BAI TAP

' ~ N 1 » ~
HUH

NHA XUAT BAN

OAI HOC QUOC GIATP. HO CHI MINH
 BAI HOC QUOC GIA TP HO CHI MINH
TRUING BAI HOC BACH KHOA
Hoang Binh Tin - Bui Hi i

BR I Tf)P
NHIET SONS HOG RY THUNT
VR TRUVEN NHIET
(Tai ban lan thu' tu)

E BO O K B K M T.COM

HO TRO TAI LIEU HOC TAP

NHA XUAT BAN BAI HOC QUOC GIA

TP HO CHI MINH - 2012
PRAT I. NH I E T D O NG I . ISC HOC NY y'fl UA'I'
Chuung 1. CAC THONG SP TRAM(' THAI
].]. Ap suat 9
E BO O K B K M T . C O M
] .2 Nhiet d o 10
].3 The tich r i eng v, i»'/k g TAP 10
].4 Noi nang u, J/kg ]0
].5 Entanpi i, J/kg 11
1.6 Entropi s, J/kg"K '1
1.7 Exergi e, J/kg ].1
Bai tap 12
Chu'ong9. P HI ONG TRINH TRAYG THAI, HON HOP KHI,
NHIET DUNG RIENG
2.1 Phu'ong trinh t r ang thai khi ly to ting 16
2.2 Hon hop khi ly thong 17
2.3 Nhiet dung rieng (NDR) 18
Ikai tap 19
Chu'o'ng3. BINH LUAT NHIET BPNG THU ÃHAT VA CAC QUA
TRINH NHIET BONG CUA CHAT KHI 26

3.1 Binh l uat n h iet dong thu' iih it 26

3.2 Cac qua trinh nhiet dong coban c ii» kh i l y ttfang 27
3.3 Qua trinh hon hop cac khi
3 .4 Qua trinh nen k h i
Bai tap
Chuong 4. CHU TRINH CHAT I&il
4.1 Chu trin h n h iet do»g 49
4.2 Chu trinh doug co dnt trna>g 51
4 .3 Chu trin h tua bin kh i 5]
4.4 <hu trinh dong co phan luc 53
Ch,uong 5. I% i NI.fOC VA CHU TRINH THIFT BI BONG LUC HOI NOOC 69
~).1 Hoi nuoc 69
5.2 Chc qua trinh nhiet dong coban ei'ia hei noae 70
Bai tap 71
Chu'ong6. LOU BONG VA TIET LOU 101

6.1 Lu'u dong 101

6.2 Qua trin h t ie t lu'u 104
Bai tap 104
 Chcong 7. KHONG KHI AM 113

7.1. Khong khi am 113

7.2 Quh trinh say 117
7.3 Qua trinh dieu tiet.khong khi 121
Bai tap 125
Chuong 8 . CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH 145

8.1 Chu trinh may lanh ding khong khi 145

8.2 Chu trinh thiet bi lanh dung hai c6 may nen 147
Bhi tap 151

PHAN II. T RI.JYEN NHIE T 181

Chcumg 9. DAN NHIET 183

9.1 Dan nhiet on dinh 183

9.2 Dan nhiet khong on dinh 189
Bai tap 192
Chrlang 10. TOA NHIET BOI LOU 214

I0.1 Toa nhijt doi 10u tu nhien 215

10.2 Toa nhiet doi l00 cong bCfc (dbng mot pha) 216
10.3 Toa nhiet khi bien doi pha 220
Bai tap 221
Chuong 11. TRAO BOI NHIET BUC XA 251

11 1 Cac dinh luat ca bin ve bCfc xa nhiet 251

11.2 Trao doi nhiqt bCfc xa giCfa chic vat 252
11.3 BC' xa chat khi 253
Bhi tap 255
Chuong I2. TRI.JYEN NHIET VA TINH TOAN THIET BI TRAO
BOI NHIET 265

12.1 Truyen nhijt qua vkch p hag 265

12.2 Truyen nhit" ;t qua vkch tru 265
12.3 Vhch c6 chnh 266
12.4 Thie't bi trao doi nhit";t 266
12.5 Phuang phd hindusuit - hj so chuyen nhiet (phuang
phkp s — NTU) 271
Bhi tap 273

Phon III. PM) L QC 297

Tai Lieu tham A;hao

 Ldi noi dciu

Nhigt d6ng lu'c hoc ky thuat cung uai cac mon hoc truyen nhiet, ca hoc
lu'u cha't... da dat nen tang co so ly' luan quan trong giup cho sinh vien hieu
bi"".'t co h> .'h~'n~ '~Bthie'.' bi nhiet, dong c0 do' trong, dong co tua bin khi,
may lanh, nha may nhiet dien, thong gio ua dieu tie't khong khi.... Thie't bi
nhiPt ngay nay ph at t r i e'n ra't nhanh va da d a n g, xa m nba vao nhieu
nganh ky thuatva co anh hu'ong quan trong de'ncha't luringsan pham. Cac
t'hie't bi lu dn lu on d u'0c cai tien tren c0 s8 phat trie'n cong nghe moi, ky
thudt mai va vat lieu mai, tuy nhien no van tuan theo nhi2ng nguyen ly' ce
b an vc n h i e t d o n g l u'c hoc ky t h uat u a t r uyen n h i et. S >
t hie'u bie't ue cac
mon hoc nay se g i u p c ho s inh u ieri, ky s u' ua ky t h u at v i e n cd c o ski vung
vang trong viec su' dung thiet bi, lu'a chori cac p hu'kg a n k y t h u a t v e n h i e t
rnot each hpp ly tr o ng cac day chuyen cong nghe.
Cu6n BAI TAP NHIET BONG LUC KY THUAT VA T RUY EN NHI ET
la mot phan qu an tr o ng giup sinh vien trong qua tr i nh h oc t ap cac mon hoc
nhiet dong lu 'c hoc ky thuat va truyen nhiet du'oc thudn l qi h o n .
Chung toi da he't sec cubi' gang ke' thu'a nh8ng kinh nghiem to't a trong
nude cung nha a nu de ngoai ua su'u tarr<cac bai toan sat u oi n h i ' n g va 'n d e
ky thuat cong nghiep thu'0ng gap nhlrn phuc vu doc gia. Tuy vay, trong
dieu kien hien nay chung toi chu'a thd dap u'ng day du you cd'u cac ban doc.
A'6t mong nhan d u 'oc su' gop y' cua ban doc.
Xin chdn t h a nh c an~ urn.
Bia chi Lien he: Trung tarn Nghien cu'u Thic't bi Nhiet va Nang lu'crng
moi Tru'eng Bai hoc Bach khoa - Bai hoc Quo'cgia TI'. Ho C hi M i n h 268
Ly' Thawing Kiet, Q.10 - BT: (08) 8652315

Cic tic gib

P GS-TS. Hoang Din h T i n
PGS-TS. Bui Hai
N HIET BONG LUC HO C
KY THUAT
 Chu.'dhg

CAC THONG SO TRANG THAI

Thong so' trang thai la nhOng dpi lvqng vat ly co gia tr i x a c d in h 0
mot tzang thai nao do. Thong so' trang thai la ham chi phu thuoc vao trang
thai n>a khong phu thuoc vao qua trlnh.
Cac thong so' trang thai gom: ap sua't p, nhiet dj T , t h e t i ch r i eng v,
entanpi i, entropi s, exergi e. Trong do p, v, T goi l a cac thong so' trang
thai co ban. 0 day can 1W y nhiet ltfqng q, cong 1 la cac ham phu thuoc vao
qua trinh nen khong phai la cac thong so trang thai.

1.1 AP SUAT
Cac don vi throng ditng de do ap suat
2
N/m = Pa (Pascal)
3 6 6 2
1MPa = 10 k P a = 10 Pa = 1 0 N / m
5 2
1 bar = 10 N / n > = 75 0 m m H g
1 at = 0 , 981 ba r = 0,981 . 10 P a = 7 3 5, 5 m m H g
10m H20 = 14,696 psi
2
1 rnm Hg = 183,3g 'N/m (1mm Hg cbn goi la tor)
1 psi =1 lbf /in = 6894,76 N/m
Ap suat tuyet doi trong blnh chCfa duqc tinh nhu sau:
- Ap suat binh chCfa ldn han 6p sub't khi troi:
Ptd = Pd +Pkt

- Ap sujet binh chQa nho han 6p suat khi trodi:

P td Pkt Pck
o day: p td - ap suat tuyet do'i;
pk, - 6p suat khi troi (do b5ng baromet)
pd - ap suat du (do bhng manomet)
p„k - hp suat chan khong (do bkng vacumet).
10 CHLfONG t

1.2 NHIET 80
Nhiet do bieu thi mCfc do n6ng lanh cua vat. Khi do nhiet do ngui i t.a
thu'ong dung cac thang do nhiet do sau day: nhiet do bach phan (nhiet do
Celsius) t'C , nhiet do tuyet do'i (nhiet do Kenvin) T ' K , n h i e t do Farenheit
t'F. Quan he giu'a chung nhu sau:
T'K = t ' C + 2 7 3 , 15

t 'C = — ( t,'F — 32)

9
t ,'F = 1 , 8 t,'C + 3 2
b,t('C) = bt ( ' K ) at'F = 1,8at'C

Can lou y la chi co T' K m o i l a t h ong so' trang thai

212 F Nhijt dj didym soi 100 C

cua nUdc

180 khohng 0 dieu kien ap suat ti0u chuan vat ly 100 khoang
chia do chia do

32 F Biem dong bhng OC

cua nUdc 32 F
OF
-17.8 C
0
-40 F -40 C

Be de dang khi sCf

dung phan phu luc co bang tinh doi giua C va F

1.A THE TICH RIENG v, m /kg

The' tich rieng la the tich cua mot don vi khoi luqng v, m /kg
V 1 G
v = — ,m / k g ; p = — = —, kg/m ( k h oi luqng rieng)
G v V

1.4 NP,'i NANG u, J/kg

Noi ning (noi nhiet n i n g ) la n i n g l a ong cua cac phan tu chuyeri dong
trong vat. Noi n i n g cua kh i l y t e &ng chi phu t huoc vho nhiet do va d uoc
xac dinh: h l = u2 u y = cy (t2 t])
i day: c., n h i et dung rieng kho'i leong ding tich.
Voi khithi«noi nang 1h hhm phu thuoc vao ca ba thong so co ban p, v, T.
CAC THONG SO TRANG THAI

1.5 ENTANPI i, J/kg

E ntanpi ddsc dIrih nghla bang bIeu thuc'. i = = u + pv.
E ntanpi cua kh i l y t u orrg chi phu t.huoc vao n.hiet do va xa c d in h t h e o
quan he: r] = c ) ) (t j - t y).

o day: c»- nhiet dung rieng khoi luong dang ap.

Voi khi thee entanpi la harrr phu thvoc v~io ca bar thong so ca ban p, v, T.

1.6 EI4TROPI S, J/kg'K

E ntropi l a h a r n t r a n g t h ai, vi phan cua no l a v i p h a n t o a n p h a n d u o c
x ac dinh bang bieu t h uc : ds = d q / T

1.7 EXERGI e, J/kg

Chung ta bie't rang ta't. ca car dang nang luo'ng <ngoai nhiet ni ng) nhu:
ca ning, dien ning, hoa nang....
deu co the bien doi hoan toan thanh cong
trong chic qua trinh t h uan nghich. Nguoc lai du la t r ong qua trinh t h u an
nghich "hung ta chi co the bien doi rnot ph aros
c ua ning luang nhiet thanh
cong. Chung ta goi exergi laning luong co t.he bien doi hoan toan thanh
c ong trong qua t r i n h t h uan nghich. Bo'i vdi nhiet u an g q t a co the vi et :
q = e + a

trong d6: e - exergi; a - anergi (lh ph'in nhiet rehang khong the bien doi thanh
cong).
Nguoi ta da chung minh duac cac cong thuc san:
Fxergi cua do ng chat chuye'n dong:
e = i — i, — T,(s-s„ )

0 day: i s - e n t a n p i v a entropi cua nroi chat 0 tr an g t h a i ban d a u

ip sp c a c t h o n g so' cua rnoi cha't <i trang thai cuo'i can b5ng vc'fi moi
truong co p„ T „ k h ong dpi.
Exergi cua nh i e t lrtnng g o nhiet do T:

=-- q 1 — —' (1.2)

e„

8 day: To - nhiet do k h ong doi cua rnoi truang.

Gia tri exergi co the mang da'u duang hoac am. Do ion exergi la gia tri
tuyet doi cua no .
12 cHL/ONG 1

BAI TAP
1.1. C hi so M a n ornet cua l o h e i l a 0, 3 a t , c h i s o B a r o met o O ' C la
785 mmHg. Xac dinh ap suat tuyet do'i cua hei trong lo hoi.
Giai Ap suat tuyet doi cua hoi trong lo hai:
785
p td = p d + pkt = 0 3 + = 1,367 at
735,5

p td = 1,367 x 0 , 9 8 1 = 1,34 bar

1.2. Xac dinh ap suat tuyet doi cua khi trong binh co l eapap ke. Neu manomet
chi 500 mmHg, Baromet chi ap suat khi quyen 750 mm Hg 6 O' C, (o
day ta coicot ap cua Manomet 0 O'C, nghia la khong can hieu chinh do
gian nG cua cot ap nay).
Dap so: 1,69 at hay 1 ,666 bar

1.3. X ac dinh ap suat tuyet doi cua khi tro ng binh chCfa co nhiet dj 1 70 C
neu Manomet chi 500 mmHg, ap suat khi troi do bhng baromet chi
760 mmHg 0 nhiet do 30'C trong hai truang hqp:
a) Coi chieu cao cua cot thuy ngan tr ong ap ke kh ong doi theo nhiet do.
b) Coi chieu caocot thuy ngan h phu thuoc vao nhiet do theo quan he:
h o = h(1 0 0 0 0 172 t)
0 day: ho -la chieu cao cot thuy ngan o 0 C

1260
Giai. a ) p = pd + pkt = 5 0 0 + 7 6 0 = 1 2 6 0 m H g ; p = = 1,68 bar
760
b ) Chieu cao cot thuy n gan t r ong m anomet qui v e O ' C :
h p = h( 1 — 0,000 1 72 t) = 500( 1 — 0,000 172 x 1 00 ) = 4 9 1,4 mmH g
0 day nhiet do trong cot thuy ngan lay bhng nhiet do trung binh giCfa
nhiet do ngoai trodi 30'C vh nhiet do trong binh 170'C :
1
t = — (170+ 30) = 100'C
2
Chieu cao cot thuy ngan trong Baromet qui ve O'C:
h p = h( 1 — 0,000 1 72t) = 7 6 0 ( 1 — 0,000 1 72 30) = 756 mm H g
V ay ap suat tuyet doi cua khi t r on g bi n h :
p = 4 9 1 , 4 + 7 5 6 = 1247,4 mmHg o O'C
1247,4
750
CAC THONG SO TRANG THAI 13

1,68-1,663
'
S'<i so cua tracing hqp a so vii truer>g hqp b la: '

= 1'7c
1,663
Tif day chung ta tha'y khi nhiet do trong binh va ngoai trodi khong cao
thi ta co the bo qua viec hieu chinh chiAu cao cot thuy ngan trong cac ap ke
cha't long thuy ngan.

1.4. Xac dinh ap sua't khi troi i 0 C n e'u baromet chi 755 mmHg a dies-kien
nhiet do la 30'C
Dap so': 1 bar hay 750 mmHg

1.5. Mot binh co g ranvacumet

thuy ngan d uqc dat t r ong 150mm Hg
ph6ng co g ranmanomet
H 20. X k c d inh a p s uat
t uyjt d o i c u a k h i tro n g
binh n e u bi e t chi so 180mm Hg
750mm Hg
vacumet lh 180 mmHg, chi
s o rnanomet l a 5 0 m m H 2 0
vh hp suat khitrai do bhng
b'cromet 0 30'C la 750 mmHg.
Giai. - Ap suat tuyet doi trong phong: pf -— p< + pk,
Vi 8 day khong cho bie't nhiet do trong binh va nhiet do phong nen ta
co the bo qua hieu chinh cotcha't long trong vacumet va manomet. Ta se
chi hiju chinh doi vdi baromet.
50
pd = 50 mm FI20 = = 0,005 at
10.000

hkt = h( 1 — 0,000172 t)
7 50(1 — 0,000172 x 3 0 ) = 746 m mH g 8 0 C
746
P kt = = 1,014 at
735,5

pr = Pd + p kt, = 0,005 + 1 , 0 1 4 = 1,019 at

- AP suat tuyet doi tr ong binh : Pb = Pf P k
180
p <k = 180 mm H g = = 0,245 at; p > - 1 , 0 1 9 — 0,245= 0,774 at
735,5
14 cHL/ONG i

1.6. Tren du'ctng khoi ra k h o i lo h ei do d ht q uat hut n en ap s«a't tuyet do'i cua
k hoi se nho hon h p suat k h i
:r si. Be do ap suat cua k h oi
n,;u'oi ta dung ip ke' cha't long
H 20 da. t n gh i e n 30 ' . B ie ' t
chieu daicot nude trong 6p ke' Khoi
la 160 mm, ip sua't khi quyen
7 40 rnmHg o O ' C . X h c d i n h
ap suat tuyet doi cua kh6i.
Dap so': 734,1 mrnHg

1.7. Tren dUong kh6i ra cua 16 hoi co dat quat hut. Be do ap sua't cua kh6i ta
dung ap ke'nghieng 30'C, chA't long 1h dau hoa c6 khoi luqng rieng
0,8 kg/lit. Chieu dhi cj t c hat l ong trong i p ke' chi I, = 200mm, biet 6p
sua't khi quyen 745 mm Hg. Xic dinh ap suat tuyet do'i cua khoi.
Giai. A p suat tuyet doi cua kh6i: p = p kt —p , k
a day: p,> = g. p.h
Chieu cao cot dau trong h dupe tinh:
h = cs i n u = 2 00 x s i n 3 0 ' = 1 0 0 mm = 1 0 0 . 10 m
-3 3 785
p,k = 0,981 x 0 , 8 . 1 0 x 1 0 0 . 10 = 785 N/m = — x 7 5 0 = 5,89 mmHg
10"

p = p k t — p,k = 745 — 5,89 = 739 mmHg

1 8. Bo chan khong trong binh ngung hoi cua tua bin c6 chi so
9,52 mH20, chi so cua barornetthuy ngan la 740 mmHg. Xac dinh ap
suat tuyet doi cua hoi trong binh ngung.
Bap s6: 0,054 at hay 0,0529 bar

1.9. 1 kg khong khi chuyen dong trong ong c6 nhiet do ban dau bhng nhiet do
moi truing 27 'C , sau khi nhan nhiet, nhiet do khong khi tkng len de'n
1 27'C. Xac dinh lu'ong bien doi exergi cua 1 kg dong khi d6 kh i b i et
cp = 1kJ/kg do va bie'n doi entropi: hs = 0,29 kJ/kgdo.
G iai. Exergi 6 tr ang t ha i ban dau : e y = i y — i p — Tp(s> — s,)
Exergi o trang thai cuo'i: e2 = i2 — ip T p ( s2 — s p )
CAC THONG 30 T RAIVG THAI 15

Vay bien doi exergi:

e = « g — e ~ = i ~ — i~ — To (sg — s~ i = c) )(tz — t>) To hs

= 1(127 — 27) — (27 + 273) x 0 ,2 9 = 13 kJ/kg

1.10. lloi nuoc 6 trang thai d6u co i~ = 3050 kJ/kg, sy = 7,1 kJ/kg do, sau khi
gian na dhng ap de'n trang thai hai co ip = 2950 kJ/kg, sg = 6,92 kJ/kg do.
Xac dinh bie'n doi exergi cua 10 kg hoi nu'oc d6 khi biet nhiet do moi
t ruing t~ = 2 7 ' C
Bap so': 460 kJ

1.11. 1 kg hoi NHz di vao binh nyfng co i~ = 2100 kJ/kg, s~ = 7 kJ/kg do, sau
khi ning tu dkng ap trong binh ngmg, cha't long ngmg co
iq = 410 kJ/kg, sq = 0,7 kJ/kg do. Xac dinh bie'n doi exergi trong qua
trinh NH q n gm g t u do ne'u tp = 27 C.
Bap so: 200 kJ/kg
 Chu,'dng

PHUONG TRINH TRANG THAI, HON

HOP KHI, NHIET DUNG RIENG
2.1 PHUGNGTRlNH TRANGTHAI KHI LY TIJONG
Khi ly tuong la khi duoc xem nhu' khong c6 luc tuong tac giua cac phan
t u, khong co the tich ban t h i r F phan tu, nghIa lh cac phan t u cua khi l y
tuong chi lh cac chat diem chuyen dong. Trong thuc te chat khi o nhiet do
c ao va ap suat t l . ,> co the coi la khi l y t u ong (d vi t ri e ach xa duong gioi
han tren), vi du k . n g k h i , k h i Og, Ng... o dieu kien binh t h uong, deu co
the coi la khi ly tuong de xu ly.
Phuong trinh trang thi i vo i 1 kg khi: pv = RT

Phuong trinh trang thai vdi G kg khi: pV = GRT

Phuong trinh trang thai voi 1 kmol khi: pV„ = R„T

o day: p - ap suat tuyet doi, N/m

v - the tich rieng, m 3/kg
• ~

T - nhij t d o t u y e t d o i , 'K;
V - the tich, m
V„- the tich cua 1 kmol, m /kmol
R - hing so' chit k hi , J / k g ' K
R„- hkng so pho bie'ncua chat khi, J/kmol'K.

Hhng so chat khi duqc xic dinh bkng bieu thu'c:

R"
R= = J /k oK
P
o day: p lh phi n t u luong cua khi. Kilomol khi lb. luqng khi tinh b ng kg c6
gia tri b5ng phan tu luqng cua khi do, vi du po = 32 kg....
PHUONG TRINH TRANG THAI, HON HQP 8'HI, IVHIE? OUNG RING

2.2 HON HgP KHl LY TUANG

Hon hqp khi la hon hqp ca hoc cual cac khi thanh phan khi khong xay
ra phan Cfngh6a hoc. Neu cac khi thanh phan la khi ly tuang ta co hon hqp
khi la khi ly tu8ng.
1- Tinh chat cua hon hpp khi ly trio'ng
Ap suat cua hon hqp tuan theo dinh luat Dalton:

a day: p - ap suat cua hon hqp khi

p; -ap suat rieng phan (phan ap sua't)cua cac khi thh.nh phan trong
hon hqp
B oi voi 1 kg hon hqp khi : pv = Rh h T
Bo'i vdi G kg hon hqp khi : pV„ = G R h h T

B oi vdi 1 kmol hon hqp khi: p V „ = R„T

i day : R„ = 8314 J/kmol'K - hAng so pho bien cua chat khi
Jlhh - khoi luqng cua 1 kmol hon hqp
8314
Rhh = , J/kg'K - hhng so chat khi cua hon hqp.

Be xac dinh Rhh va yah ckn bie't chic thanh phin cua hon hqp
2- Cac thanh phan cua hon h~

- Thhnh phan kho'i luqng g;: g ;

G

- Thanh phan the tich r;: r- V;

V

- Thhnh phan kmol r;:

trong do: G; - khoiluqng cua khi thhnh phan trong hon hqp, kg
G - khoiluqng cua khi hon hqp, kg
V - the tich cua hon hqp khi, m
V; - t h e t ich cua rieng phon cua khi thanh phan, m
M; - so kmol cuakhi thhnh phan; M - so'kmol cua hon hqp khi.
3- Xac dinh cac dpi lu'png cua hon hpp
18 CHt./QVG 2

1 8314
= ZrP ; = ; Rhh = Zg;R;
~g;/v;
4- Xac dinh phan cip eucit cua hhi thanh phan

pi = r ip

2.3 NHIET OUNGRIENG (NDR)

Nhiet dung rieng lh nhiet luong can de ibm t5ng nhiet do cua mot don
vi do luong vat cha't len mot do trong mot qu6 trinh ca'p nhiet neo d6.
1- Ccicl ofti nhiPt dung rieng
- NDR khoi leang: K h i luqng vat chat do bRng kg, ky hieu 1h c (J/kg do)
- NDR the tich : K h i l eq n g vat chat do bkng mdt kho'i tieu c',.van (lh
m 8 dieu kien tieu chuan t = O'C, p =760 mm Hg),
ky hieu: c' (J/m„do)
- NDR kmol: Khi l u an g v a t c h a' t d o b 5 n g km o l , k y h i ndu:
c„(J/kmol do)
- NDR dkng ip : Khi qui t r i n h xay ra 8 i p s ub't khong doi, ky hindu:
cp, cp, c~p .

