1. Lap length of reinforcement – 50 * D D=Diameter of rod (smaller in case of two different dia.

rods)

Lap length is the overlapping length of two bars side by side.

The purpose of overlapping length is to retain the continuation of the steel bars to securely transmit the load
from one steel bar to another bar.

2. Development length of reinforcement - 50 * D

Development length is provided to transfer the load from steel to concrete. It is also known as anchorage length.

It is always provide at the end of beam, column, or slab

3. Cover – coat of cement over steel bar in concrete

4. Plaster is of 12 mm thick for foundation with CM:1:6
5. White wash - Whitewash is used to reduce odors and provide more sanitary conditions
6. Stirrups - Stirrups are provided to hold the main reinforcement rebars together in an RCC structure. Stirrups
are placed at proper intervals to beams and columns to prevent them from buckling. Also, they protect RCC
structures from collapsing during seismic activities

7. Stirrups & Ties –

Lateral ties are used in columns. The load is carried by the vertical steel bars, while the ties are
provided to keep the bars in their required position without getting disturbed while compacting
the concrete by the needle vibrators. The ties do not take or share any part of the load coming
on the column. The ties are evenly spaced along the full height of the column.
Stirrups. The term stirrups is used to define the transverse reinforcement provided in beams
where the primary mode of load transfer is through bending and shear. The stirrups are
provided to prevent cracks forming in the concrete beam due to tension, bending and shear.
The spacing of the stirrups is not uniform throughout the length of the beam. They are spaced
closer near the supports and farther apart in the middle portion.

Rebar – short form of Reinforcement Bar

T10 - Means T=High Tensile rebar with 10 mm dia.

CNS – Cohesive Non-Swelling Soil - is widely used to solve swelling deformation problems in
expansive soil area. Isolation of foundation from swelling zones. Swelling soil or expansive soil is
a soil which have a tendency to increase volume in the presence of water or to decrease the
volume when water is not present.
A large uplift pressure may be exerted by this soil on foundation causes cracks and damages to
the structures.

Grout thickness is 50 mm on foundation plate

Raft=Footing
Pedestal=chimney=column
Foundation = Raft + Pedestal