrined the principle of non-intervention.
b. It took place from 1960 to 1965
c. It began with an army uprising after being informed that racial discrimination would stay after independence
d. It led to the temporary secession of the province of Katanga, which was rich in mineral resources and thus
supported by Western powers.
e. It took place from 1960 to 1964.
f. It began after the French withdrawal from Congo.

40
41. Which of the following policies were agreed at the 1944 Brazzaville conference?
a. Expansion of participation rights in local politics for African peoples.
b. Equal rights of colonial French citizens.
c. Economic reforms to end raw material exploitation after the war effort.
d. End of colonization.
e. End force labour.
f. Creation of the French Community.

42. Which of the following was termed the 'development decade'?

a. 1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s

43. Which of the following statements about the Brandt report are correct?
a. It was issued in 1980
b. It made proposals based on the prevalent neoliberal ideology at the time.
c. It was commissioned in response to the creation of the UNCTAD.
d. It was issued in 1975.
e. It was commissioned in responses to the NIEO
f. It proposed the 'Brandt line' in order to identify the North/South division between rich and developing
countries
g. It is a report of a Independent Commission chaired by Willy Brandt that reviewed international trade and
development issues.
h. It made Keynesian proposals.

44. Which of the following statements about Africa in the inter-war period are correct?
a. Despite large-scale modernization plans, in the inter-war period there was little to no change in the socio-
economic organization of the continent.
b. The inter-war period saw the beginning of important socio-economic changes, such as urbanization and
large-scale migration
c. The inter-war period saw the beginning of large-scale commodity production and extraction in Africa.
d. The inter-war period saw an abandonment of indirect rule and intensification of direct control throughout
the continent.

45. Which of the following statements about the 1973 oil crisis are correct?
a. Most of its effects were felt only in industrialized countries, whose economies relied on oil.
b. It was voluntarily caused by the OPEC as a response to the Yom  Kippur War.
c. Newly decolonized countries and the NAM expressed their approval of the actions of the OPEC.
d. It led to a large increase in debt of developing countries.
e. The OPEC is an example of a Raw Material Producer Association as demanded by the NIEO.  

46. Which of the following statements about decolonization in Africa are correct?
a. It followed a strict planning by colonial authorities, particularly French and British.
b. As opposed to decolonization in Asia, decolonization in Africa was peaceful.
c. It was a process led by elites who had already been in power in the system of indirect rule.
d. Nationalist movements and worker movements played an important role.
e. Many African elites did not initially demand independence, but only increased self-governance.
f. Despite strict planning by colonial authorities, it occurred on a faster, unexpected timing. 

41
47. Which of the following statements about UK policies in Africa in the 1940s are correct?
a. British policies were based on developmentalist ideas.
b. British policies increased African participation in the governance of the colonies, but still did not include
governors and leaders of African origin.
c. British policies reduced African participation in the governance of the colonies.
d. British policies were based on modernisation theory and the Washington consensus.
e. British policies increased African participation in the governance of the colonies, but still did not include
African-majority institutions.

48. Which of the following statements about Africa during the Second World War are correct?
a. A consequence of the war was that Germany lost its colonial possessions in Africa.
b. Loss of the South East Asian colonies meant that exploitation and  supply of raw materials such as rubber
and tin shifted to Africa.
c. The Atlantic Charter created hopes in many anti-colonial movements that decolonization would rapidly
occur after the war.
d. Japanese colonization of African colonies created a power vacuum that ultimately led to decolonization.
e. Large-scale African participation in the war meant that resource exploitation in the continent decreased due
to lack of manpower.

49. Please match the following leaders to their country.

a. Kwarne Nkrumah - Gold Coast
b. Jorno Kenyatta - Kenya
c. Obafemi Awolowo - Nigeria
d. Julius Nyerere - Tanzania
e. George Padmore - Trinidad

50. Match the following organizations to the country where they mainly developed their activities.
a. FRELIMO - Mozambique
b. MPLA - Angola
c. UGCC - Ghana
d. FNLA - Angola
e. UNITA - Angola
f. ZAPU - Zimbabwe
g. ZANU - Zimbabwe

Week 7: Eastern Europe and the End of the Cold War

1. In what year was the Warsaw Pact dissolved?

a. 1968
b. 1989
c. 1991
d. 1995
e. The Warsaw Pact was never dissolved.