,- NDR d5ng tich : K hi q u 6 t r l n h xay ra o the tich khong doi, ky hindu:

cyanc' vj clv

2- Quan hy girla cac l ofti nhi jt dung rieng

Cp
cp — c~ = R; k;
C~

c> -— pc = 2 2 , 4 c'
8- Xac dinh g i ci tri n h i y t d u n g r i e n g

- Nhiet dung rieng la hRng so: Trong tinh- toin k h o ng can do chinh
xac qu6 cao hole khoang bien thien nhijt do khong ion, de dan gian trong
tinh town, nguoi ta t h uang xem nhiet dung r i eng lh h i n g so'. Ckn cCf vho
ting loai khi: mot nguyen tu, hai nguyen tQ... vh phon tu 1 L tong cua khi d e
xic dinh NDR.
C
va c' =
22,4
Tri so c„ - t r a 8 phan dau cua phu luc (Bhng 1)

- Khi can do chinh xic cao trong tinh t o wn, hoac khoang bien thien
nhiet do ra t l a n t h i c o t h e x e m N D R ph u t h uoc nhiet d o t heo quan he
doing throngvh tinh nhq sau:
PHLfCIIVG?I..'IIVH?RANG ?HA', HON HCF' KII I, f4HIE I DUNG Fl'ENG 19

a day: b,t = tp — ty
tr
c ; c ' la n h i e t d ung rie»g trung binh t r ong khoang nhiet ~l
0 0
0 —: t~, 0-'-ty va duroc xac dinh tif cac bang so hoac tinh theo cong thC'c a
phan phu luc (Bang 2 —: bang 6)
O' NOR c.uc:phon hin ho p hhi
c = g c-, ; c' = r c ', ;

5- Z'inh nh ij t th e o NDR
Q = G c bt

Ne'u cha't khi duroc coi la khi ly th rongthi c = const, ne'u lh kh i t h Lrc thi
tp
c = cq~> — c p h u t h u o c nhiet do.
tr

BAI TAP
2.1. Xkc dirh t h e t ich rieng, khoi ldqng rieng cua khi N q o d ieu kien ti eu
chuan vh a dieu kien co ap suat du la 0,2 at, nhiet do 127'C. Bie't ap
sua't khi quyen la 780 mm Hg o O'C .
Dap so': v = 0,96 m / k g ; p = - 1,04 kg/m

2.2. X@c dinh the tich rieng va khoi lcong rieng cua Og a dieu kien tieu chuan
va o dieu kien nhiet do 27'C, ap suat du' 2 bar. Bie't ap suat kh! troi la
750 mmHg o O'C.
Dip s6: v = 0,26 m /kg; p = 3,85 kg/re

2.3. Ngrfli ta born khi COp vao bi»h chCra co the tich lh 3m"; manomet cua
binh chi hpsuat truoc va sau khi nap khi lh 0,3 at va 3 at.N hiet do khan
t5ng len tif45'C de'n 70'C . Xac dinh khoi ldong khan da nap vho binh
neu ap suat khi quyen la 760 mmHg 8 O'C.
Giai. Lriang khi born vao binh: G = Gg — Gy
Ci~ lh lrrang khi co s6n trong binh
p,V
p yV = G ) R T ) , G ) =
RT,
C>p lh lrrong khi trong binh sau khi da nap them vA.o
20 cHLIONG 2

= Gq RTq., Gz = p
pqV
RT~

Vay: G pz p»
R T~ T » ,
Ap sujetmanomet chi lh hp suat dd, do do hp sujet tuyet doi duqc tinh:
760
p» = phd + pd» = + 0,3 x 0 , 9 8 = 1,307 bar
750

p q = PI t, + p„ = + 3 x 0,98 = 3,953 bar

R = 83 1 4 8314
= 189 J/1 g.'K
p 44
3 3 , 953 10 1 , 3 0 7 • 10
1 89 7 0 + 273 45+ 2 7 3

2.4. Mot binh co the tich 0,5m chCfa khong khi a ap suat du 2 bar, nhiet do
20'C. L»fqng khong khi can thoht ra khoi blnh lh bao nhieu d6 ap suat
trong binh codo chan khong 420 mmHg trong dieu kien nhiet do khi xem
nhu khong doi.Ap suat khi quyen lh 768 mm Hg a.18'C, p = 29kg.
Bap so: 1,527kg

2 .5. Mot xylanh-piston co dung tich 0 ,8 m c h Cfa khong khi o d ieu kien a p
suat su la 2 b ar . Piston cua xylanh se dich chuyen mot doan duong la
bao nhieu de cho hp suat cua khong khi d»foc nen len den 8 baro nhiet
dj khong doi. Biet dUong kinh cua xylanh lh d = 0,6m
Giai. The tich Cfng vai khoang dich chuyen x cua piston la:
Rd 4V
V=V » —Vg = x; x = -

4 md~
K hi nhij t d j k h ong doi ta c6: T » = T g = T

p»V» = GRT»,. p~V~ = GRT~

V2
V 2 = V » p»
Pl
ta c6: hay
V» p Pg

V= V » — V2 = V » — V» p» .', V = V» 1 p» =0,8 1 - -5 =03m

Ps P2 8
4V 4 x0 3
1,06 m
nd 3, 14 x 0 6
PHVOhlG TRIIVH TRANG THAI, HON HOP Kl-ll, iVHIIE T l3UING RIENG 21

2.6. Piston chuyen dong trong xylanh chiesa khi ly tuang co ap suat du ban dau
0 ,2 at. Kh i p i s ton d ich chuyen ve phia. sau, do chan k h on g cua kh i l a
600 mmHg. Ap sua't khi quye'ri 780 rnm.Hg r3 0 C. Xa c d i nh s u t h ay d o i
the tich Vg/Vt.
a) Gia su trong qua trinh piston dich chuyen nhiet do khong khi khong
thay doi.

b ) Gia sQ trong qua trinh piston dich chuyen nhiet do k h ong kh i g iam di
2 lan.

Dap sc: a) Vg/V1 = 5,16; b ) V 2 / V1 = 2,58

2.7.Mot bong den dien chQa khi gom phan hinh cau A
co the tich V,y = 90 cm va phan hinh tru B co the
3
t ich VB = 1 5 c m . K h i c h u a t h5p s ang n h ie t d o
t rong bong den d ong deu va bang t y = 25'C, do
chan khong trong bong den la200 mmHg. Sau khi
dot nong den che' do on dinh, nhiet do tr ong phan
h inh cau t p = 160 C, n h iet d o t r on g p ha n h i n h
true t g = 7 0 C . X a c d i n h a p s u at cua k hi t r o n g
b ong den sau kh i d o't nong (thkp sang). B iet a p
suat khi quyen 760 mmHg.
Giai- T a b i et r A n g k h o i l u o ng k hi N q t r o ng b 6 ng d en l a k h o n g t h a y d o i
t rode vh sau kh i t h a p s ang, trode khi t h5 p s ang n h ie t d o v a a p s ua t d o n g
deu trong b6ng, do do: G t = Gg = G

G P
(a)
1

P~VA V ~+- V~ '

— + pa Vs p ~ —
Gg = GA + Gg = — (b)
RT~ RT ~ R Tp, TB

tif (a) vh (b) ta co: pp = p,V

T ' Vw VB
+
TA
—6 3
V s+ V s = 9 0 + 1 5 = 10 5 c m3 = 105 . 10 m
Pl = pkt — pck =760 — 200 = 560 mmHg =- 0,747 bar
T t = 25 + 273 = 298'K ; Tp = 160 + 273 = 4 3 3 ' K ; T B = 70 + 273 = 343' K
22 cHLfONG 2

0 ,747 10 x 1 0
9 0 10 15 1 0
433 343

2.8. Mot kg kho~.g khi kho (gom N2 va 02) co Lli';ih phan kho'i luang gz,,
76,8%; gp — 23,2ic. Hay xac dinh th anh phan the tich, hhng so cha't

khi, kmol cua khong khi va phan ap suat cua khi N2, 02. Neu bietap
suat khi trodi la 760 mmHg
Giai. T hanh phan the tich tinh theo thanh phan kho'i leang: r ; = -
'

Xg, /IIL;

gp, /Pp, 23,2/32

rp, -

gp~ /Pp2 + g>,2 /><2 23 2/32+ 76.8/28

r~2- — 1- rp2 = 1 — 0,21 = 0,79 = 79 %

K~ol p cua khong khi:

p = Z r ; p ; = rp p p 2 + r ~ 2 p ~ = 0,21x 3 2 + 0 , 7~ 28 = 29 kg/kmol

0 29

Phan ap sua't
cua tung khi thanh phan: p; = r;p
P o, = ' o , P = 0,21 x 7 6 0 = 1 5 9,4 m m H g

p z, = r z , p = 0 , 7 9 7 6 0 = 600,6 mmH g

2.9. Thanh phan the tich cua cac san pham chay (khong chua hai nudcj nhu
sau: CO2 = 123 % 02 7 2 %. N 2 80 5
Tinh p, R, v, p cua san pham chay khi p = 750 mmH g v a t = 8 0 0 " C
Hap so':p = 30,3 kg/kmol; R = 274 J/kg'K

v = 2,94 m /kg; p = 0,34 kg/m

2 10. Ca' n b n h o n h (yp k h i c 6 t h h n h p h a n k h o i l u qn g g c p2 = 18%;

gp, — 12%; g>

-

= 70% den ap suat bing bao nhieu de khi t = 180'C

thi 8 kg hon hop khi do chic'm the tich 4m .

Dip so: 2,46 bar

2.11. Trong mjt binh the tich 12 i n c h u a khi dot co ap suat 3,92 bar, nhiet
do 18'C. Thanh phan the t ich la: H2 = 0,46; CH4 = 0,32; Co = 0 , 15,
N2 = 0,07. Sau khi dung mot thai gian ap ; uat cua n6 giam den 3,04 bar
PHUON G TRINH TRANG THAI, HON HOP gHI, NHIET DUNG RIENG 23

v ~ nhiet do 12'C . Tinh lu<Ing kni chay da dung.

Bap so: 51,4 kg

2.12. ' I'inh nhiet dung rieng trung binh khoi luqng din g a p cua khi N g t u
nhiet do 200"C den 800'C.
Giai. Yif cong thu'c nhiet dung rieng trung binh:
1 t~ t~
cth c x t 2- c xt>
0 0

rf day: ht = t ~ — t = 8 0 0 — 200 = 600' C

Tif bang nhiet dung rieng trung binh cua N2 ta co:
't
cp = 1,024 + 0,00008855t, kJ/kg' K

"
c = 1,024 + 0,00008855t x 8 0 0 = 1,095 kJ/kg'K
po

'
cp = 1,024
) + 0,00008855t x 2 0 0 = 1,042 kJ/k g ' K

1,085x800 — 1,042x 200

V ay ta co: c t b
600
K hi tinh gan dung ta co the coi bang nhiet dung rieng trung binh t i f
1
0 —: tg v a i t t b = — (t, + t2 j = 500'C
2

crab= 1,024 + 0,8855 . 104 t tb = 1,024 + 0,8855 . 10 500 = 1 , 0 7 k J / k g ' K

Sai so gap phai la 4%

2 .13. Trong mo t b i n h k i n t h e t i c h V = 300 li t c hCfa khong k h i 8 6 p s u a 't

pl = 3at, nh iet do t~ = 200'C . Xhc dinh n h iet ldong can ca'p de nhiet do
khong khi t5ng de'n 120'C. Khi tinh xem nhiet dung rieng lh h5ng so
vh phu thuoc nhiet do, kiem tra lai do sai so trong hai truong hop.
Giai. Khoi luong cua khong khi chCfa trong binh:
p>V 3x 0,98 . 10 x0,3
RT> 2 8 7 (20 + 273)

Khi coi khong khi la khi ly thong, nhiet dung rieng la hAng so (khong
khi lh khi ha i nguyen tu), tir bang ta co c„„ = 20,9 kJ/kmol 'K . V a y n h i et
dung rieng khoi lu'ong dhng tich cua khong khi:
"" '
c, = -
=- = 0, 72 k J/hg'K
29
24 CHOKING 2

Nhiet luqng can cung cA'p:

Q y = G • cy (t g t y ) = 1 0 5 >< 0 72 (12 0 20 ) = 756 k J

Khi coi nhiet dung rieng phu thuoc nhiet do, tir bang nhiet dung rieng
t
ta co: c„ = 0,70 8 8 + 0,00009299 t, kJ/kg'K
0

Neo'i ta da chCfng minh ruingmuo'n time„' chi can thay t = t~ + t g

t
vho cong thCfc c„ . V a y o day ta co:
0

"
= 0,7088 + 0,0009299 (t~ + tg)
t]

c,b = 0,7088 + 0,00009299 (20 + 120) = 0,7218 kJ/kg' K -

Nhijt luqng can cung cip:
Qy = G c y t b (t2 ts) = 1,05 x 0 , 7 2 18 (120 — 20) = 75,79 kJ
76,79 — 76,6
Sai so trong hai truong hqp:• ' '
= 0,25%
75,79

2.14. Khong khi dUqc lam lanh tif 1 000'C d en 1 00'C o a p s uat khong doi.
Xhc dinh luqng nhij t cua 1 kg khong khi toa ra, khi t in h t a coi nhiet
dung rieng la hkng so' va phu thuoc vho nhiet do. Tinh sai so trong hai
tnf0ng hqp.
Bap s6': q = 988,2 kJ/kg;
sai so 8%

2.15. Khong khi a nhi jt d o 0 C , h p suat 760 mmHg chCfa trong binh kin co
the tich 100 lit. Xhc dinh nhij t l u qng can cung cap de ibm nong khong
khi tkng len den 200'C. Khi t in h coi nhij t d ung rieng phu thuqc nhiet
dQ.
Bap s6' Qy = 18,5 kJ

2.16. 4m khong khi 8 ap suat dQ pd = 2at, nhiet do 20'C ddqc dot ning den
120'C. Xhc dinh nhiet 1Lfqng can ca'p trong dieu kien Ap sua't khong doi
neu coi nhiet dung rieng lh h5ng so' va hp suat khi quyen lh 1 at.
Bap s6': Qp = 1410kJ

2.17. Pubic dinh nhiet d ung r i e ng t r u ng b inh k h o 'i luqng ding ap v h n h i e t

luqng can cap ch o 1 0k g h o n h q p k h i c o t h h n h p h a n k h o i l u q ng:
Oz = 10%; COg = 10%; Ng = 80% de nhijt do tif 200'C t i n g de'n 800'C .
PHUONG TRINH TRANG THAI, HON HOP KH'I', NHIE T L)UNG RIENG 25

Giai:

Op '. 0,9203 + 0,0(}0 10i65t

P0

ep = 0, 9 2 0 3 + 0,000 10 65(200 + 800 } = 1,0268 kJ/kg 'K

pt

tp
C 02.' ep = 0, 8 6 5 4 + 0,0002443t
P0

cp = 0 , 8 654 + 0,00024 43(200 + 800 } = 1, 1097 k J/kg 'K

t,

No: ep -— 1,024 + 0,000088 55t

P0

e = 1,0 2 4 + 0 ,00008855( 200 + 800) = 1, 1 126 k J/kg 'K

T heo cong thCfc tinh nhiet dung rieng tr ung bi nh : c „ = Z g ,c

Ta co: c},qg = 0, 1 x 1,0268 + 0, 1 x 1, 1097 + 0,8 x 1 , 1 126 = 1,04kJ/kg 'K

Qp = G eppes
(tp — t, ) = 1 0 x 1,04(800 — 200) = 6624k J
 Chu'de

BINH LUAT NHIET BONG THU NHAT

VA CAC QUA TRINH NHIET BONG
CUA CHAT KHI
3.1 DINH LUAT NHIET DONGTHLJNHAT
1- Dqng to'ng quat cua phu'kg t r i n h d i nh lu at I
q = b ,W + L„,q (3.1)
6' day: hW = W, — W~ - bie'ndoi ning l uringtoan phan cua he
» - cong ngoai ma he trao doi voimoi truing.

Trong he kin, nang l uringtoan phan la noi ning W = u, cong ngoai l a

c ong thay doi the tich l» 2 = I>2.
Trong he ho, ning l uringtoan phan cua he la entanpi vh dong ning
2
W = i +
2 ' , cong ngohi cua he (khi boqua bie'n doi dong ning) la cong ky
t huat l nl 2 = I k t ) 2 .
2- Phu'cog tr in h d i n h l u a t I c h o h j k i n v a h j h d

Vdi moi khi:

q = hu + l » , d q = du + p d v (3.2)
q = b , i + 1 «» , dq = d i — v dp

v s khi ly tuong: dq = c ,dT + pdv

d q = c >dT — v d p (3.3)
3- Phu'mg trinh dinh luat I c ho dong lu'u dqng
K hi chuyen dong t r ong o'ng dong kh i k h on g t r a o do i c ong vo i m o i
truong (l„y2 = 0) va bie'n doi ning luqng cua dong:
DL NHIET DONG THL/ NHA T VA CAC QT Iy'Hlt T DONG CUA CHAT KHI 27

tX(I)
AW = Ai +
2
V iy t i f (3 .1) ta co phuong trinh di,nh luat I cho dong k h i :
I'()2
dq = di+ d (3.4)

4. Phu'dng trinh dinh l u at I cho cac qua tri r .h hon happ doan nhi jt

K hi ho n h q p d oa n n h ie t { q = 0 ) c o k h ; k h o n g t r a o d o i c on g v a i m o i
true»g ( l „ = 0 ) , v a y t i f d ang tong quat cua phuang t r i n h ( 3 .1) ta co dong cu
the cue phuong tr in h d in h l uat I cho cac qua trinh ho n hqT..
hu = 0, h ay : W ) — W; = const (3.5)

3.2CAC QUA TRINH NHIET BONG CO BAN CUA KHI LY TUONG

1- Bien doi nq i n a ng va entanpi cua kh i l y t u 8 n g

AU = U2 — Uy Cy(t2 — t $ )

AU = 12 — )1 cp(t2 — ty)
2- Qua t r i n h d a n g t i e h
P huong tri n h : v = const
p2 T2
Quan he giifa cac thong so ca ban:
p( Ty

Cong tha„" do'i the tich: l (2 = 0

C ong ky t h u at : v(pg — pq), J/kg

Nhiet cua qua trinh:

qy cy(t2 — t>) = hu , J/kg

=- It q„ = CiC„(tg = t(), J
-
Qy

72
B ien doi ent r opi : ~s s 2 — s 1 = c v l A-
1

3- Qua trinh dang 6p

Phuong trinh: const
V2 T2
Quan he giu'a cac thong so:
v( Tl

Cong thay doi th4 tich: I)g p(v2 — vi), J,'kg

Cong ky thuat: l l-il 2 0
Nhiet cua qua trinh: Qp Gqp ' QCp (t2 t>) J
 CHUONG 3

T2
Bien doi entropi: As = cPln

4- Qua trinh dang n hijt

Phuung trInh: pv = const, (T = c o n st )
Quan he giGa chic thong so:
P2
P1 2

Cong thay doi the tich vh cong ky thuat:

P1 V1
l i2 = l gI 1 2 = RT l n = p 1 V 1 ln -
P2 v2

N hiet cua qui tr i n h : qT

Bie'n doi entropi: As = Rln Rln
P2

5- Qua trinh do{an nhijt (q = 0)

cp
P huong trinh: p v = c onst v o i s o m u k =
cv
k
Quan he giGa chic thong so:
P1
R
Cong thay doi the tich: l>2 = (T, — T2)
k-i
k-1
'L k-1
PIV I
k—1
RT
k—1 )
C ong ky t h u at : Lk t 1 2 = k l 1 2

B ien doi ent r opi : As = 0; s 2 = s] = const

6- Q ua tri n h d a b i e n

Phoningt rinh : p v = const

Quan hl(! CAC thong so:

P1
n-1
Tl @i
T2 I,P2
R
C ong thay doi the tich: l12 (T1 — T2)
n-1
DL NHlf T DONG THUNHAT VA CACOT IV><if T DOIVG CUA CHAT KHI 29

n-1
p>vi 1— P2 RT,
n—1 ,Vi n-1

Cong ky thuat: lkc>z = nl~2

Nhiet cua qua trinh: Gqn = Gcn(t 2 tl )
n-k
N hiet dung r i eng c„ : cn = Cv
n- 1

Hie'n doi entropi: As = c„ln

72

3.3 QUA TRINH H5N H(jP CACKHI

Co ba cich tao ra hon hqp khi khac nhau: hon hap trong the tichda
cho, hon hqp theo dong,hon hqp khi nap vao the tich c6'dinh.
Chung ta chixet qua trinh hon hqp doan nhiet vh khong trao doi cong
v6i moi treong, nen theo (3.5) ta c6 phuong trinh dinh luat I:
Wy = W 2 = co n s t

o day: W~ - ning luqng cua hetrode khi xay ra hon hap

W2 - nang leqng cua he sau qua trinh hon hqp.
1- Hon hpp trong the' tich da cho
Phuang trinh dinh luat I: v =gv,
The tich cua hon hqp: v =gv,.
Pg,c„T,
Nhiet do cua hon hop:
pg, c„,.
Ap suat cua hon hop: P =

0 day ky h ieu vdi chi so i ia cua khi

thanh phan tao nen hon hqp.
2- Hon hpp theo dong
Hon hqp theo dong taonen khi ta cho
'c g)
nhieu dong kh i h o a t r o n vh o nhau tao nen
I
dong khi hon hop. Bong nang cua dong khi
A 92
deqc bo qua.
I

Phu'ong trinh dinh luat I: S

I= sc
P I,
Hinh 8.1
30 C:HUONG 3

Nhiet do c~a hon hap khi ly tuang:

The tich cua hon hqp khi cho bie't ap suit cua khi hon hap p:
T p; V ;
p Tq

Vai khi thee, vi du H20 c6 the dung do thi i - s, cac diem A, B lh trang
thai cua haitham gia hon hqp. Trang thai cua dong hon hqp C num tren
defang AB chia no theo ti le nghich vai gq, g2. Tif diem C ta c6 the tim duqc
~c» sc» pc» Tc»

3- Hon hpp hhi n qp vao the tich co'dinh

Hon hqp darictao nen khi ta barn them vho mot binh chCra khi nhCfng
dong khi khhc.
P huang trinh dinh luat I : U = Uy + I;
a day: Uy -noi ning cua khi c6 s5n trong binh
I; - entanpi cua dbng khi nap them vao
U - noi ning cua hon hqp khi trong binh.
gÃv~>+gF >Y~
Nhiet do cua hon hap khi ly teang: T
g>c„~ + g;c„;

Ap sua'tcua hon hqp khi bie't truac the tich V: p = GRT

V

3.4 QUA TRINH NENKHI

M6y nen khi co rat n h ieu chung loai (piston, true vit, xo6n oc, canh
gat, ly t arn, hu'ang true...) nh~ g k h i p h a n t i c h v e mat n h iet d ong chung
deu giong nhau nen a dAy chung ta chi neu len chic cong thCfc tinh cho may
nen piston la loai sQ dung ra't pho cap. Mi y n 6 n l a t h ie't bi t ieu to'n cong
(cong co gih tri am) nen a day cong ti' u hao cang nho cang tot.
3.4.1 May nen piston mqt cap
1- Cong cua may nen ly t ung
K hi nen ding nhiet : Lmn = p yV yln — = GRT y l n
Pi

Khi n6n doan nhiet

Lmn [x '

—y] = GRT [x" '

—1]
DL NHIET DONG THU NHAT VA CAC QT Al Hlf: T DO/VG CUA CHAT h'Hl

Khi nen da bIA»

Lin» p ,V, Ix" "" - 1 ) = - URT, llx" '-'" — ll

n—1 n—1
2
trong do: p~ - N/m

G- k g;
L inn>

x= pz goi la ti so' nen

—
P)

Con neu tiiih Vi ( m / s ), G(kg/s) thi L,))„ (w) goi la cong suat.
2- Cong cua may nen th u 'c

M6y nen thu'cla may nen ma piston khong chuyen dong de'n sat n4p
xylanh (no co mot khoang khong khi dern duac goi la dung tich thu'a Vt).
Ngoai ra 8day con ke de'n cac anh hu'Ang khac nhu hien tuqng ma sat...
C ong cua may nen t h itc giong nhu' bieu thu'c tinh cong cua may ne n l y
thong u tren, chi khac i i day la V i = V ( m , i n ' / s ) l a l i t qn g k h i h u t t h i t c ,
G(kg, kg/s) la kho'i lu'ong khi hut vao may nen. Vi du khi nen da bien.

n—1 n—1
a day: V = P.V i ,

X - he so' n;.ip; V g - th e tie"a hanh ti i n h cu a pi ston

k, A,,( A, i, Ai,
trong do: A,I - he so' ke de'n anh hLtiing cua the tich thea
A,« - he so ke den anh heing cua qud trinh tietluu qua cac van

k~ - he so ke de'n anh hu6ng cua viec do't none khi tir vach xylznh
A„ - he so ke den anh hu'~ing su ro ri moi ch a t

k.k - he so ke de'n cac anh hucng kh6c.

Vg = S . , ". . n ( i n , /s)
d (m) - ditong kinh xylanh;
S (m) - hanh trinh cua piston
Z - so xylanh trong mot ca'p nen
n (vg/s) - so' vong quay cua true khuyu trong 1 giay.
Neu ke den cac anh huDng khac nhu ma si t cua kh i ( th e h ien bAng
32 CHLfONG 3

h ieu sua't cua chi thi r ~;), ma sat ci'ia o true khuyu (hieu suat co q , ) , a n h
huang cua khop truyen dong (hieu suattruyen dong r~z), cua dong ccrc dien
(hieu suat dong ca qd,). Cong hoac cong suat tieu thu dien n i n g cua may
L mn
„
n;n,ndnd,
3- Nhi jt lam mat xylanh trong qua trinh nen
Ne'u la nen da bie'n 1 < n < k , n h iet can phai lam m6t x y lanh (nhiet
toa ra trong qua trinh n6n):
n-1
Q„ = Gc„(Tg — Ty) = Gc„T> (x " -lj J
n-k
cn = cy
n-1
3.4.2 May nen piston nhieu cap
1- Ti so nen cua chic cap

= X
Pc
Xl = X2 = --. m- ph

ctday: m - so cA'p nen; p, - ip suat cuo'i; pd -Ap sua'tdau

Ap suat saucac ca'p nen ting theo ca'p so nhan cong boi la x.
Cap 1: P2 = Plx
2
Cap 2: Pl = Pl x
2- Nhijt d p
N hiet do vao cac cap nen nh u sau: Tl = T 3 = T 5
Nhiet do ra chic cap n6n nhu nhau:
T2 = T = T = T,
" " "

3- T he tich xyla n h

CAp 1: Vl

Cap 2: V3 = V l /x
2
Cap 3: V5 = V l /x

The tich xylanh giam theo ca'p so' nhan cong boi 1/x
4- Cong cua may nen n h i e u c a p

Lmn - mLl
cf day: m - so cap may nen;
Ll - cong cua ca'p thCf nhat.
O' NHIF T OC NG THI/ NH j'..:;; CA " 0, 'le,'lET < 3,'V C; 'U8 CHA T K.'

- 1Vhijt c.".c; a hh i n e n v i . . a m md t t r u i n g gia n

>~hietace ra khi nen c cac ci'p nhu'nh du.

q„ = .„~, (.- -i) ll 1

a day: c< - nhiet dung rieng cUa rua trinh d:.; bie'n.
Nhiet thai trong qui trinh lam mat trung gian se nhu' sau:
qm = cp (Tg Tl )

c day c> -nhijt dung rieng kho'iluang dang ~p.

BAI TAP
3.1. Be nen 3kg khi metan (CH4) nguoi ta can tieu ton cong .~4n 800 kJ va
luc nhy noining cua khi tang mot lu'ong 595 kJ.
Xac dinh nhiet leang thai, do bie'n thien nhiet do va bie'n thien noi
ning cua khi nen, neu cho bie't nhiet dung rieng c„„ = 26,4C kJ/kmol K .

Bap so: Q = 205kJ; At = 120' K ; b L = 782 kJ

3.2. Bom. nhiet 1Ltqng the.tich 300 cm chCfa day O~ o' ap suat 25 bar, nhiet do
20'C. iVgeai ta do't 0,3g nhien lieu co nhiet tri 25,1 MJ/kg. Xac, dinh
suit vh nhiet do cuo'i qua trinh chay neu bo qua nhiet toa ra ngohi qua
thhnh k'crn nhiet laqng.
Giai. Nh i et toa ra khi do't 0,3g nhien lieu:
0,3 10 x 25,1 10' = 7,53 kJ
N hiet nay dot nong hon hop khi tao nen sau khi ch ay :
G cy (t9 t ])

Til day suy ra nhiet dn saii khi chay t~;

fp = —
Q + t)
Gc„
o day: G - khoi hi ng cue khi sau khi ch .y (gom COp tao ra va Op cbn lai)
c „- n h ie t d ung rieng cua hon hap khi do .
Luqng khi Op luc dau chCfa trong born:

G p> V 25 10 x0,3 10'

= 9 8 10
1 ~ = 9 8 g
kg
i20+ 273 )

Khi chay xay ra pnan ung:

C + 0 ) = COp
34 cHUONcs

12g + 32 g = 44g
32 44
—. 0,3
0 ,3g + — 0 ,3 - =
12 12
. 32
'.cqng Og datham gia vho phonc hug chiy: x 0,3 = 0 ,8 g
12
VFjy luang+ cbn lai trong boy: 9,8g — 0,8g = 9g ~
44
Lacing C+ tao thhnh sau phkn Cng chiy: — x0,3 = 1,lg
12
Khakileong hon hap khi sau khi chiy:
G = Go + Ggo = 9 + 11 = 10,1 g

Nhigt dung ri0ng khaki layingding tich cua h5n hop:

9 . 5 11 7
c„ = g j; c„= >t + ' x 4,18 = 0,6 5 V M / k g ' K
1 0,1 '32 ' 10,1 4 4
Vay nhi$t dq khi sau khi chly:
7,53
'
tg = + 20 = 115 5 ' C
10,1 10 x 0 , 6 57
Ap su& khi sau khi ch4y:
T~ . 1 15 5 + 273, -
22 b
Ti 20+273
r

S.S. Trong mjt binh ki n th 5 t ich V = 0,015 m chica l ung kh5ng khi vs hp
suik dku py = 2bar, nhijt d6 t y = 30 C. Nhigt d(i vh hp suat se thay dpi
ra sao n6'u ta cap cho khong khi lacing nhigt 16kJ.
3Qic dinh luctngbison d8i ngi ning, entanpi vh entropi; Khi coi kh6ng khi
1h khi ly tang.
Giai. Khaki luong kh6ng khi trong blnh:
i '
p V = GRT - 6 = = = 60345kg
RTi 273(3 0 + 273) .

Vi dhy lh qul trinh ding tich nhn nhi$t d6 cd'i quk triuh:
Qv = G cv (ts — 4).

vcfl: Cv kJ/kg K
29

tg = Q, +t g 16-10
+ 30 = 674' C
Gc„ 20,9
0,0345x - .10'

29
Ap sub't cu6i qui trinh: pg = py T2 • 674+ » 3 6 b
Tl 30+273
OI- NHIQT ®NG THIJNHAT VA CACQT AMP
HIf T OFHNGCUA CHAT KHI 35

T2
I
+ Zl q„ =~u

P>
T,

Hiah 3.2

Ldang bie'ndpi noi ning:

q„ = h u; Q „ = hU = 16k J

Leongbison dpientanpi:
dI = Gh i = CcP «'.tP — ty)
c"~ 293
'
cp -

-
= kJ/kg K
p 29
29,3
hl = 0,0345 - '( 6 74 — 30) = 22 , 4 4 kJ
29
Ldong bien doi entropi:
p~ 20* 9 q 6, 25
As = G c ~ln -" = 0 . 0 345 - .10 ln 283 J/ OK
p) 29 2

S 4.Xylanh co dd0ng kinh d = 400 imam ch0'a lu'qng khong khi c6 th4 tich
V = 0,08m, 6' 6p suat 3 bar, nhie.t d0 15'C. Hbi hfc tkc dung lan piston
se tang len bao nhieu neu kh.ong khi trong xylanh nh~ n h igt h i ng
SO kJtrong dieu kiddo p!atop khorig dich chuyen.
4
Dkp sf: b,t = 4 , 9 9 . 10 N

Mpt binh kin th4 tich 0.6m chua khbng khi 84p sujet 5,1 at, nhi$t d0
20'C. Be larn Janh binh ngu5i t,a l ay di!eqng nhijt 105 kJ. Xhc dinh
nhiet d0 vh hp suat trong biv.h, 1dqng thay doi entanpi sau qu4 trinh
1"'in lanh d6.

D ap so: i:.~ = -20,7'C;, p p = 4 , 3 b ar ; h I = 1 4 7 k J

~ ~ N g =.bi ta gia nl.iet cho 1 kg kh5ng khi tropg dieu kiln kp s t kh b n g d8i
p = 2 bar tif nhigt do t~ = 2(' 't den tg = 110'C. Xl c dinh th4 tich cuoi,
n hijt l dqng cAn ca'p, cong thay doi the tich, leqng.thay doi ngi n i n g ,
ldong bien thien ent!.opi.
36 CHUONG 3

Giii

e c"
o~ cP
/gG

P2
p=const

T2
1( xL/

V) V2

Hinh 3.3

Bay la qua trinh din g ap cua khi ly tu8ng, the tich cuo'i du'qc tinh:
RT2 287( 1 10+ 273) 3
v2
P 2 * 10

Lacing nhiet can cung ca'p cho 1 kg khong khi:

29,3
'
qp c p(t2 t>) = 103(1 10 — 20) = 90,9 . 10" J/k g
29
Loqng thay doinoi ning:
29,3
hu = c „ (t 2 — ti ) = - 10 (110 — 20) = 64,8 . 10 J / k g
'

29
Cong thay doi the tich:
qp EU + L12

qp AU = ( 9 0 , 9 — 64 ,8 ) 1 0 = 26, 1 . 10 J / k g

Luong bien thien entropi:

'
c /n - = 10 /n = 271 J/k g ' K
T> 29 (20+ 273)

3.7. The tich khong khi trong xylanh co doing kinh d = 60 0 m m ,

Vy = 0,41 m ct nhiet do 20'C. Neu khong khi nhan luqng nhiet 99,5 kJ
trong dieu kiln ap suat khong doi vh piston dich chuyen 400 mm.
Hoi nhiet do cuoi vh ip suat trong qui t r in h lh bao nhieu.
Bap so': t 2 =101'C ; p = 2 ,5 bar

3.8. 1 kg khong khi o' hp suat py = l at , th e t i c h r i en g v ~ = 0,8 m /k g n h a n

lucyng nhiet 100 kcal/kg trong dieu kien ap suat khong doi. Xac dinh
nhiet do dau, nhiet do va the tich cuoi'?
Dap so: t ~ = 0 "C ; t 2 = 4 1 6 ' C ; v g = 2 . 0 2 m / k g
OL IVHIET OONG THLINHAT VA CAC QT I'VHIEiI OONG' CUA CHAT KHI 37

~.9. Khong k h i t r o n g x y l anh gi;in nil disci>g nhiet o t = 20' C tu the tich
V ] = 1 , 5 m , a p s u a t p ] = 5 b a r d ieu X'2 = 5, 4 i n ' . Tinh luong nhiet cung
c ap, cong thay doi the tich vh coi.ig k v thuat, bie'n doi noi n ang entan p i
vh entropi.
Giai. Day la qua trinh d i » g nhiet c;ua khi lv t u ong. Qua trinh duoc bieu
diei> tren H.3.4 duoi day.

P
P) P,
Pi
P
0 T = const

2
Pp
I S
V) Vp
S,

Hink 3 . 4

V2 = 5 1.5
A p sua't cuoi : p2 = p ] ' = 1,39 bar
V, 54
Bien doi i i o i n a n g v a e n t anpi tr o i ig q ua t r i n h d a n g n h i e t c u a k h i l y
tuo'iig: .sU = h l = 0 v i hT = Oi

Nhiet cung c6p cho qua trinh:

AU + L ) = L ,,

Cong ky t h uat 4'ing cong t hay do i the tich:

L kt] 2 = L ]2
V s
L ]2 = p ] V ] ln = 5 - 10 x 1, 5 x l n = 9 ,6 10 J

Lu'ong bien thien entropi:

9,6 10'"
hs = GR l n - V ~ Q~ 3 280 J/' K
V, 7 20 + 2 73

8 .10. 1 kg khong khi duoc nen dang nhiet o nhiet do t = 3 0 C t u a p suat da u

p] = 1 bar den ap suat cuoi pg = 10 bar.
a ) Xac dinh: the tich cuoi, cong nen, luong nhiet th a i .
b] So sanh cong tieu hao voi qua trinh nen doan n h iet t r ong cung di eu
kien ap suat nhu tren. Bieu dien qua trinh t ren do th i p — v va T — S
Dap so: a) vz = 0,087 m /kg; l]2 = -2 00 k J/ kg = l p t ] 2, q = — 200 kJ/kg
38 CHAI'JG 3

b ) t2 = 312 ' C ; v 2 = 0 ,168 m ~ g ; l 1 g ~ — 202,2 kJ/kg; lg112 = -283 kJ / k g

8 11. E h on g k h i du q c ! 14n doa n nh i j t t ii t r an g t h ai ba i 1 d A U c 6

t1 = 15C, p1 = la t den t r ang thai cuoi co p~ = 8at. Hay xhc djnh chic
thong so'trang thai cubi tq, v2 cua khong khi n4n, cong thay doi the
tich,cong ky thu$t, he0ng bison doi nji ning vs entanpi.
G iai. Bay 1h, qu6 trinh doan nhijt cua khi ly t h rong, qua trinh dirac bieu
dihn tren H.3.5.

P2

T2

P)

12
I I

V, V2 S)=S2

Hinh 8.5

Nhi|;t dj sau khi n6n:

k-1 1.4 — 1

-p
8 1.4
T2 = T1 = ( 15+273) - 2 88 x 1 , 811 = 522K = 249' C
11 1
The tich cuoi:
1/k
P1
V2 = V1 0,1906 m /kg
P2 p1, p2 lx0,98x10

Cong thay dpi th6 tich:

k-1 jk
RT1 P2 — 168 J/kg
k-1 P1

Cong ky thult cua qul trinh (chinh 1h cong cua may nhn)
lgqyo = k / I 2 = — 1,4 x 16 8 = -235,2 J/kg
Leqng bisondpi ngi ning:
q = hu + l1g = 0
b,u = — ly2 = 168 J/kg
Leqng bien dpi cua entanpi:
OL NHIf T ®NG THU NHAT VA CAC QT IV]IIEET +NG CUA CHAT KHI 39

ai = —l),pig = 235,2 J/kg

3.12. Khong khi t r ong xylanh a trang thai dau p~ = 6at, ty = 25' C sau khi
g ian no doan nhiet the tich tang lan gRp hai. Hay tinh 6p'suit vh nhij t
dj cuo'i qua trinh. Cong thay doi th4 tich cua 1kg khong khi
G ap so': pg = 2,22 bar ; t g = — 47 ' C ; leap= 52,2 kJ/kg
8.18. 1 kg khong khi o ap sua't pi = lat, nhi0t do t~ = 30 C. sau khi bi n4 n
doan nhijt ap sua't ting len 10 lan.
Xac dinh: the tich, nhijt do sau khi nen, cong cua may nhn.

Dap so: tg = 312 "C; vg = 0,171 m /kg

lm~ = lgt,>g = 282,8 kJ/kg

8.14. 1 kg klihng khi du'qc nbn da bie'n (n = 1,2) trong may nen tir nhigt dj
t y = 0 ' ( ' , i p sujet. p~ = 0.98 bar dI'n ap suat p~ = 7,845 bar.
Xac dinh nhiet do cuoi qua trinh nen, lu'ong bie'n doi nqi ni ng, entanpi,
cong ky th uat cue qII6 trinh.

Ciai. Bay lh q ua t r i nh da 41in c6a khi ly t eDng, quk trinh dafac'bfeu di4n
train do thi (H.3.6).
8/
II
/~
2
T2

Vg V,

F(ah 8.6

Nhijt do cuoi. cua qu5 trinh ndn:

A- a l.2-1
7,845
Tz = T y ~ = (20+273)
P>) 0,98

293 x 1,415 = 414 'K

f..dqng louie'n doi noi ning:

20.9 .
. h,u : = c,, (tp — ty) = — ' — 10 (141 — ".''") = I':7,2 J/kg
';'l
,wit
40 CHUONG 3

Luong bie'n doi entanpi:

Cp
Ai = c P ( t 2 — t 1); = - - = k = 1,4
hu c„
Ai = 1 , 4 h,u x 8 7 , 2 = 122,08 J/kg
Luong nhiet thai ra trong qua trinh nen:
n- k
q» = c»(t2 tl ) = c• (ti - t 2 )
n- 1

0,72 . 10 ' ( 141 — 20) = -87,2 J/kg

'

1,2-1
Cong thay doi the tich
1.2-1
RT, 287x 239 7. 845
12 = — 174J/kg
n—1 1,2 — 1 0,98

Tinh each khac, theo dinh luat I: q„ = hu + l 12

l 12 = q » — hu = 8 7 , 2 — 8 7, 2 = — 174,4 J/kg

C ong ky th u at : lkt - nl12 = 1, 2 ( — 174,4) = — 209 J/kg

3.15. Can nen l acing khong k hi tu' V1 = 10 m ' , p 1 = 0 , 9 b ar , t t = 1 7 ' C d e n

p 2 = 7,2 b ar , V 2 = 1,77 in' . Xac dinh so' inu da bien n, cong thay doi t h e
tich.
Dap so'. n = 1,2; L 1 2 = 1 872 kJ

3 .16. 1,5 kg k h on g k h i d u 'qc nen d a b i e n t i f p 1 = 0,9 bar, t t = 18 C den

p2 = 10 bar, t2= 125 "C. Xac dinh so mQ da bien n, the tich sau khi nen
v a lu'ong nhiet t hai r a .
Bap so: n = 1 , 1 4 9 ; V 2 = 0 , 1 7 1 m ; Q» = 195 kJ

3.17. Trong mot binh chu'a 2chat khi A va B co

nhiet do nh u n h a u t = 300'C dupe ngAn each A,B I
I
bai tarnch6n M (H.3.7), tarn ch5n nay co dac
v, I
tinh la chi cho khi B di qua. The tich phia trai II
Pi Pz
v ach nghn V 1 = 0,5m' , p h i a p h a i v a c h n g A n I
V2 = 0,25 m'. Khoi leqng khi A la 1,44 kg, khi Hinh 3.7
B la 0,464 kg. Khi A v a B d u'ac coi la khi l y
ttfong co: pA — 28 va pB = 2

Xic dinh
Ap suat ban dau p1, p2 Crng vai the tich V1, V2 khi chea bo ta'm ngan.
DL NHIET GONG THU N H A T VA CAC OT NiHIET DONG CUA CHAT KHI 41

Xhc dInh ap suatcua hon hop khi~sau khi bo't~m nghn.

Giai
Chung t a n h a n t h a y ra n g t r o ng t h e ' tich V~ co c h at k h i A v a B co n
trong the tich' V2 chi co khi B. W ay ap suit p~ trong Vy la ap suat cua khi
hon hqp cua kh i A v a k h i B n e n p~ = p,q + p)<. Con ap sua't p2 trong V2 chi
l a ap suat cua khi B (p2 = p „ ) .

Vi khi A chi co trong V~ (V,y = V~ ) nen ta co:

p,'s~ A = GARgT
G,>R,< T 1.4 4 x 8 3 1 4(300+ 273) '
V 28x0,5

Khi B co the khue'ch tan qua rnang chan va chic'm ca the tich Vy va V2
nen V~< = Vi + V 2 , v a y :

p)< V)~ = G t )R}~T

G))R})T 0.464x8314(300+ 273)

7
V, + V., 2(0,5+0,25)

v a t;~ co: p) = p , ~ + p ~t = 4 ,9 + 1 4 , 7 = 19 , 6 b a r

pz = p t ) = 14 7 b a r

S au khi bo mang ch6n hai khi se tao thanh hon hq p k h i t r o n g t oan bo

the tich va co ap suat ho» ho'p luc nay lh p, ta co:
p(K'> + V>) = ( G ,y + Gl<) RT

o day: H = g h RA + g 1 3 R B
1 , 44 x —
8 3 1 4+ —
0. 46
R = — 4 x 83 1 4 322,2 J/kg "K
1. 904 28 1. 9 04 2

V:iy ap suat tr ong btnh khi bo mang ch6n se la:

(G,, +G)) )1(T 1,904x 322,2x 573
P 17.93 bar
V, +V2 0,74

3.18. Trong mot binh c hu'a khi COg dur>c chia doi bii
m ot vach nghn (H .3.8). Ngl n ben t r a i k h i CO2
P2
co py = 430 mm Hg, t~ = 170'C , V y = 1n i' . Con
v, V2
n ghn ben p h a i k h i C O 2 c o p 2 = 9 4 0 m m H g ,
T2
t 2 = 210 ' C , V 2 = 3 m .

Hay xac dinh ap suat va nhiet do cua hon hap Hinh 3.8
sau khi rut v ach nghn.
42 GHUONG g

Giai
B ay la hon hop '"ua khi ly Orang trong the tich da .".ho V = Vy + V2.
Nhiet d(i cua hon hop COo sau kl.i lay vach ngkn:

QS i vi i i ~/,.„~Ty+ g 2 C llg Tg

gj yj gl vl g2c y '

0 dAy vi chic cha't khi d u l a C O g vh nhiet d o k h ong sai khac nhau

nhi4u nen xem c,y = c„2 Vay ta c6:
gy Ty +g2Tn
-
T = '

= glT>+ g2T2 (v i g l + g 2 = 1 )
g i+ g 2
Kho'i lu'ang CO2 trong Vy.
piV>
p iVi = G i RT y ; G I
RT,
430
pi = —x 1 0s = 0 ,5„7 3 . 1 0s N, / m2
750
R = 8 314 8314 189 J/kg "K
44
0 ,572 10 x l
189(170+ 273)

Khoi lu'ong CO2 trong Vg'.

9 40 g s 2
p 2V2 = G2 R T 2 p., = — 10 = 1,25 3 . 1 0 N /m
750
P2V2 1 253 •10 x3
4,1kg
RT2 189(210+ 273)
G,
gi = 0,142
G, +G2 0,68+ 41
G2 0,41
0,858
G, +G2 0,68+41
Nhiet do hen hap:
T = g ) T 1 + g2 T2 = 0,142(170+ 273) + 0,858(210+ 273) = 47 7 ' K
Ap suit hen hap: pV = GRT
GET (0.68+41)X189x477 5 N/ 2
V 1+3
OL NHIQT OOAtG THifIVHA'T VA CAC Or WH tg7 UOIVS C UA CHAT KHf 43

3.19. Co hai binh A vh B noi vdi nhau brii 1 van. Binh A chda 50 lit khi N2 a
a p suit p q = 20 bar, tq = 200'C, bl nh 8 c:hCra 200 lit khi CO2 ct 6p suit
p 2 = 5 bar, t2 = 600 ' C .
Xac dinh ap suatva nh!et do rua hon.liqp sau .
khi m8 van.
D ap so'. t = 4 1 1 ' C ; p = 8 , 9 b a r

3.20. Trong mot binh co vach ngan, ngan hen trai chCfa 1kg khi 02 a
:g khi N~ 0 t2 = 127 C. Sau khi bo
ti = 27'C, ngin ben phaichu'a ll'
.
vach ngin, hay xicdinh nhiet do cua h~n hap, ap suit cua hon hop, cho
bi0't th0 tich cua binh V = 1m .
B a p so: ti = 1 8 0 ' C ; p = 1,96 bar

3.'l. E,o hai dong khong khi hoa tron

vho nhau (H.3.9). Dong thief nha't
co Gy = 120 kg/h, ti = 500'C dong
k hi t h Ct 2 c 6 0 = 210kg/h v a G,T
t2 = 200'C. Gia t h iet r i n g ap suit
H in h 3 . 9
cua cac d.ong khong khi bing nhau
vh 45ng 5p suit cua dong hon hop.
X6c dinh nhijt docua dbng khi hon hop.
Giai. Bay la truang hop hogn hqp theo cnng cuba chic khi ly tu8ng. Nhiqt do
cua hon hop duroc xac dinh:
g lCpl l g]Cp]T< + ggr>cp)'f)
T =
gj pj Rl p l g ') p >

0 day hai dbng dhu lh khan' khan vent nhiet do cung khong khac nhau
Qui nhi4u nen cp~ = c>2. Vay ta co:
ggcpyTj + g~c„2Tg
El I 1 + g~T2
gicp~ + g >cp2

121-' 210
g > tl + g2 t ' = = -00 + 200 = 3 0 9 ' C
120+ 210 ,

120+ 210

3-22- Dnng khong I":hi lanh a 0 C hr>n l)n'p voi d6ng khong khan nong ct 900'C
tao nen clan:-.:.'.hi hon hop 8 80'C. '.ac dinh khoi lcaag cua dbng J>ong
khi lanh v4 mong d5 t'o ra 1kg Joog hon hop.
D ay so'. G-, =- 0,911 kg ; G 2 = 0,08~ kg

~.23. Ba dong kht. hon hap vc'i nhau, r3(')ng I li k h i O z cb Gq = 115 kg/h 8
 CHUONG 3

n hiet do t ~ = 300 'C, dong II la khi CO co Gg = 200 kg/h 0 t~ = 200'C,

dong III la khong khi co tg = 400'C. Dong hon hqp co t = 275'C .
Xac dinh lw l u 'qng cua dong khong khi Gg va luu lu'q»g the tich cua
dong hon hqp neu ap suit cua hon hqp la 1 bar.

Bap so': Gg = 1 00 kg/h; V = 64 3m / h

324.Trong mot binh kin chu'a 5 kg khi Ng o nhijt do t~ = 27 C. Co 2 kg khi

COp i nhiet do t; = 27'C chay vao binh do. Xac dinh»hiet do va ap
s uat cua h o n h q p k h i t r o n g b i n h n e ' u b i e t t h e t i c h c u a b i n h
V=3m.t3
Giai.Bay la truing hqp hon hqp khi nap vao
Nq
t he tich co d in h cu a chic khi l y t u 8 n g
co,,i,~
(H.3. 10):

Nhiet do cua hon hqp T:

g>c.Tt +g;c,,T; Hinh 3.lo
g ( C,. ) + g, C,.;

5 5
0 day: g y = g >. ,
G~, +G|-o„ 5+ 2 ,7

gi = g < ( >.,=

cpv 2o.9
c ~e
p 28

c„), 37,7 29. 3

c = c(~ c
44 44
5 20, 9 2 37 ,7
7 28 7 44 3 23 'K = 5 0 ' K
5 20.9 2 29. 3
7 28 7 44
Ap suat cua hon hqp: pV = GRT
GRT 5 8314 2 831 4
~ R
V ' ~ ' ' 7 28 7 44
-
p =
-

= 6 ,0 1.10 N / m = 6,01 bar

1

3.25. M ot k h oi k h i C O p o d i e u k i e n b a n d a u t y = 40 C , p y = 1,2 bar b i en

t hien theo qua tr in h d a b i e'n den t r an g t ha i 2 co t g = 60'C v a p g = 0 , 9
bar. Cho biet noi ning cung cap cho qua trinh la 2,66 kJ.
OL NHIET OONG THU NHA T VA CAC 0 7 NHIIET GONG CUA CHA T KHI 45

Xac dinh nhiet luo»g cung c~p cho Ikhoi khi Q '?
Dap so: Q = 9,495 kJ

3.26. May nen ly tuo'ng mot. cap, lu'u luo ng hut khong khi la 100 m /h a ap
suat p1 = l at , nhiet do t1 = 27 "C. A-.p suat cuoi p2 = Sat.
X ac dinh cong suat ly t h uye't cua may nen va l nuac lam mat uring
xylanh cua may nen ne'u nhiet do cu,a nuo'c thng len 13 "C , qua trinh nen
la da bien vdi n = 1,2.
Giai. Cong suat tieu hao cua may nen khi dune tinh:
11-1
1.2-1
n pz 1.2
P>v> x 1 x 0. 98. 10 x 100(8 "' — 1)
n-1 P> 1,2 — 1
P'

2 ,44 . 10 J ! h = - = — 6.78 10 W = 6 , 7S kW
3600
Nhiet thai r a ~~y)anh trong qua trinh n e n :
n—k
Qn G c„ (t2 — t() = G c„ ( t 2 —t , )
n—1
11-1
0
P2 '
8 = 1415
P>

T2 Tt x 1 , 4 1 5 = (2 7 + 2 7 3 ) x 1 , 4 1 5 = 424 K

t2 151'C
pi~ i 1 x0.98 10 x l 0 0
G
RT, 287 x 300
20 ' 9 g 1,2 — j.4
'
1 14 x: - 10" x (151 — 2'".' = — (,02 . 10 7J / h
'

29 1,2-1

N hiet t ha i t r ong qua tr in h nen nay duqc nuoc ,'>in ~. p.; ii xylanh m a n g
di, nen:

I Q„ I Q„g~, = G „ zd, x c p x

I QA I 1,02x10
Gnome = 187 kg/h
cput 4, 18 103 x13

327. Mhy nen 1 cap hut luqng khong khi 400 m /h, . d a p su a t
pi = 1 b a r , t > = 20'C, ap suat nen la p2 = 7.bar voi so ku da bien cua
qua trinh nen n = 1,3. Xac dinh:
a) Cong suat ly t h u yet cua may nevi, cong suat ti eu thu dien n ang cua
may nen, cho bie't:
 CHIJONG 3

= >I ' 4 ' 0e

b) Xhe dIah st vyingquay cua true khuyu ne'u bilt h~ sC nap X = 0,7,
defang kfnh xyianh d = 200 mm, hhnh trinh piston s = 100non, so
xylanh Z = 2.
c) Leang nhi4t thai qua xylanh may nen
Giii. Cong suat lg thuyet t;ua sory n6n:
n-l.'n
n Pz
Pl
n-1 Pl

x1 10 x400(7 ' ' '

- 1) = — 9,8. 10 J/h
1,3-1
Cong sujettiki' thu di$n ning cua may ndn:
" -98' 10
L = = = - 388 10 % = - 38 8 kW
q„ 0,7x3600
Sb vong quay cua true may nen:
V md'
Vg = - =- snZ
4
4V 4x400
kmd s Z 0, 7x 3, 1 4 x 0,2 x 0 , 1x 2x3600
25 vg/s = 1500 vg/ph
L<tqng nhijt t hai qua xylanh
Q = I Q„ I = I G . c „ ( t 2 — tl ) I

PlVl 1 10 x 4 0 0
= 476 k / h
RTl 287(2 0 + 273)

' = 45 8 ' K = 18 5 ' C

72 = Tl = 293 x 7
Pl

= 0>72
' . 10 = 0~24 . 10 J/kg K
' '

c~ = cy -

n-1 1 3-1

476 x0,24 . 10 ( 185 — 20) = 1,89. 10 .JI'h = 5 ,35 kW

3.28. Miy nen lp tdang mjt ca'p hut luang khong khi 250 m /h a 4y suat py =

lat, 6p sujet sau khi ndn da bie'n v0i n = 1,3 li p 2 = 8at .