2. In which Eastern European country was Mazowiecki appointed as first non-communist Prime Minister
since the 1940s?
Poland

42
3. Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.
1. Soviet Yugoslav Split (1948)
2. Hungarian Revolution (1956)
3. Berlin Wall construction begins (1961)
4. Prague Spring (1968)
5. Gorbachev comes to power (1985)

4. Please list the following historical events in the right chronological order.
1. Gorbachev ascends to power (1985)
2. Chernobyl Accident (1986)
3. Round Table Agreement and start of democratic transition in Poland (1989)
4. East German government announces that all GDR citizens can visit West Germany and West Berlin (1989)
5. Recognition of independence of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union (1991)
6. Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991)
7. Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (1993)

5. Please match the following countries with the right description about when and how they experienced
regime change. You may use the same answer multiple times. Some answers may be left unmatched.
a. Poland - The country’s Solidarity movement played an important role in the
foundation of a democratic, non-communist government.
b. Lithuania - After a massive campaign of civil resistance against Soviet rule, this country
declared independence in 1990, which was recognized by the Soviet Union
in 1991.
c. Czechoslovakia - In 1989, the “Velvet Revolution” put an end to Communist one-party rule
and restored democracy.
d. Estonia - After a massive campaign of civil resistance against Soviet rule, this country
declared independence in 1990, which was recognized by the Soviet Union
in 1991.
e. Romania - After the Communist leader was executed in December 1989, the National
Salvation Front (FSN) took power.
f. Bulgaria - As a result of the Revolutions of 1989, the Communist Party was forced to
give up its political monopoly in November 1989.
g. Hungary - Round Table Talks in the summer of 1989 resulted in the end of Communist
rule and the creation of a multi-party constitutional democracy.
h. Latvia - After a massive campaign of civil resistance against Soviet rule, this country
declared independence in 1990, which was recognized by the Soviet Union
in 1991.

6. Please match the names of the following leaders to the right title or description. Two answers will be
unmatched.
a. Josip Broz Tito - Communist revolutionary and former leader of Yugoslavia.
b. Wojciech Jaruzelski - Military officer and last leader of the People’s Republic of Poland.
c. Lech Walesa - Former President of Poland and co-founder of the trade union/opposition
movement ‘Solidarity’.
d. Imre Nagy - Hungarian communist politician who played an important role during the
Hungarian Revolution.
e. Alexander Dubcek - Slovak politician and leader of the Prague Spring.
f. Václav Havel - Dissident turned President of Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic.
g. Nicolae Ceausescu - Romanian communist leader.
h. Boris Yeltsin - First President of the Russian Federation.

7. The Chernobyl disaster took place in what year?

43
a. 1969
b. 1974
c. 1982
d. 1986
e. 1990

8. The Hungarian Revolution took place in what year?

a. 1956
b. 1959
c. 1960
d. 1963

9. The Hungarian Revolution was a protest against what?

a. Nikita Khrushchev’s influence in Hungary.
b. The Soviet-imposed policies of the Hungarian People's Republic.
c. Government demands to increase labour productivity.
d. The occupation by the Soviet Army.

10. The Prague Spring took place in what year?

a. 1957
b. 1960
c. 1966
d. 1968

11. The Soviet-Yugoslav split was the result of a conflict between which two leaders?
a. Stalin and Josip Broz Tito
b. Stalin and Ivan Ribar
c. Stalin and Lazar Kolisevski
d. Khrushchev and Ivan Ribar
e. Khrushchev and Imre Nagy
f. Khrushchev and Josip Broz Tito

12. The failed Hungarian Revolution resulted in whose execution?

a. Václav Havel
b. Ferenc Szalasi
c. Miklós Horthy
d. Imre Nagy

13. What does "Titoism" refer to?

a. The idea to create an alternative communist bloc in Eastern Europe, without the influence of Stalin.
b. An unwillingness to submit to Moscow's demands for conformity in the Communist bloc.
c. A set of anti-communist ideas that eventually led to the February 1948 coup in Czechoslovakia.
d. The resistance of local Yugoslav and Albanian Communist Parties to the Axis occupation of their countries.

14. What happened on 9 November 1989?

a. The Berlin Wall was opened.
b. The Berlin Wall was finally deconstructed.
c. The Baltic States declared independence.
d. The Soviet Union collapsed.

44
e. Boris Yeltsin was elected president of Russia.
f. Poland got its first non-communist government since World War II.

15. What is the common Russian name for the public policy within the Soviet Union of openly and frankly
discussing economic and political realities, initiated in 1986 by Gorbachev?
Glasnost

16. What is the name of the alliance set up in 1955 under a mutual defense treaty, that served as the Soviet
bloc's equivalent of NATO?
Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO)

17. What is the name of the former Politburo member, anti-communist and rival of Gorbachev, who
declared that his goal was an "independent Russia"? (Only last name)
Yeltsin

18. What is the name of the former Prime Minister of Poland, who imposed martial law in an effort to crush
the Solidarity democracy movement?
a. Wojciech Jaruzelski
b. Lech Walesa
c. Ryszard Kaczorowski
d. Mieczyslaw Rakowski

19. What is the name of the international organization that

was founded in 1991, and the members of which are
highlighted on this map?
a. Collective Security Treaty Organization
b. Union of Sovereign States
c. Eurasian Economic Union
d. Commonwealth of Independent States
e. Russian Federation

20. What is the name of the international organization,

founded in 1949, the members (and observers) of which are
highlighted on this map? (red = member, yellow = observer)
a. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or Comecon)
b. Federation of Communist States
c. Commonwealth of Independent States
d. Viségrad Group
e. Warsaw Pact

21. What is the name of the last Communist leader of Romania, who was executed in December 1989?
a. Chivu Stoica
b. Gheorghe Cristescu
c. Nicolae Ceausescu
d. Imre Nagy

22. What is the term attached to the attempts by Mikhail Gorbachev to transform the command economy of
the Soviet Union into a decentralized market-oriented economy?