X ac dinh luang nude lam m6t xylanh n6'u nhijt do node ting 15' C .
Bap sk 175 lit/?

3.29. Mhy n h n m o t c 1 ' p h u t l u a n g k h on g k h i 2 0 0 m / h e i p sua

OL NHIf T +)NG THIJ NHA TVA CAC QT N>Ilg T + !NG C'UA CHA T KHI

,pi = 1 bar, sau khi nen da bie'n n = 1.24p suit lh p2 = 6 bar

Xlc dinh:

a) Cong suat lythuye't vh cong sua't tie.

u thu di(n cua may nbn ne'u cho
biet hindu
sui'ttohn bo cua may nen khi q„„„ = 0,75.
b) Xhc dinh dud'ngkinh xylanh ne'ucho n = 900 vg/ph, so xylanh Z = 1,
h( s6 nap X = 0,7, hhnh trinh piston s = 3.00 rnid
Bip s4'. a) L~> = 11,6 kW; Lg = 15,5 kW
b) d = 260 ~
330, CAn chon may nen bao nhieu ca'p n0'u )ip sujet vho cl p 1 l h
pg = 1 bar, hp sub't ra cua ca'p cuo'i lh p, = 120 bar. Gia thirst lh nbn da
bisonvs n = 1,3. Nhiet dj khi vho chicclap nhu nhau to= 20'C, nhiht dg
lan nh1t khi ra cua chic cap nhu nhau tm~ = 120 C.
3Qic dinh ty s5 nen, ap suat vh nhiet do khi ra cua chic cl'p.
Giki
Ta bi0t ruing
trong qu5 trinh ndn da bie'n o chp I:
n-)
p~ n

P)

VSy ty s6'n4n lan nhAt cua chic ckp x = xy

n ).3
Pz Tmax 393 .3-<
x
P) To 293

Ta biet ruing
t y so n6n x duo'c x5c di)zh: x = m
'It p~
trong 16: m - so ci'p n6n, do do:
x"' = ' ha y))s td)i =- t)>='-
pa pa
In
pg I n 120
= 3,76
l nx I n3,5 6 8
< d~>,. ta phy
si chon so' cap n4n m > 3,76 d4;:i~ijt dj r a ) noi chp nho han
tmax, very ta ebon m= 4 vh luc nay ti st" n5n tiu.'c cua mbi clp:

x = 4 ' = 4J120 =3,31

py
hj sujetra cua cip l:
lp= x p y = 3 , 3 1 x 1 = ,'-':,Sl bar
Ap sujet ) a cua caI JI:
 GFUclvC- 3
8

p4 =- x p, = 3 ,3 1 x 1 = 10 ,9 5 bar
Ap sua't ra c L". cap III:

p6 = x 'p> = ~ 31 x 1 = 36 22 bar
A p suat ra c 'ia cap IV :
p8 = x p, = 3,31 ' x 1 = 1~0 b a r
Nhiet do ra cua cac cap nhe nhau:
T2 = T4 = TG = T8
= Ty x" '" '
T2 = 2 93 x 3 , 3 3 1 ' = 386,5'K = 1 13,5 C

3.31. May nen ba cap hut luang khong khi 250 kg/h 8 ap suat py = 0,95 bar,
ty = 17'C . A p s u a t cuoi I..6 = 80 bar . Xac d in h c ong suat l y t h u ye t v a
, cong suat 'ieuthu'dien cua may nen neu gia thiet la nen doan nhiet va
hieu sua't toan bo cua may nen quan= 0 , 7 5 .
Giai. Ty so nen cua cac cap:
80
x = 3 = 438
0,95
Vay ap suat ra cua cap I:
p2 = xpi = 4 ,3 8 x 0 , 9 5 = 4 , 16 b a r
A p suat ra cua cap II :
p4 = x py = ( 4 3 8, x 0 95 = 1823 bar
A p suat ra cua cap I I I :
p6 = xp, = ( 4,38) x 0 ,95 = 80 b a r
.Cong suat ly thuyet cua may nen ba cap:
Lmn
k
Li GRT) x " - 1 = — 38.300 kJ/h
1

Lmn = 3Lr 3 x 38 .300 = 1 1 ,49 . 10 k J / h = — 3 1,9 kW

C ong suat tieu th u dien cua may nen:
Bill
d 42,53 kw
lmn 0,75

3.32. May nen ba cap hutlu'

qng khong khi 250 kg/h i 6p suat p~ = 0,95 bar,
t ~ = 17 ' C ; a p suat cuoi p6 = 80 bar. Gi a t h ie t nd n d a b ien v s n = 1 , 2 .
Xic d in h n h i e t d o r a cu a cac cap, n h iet ca n l a m m a t x y l an h cu a r n oi
cap, nhiet can lam mat b in h la m ma t t r ung gian, ccng suat tieu thi! dien
c ua may nen neu q „ = 0,75

Dap so: t2 = 98' C ; Qn = 14562 kJ/h ) Qm = 20655 kJ/h) Ld = 33,34 klv

 Chafing

CHU TRINH CHAT KHI

4.1 CHUTRINH NHIET BONG

1- Cong cua chu tri n h, hiju su at nh i e t, h e so lam l y n h

- Cong cua chu trinh: du'octinh bang tong cong thay doi the tich hoac
c ong ky t h uat cua cac qua trinh trong chu tri n h .
l. = Ql, = Z<k„ (4. 1)

C ong ctia chu t r i n h co n d ttac tin h t h e o n h i et . V d i c h u t r i n h d o n g c a

nhii.t (chu ti.inh t h uan chieu, sinh cong) cong cua chu trinh la h i eu so g ii f a
nhiet cap qi cho chu trinh va nhiet thai q2 cho nguon lam mat
= qi — Iq2I (42)
Voi chu tr in h ma y l anh va born nhiet (chu tr inh ngtfoc chieu, t ieu h a o
cong) cong cua chu trinh mang dau an> L„( 0 t h i :
Il„l = I q t l — q2 (4.3)
- Hie u s u a't n h i e t r It: de danh gi a m a c do ho an t h i en c ua c hu t r i n h
dong co nhiet.
qi-- I q., I
t (4-4)
q, q)

- He so lam lanh r.: de dAnh gia mt' do hoan thiencua chu tnnh may lanh.

(4.5)
Il, I Iq , I — q2
- He so bornnhiet rp:de danh gi6 mac do hoan thien cua chu trinh
born nhiet (born nhiet la may lam viec theo nguyen ly cua may lanh nhttng
8 day su' dung nhiet q> D nhiet do cao cac qua t rinh nhtt say, ski. . . ) :
 CQ CHUOIVG 4

2- Hi ju Sued e ergi
B e phon tfch aaot qaia triah thu'c ho~c chai t.r?nh thu'c (khong thuj a
nghieh) ta c6 hai phuvag ph4p:
- Phuceag phap the'5nhdt
Bkng khaki nizam hieu sua't nhiH, hj eo lhzn lanh.... de x4t chu trinh
thu$r nghich, sau do xet them so khong thuan nghlch cua chic qu6 trinh
bing vi$c dna them vao khai nizam hi |';u
suit trong tuong dpi (cua qu5 trinh
. gian n8 trong tua bin, qul trinh net trong may n4n...).
- Phtldng phap thd' hai
86 li phu'cong phip hohn hao nba't de xet t'ai su khong thuan nghich
cua chu trinh: phuctug phhp exergi; Ehi tie'n hhnh cin bkng exergi theo
chi4u thuan ta c6 phuang phap exergi, khi ti4'n h~nh can bkng ngu'etc ta co
phasing phhp exergi theo chieu ngdqc (hay cbn goi lh phasing phlp entropi).
Trong phoo'ng ph6p cAn bkng thuin ta dinh ngh$a hindu sui't exergi nhu sau:
e
ey

ct diy: e, - t ong exergi lay ra (hCfu ich c6 the dung trnng ky thu$t) vi du lh
cong lo trong dong ca nhiet, la exergi cua vent cin ibm lanh trong
may lanh...
e~ -tong exergi dern vho vi du lh exergi cua nhi(t qg trong djng ca
nhigt, lh cong l, trong may lanh....
3- Hi ju sujet nba jt eua chu trinh Carnot
Chu trinh Camo~ gom hai qua trinh d i n g n h i$t vh, hai qua trinh doan
nhi$t xen ke nhau ct ni.i.~'. io hai nguon nhi jt khdng doi Ty = const jngu6n
n6ng), T2 = const (nguon lanh). Chu trinh Carnot 8, mgt trong nhGng chu
trinn i.hui n n v '. iich.

Hindu sua't nhi$t cua chu trinity Carnot thuin chi4u:

Tg TQ
etc (4 8)
1

Hj so imam 1 inh cua chu trinh Carnot nguoc chi4u:

T2
( 4.9)
Tg T2
CHU Tf.llVH ( >A hHi 51

4.B CHU;RINH 0/NG CO96T TRONG

l- Dieu trinh ch a ~ca'p nhijt dang tich (~ir-standard otto cycle)
Nhihn tij ou s0 di.ng b day lh xan~ hoac!Ni do't, quk trinh chly xky aa
rAt nhai h n0n coi i~A ch" i y ding t ic h ( v = c I ii " t ) . HindusuAt nhi$t cua chu
trinh:
1
q, = l - .1(-1
-

(41.C)
E

6 8Ay:,- tj s~aha; k - .6 m u doan nhiit.

2- Chu trinh chay dang ap (air standard diesel cycle)
Nhibn li)u lh dA'u mazu't..., quk tri.nh xay ra churn nhn c9i lh chly ding
ap p = const,day lh djng co diezel nghy xua. Hieu suA'tcua chu trinh:
pk -1
Tl( 1-
l '(p-1)
ke"
('1 diy: k - ty so gian n8 s8rn
3- Chu trinh chay hon bc' (air.standard dual cycle)
Nhian lieuih dau mazut....dupe phun vho xylanh nh0 c6 bern cao 5p vh
vbi phon du'di dang nhCrng hat rA't nho nhd suing rnu nen qul t r i n h c hdiy
xhy ra nhanh hen vh coi lh chly h5n hqp (phan dau ch4y doing tfch, phon
sau chky d4ng 6p). Bay 1h dqng ca die~el ngay nay. HiImwusuat nhi$t cua chu
trinh:
Xpk -1
[(X —
1)+V(p —1I ]E
5 dAy: ~ - ty so ding 6p trong qul triuh cap nhiqt.

4.3 CHU TRINH TUABIN KHf

4-3.1. Chu trlnh cAp nhig t diLng 4p (air-standard Brayton cycle)
Bdctcung dung nhieu trong thqc tk vi c6 cA'u tao buong do't dan gian, it
c6 van nhn tbn thAtqua chic van cGng nhb.
1- Chu trknh lofti khbngco hei nhift
asm
0 dAy san ph ehly sau khigiAn na sinh cong trong tua bin thai
iu~n vko khi quyen. Hieu suat nhi;-t cia chu trinh:
T) 1
qc — 1- — = 1- -
-
52 CHUONG 4

i day: P = — - ty so' t5ng ap trong qua trinh nen khi trong may nen, Ty va
p>
Tp - nhietdo khong khi vao va ra khoi may nen; k - so'mu Roan nhiet
2- Chu trinh co hoi n h i j t
Goi lh do hoi nhiet (H.4.1):
T. -T2
T4 TQ
a
Truing hqp hoi nhiet ly thong a = 1, (T, = T4,
nhiet dj khong khi ra khoi thie't bi hoi nhijt bhng
nhiet dj san pharn ch6y di vao thi0't bi hoi nhiet),
hoi nhiet thee a < 1.
Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trinh co hoi nhiet:
( k - 1 )Ik Hinh 4.1
( p 1 )( P
<I < (k-1)lk (k-1)lk
P ( p 1) Z ( p P )
(4. 14)
ct day: p = v3/vp - ty so gian no sdm (gian no khi cap nhiet)
T a nhan tha'y khi k h ong co hoi nhiet o = 0, bieu t hUc (4.14) tr a v e
bieu thCfc (4.13), khi hoi nhiet ly tu8ng a = 1 bieu thu'c (4.14) tro nen :
1 Tg 1 - -Ti
q' = 1- - = 1- - = (4. 15)
p T3 T4

So sanh (4.15) va (4.13) ta thay %hi co hoi n h ij t h i e u sua't nhiet sc

t5ng len.
4.3.2. Chu trinh cap n hi jt d a n g t i c h
1- Chu trinh hhong co hoi n hijt
Hieu suat nhiet q,:
k (X"" - 1)
t (4.16)
~ 1 P ( k - 1 )/k

8 day: k = — - t y s o t 5 n g i p t r o n g qu A t r i n h c h 6 y
Pa
v = const tr ong buong do't
2- Chu trinh co hoi nhi jt
S
Goi Y la do hoi nhiet (H.4.2):
T Hinh 4.2
Y
T2
CHU TRINH CHAT KHI 53

N eu ho i n h i e t l y t u '(big (hoan t..oanj ( = y „ , , „ k hi T ~ = T 4 ( t h t t c t e '

T R < T4). Hieu suat nhiet cLia chLI trinhl co }toi nhi~ t vc'(i do hoi nh ie t y:

lk) '
(4. 17)
yI3' ') 'l ( ( - 1 )

va vdi do hoi n h ie t („„ :

(k-" ))k
1-k )
(k-I )/k ( ~(k-) '
(4. 18)
())) RXI3 ])

Khi khong co hoi nhiet (T R = T2-, y = 1 ) b ie u t h u'c (4.17) trct ve b i e u

thu'c (4. 16).

4.4 CHU TRINH 8(ING COPHANLL(C

l- Chu trinh cap nhijt dang ap hhong co may nen
Q ua tr in h c h a y n h i e n l i eu xay r a t r on g buong dot c'r p = c o n st . H i e u
s uat n h ie t c u a ch u t r i n h t i n h g i o'tig nhe chu t r i n h t u a b i n k h i c a'p n h i e t
dA'ng ap.
1
n, 1 (419)

c'( day: P - t y s o t ang ap trong qua trinh nen khi tr o ng o ng tk ng a p.

2- Chu tr i n h c ap n h i j t d a n g t ich kh o ng co may nen

Qua trinh chay nhie» lieu xay ra t.rong buong dot khi cac van deu dong
n en la qu a t r i n h v = c o n st . H ieu st>it n h iet ctia chu t r i n h t i n h g i o n g c h u
trinh tu a bi n kh i ca'p nhiet d"tng tich.
k(t" " — 1)
'lt ) k-L)/lt
1P
a day: [3 - ty so tang ap trong qu;i trinh nen khi doan nhiet trong ong t5ng i p
k - ty s6 t an g t p t r o»g qua trinh chay dAng tich t r ong buong dot.
3- Chu tr i n h co m ay nen
Loai nay duac su' dung rong rai trong thu'c te. Vijc tang ap suit o day
rnot phan do ong tang ap vachu yeu lh do may nen dttoc cung cap dong ltfc
bai tua bi n k h i 0 p h a n sau. Quh trinh chay clAng ap p = c onst t r on g b uong
dot, hindusuat nhiet tinh gio'ng chu trinh dong co phan luc cap nhiet dkng
ap khong co may nen:
1
~t 1 (k )))k
(421)
S3
4- Chu tr i n h d p ng co) ten lu'a

Trong cac chu trinh tren, oxy cung cap cho qua trinh chay dd s c l'y t i f
54 CHUONG 4

khi quyen, o cl:.iy ox' d uac cung cap dudi dang long d oricchu'a ngay trong
t:n 1Cfa. Hiker. su5't nhiet cua chu triah duqc tinh:
2
G)4 G)4
n 2q, 2c>(T3 Tg)

BAI TAP

4.1. Chu trinh Carnot thuan chi4u vs m0i chat ih khong khi dupe ti6n hhnh
b nhijt dp nguon nong t = 627'C, nhi$t dg ngu6n lanh t1 = 2 7 ' C , 4p
suat lan nhat p ~ ~„ = 60 bar, hp sujet nho nhat p~j„ = 1 bar.
Hay xac dinh:
a) Thong so co' ban tai cac diem dhc tnfng cua chu trinh.
b) Nhijt ca'pvho va nha ra cua chu trinh.
c) Cong va hieu sua't nhiqt ciia chu trinh.
B ap so: a ) p y = 60 bar; t1 = 62 7 ' C ; v y = 0 ,043 m / k g
3
pp = 46,76 bar; tg = 627'C ; vg = 0 ,0553 rn /k g

p 3 = 1 bar; t3 = 2 7 ' C ; v 3 = 0 ,861 m / k g

3
p 4 = 1,284 b a r ; t 4 = 2 7 C ; v 4 = 0,67 m / k g

b) qy = 64,2 kJ/kg ; I q q I = 21,4 kJ/kg;

c) 10 = 4 2,8 kJ/kg; q , = 66,6%

4 .2. Chu t r i n h d j n g c o d o t t r o n g c h a y d Ang t i ch , m o i c h k t d u d e xe m n h u

khong khi. Th e t i c h h hn h t r i n h cua pi ston Vg = 0,006 rn , n h i e t d j v h o
t y = 20' C , h p sujet vao pi = 1 bar. The tich t hea V< = Vg = 0.001 m . A p
- -sujet ion nhAt cua chu trinh p3 = 25 bar. Hay xac dinh:
a) Throng s6 co ban tai chic diem d5c truing
cua ohu'.trlnh.
b) Nhijt cl p vao vh thai ra cua chu trinh.
c) Cong vh hin du sujet nhijt cua chu trinh.
Q,
Giai. a) Biem 1:
pi = 1 bar ; t i = 20 ' C V,
3
Vy = Vg + Vh = 0,007 m V,~
Hknh 4.8
CHU TRIIVH CHAT KHI 55

Bie'~n 2:
k
Vg = 0 , 0 0 1 m ; p~ = p ~ ' = 1 x 7' = 15;24 b a r
V,
It-1/k
T9 = T]
Pz (20 + 273)(15.24) '
'
= 639' K = 36 6 ' C
P>

Biens 3:
3.
Vp = V ~ = 0 , 0 0 l m ,: p p = 25 bar
vi 2-3 lh qu5 trinh ding tich nen:

Tg = Tg — = 6 39
Tz pz p~ 15, 24

Tg = 1048 K = 7 75'C

Bie'ns 4 : V 4 = V i = 0 ,00 7 m

Tif haj qua t r i n h doan nhjet 1 - 2 va 3 - 4 t a co:

T4
T3

1048 = 48 1 K = 208 C
639
, k/k 1 , T xk/k-1
p4 4 I Pi
I
Ig
p T~ J pz
p, = ,2 5 —1— - = 1,64 b a r '
pg = pg
p., 15,24

b ) Nhjj t c a p vao cho chu trinh tr ong qua tr>uh di n g t i c h 2 - 3 :

Qi Gc„(t3 — tQ)

P>Vi lx10 x 0 ,007

0 00832 k
RT> 287 x 293
' x l0 (775 - 3 6 6 ) = 2, 45 . 1 0 J = 2 ,4 5 k J
0,00832 x
29
N hij t t . i a i r a cua chu trinh tr ong qu6 trin h 4 - 1 :

Qp == Gcy(t) — t4)

=-: 0,00832 x -x10 (20 — 208) = 3 .,13.10 J = — 1,13 kJ

'

=
Qp
29
56 GHUoNG 4

c) Cong cua chu trinh:

Lo = Q] I Qg I = 2 4 5 1 13 = 1 32 kJ

Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trinh:

1,13
0 ,54 = 54%
Q1 2,45

Hoac hieu suat nhiet co the tinh theo cong thCfc:

1 V1 0,007
n E, V~ 0,001

1
q = 1- = 0 5 4 = 54%
7{1.4-1>

4.3. Chu trinh dong co dot trong cap nhiet dang tich co p1 = 1 b a r ,
ty = 20 C, ty so nen c = 3,6, ty so tang ap A. = 3,33.
Xac dinh
a) Thong so caban tai cac diem dac truing-cua chu trinh.
b) Nhiet cap vao va thai ra cua chu w.inh.
c) Cong va hieu suat nhiet cua chu tr1nh.
Trong tinh toan xem chat moi gii i nhe la khong khi
Bap so:

a)

Diem p bar v,m3/kg

0,84 20
6,01 0,233 216
20 0,233 1357
3,33 0,84 704

b) q1 = 822 kJ/kg; qg = 493 kJ/kg; c ) I , = 329 kJ/kg; q, = 4 0 / i

4 .4. Ch u t r i n h d o n g c a d o t tr o n g c h a y d k n g t i c h c o t . 1 = 27 ' C,

py = 1 bar, ty so nen c = 5. Xac dinh hieu suat nhiet, cong, nhiet luqng
cap va thai cua chu trinh. Neu xem chat moi gidi nhu la khong khi.
Dap so'. q, = 47%; l o = 91,4 kJ/kg; q y = 194,4 kJ/kg ; I q> I = 103 kJ/kg
CHU TRINI I CHAT KHI 57

4 5. Chu t r 1 nh d o n g c o d o ' t tr o n g c a p r 1 h iet d A n g ," '.p co p g = . 1 bar,

t~ = 27' C , p4 — 3,5, p3 — 55 bar.

Xac dinh: Nhiet ca'p. nhiet thai, c@ig va hi ndu suat cua chu trinh. Tinh
toan xem cha't moi gio'i nhu' khong khi.
q)
Giai. Chu tr i n h d u'dc bieu dien nhd tren H. 4. 4
Vi 1- 2 la qua tr1nh 11en doan nhiet nen:
k ill' k ilk
( ( ) q=0

[ pi , I vi J 4
k-1/ k q=0
'55' x1.4-1/1.4
s

T 2= T 1 = 300 944' K
P1
P 1

E)iem 1: Flin,h 4.4

RT, 2S7 x 300
v]
p1 1. 10

p >v > p 4v 1 (3,5.10' ) x 0 . 8 6 1

D ie1n 4 : T4 1050 K
R R 2S7
trong qua tr1nh gian no doan nhiet 3 - 4 ta co:
k--1/k
Ps

.k-1/ k 1,4-1/1,4
-Pg = 1050 2309' K
TB = T4
p4 3.5

N hiet ci p ch o chu tr1nh trong qua trinh 1hng ap 2 - 3:

29,3
'
q> = cp ( T> — T1) = ( 2309 — 944) = 1 3 7 9 k J / k g
29

Nhiet t ha i tu' chu trinh tr o 11gqua tr1nh din<~ tich 4-1

q2 = c , ( T 1 — T4) = ( 3 ( ) 0 — 1050) = — 540 kJ/kg

COng cUQ chu 'tI lnh :

q1 — Iq2I = 1379 — 540 839 kJ/kg

ESieu suit nhiet cua chu trinh

0 61 6 1c / c
q1
48. Cbo trinh dong ca dot trong cap nhiet dang ap co ty s5 e'en
e 16, ty s o g i 5 n nO s am p = 2, nh i e t d o b a n d R u tg = 2 7 ' Q,
= 1 bar.
Xic dinh hindu suat nhiit.,
cong cua chu tr~nh. Tinh town xem moi chat
nhur khnng khf.

B ay so: q, = 6 0 ~ ; l „ = G 3 7k J / k g

4.V. Chu thn h d qng c o do t t r on g cap P j qp

nhi$t hon hqp (H.4.5) co chic thong 3 4

so: py = 1 b a r ; t y = 3 0 ' C ; 8 = 7;
j„ — 9; p — 19

Xhc dinh:

a) Thong so co bhn t a i ca c di em
q=0
dac tnfng.

b) Luring nhit,t cap va thai cua chu

trinh.
c ,' Cong va hieu suat nhiqt ci a chu t r i n h .
'fish town xem moi chat nhd khong khi.
9 8lp s O :

Biem p, bar C v, m'/kg

30 0,870

15,2 387 0,124

30,5 1047 0,124

30,5 1311 0,149

2,6 511 0,870

b) qy = 744,2 kJ/kg; I q, I = 378,2 kJ/kg ; c ) I o = 396 kJ/kg; qz -- 53,2%

4.8. Chu trinh dong co dot trong chp nhijt h5n ht."p (H.4.5) co
py = 0,9 bar, ty = 67 C; a = 10; p3 = 45 bar. Nhiet c5p cho chu trinh
qy = 1090 kJ/kg, ch5t xnoi giOi xem nhe khong khi.
.Mc dinh nhijtc5'p q„va q> cho chu trinh vh nhiet dj i4.

Giai. V i 1 - 2 la quA trinh nen doan nhijt :

CPU TRINH CHAT KHI 59

k-j

Tp = T) -
= T)g - (67 y 273)g10 ' = 854

k
Vg
pa = p> = p,e' = 0 , 9 x l 0 ' ~ = 22 , 6 b a r

Vi 2 - 3 la qu5 trinh d6ng tich nen:

Tp = Tp = 854 = 1700 ' K

• pp 22 6

!Vhiet cap trong qua trinh chay ding tich 2 - 3:

20,9
Qv c - (T3 — Tg) = (1700 - 8 5 4 ) = 609 kJ/kg
29
Nhiet cung ca'ptrong qua triuh cnay dang ap 3 - 4:
q> = q y — q,, = 1090 — 609 = 4 8 1 k JI'kg

qp -- cp (T4 — Tg)
q 481
T,< = + T = — + 1 7 0 0 = 2 1 7 6 ' K = 1903 ' C
cp 1.01

4.8.Chu trinh dong co do't trong CAp nhiet hon hop co ty so nen c = 7, ty s o
t,zng ap ). = 2, ty so gi.~n ni som p = 1,2, moi cha't xem nhdkhong khan,
nhiet ca'p cho chu trinh 1090 kJ/kg.
Xac dinh hindu suat nhiet. cong va nhi|,t thai cua chu trinh.
D ap so'; q, = 53.,5;c, t,, = 5~3 kJ/k g , Iq~ I = 507 kJ/kg

4.10. Chu trinh tu a bin kh i ca'p nhiet dhng ap khcing hoi nh iet ( H .4-6) co cac
thong so nhe sau: pp = 1 bar, t.~ = 27" C. t ; = 7 0 0 ' C , t y s o t a n g h p
= 10, chat hanoi gian xem nhu khoiig khan
Xac dinh:
a) Thong so ca ban tai chic diem dec tr~<ng.
b) Cong, nhij t cap vh thai, hieu sua't nhiet
cua chu tri. ih.
q=0
Giai
..,.® 4
Big'rn 1:
pi 1 bar; ty = 2 7 " 0
RT, 287x I 2 7 + 2 ~3>
0,861 rns>
/kg. Hksah 4.6
pi ..10
60 CH'UONG 4

Bie//> 2: P = = 10 ; p 2 = 10p l = 1 0 b a r
Pl
k-1/k
T2 Pz )k 1/k 100 • 4 / 1-4 ] 93
Tl Pl

T2 1 93Ty = 579 ' K = 3 0 6' C

RT~ 287 x 579
V2 0, 166 m /kg
P2 10. 10'"
Bie'nl 8 : p 3 p2 = 10 bar ; t 3 = 70 0 ' C
RT3 287 ( 700 + 273 )
v3 0,279 m /kg
p3 10. 10

Bi e'nl 4: T3 Tj
p4 = p ~ = 1 bar;
T4 Tl

' 300
T4 = T3 = 97 3 = 50 4 " K = 2 29 " C
T~ 579
R T4 287 x 5 0 4
1. 45 ]n' / kg
p4 1. 10"

L u'ong nhiet ca'p vao va thai r a :

q~ = cP(T3 — T2) = 1,0 1 (973 — 579 ) = 398 k J/kg

q2 = cP(T 1 — T4 ) = 1 , 0 1 ( 300 — 504 ) = — 202 k J/kg

C ong cua chu tri n h :

ql — I q2 I = 398 — 205 = 192 kJ/kg

Hieu sua'tnhiet cua chu trinh:
192-
>1< = 0, 48 = 48~r,
q, 398
1 1
hoac: lit = 1 1 0,482
k 1/ k P 4/l/ 1.4
1 00.4 4
t
Lo — q,q, = 0,482 x 3 9 8 = 192 kJ/kg

4. 1 1. Chu trlnh t ua b in k h i c a 'p nhiet d a ng ap ( H . 4.6 ), vdi moi chat d u oc coi

n hu khong kh i c o p y = 1 b a r , t l = 1 7 C , t 3 = 600'C C, t = 8 . Xac dinh

thong so co ban tai cac diem dac trul>g, nhiet cap va thai, cong vh hieu
s ua't nhiet cua chu tri n h .
3 3
Dap so: v~ = 0 ,83 1 m /kg; v2 = 0, 189 m /kg

v3 0,3 1 3 m' /kg; v4 = 1,38 m /kg; t 2 = 254'C ; t 4 = 2 2 4 ' C

CHU TRINH CHAT KHI 61

pg = pg = 8bar; q) = 35() k J/kg;

I q., I = 192,2 k J/kg; l„ = 1 57,8 kJ/kg; q, = 0,45

4.12. Chu tr !n h tu a bi » kh i cap nhiet dang

' ip co h6 i » h iet d uo'c bieu thi t r e n
H.4.7 va 13.4, 1.
0 d ay: I - ma y n en, II - t h ie't bi h oi
»hiet, III- buong dot, IV- tua bin khi,
V- mAy phat d!en, VI - born nhien lieu.

N e'u biet t~ = 30 ' C , t4 = 400 ' C . ) = 6 , IV

gia t h iet h o i n h i e t l y t u ctng (hoan VI

t,oan) o = 1 . Xac dinh hieu suat nhiet.
Cung chu trinh t ren nhuhg khong co Hinh 4.7
hoi nhiet, vs ty s o ' t5ng ap P = 6 ,

tinh hieu suat nhiet trong tru'ong hqp nay

Dap so: r l ', = 5 5 % ; q ,= 4 0 %

4.13. Chu trinh t ua bin k hi c ap nhiet dhng ap co hoi nhiet ( H . 47 va H. 41) co

t ! — 3 0 ' C , t 4 = 4 0 0 ' C , t g = 266"C, ) = 6 , j > = 2. Xac dinh do hoi n h i et

a , hieu suat nhiet cua chu trinh hoi nhiet, hieu sua't nhiet cua chu trin h
khong hoi nhiet. Tinh toan xem cha't moi gioi »hu' khong khi.
Giai. Vi 1 - 2 la qua trinh doan nhiet:
Tp = T) pk '"" = 30 3 x 6 "" " = %06' K = 23 3' C

Can bh>g nhiet doi voi t h iet bi hoi nhiet ta co:

=
q), = c), (t.,„— t~) c p(tp t( , )

+ (tip t ) )) = 23 3 + (40 0 266 ) = 36 7 C

=
t., t~ 367 - 2 33
Bo hoi nhiet: cr 0,8
400-233

Fiiju suat nhiet cua chu trinh hoi nhiet :

(p-l)([3' "

-1)
'1 < ( k-l i / k
Q( p ) (k-])/k )
P ( p 1)

(2 1 ) 6 0,4/1.4
0 ,48 = 48%
0 8(2
 cHLfONG 4

Hindu . uA
t nhijt cue chu tr!.nh khong hoi nhi< t:
1 - — "- — =
1
1 = 0,4 = 40 /o
p"" 6

4 ,14. C'hu trinh tua bin kh i cAp nhi0t d i n g p

t ich k hong c6 hei n hi| t ( H 4 8 ) c 6
ty= 27'C, ty s 5 t 5ng hp P= = 10, ty so
ps
t ang hp t r ong qu l t r i n h cd nhijt
~ = 2. MOi chitdirac xem nhu
Pa
khong khi.
High 4.8
Xlc dinh hindu suat nhijt, cong, nhiet
cap vh thai cua chu trinh.

Giai. Hit;u suat nhi~t cua chu trinh cap nhiet ding tich khong hoi nhiet
k (i" " - 1 )
,
= 1 — 1 1,4(2"" - 1) 054 54 %%u
(g 1 Pk-1/k (2 1) 1 0 0.4/1.4

Trong qui trinh n4n doan nhij t 1 - 2:

Tp = T y f 3 "" = 3 0 0 x 1 0' ' = 580' K

Trong qul trinh cap nhit;t ding tich 2 - 3:

Tg p
2 ; T 3 = 2T Q
Tg pp

qy = cp (Tp — Tg) = c>(2Tg — Tg) = c> T~ = 1,01 x 5 8 0 = 5 8 5,8 kJ / k g

l~ = q,q, = 585,8 x 0 , 5 4 = 316,3 kJ/kg

Iqpl = q ual~ = 558,8 x 3 1 6 , 3 = 2 69 , 5 k J / k g

4 .15. Chu trinh tu a bi n k h i cd n h i $ t d i n g t i c h c 6 hoi n h i$t h oAn tohn

Y= Ym ax= ' tl = 3 0 C t 4 = 40 0 C , p = p ~/ p i = 4 , c h a t m o i g i o i

daqc xem nhd kh5ng khi. Xlc dinh hi ndu

suat nhijtcua chu trinh.
Sap so'. q't~ „ = 58 > 6%

4.16. Chu trinh Brayton ly thuy4t dirac thC hi s'ntren hinh v5 cung vs c&
thong so cd thiet (bb qua su' thay dpi dgng ning)
trong d6: A - tua bin khi; 8 - t h i et bi t rao doi nhij t ; C - may nhn khi
Xlc dinh:
1) Hindu suat nhi$t cua chu trinh
/-HU TRlNH CHAT KHI

2) Ty lj cong tieu hao cua may n(n va cine sir>h ra cua tua bin (ty l5
i.t dung).

Q, 100O K
120t0

pgp)=10 3
I

I
4

-I q,
'

Qp
p> -10okPa-
T> - -30Qk
3
V< = 5rn /s-

3) Mu'c dj tin g cong su6't cua thie't bi khi nhiet do khi vho tua bin thay
doi nhu da cho.
Khi tinh town rem moi chht nh~c khong khi, nhij t d ung ri eng xem 1h
hhig so.

>rangthai 1 : p> = 1 0 0 k P a = 1 ba r ; T . ~ = 300 ' K

RI', 2 87v 30 0 3
pyv] = RT~ m v ~ = ' = - = 0,86 m / k g
p) 1.10

?rang thai 2: — ~ = 1 0 ~ p, = 1 0p, = 1 0 b a r

Py

1-2 lh qul t r inh nen doan nhit",t cto 4o'.

k-1/k k-1/k
72 ,/g pg
Ty = T1
Tl P> ,pl
'
T2 300 x (10) ' = 300 x l o ' = 579,6 ' K
< /-a Ip thai 3: 2 - 3 lh qua trinh cap nh ij t d~~ng kp:

p3 = p p = 10 b a r
64 CHUONG 4

RT2 2 87 x 579, 6 3
p pv2 = R T2 ~ "z 0,166 m /kg
p2 10.10
RT RT~ RT2
v3 vg

T3 3
T3 = 1000' K ~ v3 V2. = 0~286 I
= /k g
Ti2

T3 = 120 0 ' K — > v 3 0,3436 m /kg

T 3- = 1600' K ~ v3 0,458 rn /kg
Trang thai 4 :
4 - 1 la qua tr in h t h a i n h i e t d ang ap n en : p4 = p y = 1 b ar
T rang t ha i 4 q u a n h e v a i t r a n g t h a i 3 t h e o qu a t r i n h d oa n n h i e t 3 - 4 v a
quan he vai t r an g t ha i 1 t h eo qua tr iu h d kn g ap 4 - 1 . do do:
k-1 I k k-1/k
T3 P3 P3
T4 = T3 / -
P4, ,Pz

TB = 1 0 0 0 'K — > T4 = 1 0 0 0 / 1,93 = 5 1 8 ' K

T3 = 1200 ' K —> T4 = 62 1 K

TB = 1600 K m T4 = 82 9 K

Cong tieu hao ctia may nen

k 14
'
l, = R(T~ — T2) = x287x (300 — 579,6)
k—1 0,4
280 . 858 J/kg = — 280,858 kJ/kg
Cong sinh ra ciia t ua b in :
k 1,4
'
IT = R ( T B = T 4) = x 287x ( 1000 — 518) = 4 8 4 , 169 kJ / k g
k—1 0,4

v oi: T = 12 0 0 " K l'T = 5 8 1 , 605 k J/kg

T = 1600'K l "T = 774,469 kJ/k g

Nhiet ca.'p vao qg

1000 "K ~ q~ cp { TB T g ) = 1 x ( 1 0 0 0 — 579,6) = 420,4 k J/kg,
1200' K m q' y = 620 4 kJ/kg
1 600' K ~ q " ~ = 10 2 0 , 4 k J / k g

C6ng cua chu t r i n h : l = l T — I lc ~

v oi : TB = 1000 ' K l = 4 8 4 , 16 — 280,8 = 2 0 3 , 3 6 k J/kg

T B- = 1 2 0 0' K l' = 300,8 kJ/kg
CHU TRIIVH CHAT KHI 65

T 3" = 1 600 " K ~ l" = 4 93 ,8 k J / k g

à hiet thai g ~:

T3 = 1000 ' K I q2 I = c p (T~ — Ty) = 2 1 8 k J / k g

1200 ' K I q'2 I = 321 k J/kg
1600' K I q"2 I =- 529 kJ/kg
Iq2 I
Ffieu suci't nh.iet cria chu trinh: q „ = 1
q,
1000 ' K 0,483 (48,3%)
1200'K 0,482 (48,2%)
1600' K = 0,480 (48%)
Cong sinh ra cria chu trinh tinh theo: l = qg — I qo I
1000'K l = 2 0 4 ,2 kJ/kg
1200' K l' = 300,8 kJ/kg
1600'K l" = 493,7 kJ/kg

3 pV p, V,
v i: V= 5 m /s; p V = GR T ~ G =
RT RT,
(1. 10 )x5
G
287x 300

Cong suat he t.ho'ng: N =Gx l

Mac do tang cong suat cua thiet bi k h i t a n g n h i et, do nguon nong

1000'K
N = 9 7 0 ,34 kw
1200'K 1.744,6 kW
1600 ' K 9863,5 kW

He so tu dung: bwr
lq

1000'K bwr 0 580 (58%)

484
1200 'K 0,483 (48,3%)
1600'K 0,363 .(36,3%)

4 .17. Chu tr in h ca p n h iet dkng ap ly t u8ng hoat dong vdi cac t h ong so n h u
sau:
pt = 0 ,1 M P a; t ~ = 15' C
 CHt 'OfvCi ~

p2 = 0,5 M~a ; t 3 = 900 ' C

3= 1173 K
Xac dinh:
- Nhiet do vh ip sua't tai cac didym
qPa
dac t ri g cua chu trinh- 0

- Cong tieu hao cua may nen, cong

sinh ra cua tua b in , hi ndu suat p=
' giga
Jqa
nhiet cua chu t".inh (chat m&i gi8i
Ti = 288 K
xem nhu khong khi, nhi6t dung
rieng xem lh hRng so'). Hinh 4.9
Bap so: T 2 = 456,6' K ; T 4 -= 740,4' K ;

Cong cua may nen:lc = 169 kJ/kg; Cong cua tua bin: ly = 434,3 kJ/kg
Cong cua chutrinh: l = 26 5,3 kJ/kg; bwr = 38,9%; r~< — 36,9%

4.18. Chu trinh tua bin k h i . cap nhij t d i n g a p t hu'c thong so cua chu trinh
teang te bai 4.17 la py = 0,1 MPa, ty = 1 5 ' C ; p2 = 0,5 M Pa, nhiet do chic
dai la 900'C. Gia sQ rang may nen khi co hieu suat q, = 80/c, tua bin
khi co hieu suat q, = 85%, giing hp giQ'amay nen vh tua bin la 15 kPa.
Xac dinh cong tieuhao cua may nen, cong sinh ra cua tua bin, hieu suat

nhikt cua chu trinh thee.

Giai. Trong chu trinh t h ee qua trinh n en
3
k hi v a g i a n n a k h i t r o n g t u a b i n
khong phai la qua trinh doan nhiet ly
throng (S = const) m h 1 h q u a t r i n h
d oan nhie t t h e e v i c 6 t o n t h a t ( q u a 2
t rin h k ho n g thu a n n gh i c h ) n en 4s

entropi t5ng len, chu trinh dupe bieu

thi tren do thi T - S.

a) Cong tieu hao cua may nen:

Lc Hinh 4.10

tac6: q, = 80%
lp — ly

Q ua trinh 1 - 2s la qua trinh doan nhiet thuan nghich do do:

k-elk
p2 5' = 1 ,5845
p> T]
CHU TRINH CHAT KHI 67

T2s = 1 , 5 845 T l = 45( i , 3 " K

Vr cp — const do do;
Tqs -'f
= OH; T2 = 498 4 K
T,) — Tl

Cong tieu hao cua may»en thu'c la-

ic = i2 - » = cp(T2 — T>i = E,G035(498,4 — 288) = 210,4 kJ/kg
b) Cong sinh ra thlIc cua tua bin kr~r:
'
lT = 13 — 14 =0,,85
14s

p3 = p 2 — (giang ap Ap ) = 0,5 — 0,015 = 0,485 MPa

/ l(-l /k
P3 l3
4 885 ' ' = 1 5 7 0088' T4s —
= 3
pcs T4 s 1 ,5708 1,5 7 0 8
= 746,7'K
13 —14 T3 — T,l
i 3,85; T 4 = 8 10 . 6 5 ' K
13 14 T3 T„

i3 — i4 = c p(T3 — T4) = l , l0035(1173 — 810,65) = 3 6 3,7 kJ/k g

Cong sinh ra cua chu tri»h thuc:
l = l T — I lc I = 3 6 3 , 7 — 211,2 = 1 5 2,5 k J/kg
Nhiet cap vao buong dot ql.

ql = i3 — i2 = cp( T 3 T 2) = 1,0()35(1173 2 4 98.7) = 676 9 k J / k g

H ieu suat n h i e t c h u t r i l l h t h l f c :
152,5
676,9

Ty le cong dung cho may nell h er :

bvvr l,
0 58 (58%)
363,7

S o sanh ket qua giu'a chu trinh l j t h u yet fvi d u 4 . 17) va chu t r i n h t h t f c
(vi du 4.18) ta co ket qua nhu ba»g sau day:

Bai <c rr( ('/)

4.17 169,0 434,3 265,3 719,1 36.9
I ' thu et

4.18 211,1 363,7 152,5 676,9 22,5

~ thuc
68 CHUONG 4

Tif su so sanh nay chung ta nhan thay rat ro la do se khong thuan

nghich (do qua trinh thu'c co ton that do ma sat, do xoay, do truyen nhiet...
nen khac voi dieu kien thuan nghich - dieu kien ly th rong) se din de'n cong
sinh ra cua tua bin bi giam va nguqc lai cong tieu hao cua m iy nen thng
len, ke't qua la cong cua chu trinh se giam rat nhanh khi hieu suat cua may
nen q,va cua tua bin q, cang tha'p. Vi vay viec che tao may nen va tua bin
co hieu suatcao lh van de vo cung quan trong do'ivdi su phat trien cua he
tho'ng tua bin khi thee te.
Chung ta nhan thay rang tr ong chu trinh l y t u ang khoang 39% cong
sinh ra cua tuabin la sQ dung cho may nen con 61'/o la de phat cong sua't
dong lac. Nhung trong chu trinh thee chung ta thay code'n 58'ic cong suat
sinh ra cua tua bin la tieu hao cho may nen chi con 42~/c la phat cong suat
dong lac,trong d6 chu'a ke de'n cong suat phat thu'c cua tua bin bi suy giam
ma tren chi mdi xet p han t r 5 m an h hu ctng.
 Chu'chug

HOI NUOC VA CHU TRINH THIET BI

BOiNG LUC HOI NUOC

s.i ader~Udc
5 .1.1. NNdc soi va hdi bao hoa kho (nu'dc va hdi nafdc bao hoa )
T rz»g t h a i
c u a » u o'c soi vh ho i b a o ho a k h o d uq c xa c d i n h k h i b i e t
nhiet do hoac ap sujetci 'ia chu»g. Tir b6»g nuac va ha i n u o c bao hoa t h e o
»hiet do soi hoac 6p suat soi ta co the tin> duqc tat ca cac thong so con lai .
5.1.2. Hdi bao hoa ~m
1- Do lzIzo z,a do aim
E lo'i bao h o a a i » ( l i o'i n »i j l ; i h o » h o p g i u a n u d e s o i v a h d i b a o h o a a
nhiet do bao hoa tu'o»g u»g. Bo kho duqc dinh ngh>a bAng bieu thu'csau:
Gi,
X
G„+G
tro»g d6: G~, (kg) - khoi luq»g hei ban hoa kho trong hei am
G„(kg) - khoi lu'q»g»uoc soi trong hei am.

Bo kho x la th awing
s o' trang thai c o ba n cu a ha i a m , n o c h o t a b i e t
luqng hei bao hoa kho chua trong 1 kg hei am.
Bo kho x th ay doi tu' x = 0 (duong gidi han duoi) den x = 1 (duong gioi
h an tren), 0 < x < 1 .
G ia tri y = 1 — x goi la do am cua hei, no cho t a b i e t l u qn g n ude bao
hoa (nuoc soi) chua trong 1 kg hei am.
70 CHUQNG 6

2- Cac thong so trqng t hcii cua hen a'm

B e xac dinh ddqc cac thong so' trang thai cua hei am chung ta p h a i
dnavao thong so co ban cua nude soi, hei bao hoa kho (tim tit bang thong
so nhiet dong cuanuc'tc va hei nu'ac bao hoa) va do kho x:
v„ = (1 — x) v + x v = v + x(v — v)

s. = (1 — x) s' + xs" = s' + x(s" — s') = s' + x

T.=

i„ = i' + r x

vx — v 1x — 1 s „- s '
X
v—v s"-s' 4 "- @ '

trong do: dau " ' " - chi trang thai nude soi
dau" " "- chi trang thai hoi bao hoa kho; r - an nhiet hoa hei.
U„ = (1 — x) u' + xu" = u' + x(u" — u')

Neu trong bang khong co cac giatri u" va u' thi noi ning duroc tinh
bhng cong thCfc sau:
Ux = lx P Vx

5 .1.3. Hdi qu a n h i j t

0 cung ap suat, ho i qu a « h i e t c o n h i e t d o t . cao hen n h i e t d o cu a h e i

b ao hoa kho t , . B o i v d i n ude chua soi vh hei qua n h ie t t h i a p s uat v a n h i e t
d o la hai thong so doc lap, trang thai cua ho'i qua nhiet deqc xac dinh k h i
b iet hai t h ong so. Trong bang noae chua soi va ho'i qua nhiet cac t r an g t h a i
t hu'ong xac dinh t heo hai t h ong so la ap suat vh n h ie t d o .

5.2 CACQUA TRINH NHIET BONG CO BAN CUA HO) NlNC

5 .2.1. Qua tr in h d a n g t ic h (v = c o n s t )
B o bien th ien noi n i n g :
hu = u2 — u, = (12 — P2v2) — (1, — P,v,) — ( 1 2 1 1 ) v ( P 2 - Pl )
2
C ong cua qua tri nh : l = pdv = 0
1

N hiet. luong cung cap cho qua tr i n h : q = b,u + l v i l = 0 do do q = b,u

5.2.2. Qua trinh dang ap ',p = const)
ku = U2 U2 — (12 — P2V2) ( 1 1 — P1V1) = ( 1 2 — 11) —(V2
P Vl )
2

pdv = p(v 2 v l ) d q = d u + de = di — vdp=di

1
 71

D o do: q = i ., — i ,

5.2.3. Qua t r in h dh n g n h i c :t (T = con.st,)

5u = u» — u ( j» p»i'» ) ( l i p> i v ' i )

clp
'

=
ds = . dq Tds. do d<.i q = T((s,. — s, )
7
q = d u + i ; l = q- A u

5.2.4. Qua trlnh doan nhiet (q = 0)

« i = u z- i ii = (i » - p » v » ) - ( i t - pi v »
q = p = hu + / , do do l = — Au

BAI TAP
5.1. Hai bao hoa am co ap suat p = 2bar, do khio x = Oi,9.

Hay xac dinh: The tich rieng v „ „ e n t ,anpi i „ , e n t r op i s „ , n o i n i n g u x .

Giai
Tu' bang noae va hoi nuoc bao hba pha.n phu luc (bang 15), theo ap
suat p = 2bar t a tr a du'qc cac thong so' sau:
v' = 0,0010605 m /kg v " = 0,8854m /k.g
i' = 504,8 kJ/kg i" = 2707 kJ('kg
s'"
s' = 1,5302 kJ/kg 'K = 7,127 kv7/kg'K.
Tif cong thu'c tinh cac thong so'qua hei bao hba ann ta co.
v + x( v vp ) 0>00 1 0605 + O >9 (p>88 >>4 0 00 '10605) p 7 9 7 ms / k~
= i' + x(i " — i') = 504,8 + () > 9 (2707 — 504,8) = 2486,8 kJ/k g
s' + x(s" — s') = 1,5302 + (),9 ('>t,127 — 1,5302) = 6 567kJ/kg oK

x
=
x P x = 2486,8. ) 0' — 2. 10' x 0,'797 =-' 2, 3d6. 10 J/k g = 2326 6 kJ/kg

5.2, Xac dinh entanpi, noi narig cua hei an> cr ap s ua't p = 13 bar, do kho x = 0,98
Dap so': i.„ = 2748,5 k.J/kg; u„ = 2541,3 kJ/kg

5.3. Mot binh k in co the tich V = 0,035 m c h L '(a 5 kg hei bao hoa am0 n h i e t
do t = 310"C.Xac dinh do kho, lu'
qng hoi bao hba kho vh luqng nuoc soi
trong binh.
Giai
The tich rieng cua hoi bao hoa am du'qc tinh:
V 0' 0 3 5
v = = =-
= 0,007 m / k g ; v x = v' + x( v" —v').
G 5
72 CHUONG 6

v X —v
V ay do kho x la: x
v—v

Tif bang nuoc va hei nu'o'c bao hoa, vdi nhiet do soi t.„ = 3 1 0 C chung
t a tra duqc : v' = 0,001447 m / kg; v" = 0,01832 m / kg
0, 007 — 0. 001447
Do do
0, 01832 — 0. 001447

G), — xx G
-

= 0,33x5 = 1 .65 kg
Lu'qng nu'oc soi G„ : G„ = G — Gi, — 5 — 1,65 = 3.35 kg
-

5.4. Bao hei cua lo hei co th e t ich V = 1 2 m c hCfa hon hqp nu'oc va hoi
G = 1800kg 0 ap suat 110 bar. Hay xac dinh do kho, luqng nu'o' c vh
lu'qnghei bao hoa, do kho tr
.ong bao hoi. 4

D ap so : x = 0 , 3 5 7 ; G i , -— 642,6 kg; G„ = 1157,4 kg

,4.~. Bao hoi co the tich V = 9 m , h a i p h a n b a th e t ich do chron mr'oc soi o' ap
suat p = 100 bar. Hay xac dinh luqng nunc soi,luong hei, do kho va
entanpi cua hei am tr ong bao hai.
Giai
2 2
T he tich cua nuc)c soi: V„ = — V = — x9 = 6 rn 3
3 3
Tit bang urro'c va hoi nu'ic ban hoa vdi ap suat p = 100 bar tr a du'qc cac
thong so' sau:
v' = 0,0014521 m' / kg ; v" = 0 ,01803 m / k g
i' = 1407,7 kJ/kg; i" = 2 725 kJ / kg ; r = 13 1 7 , 0 k J/kg
Lu'qng nude soi duqc tinh:
V„ V„ 6
" = 4.132 kg
v' 0,0014521
G„
The tich cua hei: Vi, — V= V „ = 9 - 6 = 3 m
-

The tich rieng cua hoibao hoa kho o ap suat p = 10 0 ba r d a b i et , v a y

Vh V), 3
luqng hei se la: v ) Gi
-
= 166 k g
v" 0,01803
Do kho cua hei am trong bao hei:
G„ 166
0,0386
G„+ G), 4132+ 166
 73

E nta»pi cua hoi ; i i » :

i„ = i' + r x = 1 4 0 7,7 + 1317,0x 0,0386 = 1 . 458,5 kJ/kg

5.G. Mot lifo»g hoi bho hoa vari G = ] , 4 k g /s vo'i do kho la x = 0, 9 6, ap s u at

p = 20 ba r c huyen d(»ig t.ro»g o»g vo'i va» to'c (0 = 4 0 m/s . Ha y x a c
di»h du'o»g ki»h tro»g cua o»g.

(gaia i
I.ifu luo»g hoi chay tro»g ong:
f(j)
G = « p =
vq

o' d(<y: p - k l ioi l ifo'ng rieng cua hoi, kg/ m

f - ti('.'t (lie» ngang cua ong, in

(.l - (hf~')»g kiiih trong cua o'»g, ni; ( i i - t o'c do cua dong hai, m/s

v„ - the tich rie»g cua hoi A»i, m /kg .

Gv„ i(d 4Gv„.