45
Perestrojka

23. What marked the beginning of the Prague Spring?

a. The election of reformist Alexander Dubcek as the First Secretary of the Communist Party.
b. The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
c. The overthrow of the new communist regime.
d. Student protests against government repression in Prague.

24. What was decided with the Belovezh Accords? (also spelled as Belavezha)
a. It created the Commonwealth of Independent States.
b. It established the first free elections in the Russian Federation.
c. It declared peace between the United States and the Soviet Union.
d. It declared the independence of the Baltic states.

25. What was the main significance of the Polish trade union "Solidarity"?
a. It received support from both the Soviet Union and the United States.
b. It consolidated power in the hands of the new Polish Workers’ Party.
c. Its founders were inspired by the ideas of Nikita Khrushchev.
d. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party.

26. What was the main significance of the Uprising of 1953 in Berlin?
a. It contributed to the rise of the DDR.
b. It created the division between East and West Germany.
c. It culminated in Berlin’s de facto partition with the East German erection of the Berlin Wall.
d. It escalated into waves of protests against government repressions throughout the GDR.

27. What year marked the beginning of the Berlin blockade?

a. 1948
b. 1950
c. 1958
d. 1961

28. What year marked the reunification of Germany?

1990

29. Where did the "Pan-European Picnic" take place?

a. Along both sides of the Berlin Wall.
b. In Prague.
c. On the Austrian-Hungarian border.
d. In Belgrade and Sarajevo.

30. Which of the following countries signed the Warsaw Pact?

a. East Germany
b. West Germany
c. Poland
d. Austria
e. Slovenia
f. Albania

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g. Romania
h. Latvia
i. Soviet Union
j. Czechoslovakia

31. Which of the following countries were member of the CMEA?

a. France
b. The United States
c. Poland
d. Soviet Union
e. Romania
f. Italy
g. Czechoslovakia
h. Hungary

32. Which of the following events effectively brought about the end of the Soviet Union?
a. A failed coup against Gorbachev.
b. The fall of the Berlin Wall.
c. The independence of the Baltic States.
d. The dismantling of the Hungarian border.
e. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.

33. Which of the following events contributed to the end of the Soviet influence over Central and Eastern
Europe?
a. The collapse of the Berlin Wall
b. The Romanian Revolution
c. The “Velvet Revolution” and the end of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia
d. The removal of Hungary’s border fence with Austria.
e. The Prague Spring
f. Elections and the fall of communism in Poland

34. Which of the following gives the best definition of "perestroika"?

a. The transformation of the command economy of the Soviet Union into a decentralized market-oriented
economy.
b. The ‘doctrine’ affirming the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of communist countries in
order to protect communism.
c. The restructuring of the Soviet political system to improve transparency and to create democratic
institutions.
d. The “nationalization” od Soviet Union property under Boris Yeltsin.

35. Which of the following people was leader and co-founder of the Polish trade union "Solidarity"?
a. Konstantin Chernenko
b. Lech Walesa
c. Todor Zhivkov
d. Wojciech Jaruzelski

36. Which of the following statements about Gorbachev's rule of the Soviet Union are correct?
a. He introduced the policies of glasnost and perestroika;
b. He formally resigned in 1991
c. During his rule, he managed to regain widespread popular support.

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d. He managed to tame destructive tide of anti-communism in Eastern Europe.

37. Which of the following statements about Boris Yeltsin are correct?
a. Yeltsin was increasingly critical of Gorbachev's reform programme
b. Yeltsin started to challenge Gorbachev's authority.
c. He is known for his authoritarian rule and Marxist-Leninist ideas.
d. He established the Commonwealth of Independent States, together with the presidents of Ukraine and
Belarus.

38. Which organization was meant to prevent countries in the Soviet sphere of influence from moving
toward that of the Americans and South-East Asia?
a. The Commonwealth of Independent States
b. The Warsaw Pact
c. Comecon (or CMEA)
d. The Eurasian Economic Union

39. Which treaty or agreement officially declared the end of the Soviet Union?
a. The Union of Sovereign States
b. The Moscow Declarations
c. The Union Treaty
d. The Belovezh Accords

40. Who introduced the programme "Socialism with a human face"?

a. Joseph Stalin
b. Lech Walesa
c. Alexander Dubcek
d. Imre Nagý

41. Who proclaimed the creation of the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946?
a. Alexander Dubcek
b. Lech Walesa
c. Josip Broz Tito
d. Ivan Ribar
e. King Peter II

42. Who tried to take control over the country in the Soviet coup d'état attempt in 1991, also known as the
August Coup?
a. Mikhail Gorbachev
b. Boris Yeltsin
c. Conservatives within the Soviet Communist Party
d. Separatist groups from the Baltic States.
e. Anti-communist partisans.

43. Who was the last President of Czechoslovakia?

a. Václav Havel
b. Emil Hácha
c. Gustav Husák
d. Imre Nagy

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