TA co:
4 mo
Tu' bang»u'o'c va hoi nifac bao hoa vai p = 20 bar ta tim du'oc:
v' = 0,0011678 » i /kg ; v " = 0,09958 m / k g

Vl »(foe s()i co the tich r i eng ra't. »ho so voi hoi bao hoa, dong tho'i hai
c o do kho kha cao » e » :
v, = v + x (v — v) = xv

v,. = 0 ,9 6 x 0 , 0 9 9 5 8 = 0 , 0 956 i» ' / k g

4 x].4 x 0.0956
0,0652 m = 65 mm
;>,14x40

.i.V. H oi nifac co ip suat. p =16 bar chuyen dong trong difong ong vai v kn t o c
oi = 30 m/s . Hay xac dinh du'ong kinh t r ong cua o'ng trong hai t r u'ong
hap sau:
a) Biet. hoi co do kho x = 0,9
b ) Biet. hai co nhiet do t = 350' C .
Dap so: a) d = 75,4 mm
b) d' = 94,4 m m

5.8. Hoi bao hoa a»i colu' ong G = 500 kg/h vai ap suat p =100 bar, do kho
u lu'
x = 0,99, t.if bao hai cua lo hai chuyen vao bo qua nhiet. Sau khi qua bo
q ua nhiit., nhiet do cua hoi tang len den t 2 - — 550'C. Hay tinh lu'ong
 CHUONG 6

nhiet can cung ca'p cho bo qua nhiet ne'u bie't hieu sua't cua bo qua nhiet
q = 0,984 va boqua ton tha'tap suat cua dong hai khi qua bo qua nhiet.

Giai
Khi bo qua ton tha't ap suat thi qua trinh nhan nhiet cua ho'i trong bo
q ua nhiet la qua trinh d ang ap. Nhiet nhan du'qc cua hai trong qua tri n h
dkng ap la:
Q = bI = Gd i = G (i ~ — i,)

a day: i, - entanpi cua hoi am khi vao bo qua nhiet

i2 - entanpi cua hoi ra khoi bo qua nhiet.
Tu' bang nu'acva hai noae bao hoa, vdi ap suat p = 100 bar ta tim deqc:
t, = 310,96'C ; i ' = 1 4 0 7,7 kJ/kg ; i " = 2.725 kJ/kg; r = 1317,0 kJ/kg

Entanpi cua hei vao bo qua nhiet:

i, = i,„ = i ' >+x(i ">-i '>) = i y+ryx> -— 1407,7 + 1317,0 x 0 , 9 9 = 2712 kJ / k g

T u' bang nude chua soi va hei qua n h i et , vdi a p suat p = 10 0 bar t a t i m
ddoc:
t = 500'C; i = 33 7 2 kJ/ kg ; t = 6 00 ' C ; i = 3621 kJ/kg
$00+600
V ay entanpi 8: t - — 550 C la:
2
3372+ 3621
3496 5 kJ/k g

Nhiet hai nhan deqc trong qua trinh dkng ap:

Q = G( i2 — iq ) = 500 (3496,5 — 2712) = 392,25 . 10 k J / h
392, 25. 10 — 109kW
Q
3600
Nhiet can cung cap c ho bo qua nhiet se l a :
Q. 109
Qc - -
-
-

-
— 110,8 kW
q 0,984

5.9. Hei am co ap suat p = 20 bar, do kho x = 0,98,lou lu'

ang G = 2500 kg/h
duqc dna vao boqua nhiet. Hai sau khi ra khoi bo quh nhiet co nhiet do
t2 = 400'C. Hay x5c dinh luqng nhiet ma hoi nhan duroc i bo qua nhiet
va ty sodeang kinh cua ong dan hoi khi vao va khi ra khoi bo qu4 nhiet
n eu gia thiet hei vao va ra co cung toc do, bo qua ton that ap su i t .

Dap so': Q = 1 , 25 . 10 6k J / h ; -'d1

-
= 0,8 1
 75

5.10. Nu'oc du'o'c cap v a o l o v o i i <A) lu'o» g G - = 90 0 . 1 0 k g / h n h i e t d o

= 180'C, ap suat p = 160 bar. Sau) khi »l;)a)) lpga.»g nhiet Q = 2270,4. 10'

kJ/h nuoc bie» thnnh hei va ra khoi lo hoi. Xi c di nh. trang thai cua hei ra
khoi lo la ho'i gi, co»hiet do bao »hie.u.

Oap sio'. Hei qua nhie t, co t =- 500'(..

5.11. H oi v a o b i n l i » g u 'ng cua tua b i» c o l u u l u c>ng 6 = 25 k g/ s d o k h o

x = 0,83. Vacuniet cua binh ngu'ng chi do cha.» khong p ,), — 712,5 mm
Fig, ap suat khi quyen p„ = 750 i»nn Hg. Hoi » gufng tu trong binh n g ung
0 ap suat k h ong doi tao thanh nude ngurig vh c.hay ra k h o i b i n h . H a y
xac dinh luo'»g nunc lam mat can cho binh»g ung, neu nhietdo nud'c lam
m at khi va o t „ , = 12-C va khi ra t, „,, = 23"C.

Giai
T ruo'c tien c h ung t a h a y v i e t p h u'Ong tri n h
ca» bang nh iet ciia binh ngung:
N hiet l u'o'»g cua ho'i nha ra t r oiig qua t r i n h in@= 23 C

ngu'ng tu duoc di)ng de lani nong nuoc lani ruat tu'

t ») de n t„ ,

G),( . — i') = G „ c (t „ . > — t„i ) t„, = 12 C

G) i (i..
Hi,nh 5.1
c (t„ .p= t„i)

Ap suat tuyet doi cua hai trong binh ngu'ng la:

37,5
'
p = p o — pr )' . =- 750 - i 1~,5 =- 37,5 Illm Hg ==- - — -

= 0,05 bar
-

750
Tu bang nuc'i
c va hei nude bao hoa voi p = 0,05 bar tim duroc:
t, = 32.8 8 ' C ; i ' = 137,83 kJ/kg; i " = 2561 kJ/kg; r = 2423 kJ / k g

Do do: i„ = i ' + r x = 1 3 7 ,8 3 + 24 2 3 x 0 ,83 = 2148,9 kJ/k g

N hiet dung r i eng cua nude: c „ = 1 kcal/kg do = 4,18 kJ/kg do

I Qh I = G) (i „ - i ') = G x r x x = 25 x 24 2 3 x 0 ,8 3 = 50.277 kw

Luringnude can lam mat cua binh ngung:

G„ 1093
= 1,093m / s
4,18(23 — 12) p„ 1000
76 CHUONG 6

5.12. C o hai b i nh h o i A v a B Pa t. iA Ps toie

( H.5.2). Binh A d u q c g i a
0
nhiet bhng hei trich tu' tua t2=110 C

bin co ap sua't pz = 6 bar, t,=60 C

A 9
tA = 260'C, binh B cung
II
d u'qc gia n h ie t b ang h ei Hinh 5.2 Ig

trich o cubatiep theo cua

t ua bin voi ap suat p B = 1,2 bar va tB = 140'C. Sau khi »going tu nude
tifbinh A chay don cap sang binh B nho' chenh lech 6p suit. Nu'oc cap
t u binh ngulxg cua tua bin co G „ = 8 kg/s di vao binh B o n h i et. do t ,
60'C, ra khoi binh B vao binh A co nhiet do t = 96,8'C, ra khoi binh A
co nhiet do t ., = 110'C. Tinh luqng hoi trich tu' tua bin vho cac binh gia
nhiet, cho biet hieu sua't sa dung nhiet cua hai bin h nh u tthau, qA = qB =
0,98.

Giai
T it' pA = 6 bar tr a b an g n unc va ho i n u de bao hoa ta t i n t d uqc nh ie t d o
bao hoa tu'ong u'ng ts A - — 158,84'C , i ' A = 670,5 kJ / kg, hai t,rich l a h o i qua
n hiet. Tu' b an g h o i q u a n h i e t v o' i p z -— 6 ba r va t A = 260"C t i m d u 'qc
iA -— 2975 kJ/kg. H o i s a u k h i n h a n h i e t s e t h a n h n u d e n«ung co i ' A don
s ang binh B .
L ao»g nhiet hoi nh a r a t r n» g bin h A c h o n u oc : Q , z = G A ( i A - i ' A )
Luqng nhietho'icap cho binh A: Qz - — g„z — —G„c„(t,> — t) -

G ii c ii ( 2 ) 8 8( 1 1 0 )
q A(iA — i'A ) 0 ,98 ( 2 9 7 5 - 6 7 0 . 5 )
Tu' bang nude va hoi nu'dc bao hoa voi Gs,iB
p = 1 2 b ar t i m du q c t s» = 104 8 1 C, I
~A • ~A
i'B - — 439,4 kJ/kg, nhu vay hoi vao binh B 0
t=96.S C G„,t, = so C
c ung la h e i q u a n h i et . T i f p B — 1,2bar, -

tB = 140'C, tra bang nude chu'a soi va hoi

q ua nh ie t t i m d u q c i B — 2755kJ/kg. Can
b 5ng nhiet cho binh B :
Nhiet do nu'dc ngung tu binh A cap cho binh B:
AAB Ga(t A ~ B)

Nhiet do dong hei trich nha ra cho binh B:

B = G B ( >B- > B)
 77

Nhiet thu'c te' truyen cho IIu'ac ca'p a b)u,h .8:

Q„B = r)B('QAB+ Q B ) = Gncn( t t l ) = )] B (l (-r,((l , g — I;I ) + G R ( l B — I 8) )
Nhu' vay: G„c„(t — t, ) G A ( i ',~ — i'II )
8x 4.18('96,8-60 ) 0.1 9 5 (670,5 — 439 4)
I)1>(i> — i'>) (i )I — i'II ) 0.9HI 2 ) .' 5 —439,4 ) (2755 — 439,4)

0,523 kg/s:=1882,8 kg/h

5 .13. Indi t r ich t i f t u a b i n vao binh boi p„. = 6,5 bar

x~ = 0,94
nhiet "..o ap suat ". = 6,5 bar, )uu )u'q;ng
GI,, d o k h o x = 0, 9 4 ( H . 5.3). Nuro'c I„,. = 15." C G„= 1kg
ngu'ng ra khoi binh hoi nhiet co nh)tet p„= 100 bar,
do nho hen n hiet do soi 2'C. Nui'o'c t„, = 110'C
cip co ap suat p„ = 100 bar, nhiet do
, tb= t , — 2' C
n u'oc vao t „ , = 110'C, nhiet do nu'o'c
ra tr» — 155"C. Hay xac dinh )u'qzIg Hinh 5.3

hoi trich GI, can de do't nong 1 kg nuo'c cap.

Bap so: GI, = 0,098 kg hoi /kg nu'oc

5 .14. Iioi ba o ho a a m a a p s uat p = 0 ,3. bar, do k h o

Gh,tn
x = 0,98 di vao btnh IIguig kieu hort hqp (H.5.4).
N ude la m m a t di vao c o t „ = 15' C. N u o c
G
G = G I , + G „ ra k h o i b t n h c o n h iet d o bi o h o a
(nhiet do soi) t, . Hay xac dinh ) using»u'dc )am
Hinh 5 . 4
mat G „ can t h i e 't, IIe'u cho biet. lu'oIIg ho'i bao
hoa am di vao G), = 580 kg/)t,

Drip so': G„ = 9240 kg/h

5.15. Noi hOi eh&a luqng hoi bao hoa am G = . 8000 kg 8 ap suat p I = 4 bar,
d o kho x = 0 , 0 015. Ngu8i ta cap cho no )u'qng nhiet Q = 3 0 0 k w t r o n g
dieu kien dong tat ca cac van thi ap sua't tang len de'n 10 bar. Xac dinh
thoi gian can thiet dot nong de ap sea't tang )en nhd tren va xac dinh do
kho.
Giai
Vi tat ca cac van deu dong nen day la qua trinh ding tich cua hei
n u'oc. Nhiet cap vao trong qua trinh dang tich bang bie'n thien noi n a n g :
= G . bu = G ( ux2 u xI ) I ~ux =
Ix2 I xI+ v x ( P I - P 2 )
VIX ')X Xr VI - V I+ XI( v I V I)
78 cHUONG6

Tu' bang nuoc vahei bao hoa, voi p =4 bar ta tim duqc:
v'~ = 0 0010836 m /kg ' v "y
= 0,462m /kg

v,„ = 0.0010836 + 0.0015(0.4624 — 0,001836) = 0 , 0 0 1776 m / k g

N goai ra ta co : v~. = V .p = v g + x g ( v ">- v ' > )

Tu' bang nuoc va ho'i nude bao hoa vdi pz - — 10 bar tim duqc:
v'~ = 0.001273 m /kg; v"~ = 0,1946 m /kg

(v» — v'~ ) 0 001776-0 001273

D odo t a c o : x,
v ">- v', 0,19 6 4 0, 0 0 1 2 73
E ntanpi : i„ , = i',+x, (i ", - i ' , ) = i ' , + r , x ,

T u' bang nu'dc va hoi noae bao hoa vai p = 4 ba r t a co :

i' = 604,7 kJ/kg ; r> — 2 133 kJ / k g

i „> — 604,7 + 0,0015 x 2 1 3 3 = 607,9 kJ/kg

Entanpi i „ , : i „ , = i 'z+ x,r> .

Tif bang nuac va hei bao hoa vdi p~ = 10 bar ta co:

i'~ -— 762,7 kJ/kg ; r~ -— 2015 kJ/kg
i» - — 762,7 + 0,00335 x 2 0 1 5 = 769,4 kJ/kg

V ay h u „ d u q c t i n h :

x l xp — 1x] + vx(p i pg)

= 769,4 — 607,9 + 0,001776 (4 — 10) . 10 . 1 0 = 1 6 0 , 4 k J/kg

N hiet do hai nhan deqc: Q„ = G. hu = 800 0 x 1 6 0 , 4 = 1,283.10 kJ

1,283. 10
T hoi gian can t h i e t :
Q 300x 60

5.16. M ot b inh k i n t h e t i c h V = 0, 2 m ch Cfa mot l u q ng h ei b ao h oa am o

n hiet do t , = 180"C, do am y = 5%. Sau mot t ha i g ian n ha t d in h d e r a
ngohi troinguoi ta do duqc ap suat p~ = 9 bar. Hay xic dinh do kho cua
hoi 8 trang thai cuoi, lu'qng nhiet cua hoi nha ra moi truong. Bieu dien
qua trinh t ren do thi i — s.
Dap so': xz = 0,85; Q „ = 298 kJ

5.17. N g0'oi ta d ot n o n g 1 k g h a i n u d e o a p s u a t p, = 10 b ar , n h i e t d o
240 C de'n tz — 350'C trong dieu kien ap suat khong doi. Xac dinh
lu'qng nhiet ma hoi nhan duqc, cong thay doi the tich va luqng thay doi
n oi ni n g .
 79

Giai
B ay la qua t r i n h d ang 6p cua khi t hu'c, nhie.t trang qua t r i n h d a n g a p
dirac tinh : q„ = Ai = i ~ — i,

Tif bang noae va hai nu'dcbao hola vdi p = 10 barr ta tra dirac nhiet do
s oi tu'ang chig t ,. = 179,88'C. 0 day t , = 240'C > t , , v a y h a i a t r a n g t h a i
dau la hai qua nhiet. Tis bang nude chiesa sc i wa hei qu,a nhiet tim dirac:
p > = 10 bar, t , = 240'C t a co: i > — 2918 kJ / k g

p, = 10 b ar , t . . = 35 0 ' C i, = 3156 k J/kg

Vay nhiet ma hai nhan dirac: q = 3156 — 2918 = 238 kJ/k g

C ong thay doi the tich trong qu5 trinh dang ap : l ,2 -— p(vz — v>)
Tu' bang noae chu'a soi va hai qua nhiet: p > - — 10bar; t > -— 240'C
ta co: v , = 0,2274 m / k g
p 2 = 10 b ar , t 2 = 3 5 0' C v z -— 0),282:2m /kg

Vay: l,2 = 10. 10 (0,2822-0,2274) = 54,8.10 J / k g

Theo dinh luat nh iet dong I:
Au + l~ g Au : q - 1, 2 = 238 — 54. 8 = 183,2 J/kg

5.18. Hai bao hoa kho a ap suat p = 10 bar sau kh i g i a n n a d i n g n h i et , a p

s uat cuoi pz -— 1 bar.Xac dinh luang nhiet can cap cho hai va cong thay
doi the tich. Bieu dien qua trinh tren do thi i — s.
Giai
Nhiet t r ong qu i tr in h dhng nhiet dirac tfnh:
T(s~ -s, )

p, = 10 bar
p,y 1 bar
80 CHUONG 6

0 day s , =s", (hei bao hoa kho), T = T , . T u b an g nunc va hoi nuac bao
h oa voi p , = 10 bar ti m d uo c s "> —
- 6,587 kJ/kg do, t . = 179,88' C = 18 0 ' C .

T rang tha i 2 l a h o i qua n h iet co p 2 —

- 1 bar, t.> — t> = 180 C t u' bang nude
-

chua soi va h oi q ua n h i et ti m d uoc: s., = 7 7 43 kJ / k g do

v, = 2. 07 8 m / k g , i 2 = 2835 kJ/kg.

D o vay: q T -— (180 + 273) (7,743 — 6,587) = 524 kJ/k g

Tu' dinh luat nhiet dong I suy ra:

q = d u + <; l ,2 = q T — ~u
hu = u> — u> = (r2 — p2v.> ) — (>> —
p>v> )

Tu bang hoi nuac bao hoa vai p, = 10 bar ta co:

i> —
- i", =2778 k J / k g ; v , = v", =0,1946 m /kg

Do do:
h ,u = (2835 — 1. 10 x2,078. 10 ) — (2778 — 10. 10 x0.1946. 10 ) = 4 3,8 kJ / k g

l,, = qT — hu = 524 — 43,8 = 480,2 kJ / k g

5 .19. Hoi nuoc 0 ap sua't p, = 6 bar, t , = 2 0 0 C . Sau kh i b i n e n d ang n h i et

d en the t ic h l a v ~ = 0,11 m / k g . X a c d i n h n h i e t t h a i t r o n g qua t r i n h
nen, bieu diPn qua trinh t r e n do thi i — s.
Bap so'. qT = — 522,9 kJ/kg

5.20. Hoi nuac 0 trang thai dau p, = 8 b a r , t , = 240 C, gian na doan nhijt
d en p 2 = 2 bar. Hay xac dinh do kho, cong ky thuat va cong thay doi
the tich.
Giai
Bay la qua doan nh iet t h uan n g hich (s = const) cua khi t huc (hoi).
s i = s2 = c o n s t

Hai o trang thai 1 la hei qua nhiet (t~ > t 170 4 2 C), tif bang nude
chua soi va hei qua nh iet vd i p y 8 ba r , t , = 24 0 ' C t i m d u o c:

v y — 0 2867 m / k g , i y = 2926 kJ / k g

s y = 6,991 kJ / k g do
Pp
Tu bang nude soi va hei bao hoa kho vai
p2 — 2 bar c6:
v'2 -— 0,0010605m /kg

v "2 -— 8,8854m /kg

Flinh 5.5
 81

i'~ = 504,8 kJ/kg

i"~ = 2707 kJ/kg

s'z -- 1,5302 kJ/kg do
i", = 7, 127 kJ/ kg do

Vi: sz -— s, = 6 , 9 9 1 < s " , , = 7.127, dn do hoi o t r a ng t h ai 2 la h oi a m .

s, -s'~ 6, 9 9 1 — 1,5302
-
sp = s ~ + x p ( s p — s q); x> — '

=0,976
s "z — s'z 7, 127 — 1, 5302

g+ xp (i p i p ) = i y+ rgxq — 504,8 + 0 , 976 ( 2 70 7 — 504,8 )= 2654 kJ/k g

Cong ky thuat cua qua trinhdoan nhiet:

lgt>p: — bi = i> — i> = 2926 — 2654 = 272 k J / kg

C ong thay doi th e t ich cua qua trinh doan nhi et :

q = d u + l t~ = 0

Ltp A u =' ut ug = (t t ptv t ) (lg p gv g )

vp = v p + x p ( v .y — v p)

= 0,0010605 — 0,976 (8,8854 — 0,0010605) = 8,672 m / k g

I,~ = (2 926 — 8. 10 x0,2867.10 ) — (2654 — 2.10 x 8,672 .1 0 = 216 kJ/kg

5.21. 1 kg hoi n d oc tif t r a ng thai ban dau p , = 30 b ar , t , = 300'C gian n o

d oan nhiet den p z = 0,5 bar.

Xac dinh x~ va cong ky thuat cuaqua trinh.

Dap so': x , = 0 ,84; 1>,» — 725 kJ/kg .

5.22. Chu trinh Renkin cua hoinuoc co p, = 30 bar, t , = 4 0 0 C , p > — 0,04 b a r .

Xac dinh cong vh h ieu su "it nhiet

cua chu trinh , luong nu'oc can lam
m6t binh n g uhg Cfng voi 1 kg hoi K
k hi n h i e t d o l a m m a t t Ang len
10'C

Giai
C ong cua ch u t r i n h k h i b o q u a
cong cua born nude cap chinh la cong
c ua tua bi n t r o n g q u a t r i n h g ia n n o
doan nhiet 1 — 2. Hinh 5.6
lo — 'i

T if bang nu'oc chu'a soi va hoi qua nhiet vo i p t -— 30 bar , t , = 400'C

82 CHUONG 6

tim duroc: i , = 3229 kJ /k g

s> = 6,916 kJ/kg do

Tif bang nuoc vahoi nuoc bao hoa voi pz = 0,04 bar co:
i'2 -— 121,42 kJ/kg; i "2 = 2554 kJ/kg

s'2 - 0 ,4225 kJ/kg do; s~ =8,473kJ /k g do ; s ~ = s , = 6 ,916 < s", = 8 , 4 73

nen hoi o trang thai hai la hoi am.

82 = s g+ x 2 (s g —
s g)

si — s '2 6,916 — 0, 4225

s "2-s'z 8,473-0,4225
iq — 121,42 + 0,81 (2554 — 121,42) = 2092 kJ/kg

C ong cua chu tri n h :

Ip 3 229 209 2 113 7 k J / k g

Nhiet cap cho chu trinh:

q, = i i — i'~ - — 3229 — 121,42 = 3107,6 kJ/kg

H ieu suat nhiet :

1137
n- '
- 0,36 = 36,6 / c
q, 3107,6

Nhiet thai ra trong binh ngung can duroc nuoc lam mat tai di:
q2 -— i2 — i'2 -— 2092 — 121,4 = 1 9 7 0,6 kJ/kg

Luong nude lam mat c an cho 1 kg hoi t r o ng b inh n g u ng:

q, = q„ = G„ c „ h t „

q2 1970,6'
G„ = = = 47,14 kg nuoc/kg hoi
c2bt„ 4, 18 x 10

5.23. C hu tri nh R e n k in c ua n hh m ay n h i e t d i e n nhQ bai 5.22, neu cho biet

h ieu suat thong doi cua tua bi n q „ T = 0,9, hieu suat lo hoi q~ — 0,85,
hieu suat ong dan hoi q,- , hieu sua't co kh i r I~ va h i e u sua't may ph a t
dien:
q = q z -— Ra =0 9 8

Cong suat cua may phat dien N = 10 M w , n h i e t t r i c u a n h i e n l i e u

Q, = 25 MJ/kg. Hay xac dinh hieu suat cua nhh may nhiet dien, leong .
hoi san sinh tu' lo, luong nhien lieu, suat tieu hao nhien lieu va laong
n u'oc can lam mat binh ng~ g .
 83

Gia'
Hi(u suat nha may nhiet dien duq: tinh.:
=>1< 9,, t I) rip r lqk l 4

= 0,-'66 x 0,9 x 0 , 8 5 x 0 ,98 ): 0 ,98 x 0 , 9 8 = 0 , 264 = 26,4%

Nhiet do nhien lieu chay toa ra u'ng vries1 kg hindi:
'
qnl = =- = 3731kJ/ k g
rli rl; 0,8 5 x 0,98

Chn~ cua rhea ma" nh:et d:en:

lg
AN =

I< — q<.q„>= 0,264x3731=985kJ /kg h a i

Suat tieu hao hai:

1 1
d~= — = = 0, 001015 kg hai / k J
l~ 985
Lu'ang hai ma lo hai can san sinh:
0> -— dzxNx 3 600 = 0,001015x10.1 0 v 3 6 0 0=36548 kg hai/h
Lu'qng nhiet do nhien lieu cung cap:
Q )~ q p( X D p 3 731X36548 1 3 6 3 6 1 0 kJ / k g

Luqng nhien lieu tieu hao:

136 36 10
Q, 25 . 10

Sua't tieu hao nhien lieu:

b~ - -
-

,
— 0,5454 kg VI,/ kSVh
-

N 10. 1~)'

Luqng nu'aclam mat cua binh ngung:

G '„ = G „ x D „ = 47,14 x 36548 = 1 723 T/h

5 .24. Hay xac dinh cong ciia 1 kg hai nuac thuc hien va h i e u suat n h iet cua
chu trinh Renkin. Neu biet p> = 100 bar, t , = 550'C, p z — — 0,04 bar.

Bap so: l, = 1465 kJ/kg; q , = 43,4%.

5.25. Chu trinh R enkin vai p, = 1 00 bar, t, = 550'C, p> = 0 ,04 bar. Hay xac
dinh do kho cua hai sau khi ra khoi tua bin neu hieu suat tuang doi cua
t ua bin q „ , = 0,84.

Bap so': xz .= 0,882

 ~ HUNG 6

5.: G. I'.ha may nhiet dien dct than co nhiet tri Q, = 25 MJ/kg. Xac dinh sua.'
t ieu ha o c h a't d o't c h o 1 kWh neu bi e t : q, = 0,4, q , ;, = 0, 8 2 ,
0> =0,8 0 o. =0.97 R,g =0,98 Rg =0 97

Bap so: b N = 0,594 kg/kw h .

5.27. Chu t r in h R e nkin c o q u a n h ie t t r un g g ian va i chic thong so' san:

p , = 110 b ar , t , = 5 0 0 ' C , p z = 0,04 bar, ap suat sau gia~ nc lan thu'
nhat p' = 30 bar (i p sua't trong bo qua nhiet trung gian), nhiet do hai
khi ra khoi bo qua nhiet trung gian tz — t, = 500'C. Xac dinh hieu suat
nhiet cua chu trinh Renkin khi khong co qua nhiet trung gian vh khi co
qua nhiet trung gian (H.5.7).

P
t~ = tg

t Pp
6>

x =1

Hinh 5.7

G l cl l

Tif do thi i — s ta ti m d dsc cac thong so:

i, = 3360 kJ/kg ; i „ . = 2996 kJ / kg ; i ~ = 3 4 5 6 k J / k g

i> = 2476 kJ/kg ; x > — 0,935

iz — 2250 kJ/kg;
-
x' > = 0 , 8 3 5

Tu bang nomic va haiti nude bao h6a (hoac tir do thi i — s) theo p = 0,04 bar,
i'~ -— 121,4 kJ/ kg

Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trinh Renkin

i ) — 2i~ 336 0 - 2 2 5 0
i , — i'q P3 6 0 - 1 2 1 , 4

Hieu sua'tcua nhiet chu trinh Renkin co qua nhiet trung gian:
(it -is)+ (i~ — i~) (3360 — 2996)+(3456 — 2476)
(i> — i '> )+ (if — i< ) (3360 — 121, 4) + (3456 — 2996)
 85

Ket qua do co quh nh ij t t r u n g gian h ieu sua't nhiet t an g t h e m du'oc 2'ic

va do kho x,, cung tang len.

5 .28. X;ic dinh h i e u suat cua chu tr'»>h Re»kin co qua nh iet t r u n g g ia n l a m
v iec vo'i cac thong so p , = 130 bar , t , = 600'C, p z -— 0,04 bar. EIai vao

)>o qua nhiet trung gian du'o'c xem nhu' hoi bao hoa kho, nhiet do hai ra
khoi bo qua nhiet t r u»g gian la 500"C, »hiet do nuac cap vao~lo hei
'.„,. ='80C. Bieu 3ic» cl;u '.r:»); tren do thi T — S va i — s.
Dap so': p , = 1 30 bar, t , = 600'C, i~ = 3294 kJ/kg, s, = 6,758 kJ/kg do

p« = 6 bar, i,, = 2757 kJ/kg; s, = s , = 6,758 kJ/kg do

x, = 1: p~, =p« = 6 b a r : t b = 5 0 0 ' C ; i . , = 3483 kJ/kg

S~,-— 8.001 kJ/kg: p., = 0,04 bar , x . , = 0,94; iz - — 2408,4 kJ/kg;

S., = 8,001kJ!kg do; t„ ,. = 180'C; i„ , = 736,1 kJ/kg.
C o»g bo'ni / , = 13 kJ/kg; cong tua bin l z -— 1612 kJ/kg.

N hiet cap q , = 3 2 5 7 k J / k g .

Ffieu sua't: I] , = 4 9 ' ~c.

5 .29. C)>u trinh ho i » u'oc hoi »h iet vAi v iec c)o» »edc »gung ti t cac binh g i a
n hiet v e p h i a s au: cho 6p su >t v r » h i e t d o v h o t u a bi n p , = 30 bar ,
t> 4 50 C, hp su;i't ho'i v'co bi »h »gr i g p . , = 0,04 bar. Tua bi n co b a
c u'a trich hoi a, b, c va ba bc»)> gia»hiet A, I3, C. Biet )dong hoi t r ich t a i
cac cua nhu' »hau: g., = g~, ==g,. =0,09, 6p s ua t t a i c a c c u'a t r i c h p . , = 10

bar,
p b = 3bar , p , . = 0,5 bar .

C ho biet cong suat cua tua bin N = 5 M w . Xac dinh h ieu sui t n h i e t c u a
c hu tr in h h o i n h i e t v a s o s anh va i h i e u sua't nhiet cua ch u t r i n h k h i
khong co hoi nhiet, nhiet. do nude ra khoi binh gia nhiet A, leo'ng hei
rnid lo hoi ckn san sinh luong hoi trich tu' cac cuba trich.
Gl8l

Chu trin h t h i e t b i ho i n h iet th : h i e n t r e n H . 5.8.

Tir do thi i — s cua hoi nu'dc ta tim duroc
86 CHOKING 6

P 1)~l i I

1kg

Pa Qa g, Ip

Pb Qb

Pc)gc

'xa
IxII 'nc

<A ikg,i',

Ia
(9 +Q b) I'b (g„+gb +gp) I p
Hinh, 5.8

il - — 3350 kJ/kg; i , = 3 0 5 0 kJ / kg ; i b — 2750; i , = 2 4 70 ; i ~ = 2 1 4 0

Tif bang nunc va hoi nuoc bao

PI
hoa theo 5p suat ta co entanpi cua
Pa
ndoc ngdhg (x = 0 )
p, = 10 bar; i ', = 7 6 3 k J / k g
Ia
Pc
p b = 3 bar ; i 'b = 5 6 1 k J / k g

p, = 0,5 bar ; i ; = 3 41 k J / k g Pa

p 2 = 0,04 bar; i ' 2 = 12 1 k J / k g

Hindu suat cua c hu t r i n h h oi I ,

2
nhiet dlfOc tinh: I

p ll la ga lbgb 1(.gp — 12g

>1
1 nea p

o day: g = 1 — (g, +gb+ g,) = 1 — 3 x 0 ,0 9 = 0,73

i@zap 1 A entanPi cua nude ra khoi binh gia nhiet cuoi de du'a vao lo
hoi. Muo'n tim i „A, ta phai tim i „ > v a i „ < . Chung ta hay viet phu'ong trinh
can bAng nhiet cho cac binh A, B, C (bo qua cong tieu hao cua born va ton
 87

t ha't cua v a i i ) .

Binh C:
g )„.+1x l . p+ (g., +gb ) ), = Y l , „ + g ~ + g b + gg )

do do:
»c g c ~ c + '>+ (g > gb ) b ( g a + '-b+gc )~ c

= 0,09x 2470 + 121 + (0,09 + 0,09) x 561 — 3x 0,09x 341 = 352 kJ/k g
Binh B:
gh h > »+ g a 0 > > B + ( g a +g b ) b

»a =gb' b + ' » c + g a ' a ( g a gb )' )

= 0,09x 2750+ 352 + 0,09x 763 — 2x0,09 x 5 6 1 = 567 kJ/kg

Binh A:
ga la + 1»)) )„A + gal a

nA gs s »H ga a

= 0,09 x 3050 + 567 — 0,09 x 763 = 773 kJ/kg

Tu bang n uo'c chua soi v a h c)i qua n h iet vc )i p = 3 0 b a r , i „ A -— 773
k J/kg t a t i i n d uoc nhiet do t A = 182'C (nhiet. do soi ung vo i p = 3 0 b a r l a
t. s — 234'C ).

Vay:
~o =) ) — );,g;> )),gb — i,g, — i.,g

= 335Q — 0,09 x 3050 — 0,09 x 2750 — 0,09 x 2470 + 0,09 x 2140

= 1043,5 kJ/kg
q, = i, — i„, = 3350 - 773 = 2577 kJ/kg

1043,5
257
~ Neu khong co hoi )ihiet:
i~ 3 3 5 0 - 2140
= 37,5'ir'
i) — i 'q 3350 — 121

Luong hoi ma lo hoi can san si)ih:

N 5 .' 10'
G= — = = 4,8 kg/s =17,28 T/h '
I, 1043,5

Luong hoi trich tu' chic cua trich:

G , = Gb = G, = 0,09 G = 0 , 0 9 x 1 7 , 2 8 = 1,56 T/h

5.30. Mot tuabin hoi duqc lam nguoi bhng nuoc bien de vua san xuat dien va
nuoc ngot. So do bo' tri nhu H.5.9.
88 CHtJONG 8

Hdi nude

Tua bin

0 30' C
V6 lo hdi

17 C

Bdm nUdc bien

300kg/s
Hdi
23 C

25 C

0
23 C Nude ngung G
17 C

Bdm nUdc man

0
21 C

Nude bien giai nhiet Gz

Hinh 5.9

Luu luang nuoc bien giai nhiet blnh ngung co cac thong so sau:

Luu luong G = 300 kg/s, nhiet do nu'dc ngmig t5ng tu 17 C khi born vao,
s au khi ra khoi binh nguig co nhiet do 30'C duoc terai vao binh chu g
ca't nuoc ngot, a day ap suat se giam xuong teong Cong v6i »hiet do bao
hoa trong buong boc hoi la 25'C.

Lu'qng hei boc rachay qua binh chang cat, hoi dude ning ct nhiet d o
23'C nhct bum noae bien lam nguoi, nhiet do vho 17'C va r a 2 1'C va
nude ngot nguhg tu dirac dna di su'dung.
Tinh:

a) Tinh luqng nuoc ngot san xuat trong 1 gio (gia thiet viec tach hai la
hoan hao va bo qua cac ton tha't phu.
 b) Luringnude lam m it qua bo cl iuiig cat nunc. Khi t i n h t o a n s u' dung
thong so cua nuoc thuong T

Gia i
Q ua t r i n h t a o h o'i o' b o bo c h a i
tudi phun l a d o su t ie t luu cua nude bD (30+2 73)
h oa ri 30C ( t r an g t h a i 2 ) t h an h t r a n g
thai ho i a md i i h i e t d o bho hoa 25'C. (25+273)
Nguyen ly d ude bieu th i t r e n do th i T
S.
S
0 t = 30 C tr a bang nuo'c v i hoi nude
bao hoa tim duoc:
i., =125,71 k J /kg

p., = 0,03 1 GG bar

0 nh iet do : t ,. = 25 'C cong bang tren tiin dude:

i' = 1 0 $,8 1 kJ/kg ; i " = 2547 kJ/kg
V i qua tiet luu'. i . , = i., d o do ti i ii duo'c:
1 25. 7 1 - 1 04. 8 1 20. 9
254 7 — 04.1 8 1 2442. 2

Luring ho i nuoc t ao i;i ( cinig la luang nuoc ng<it thu duac khi n g ung tu )
= 0,00856 x 3 0 0 = 2 , 5 6 8 k g / s = 9244,8 kg/h.

Bo phan » g un g t u i iuo'c ngot co nhiet. do bao hoa la 23 C, t u b ang nuac

va hoi ba o h o a n o i s n y s e t i n i d i rac.
(0, 03 1(i6 — 0, 02337) x 3
0 ~/ 7
5
Hoi bao hoa 0 23C co a» iihiet hoa h<>i
( 245d - 2442 i
r= 2454- - -

- x3 = 2 4 4 6 , 8 k J / k g
5
L uu luqng nude giai nhiet duac tinh theo phuong tr in h can b i n g n h i e t :
Gbxc( t "- t' ) = r xG ),

" '
= 90 1,)2 1 kg/h = 90 1,92 1 T/h = 90 1m / h
'

G.„= =
cp(t t ') 4 ,18( 2 1 — 17)
90 CHUONG 6

p,= 120bar
5 .31. Chu t r i n h thiet bi d ong lac hoi 1 ti 520 C
G=10 kg/h
nunc hoat, dong voi cac thong so
nhu da cho trong H.5.10.
Q,
Xac dinh: 2 p>- 0.06bar

- Cong sinh r a c u a t u a bin; cong

tieu hao cua bclm cap, cong suat long bao hoa
cua he tho'ng thie't bi. p~=0,06bar
3
- Nhiet cap cho lohoi, hieu suat Hinh 5.10
n hiet cua chu trin h .
Dap so': lT = 1383,5 kJ/kg; I> —12,07 kJ/kg

N = 381 Mw ; =3238 kJ /kg; = 42,4%

5.32. Chu trinh qua nhiet trung gian cua nha may dien duroc bieu dien nhU
H.5. 11:
t,=400 C
p,= 80bar
1

3 NT

p3=10bar
t3=400 C

p4=0,1 bar

Lb

Hinh 5.11

1) Xacdinh thong so co ban cua hei tai cac diem dhc trig 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
2) Nhiet lecyng ca'p cho 16 Q,, nhiet. luang thai qua binh ngung Q2, bo
qua cong tieu hao born cap s = const, cho biet cong sinh ra cua tua bin
N> — —160 Mw.

3) Tinh luqng noae lam mat cua binh ngung,luong dau tieu hao trong 1
g io khi biet lo dot dau FO co nhiet tri Q ~ = 10.000 kcal/h va hieu suat
lo q, = 0,9.
 91

4) Bieu dieu chu trinh trr'.n dc~ thi T — s va i — s

Bap ski:
Trang thai 1: v , = 0 . 0 3438»i>'Ikg, i» = 3135 kJ/kg, sI-- 6,358 kJ/kg do
T rang thai 2: s » — s> = 6,358 kJ/kg do, x > — 0,95, i q = 2677 kJ/kg
T rang thai 3 : p ~= p~ = 10 bar ; t ~ = 40 0C ; vg -— 0,3065
i~ = 3263 kJ/kg, sq = 7,461
Trang thai 4: s4 — s3: 7,461 kJ/kg; x< — 0,91, i4 -— 2364 kJ/kg
Trang thai 5 : x q = 0; i~ -— 191,9 kJ/kg; ss = 0,6492 kJ/kg do
Trang thai 6: Vibo qua cong tieu hao cua barn cap nen co the xem
p6 -— 80 bar ; i , = i6., sz = s 6

Hieu suat nhiet cua chu tri nh : q~ = 3 8 ,5'/c

Lou lu'qng hoi la cung cap: G», — 424,5 T/h.
Leqng nhiet thai qua binh nguhg: Q., = 256079 kJ/s
Lu'u lu'
ong nu'oc lam mat binh ngung: G„ = 44,109 T/h
Laqng nhiet cung cap cho lo de sinh hoi: Q, = 1496,3 kJ/h
Ldqng dau tieu hao: G,< -— 39,775 T/h.

5.33.S o do nguyen ly hoat dong va cac thong so cua chu trinh hoi nhiet du'o'c
ghi tren H.5.12.
1

p,=120bar 6=10 Kg/h

t,=500 C

(1-
T2 T~

12 10bar
1,5bar
p=0,06bar

b2 long 5
bao hoa long bao hoa
10
long bao hoa
Los
Hinh $.12
92 cHUONG 6

Xac dinh:

a) Thong so tai cac diem dac t ruing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1(), 11, 12.

b) Cong sinh ra cua tua bin Crng vai 1 kg, cong tieu hao cua barn Crng voi
1 kg, nhiet cap vao cho lo hoi Phag voi 1 kg hoi tuan hoan.
c) Hieu suat thu'c cua chu trinh va cong suat cua nha may sinh ra.
d) Bieu dien tren do thi T — S.
Dap so:
T rang thai (1 ) v , = 0.02861 m I k g; i , = 3347 kJ/kg; s, = 6,487 kJ/kgdo

py = 120 bar; t , = 50 0C

( 2) p2= 1,5 bar; s , =s ., = 6,487 kJ/kg do, x „ = 0,977; i> = 2 7 31,4 kJ / k g

(3) p3 —
- 1,5 bar; s4 = s> = 6,487 k J/kg do, x3 — 0,873; i3 = 2410,2 k J/kg
(4) p4 -— 0,06 bar; s~ = s, = 6,487 kJ/kg do, x~ = 0,764, i,, = 1 997 k J/kg

(5) p„, = 0,06 bar, long bao hoa, i ,, = 151,5 kJ/kg

(6) i~ -— i„+ v5 (pz - p5 ) = 151,67 k J/kg

(7) p; = 1,5 bar, long bao hoa, i 5 = 467,2 kJ/kg

(8) i8 -— i7 + v; (pz — p; ) = 479,59 k J/kg
(9) p9 -— 120 bar; t 9 = 1 7 0C. No i suy tu' bang nuoc chu'a soi va he i q u a
n hiet tom duoc i g = 725 86 kJ/kg

( 10) p ) 0 = 10 bar long bao hoa i ] (>: 762 7 kJ /k g

( 11) i ) ) = s)0+ v , o (p » - p , o) 775 21 kJ/kg

(12) Can bing nhiet va cha't cho binh gin nhiet their 2 se tim du'qc dong
h oi trich dau ti e n :

y' - 9 0,1069
lg —1)o + 19 + 18

Dong 12 .a hon hap cua dong 10 va dong 11, tu' pheong tr<nh can bAng
nang lu'ong tim duroc:
0 = (1 — y') io + y ' i „ — i,q

i,2 - — (i — y') ig + y 'i» 731 27 k J/kg

Can bin g n h i e t cho binh gi a n h iet t hu' nhat:

0 = y" i3 + (1 — y' — y") i6 — (1 — y') i-,

y" = 0,1220
Cong sinh ra cua tua bin ung vdi kg moi cha't:
 q3

lq = (r r i g ) + ( 1-- y')(iz — i3)+ (1 — y' —

y")(i3 — i4 ) = 1250 3 kJ/kg

Cong tieu hao cua born u'ng voi 1 kg rrroi chat

lr, = y'(i» — i„,)+(1 - y ' )(i~ — i-)~(1 — y — y ) = 12,58 kJ/kg

Nhiet cap vao cho lo hoi:

q, = i, — iy = 2670 5 kJ/kg

Hieu suat rihiet cua chu trrnh

lT -lb
0 463 = 46 3%
il

Cong su;~tcua nha may thu'c hien:

W = G l l T — lb] = 344 M w

5.34. Tinh hi ndu suat nhiet cua chu trinh ghep H>O — Hg. Chu tr in h ho i n u'oc
van hanh vdi thong so hoi vao tua bin: ap suat 30 bar, nhiet do qua
n hiet450 C , a p suat ngrtng hoi 0,04 bar. Chu t r in h h o i t h u y n gan b a o
hoa Hg hoat dong trong pham vi ap suat 14bar va 0,1 bar.
Giai
B e tin h t oa n c h ung t a xa y dLfng chu t r i n h g he p t r e n d o t h i T - S n h r t
H.5.13, sau d<i lan lia t t i n h t oan cac thong so cho ti ng loai chu trinh.

9 14bar 10
549 C 5(450 C)
I
/
/
8
/ 0,1bar 11
7/

/3 30bar
I
I
/
2 /
0,04bar
29 C S

Hi,nIr,k13

a) Xet chrl. trinlr /re n u'cic:

Trong binh trao doinhiet Hg — H~O:

q3~ -— i4 — i3 kJ/kg

Tu' bang hoi bao hoa va nuoc soi, voi p =30 bar tim drtoc:
'.)4 CHUONG 6

i~ -— i' = 1008 kJ/k g i q -— i" = 2804 kJ/kg

q34 2804 — 1008 = 1976 kJ/kg

Nhiet cap tu' nguon nhiet ben ngoai:

qz~+q4> -— (iz — i~)+(i~ — i4) = (1008 — 121) + (3343 — 2803) = 1427 kJ/k g
N hiet thai t r ong bin h n g u i g :
q<> —
- (i, — i<) = (121 — 2133) = 2012 kJ/kg
Cong sinh ra cua tua bin hei nude:
lM — (i; — i<) = (3343 — 2133) = 1210 kJ/kg
-

b) Chu trinh hei t h uy n g a n :

N hiet tif lo hoi H g cap cho chu tr i n h :
qsio = (jl p >s )

Su' dung bang thong so nhiet dong cua Hg tren doing bao hoa thong tq
bang hoi nuoc chung ta setim duqc cac thong so nhu sau:
qs yp = (imp i s ) = ( 3 6 2 , 5 5 — 34,33) = 328,22 kJ/kg

Sau khi gian nD doan nhiet t r on g tua bin t huy ngan ta ti m d u'qc:
x ~ y: 0, 7 2 8 6 , v a : i ~y = 248 93 k J/kg

C ong sinh ra cua tua bin t hu y n g a n :

lio.» = ('io i») = 113,62 kJ/kg

N hiet thai t r ong qua t r i n h nag hei Hg:

q7» (i » i7 ) = — 214,6 kJ/kg

B oi so tuan hoan cua thuy ngan :

m(' 7 11)+1(i4 — i3) 0
1795
m = = 8,364
214,6

Nhiet luqng ca'p cho chu trinh ghep:

Q„ = mqs,p + 1(q~q+q4s) = 2745 + 1427 = 4172 kJ/kg
Cong sinh racua chu trinh ghep (bo qua cong tieu hao cua bum cap)
L = m l io.» +Lz< = 950 + 1210 = 2160 kJ/kg

H ieu suat nh ij t c u a chu t r i n h :

L 2160
q, =- = = 0,518 = 5 1 , 8 f o
QA 4172
 95

5.35. Tua bin hei t h uy ngaii cong sujet iV~,. = 10 MW l in' v iec vo'i hai Hg bao
hoa kh o 0 a p s u i t J ) , u , = <8 Bf.. SA
IJ khI gia» no' doan nhiet t r ong tua bi n
hei am erg o' ap su;~'t p.„,„, = (),1 at., ho'i nay dixqc chuyen vao binh ngung
hcfi Hg 3 va do»g tho'i i~i la b'inh bo'c hoi cua nuc'tc. Hai nu'dc bao hoa
kho o binh ngung- binh boc hui 3 di vao bo qua nhiet 4, c'r day hai du'oc
qui nhiet den » h iet do 450 C, tIep theo hoi qua nhiet vao tua bin hei.
Sau khi gian no doan nhiet tua bin, ho'i co ap suat 0,04 at di vao binh
n g~~ig de n g!tnt t u t h a r h n u 'oc bao hoa va d u'qc barn v e b o t r a o d o i
nhiet.

Hg
H20

High $.g4

Xac dinh

a) Hieu suat cua chu trinh ghvp

b) Hieu suat cua chu tri»h hei nu'0c lam viec khi khong co chu trinh hoi Hg.

c ) Cong suat cua tua bin hei nunc va ciia toan bo thiet bi . Kh i t i n h t o a n
bo qua cong tieu hao cua born ca'p.
Bap an' .a) rl , p <,p2p = 55,3%

b) rl,.H2p = 38,5%

c) Np2p = 10,3 Mw; N g < p>p = 20,3 Mw

96 CHUONG 6

5.36. Nha may dienchay theo chu trinh hon hop khi hoi vs sa do hoat dong va
cac thong so dacho tren H.5.15. Cong suat cua nha may N = 100 MW.
Q)

p2=1200KPa T3=1400 K

pg=p2

NK

p, =100KPa
p4=100KPa
T5 — 480K

p, = 8MPa, T, = 400 C

H~O

N ,= N „ + N „ ~
= 100MW

Ibng bao hoa

p,= 8KPa

Hinh 8'.18

3Qic dinh:

a ) Cong sinh ra cua chu trinh tua bin k h i

b) Cong sinh ra cua chu trinh tua bin hei

c ) Hieu sua't nhiet cua ch u t r i n h t u a b i n k h i , h i e u sua't nh iet cua ch u

trinh tua bin khi hon hop.

K hi t in h t oa n xe m m o i c ha t ch u t r i n h k h i n h u k h o n g k h i , n h i e t d u n g
rieng xem la hang so',
bo qua su bie'n doi dong nang, xem cac qua trinh
trong chu trinh l a t h uan nghich).
 97

Giai
1) Clou trinh tua 6in /elhi:
Thong so' tai cac diem dac tr1tng:
D iem 1 : p, = 1 0 0 k P a = 1 bar, T , = 300 ' K

q=0

RT1 2 8 7 x 300
. p1v, = RT, m v 1 - -
'
-

— 0,83 m lkg
-

P1 1,10
B iem 2 : p2 = 1200 KPa = 12 bar
1/k i1/1.4
k k P1
P1V1 = P ~ v ,> M V2 = V 1 = V1
p2 12

v 2 = v 1(0,083) ' = 0,169v, = 0, 145 m /kg

p2v2 (1 2 . 15 ) x 0,145
2- -
-

R 287
B iem 3 : T3 = 1400 ' K , p3 = p2 = 12 b a r

RT3 2 8 7 x 1400
P3 12.10
Biem 4 : p 4 = 1 0 0 k Pa = 1 b a r
1/k
k k Pg 0,7 14
p4v4 — p3v3 ~ v4 v3 - = v3 (12)
p5

v4 = 5,895v3 = 1,973 m'kg

5
4 4 = '
T = =687,8'K
R 287
B iem 5 : p 5 = p4 = 1 b ar , T, = 480 ' K

Cong tieu hao cua may n6n:

k 1,4
'
I „ = R(T, -T2) = X287(300 — 606) = 307,4 kJ/kg
k-1 1,4-1
 CHUQNG 6

Cong sinh ra cua tua bin khi:

k
lTK = R(T3 — T4) = 715,6 kJ/kg
k-1
Cong cua chu trinh khi thuc hien:
Lg = LrK —I lmn I = 715,6 307,4 = 408 kJ/kg

Nhiet ca'p vao chu trinh:

I q, I = c p(T3 - T ~ ) = 1x(1400-606) = 794 kJ/kg

Nhiet thai cua chu trinh

I q~ I = cp(T~ T~) 1x ( 6 8 7 8 3 0Q) 3 8 7k J / k g

Hieu suat nhijt cua chu trinh khi :

387
q ~g = 1 = 1 = 5 1 2%
q, 794

2) Chu t r i n h h u i nu o c kh a i t h a c ph a n nh i e t la p ng th a i e ua c hu tr i , nh
khi phia tr t tde:

Bikm a: '7, =- 4 0 0 C ; p , = 80 bar

Tra bang hai nude qui nhietta tim duroc cac thong so:
i, = 3135 kJ/kg ; v , = 0,0348 m / k g ; s , = 6,358 kJ/kg do
Biem b: sb = s, = 6,358 kJ/kg dj
p> = 8 kP a = 0,08 bar

Tra bang hai nude bao hba doric

i ' = 173,9 kJ/kg ; i " = 2 5 7 6 k J / kg; r = 2 402 kJ / k g
s = 0,5927 kJ/kg dj ; s" = 8,227 kJ/kg do
s> — s' 6 , 3 5 8 - 0 , 5927
Xb
s"- s' 8,227-0,5927
Lb i' + r x q = 173,9 + 2402 0,755 = 1 9 8 7,4 kJ/k g

Biem c: i, = i' = 173,9 kJ/kg

= s' = 0,5927 kJ/kg do
s,
 99

D iem d : s < -— s, = 0,5927 kJ/kg do

Vi ngoc la chat long khong chiu nen nen r:ong tieu hao cua born cap
duoc tinh:
t> — v(p,) — p,) = 0,001(80-0,08).10' = 7992 k,J/kg = 7,992 kJ/kg = 8 kJ/k g
Cong sinh ra cua tua bin hai:
l ~H = i , - i g = 3 13 5 - 1 9 8 7 = 1148 kJ/kg

Cong sinh ra cua chu' trinh hoi:

t), — yH — IL~ I = 1148 — 8 = 1140 kJ/kg
-

Nhiet thai cua chu trinh hai noae

q>H -— i> — i, = 1987 — 174 = 1813 kJ/kg
Chung ta can phai tim ty le 10'u luong giira hai G> khi G k t r ong thiet
bi hoi nhiet,de giai quye't van de nay can phai viet phuong trinh can bang
ning }dong cho thiet bi t rao doi nhiet nay.
Neu xet Cfng voi G), = 1 kg thi:
04
G„

O~ ®
G>c„z(T4 —T~) = G > ( i , — i<) = ( i „ —I <)

'
'
Gh cpk(T4 —
T„) 1X(687.5-480 ) 20 7,5 Gk

Vi xen> khi chay nha khong k} i i »en gan dung xem =1 k J /k g do. Tr o n g
c hu trin h t u a b i n k h i } i o » h ap, chu t r in h h a i } a d e t a n d u n g n h i e t l u a n g
thai cua chu trinh khi, do do cong sinh ra cua rhu trinh hon hop duroc tinh:
G), = G k ( 4 0 8,28 + 0,0702x 1 1 40)= 488 G k
Nz), — Gk 408,28+ "x1140
-

Cong sua't cua thie't bi la:

N) ) = 100 MW = 100. 10 J/s = 100. 10 k J / s = 1 0 kW

Do do tir day tinh deoc luau lua»g khi Gk trong chu trinh khi :
10
Gk = = 2 04,9 kg/s; G > — 0,07x 204,9 = 14,35 kg/s = 51,7 T/h
488
100 CHVONG 6

Cong sinh racua phan tua bin hai:

N>> = 14,35x 1140 =16359 kW

Cong sinh ra cua tua bin khi:

N>K = 204,9x 408 = 83599 kW

Nhiet cap chochu trinh hon hqp:

Qihh = G g x q j = 20 4 9x 794 . 1 5 9 594 kW

Hindu suat nhiet cua chu trinh hon hap:

0,626 = 62,6%
159.594

5.37. Chu trinh t uabin kh i cap n h iet d i n g a p l y t u Dng (air st andard

Brayton cycle)hoat dong voi cac thong so' sau:
Khong khi hut vao may nen p, = 0,1MPa , T ~ = 300 K ; a p s uat r a k h o i
m ay nen p 2 = 0,6M Pa , n h iet do cuc dai cua chu tr i n h T ~ „ = 1200'K .

a) Xac dinh thong so p, v, T tai cac diem dac trung va tinh h ieu suat
nhiet cua chu trinh.
b) Neu dong co tuabin khi hoat dong theo chu trinh thee (actual
Brayton cycle) viicac thong so p„„, p„,,„, T „van nhd cau a nhung hieu
suat cua tuabin qz -— 0,85, hieu suat cua may ne n q , =0,8, giang ap giCfa

may nen va tuabin lh 15kPa, ap suat thai cua tuabin cao hon ap suat moi
truing lh 10kPa. Neu tuabin co cong suat quay m a y p h a t d ien
Nz -— 100MW, dau dot c6 nhiet tri l a 1 0 .000kcal/kg thi hieu suit n h ie t cua

t hiet bi l h bao nhieu, cong suat cua may ne n ( cong suat tu d ung) lh b a o
nhieu. Xac dinh leqng nhien lieu (dau) can cung clp cho to may tua bin khi
G< [tan/h]. Chat moi gi6i xem nhu' khong khi p =29; k = 1 , 4 , n h iet dung
rieng xem lh hkng so.
Sap so'.
a ) T2 =500,5'K ; T4 =719, 2 ' K ; q , =40,3%

b) g' t = 21% ; Gg —
- 40,9T/h
 Chafdhg

L IjU BONG VA TiET L L U

6.1 LUU BONG

6 .1.l. K h a i n i e m
Lou dong lh sir chuyen dong cua dong moi chat, 6' day ta chu yeu
nghie» cuu sif chuye» dong cua dong khi h ose ho'i. Chung ta ch i n g h ien cCfu
doiig lu'u dong d or m n h iet ( k hoiig t r a o do i n h i e t v o i m o i t r u o n g ) cua rnoi
chat khi k h on g t h ifc hien cong voi inoi truo'ng.
— Toc do Ani tha»h ky hieu a,la toc do cua su lan truyen cac chan dong
trong moi tr u'ong.
— So' 1VIach ky hieu M , la t y s o g iua toc do cua dong kh i ( h oac hei) v a
t oc do am t h a n h t r o i i g d o n g k h i d o :
5'I = co/a
- Ong t hu g t o c l x ong ma kh i d o n g m o i c h a t l o u d o n g qu a to c d o s e
t 5ng len vh ap suat giain xuong. Co ba lo;ii ong t kn g t o c : o n g t 5n g toc nh o
d an (co tie't dien n h o d;in), ong tAng toc lo'n dan (co t ie t d i e n l an dan) va
ong thng toc hon ho'p hay Lavan (goin phon dau la ong nho dan, phan sau
l a ong ion dao ).
- Ong tang 6 p I h orig mh khi <lo»g moi chat l ~ d o n g q u a to c do gi a m
va ap sui t t A ng. Ong taiig 6p cung co ba loai giong nhe o'ng t5ng toc.
- Goi 5 = p~/p, l h t y s o ap sua't giifa ap suat ta i cCfa ra cua ong p z vh
ap suat tai cu'avao p,. Dong khi chuyin dong trong ong, tai mot noi nao
do cua ong mh toc do cua dong khi bang toc do am thanh eo = a, laic nay
d ong kh i d a t t o ' i t r a n g t h a i t o'i h an . Ca c t h o n g s o c u a d o n g k h i d a t t o i
t rnng thai to i h e n . C;ic thong so cua doiig kh i t a i t r a n g t h a i t o i h a n go i l a
thong so toi ha n v i d u to'c do toi han e k , a p s uat ta i h a n p < , t y s o ap suat
t'ai han Pk -— p< /p,. Vi i k h i h a i n g u y en t u , g i a t r i t y s o a p s u a t t a i h a n
Pk —
- 0,528, vdi hui nude qua nhiet Pk — 0,55.
102

6.1.2. Xac 4ixah toc Bj vh l ~ l a fqfng

1- Toc dj t' ai cu'a ra cua ong tang toe
Vai khi xern nhu khi ly tuang thuang du'qc tinh theo cong thuc:

RT,[1 — )'"" I, m's (6.1)

k—1
a day: R(J/kg'K) - hRng so' cha't khi; T , ('K) - nhiet do khi dong vh,o ong
k - so mu doan nhijt (k = 1,4 vN. khi 2 nguyen tu' nhu' Oz, Nz... khong khi)

P = pz/p, - ty so dp suat.
Vdi hai nuac thuang tinh theo cong thuc:
(op = ~2(1' — lg), Ill/s (6.2)
a dly: i , - entanpi cua hai khi vao o'ng (xac dinh theo bang va do thi hai)
i~ -entanpi cua hai sau khi luu dong doan nhiet qua o'ng.
2- Toc dq t'ai hqn
Vai khi ly tuang:
2k
RTy[1 — Pg ), m/s (6.3)

P>—- p> /p,-ty so ap suat tai han.

Vai hai nude:
cog =J2( l — lg), m / s (6.4)

i> (J/kg) - entanpi t r ang t hai ta i ha n ( tai nai cd ap suat p> -— p>P> )
duac xac dinh tu do thi i — s hoac tu bang hai nuac khi biet p< va s, =s~,.
3- Lac laCp7ag
Q)f
Luu luang x5c dinh tu phuang trinh lien tuc: G = = const .
v
Neu ta viet phuang trinh lien tuc tai tiet dien ra cua ong tkng toc:
G = fzoq/vz, kg/s (6.5)
a day: f~(m )- tiet dien ra cua on@; ~(m/s) - toc do; v,(m / kg) - the tich rieng
Trong cong thuc tren ne'ucho f~ thi tinh G vh nguac lai.Thong so v~
duac x6e dinh tu do thi i — s hoac phai giai bai toan oui trinh doan nhiet
1 — 2 khi bie't p, , v , , p ~ v a S , = S, .

4- Late hlyrng ldn n h e t

T ai trang thai ta i h a n , luu luang cua dong moi chat dat gi b t r i l a n

nhat Gmax.
LUL/ DONG VA TIET LL/U 103

Voi o'ng thng to'c nho dan lu'u lu'qng 10 t> nha't du'o'c tinh:
f2 g(ok
G„... = , k.g/s (6.6)

V0i ong tang toe hon hqp (o'iig Lavan):

G~~g~x = f ly)in +t t / g, k g / .s (6.7)

Trong cac cong thuc tren: f>(m )- tiet die.n c&a ira cua ong;

f„„„(m ) - t iet dien tai noi hep nha't cua o'ng hon h0p; ~ ( m / s) - t6e do
t 'ai han; ( in /kg) vt,(m" /kg) - the tich rieng t<9i han. The tich rieng v k -
I

d u'0c xac dinh ti r diem K ( t ren do thi i - s la gi;ao die'iTt cua va Sy = S g )

hoac tif viec giai qu6 tr i ii h doan nhiet 1 — K.
6.1.3. Ong t5xag toe
1- 6ng tang toc nho dan
Toc do ra cua ong tang toc nho dan
luon luon nho hon hoac bang toc do am
Pi.t, p2 t2
thanh ( M = 1 ) . V a y k h i t i n h t oan phai
so sanh ty so' ap suat P = p., /p, va Pt,
Hinh 6.1
- Neu P > Pt, thi t02 < cot,, Gz ~ G„„,
va 0)t, tinh t h eo (6.1) hoac (6.2), tinh G theo (6.5).
- Neu P+(3t. , luc n a y t j )., =u)t., G ., = G „ , .„ v a c ot, tinh t h e o ( 6 .3 ) h o ac
(6.4), G„,,„ t in h t h eo (F>.6)
2- Ong tan g toe hon hop

M uc dich cu a on g t a n g
t oc hon ho p l a nh5m tao ra p> tt Pa ()2
toe do r a t ,'og 1011 h011 toC do

a m thanh ( M ) 1 ) t r ong khi

t oc do v a o n h o h o n t o e d o Hinh 6.2
am thanh (M < 1 ) . Vay khi
thiet ke cung nhu van hanh phai bao Ram dieu kien P < Pk va khi do tai tiet
dien to'c do bAng to'c do t0i han <ot,, tai t i e't dien r a f 2 ( H . 6 .2 ) to'c do
10n h0n toc dq am thanh. ro„ tinh theo (6.3) hoac (6.2) lou lu0ng luon luon
b5ng lou lttong 10n nha't G = G,„„„va t in h t heo (6.7) hoac (6.5).
104 CHtJONG 6

6.2QUA TRINH TIET LOU

- Tiet luu la qua tr in h giam ap sua't ci!- dong moi chat chuyen dong
trong ong khi gap tro ngai dot ngot do dat cac van ..., ta co p> < p,.
p, - ap sua't cua dong moi chat truoc khi tiet luu
p2 - ap suat cua dong moi chat sau khi tiet luu.
- Tinh chat cua dbng moi chat t i e't luu doan n h iet ( t h o n g t r a o d oi
nhiet voi ben ngoai) la entanpi truoc khi tie't luu i , b i n g e u t a npi sau khi
t ie't luu i~ : i , = i 2

- Nghien cuu su thay doi nhiet do cua khi t hu'c ngu'oi tn rut r a n h un~
k et qua sau: u'ng voi moi gia tr i cua ap sui t m o t m o i cha't co hai gia t r i
nhiet do chuyen bie'n lh nhij t d o chuyen bie'n cuba pha hoi T,,b va pha ion«
Tcb(TC> > T<b). Neu chat khi (hoac hoi) o dieu kien p, , T > vh T> nho hon
nhiet do chuyen bien cua pha hoi (T, < Tcb) thi kh i t i e t l u u n h iet do cua
m oi chat se giam ( T., < T, ). Nguo'c lai voi cha t l o n g o p , , T ~ > T c b t h i s a u
tiet luu nhiet do cua chat long cung giam.
- Tiet lu'u cua cha't long o n h ie t d o bao hoa ( n h ie t d o s o i) : Kh i t i e t l <u
do ap suat g ia m n e n k e o t h e o su g ia m m a n h c u a n h i e t d o s o i , v i d u c h a't
l ong NH 3 o a p s ua t p , = 5 at, n h iet d o soi t u on g un g t „ = 3 ,6 ' C , n h u n g
s au khi t i e't luu a p s ua t p 2 = l a t t h i n h i e t d o s o i t u on g u n g t , . 2 = 34 C .
Hien tuong nay duoc u'ng dung trong cac may lanh thong thu0ng.

BAI TAP
6 .1. Khi oxy co a p s uat p , = 60 at, n h ie t d o t>—
- 100 C luu dong qua ong
t5ng toc nho dan vho moi truong co p, = 36 at . Xa c d i n h t o c d o c u a
dbng khi tai cua ra cua ong va luu luong neu biet tiet dien kh i r a cua
ong f2 -— 20.

Giai
Oxy la khihai nguyen tu nen p„= 0,528.

p2 36
0 day P = = = 0,6 ion hon Pz, vay toc do cua dong khi co~
p, 60
co> va luu luong G ( 6 „ , „„ .
Toc do cua dbng khi ~ t h e o (6.1):
LL'O' DONG VA Tl&T LUU

0.2857
2x1,4 l8314
0). = RT,(1 pl'-) /l- ) —
-
( 1 0 0 + 273)1 - -

= 304m/s
k—1 1,4- 1 32 60

Lu'u lu'qng cue dong khi tinh thee (6.5):

fgO) 2

V2

V i 1 — 2 lh qua trinh doan nhiet n e n :

(P2 ))/l ~ 1/l < c 0 61/1.4 0 694

%j,) p)

v2 — v> /0,694
R T, 8314x 3 7 3
p) 32x60x0,98x 10
0.' 0165
v2 = = 0,02378 m ' 'kg
0,694

Vay l~ l uqng cua dong khi:

G — 20x10 x 30 4 — 0,250 kg/s
0,02378

6.2. K hong khi t u b i n h c hCt'a co ap sui't p , = 100 bar, n h iet d o t , = 15 C

chay ra ngoai trodi qua ong tang toc nho dan co defang kinh trong cuba ra
la d2 - — 10 mm. Xac dinh to'c do cua dong khi tai cuba ra cua ong va l)fu
lu'qng khong khi ne'u ap sujet ngoai tro'i 1h 1 bar.
Giai
Khong khi duqc xem la khi hai nguyen tu' co k = 1,4 va Pk — 0,528.

p2 1
0 day: [3= = < pl , , very toc docu2 = o) k v a G = G „„ „ .
p) 100
Toc dj o)k deqc xac dinh theo (6.3):

2k )4 )/k k 1 1, 4 1 0 4
k-1 k 1,4 1, 4
T , =15 + 2 7 3 = 288 'K ; R = 28 7

2x1,4
' i0,2857
0)„ = x 287x288(1 — 0,528 -"' ) = 310 m/ s
1,4 — 1

Luu lu'qng ion nhat xac dinh theo (6.6)

2 14
Ill 3X
vjk
106 <HUONG 8

RTi 2 8 7 x . 88
0 00827 /k
pi 100 10
1 Pl k 0 5n :/!.. 0 634

v,' = 0,00827
'
vk = = 0 0 1 3 m /k g
0 ,634 0,6 3 4

'
= = 0,0000705 m
'

f2 =
4 4
0,0000785 x 310
Vay: G~.,„ = — 1,872 kg/s
'

6.3. Khf hai nguyen tu co R = 294,3 J/kg K t r uac khi vao o'ng phun nho dan
(t5ng to'c nho dan) co p, = 63,7 bar, T, = 300'K , chay vao moi truang
co p2 = 35,4 bar. Xac dinh toc do va luu luqng ne'u bie't duong kinh trong
c ua ong o cua ra d2 - — 5 mm.
Dap so': ~ = 3 1 0 m / s ; G .= 0,257 kg/s

6.4. Khong khi duqc nen tai pi = 50 bar, t,= 27'C duoc phun vao trong xf
l anh dong co dot trong diezel qua voi phun. Ap sua't ben tron„ x i lanh
p2 = 35 bar.

Xac dinh toc docua khong khi tai cu'a ra cua voi phun.
Dap so': o)~ — 241 rn/s

6 .5. Khong khi co ap suat p , = 1 b a r , t , = 15'C t u b i n h A c hay vao bin h B

co ap suat p2 qua vbi phun.

X ac dinh tri so ap sua't p2 de toc do khong khi a.cua ra voi phun bi n g

to'c do im t h anh va gia tr i t o c do nay la bac nhi eu.
Dap ~ '. p , = p k - .-. 0,528 bar; m, = c ok= 310 m/s

6.6. Hai nuac co ap suat pi = 18 bar, t,= 400'C hay qua o'ng tAng toc nho
. Ran vac moi truang co p~ = 1 bar .

Xac dinh toc do t'ai cua r; cua ong va luu luqng ho'i ne'u biet duang kinh
trong cia;.Sng d,, =-. 20 mm.

Giai
' i'if bang nuoc va hc'i nuo'; bao hoa .a ' y , = 18 bar ta co t , = 2 0 7 C D

day t , - =. 400 C > t , , v a y ho ! a n d a u i a hoi qua nhiet. Vai hai qua nhij.t
LIJU GONG VA TIET LL/U 107

1
Pk = 0,55, a day P = — < [3), do do to'c do hoii a cixa r a M 2 = i o ), , l o u l u 'ong
18
G=G „ .

Giai bang dri t/ii:

Dung do thi i — s de giai rat don
gian. E)iern 1 la giao diem cua du'ang
p) = 18 bar v a d u'ong t , = 400 'C, tu'
d ay se tim deqc i, .

D iem K la giao di e ' m c u a

PK
p), = P), — 0,55x 18 = 1 0 b a r v a
I
I
d u'ong S, = S k = c o n st . I
I
I
T u' do t i r)> d)roc i ), , vt tre n do
/
/
/
/
/
Neu giai bin g b eing /igi nuoc: /

'7u' bang nu'oc chu'a soi vh hai qua

n hiet vo i p , = 18 b ar , t , = 4 0 0 ' C t i m

Hinh 6.3
i ) = 3249 kJ/kg' S ) = 7, 175 kJ/kg ' K
B ay gio ta p hai xet xem 6 t r ang thai die)n K ho i n u d e la he i gi , r r u o n
vay te bang nu'oc va hoi nu'c' tc bao hoa vo'i p = 1 0 b a r t a t i m d ud e
S" = 6,587 < S, = S),. n6n hoi ra la hei qua nhiet. Tu' bin g n )roc chua soi va

hoi qua n h iet t h e o p ), — 10 bar tdi c()t co s = 7,116 kJ/k g d j

-

u 'ng vo i n h i e t
t = 300 ' C , ga n d ung co the xe)n k 0 trang thai nay, ta co:
ik = 3107 kJ/kg v), - - - 0,27 m' /k g

(ok= +2(i, -i„ ) = 2 ( ;i249 - 3 1 07).10 = 533 m / s

Lou lu'ong G„,.„,:

f,o)), ( 3 . 14x0,02j' x533

6.7. H oi nu'oc co ap suat p , = 10 bar, t., = 300 C chay qua ong t ang tcc r.'ho
dan vho moi tn fong voi hai tru'o'ng ho'p sau:
1) p2 -= 6 bar
?) pq - — 2 bar

Xic dinh tSc do lou do..g va luu 'song trong t'ai tr«'ong ho'p tr .i .~e~ i e t
108 CHtJONG 6

tiet dien ra cua ong f2 — 30 cm .

Dap so': 1) e2 = 502 m/s; G = 3 , 85 kg/s

2) ~ = 5 4 3 m /s ; Cr„,.,„= 3,88 kg/s

6.8. K hong khi co ap suat p , = 10 at, t, = 300 C chay vao moi trdong co
p2 = 1 atqua ong t5ng to'
c Lavan, lou lu'ong cua dong khi bang 4 kg/s.

Xac dinh toc do mk, ~ , t i e t d i e n f „ „ „ , f 2 v a c hieu dai phan o'ng lan

dan neu chon goc hinh non cua phan ion dan o, = 10" (H .6.4).

P>

Wp K
Pl PK
I

Vl d2

II
tmin
Pp
1I

Vl Vg V2

Hinh 6.4

Giai

Ty so ap suat p = = = 0,1 < pk — 0,528, vay ong lam v iec dung

p, 10
d ieu kien va ta i f „ „ „ t o c d o b hn g t o'c do t'ai ha n co>, tai f 2 toe do n z > ( o k ,
l~ luqng G = G„,,„. Toc do toi ha n mk tinh t h eo (6.3).

RT (] x 287 x 573[l — 0,528 ' ) = 438 m/s

1,4 — 1

Toc do tinh theo (6.1):

RT (1 ) k - le k x287x573[1-0,528 ) = 745 m/s

1,4 — 1

Lou luqng:
fmin k f2 2 Gvk Gv2
f
G)2

Tu qua trinh doan nhiet 1 — K:

LUU DOIVG VA TIET LUV 109

R T)'- = — 287
—> 5 '—
i3 =
v, = 0. 168 m / kg
pi 10x 3.98, 10

= 0,265 m.3 / k g
'

v k = v , / Pk = - -

,
O. 528'
Tu' qua trinh doan nhiet 1 — 2:
0.168
'
v2 vy / P 0,87 m .'kg
0 10, ) 1.$3

V"y t a c(.'. — 0,06242 m

'

f I I!I!I =
438
4x 0.87
0,00467 m
745

4 ~mii! 4 x 0,00242
3,14

4f, 4x0 00467

d2 Q Q771 77
R 3,14

Chieu dpi phan ong lan dan I:

= 1234 c m
a 10
2tg — 2t g-
2 2

6 .9. Hai n oae qua nhiet co ap suat p , = 18 bar, t , = 40 0 ' C g i a n n a d o a n

n hiet tr ong ong t5ng toc Lavan den p 2 = 1 bar. Biet lou luang qua ong
l h 4,5 kg/s. Xac dinh f„„„, f2, ~ , m~.

p2 1
Giai. 0 d a y P = = — ( Pi, = 0,55 vay tai f „„-„
pi 18
Toc do lh toc do t'ai han o)~,, ta> f2 to'c do co> ) oak.
Toc do tai han : o> „= ~ 2 (i , — i„)

Trang thai diem K Cong vai ap sua't pz = $„ . p, = 0,55x 18 = 10 ba r l a

hai qua nhiet (xem bhi 6.6), tu' day tim dirac:
i k — 3107 kJ/kg; v > = 0,27 m / k g
T ir bang ndac chua soi va hai qua nhiet vai p , = 18 bar , t , = 4 0 0 ' C
tirndirac i,= 3249 kJ/kg, do do:
<ok — ~2(i, — ik) = 2(3249 — 3107) = 533 m / s

0 day neu coi hai qua nhiet nhu khi ly tuang hai nmyen tif vai k = 1,3, R =
8314
= 462 J/kg'K , $k -— 0,55, ta co the dung (6.3) tinh gan dung toc do
18
 , G"RULING6

' 'I = 589 nds

RT,[1 — P< " ] = x462x673[1-0,55 '
k-1 )1,3-1
G.v~ =4 , 5 > 0,27
' 2
T iet dij n M " h a t f m)0 : =0,00228 m
'

n» n =

Trang thai diem hai lh hc'i bao hba am:

Sq -S'2
S, = S2 —S 2 +x2(S 2 -S 2 ), x2 =
S2 S
T if bang n ude chua so i v h h e i q u a n h i e t t h e o p , = 1 8 b a r vh
t, = 400'C tim du'qc:
S, = 7,175 kJ/kg'K
Tit bang nude va hei bao hba vdi p2 = 1 bar tim duqc
v "2 = 1,694 m / k g , i " 2 = 4 1 7,4 kJ/kg, r2 = 2 258 k J / k g
S '2 = 1,3026 kJ/k g ' K , S " 2 = 7 ,36 kJ/k g ' K n

7,175 -1,3026
7,36-1,3026
v2 -— v'<+x2(v"2- v ' 2) = x2v'2 =0,9 7 x 1,694 = 1 ,643 m / k g

i2 — i'2 + x2 r2 —417,4 + 0,97x 2258 = 2608 kJ/kg

m2 = ~ 2(i, — i. ) = 2(3249 — 2608) . 10 = 1 132 m/s

' '
f = = 000653
'

=
1132

6.10.Tim toc do lou dong tai cuba ra cua ong phun Lavan vh kich thdoc dac
truingneu bic'.
.lou luqng cua dbng khong khi trong ong la 2,9 kg/s, ap
suat vh nhiet do khi 8 cubavho p, = 8 a t , t l — 127'C. A p s ua t m o i -

truing p2 -— 1 at, g6c hinh non cua ong n = 1 2 .

Bap so: d ;„ = 48 mm; d 2 — 63 mm

1 = 70 mm; ~ = 600 m/s

6.11. Hoi nuoc co p, = 20 bar, t , = 4 0 0 ' C g i a n n o d oan nh iet t r ong ong t 5 n g

toc Lavan de'n ap suat p2 -— 2 bar.

Xac dinh toc do o;k, ~ , t i e't dien f „ „„ , f 2 cua ong ne'u bie't lou luqng
dong chay trong o'ng G = 4 kg/s
Bap so': f; „ = 1 6 c m; f 2 — 3 2 c m
c ok = 580 m/s; ~ = 1 050m/s
LUU GONG VA TIET LUU

6.12. Hoi nddc co p, = 50 bar, t , = 4 ( j 0 ' C

chay qua ong tAng toc hon hap vao
moi trUong co p , = 1 b a r . B i et. lu'u 1)II)11

Pp
l u'ang cua d ong c hay t r ong on g l a
G = 3k g/s. Xac dinh to c do thu'c te
tai cubara 0)~,, tiet dien thu'c f~,va +~
2t
do kho xz, ne'u bie't dong chay co ma
sat vcr he so toc dn (~ = 0,95.
S
Giai
Hinh 6.$
He so toc do d(fqc dinh nghla:
(().„
(P = ; (().qt = (I)0)>
(()~

o day: 0)~ - toc do ly thuyet khi bo qua ma sat (hoac khi q) = 1)

(0~, - toc do th(fcte khi dong chay qua ong co ma sat.

0)g = J2( l) — lg)

Tir do thi i — s (hoac s(f dung bang hoi n(rdc) ta tim duroc:
i , = 3200 kJ/kg; i ~ = 2420 kJ/kg

0) = 2 (3200 — 2420). 1 0 = 1249 m / s

(()~, = tI)(()z — 0,95x 1249 = 1187 m/s

Tim tr ang t hai diem 2t :

)j)) q ~ ~(l ) ) gg ) )(()) — 1~)

)t2(i, — i ) ~ i , — i Rh
h =- (t) .h =-0.95 (3200 = 2420) =-704 kJ/kg
h, = i , - i ~, = 704 kJ/kg
704 =3200 704 — 2496 kJ/k g
T if do th i i — s vd i i z , = 2496 kJ/kg va pz — 1 bar, ta xac dinh daric
d iem 2t co x z, — 0,92; v~, = 1,6 m / k g .

Tai cubara cua o'ng tAng to'

c ta co:

G.vz,' 3 x 1,' 6
D od 6 f , = = =0,004m
0)~, 1187
 112 CHLfONG 6

6 .13. Chat long NH z t i f binh nguhg tu cua may lanh co ap suat p , = 16 a t

chay qua van tietlou ap suat giam xuo'ng con p~ = pz — 1 at. 3Uic dinh
nhiet do va do kho cua NH~ sau khi ti~.t luu.

Giai
Tif do thi lgp — i cua NH~

Ta co:
Biem 1 dUoc xac dinh bc>i giao diem cua ducrng p, = 16 at v a d uong
giai han dec'ti xy = 0.
Biem 2 dupex5c dinh bDi defang p~
= 1 at va du'ang i~ = i , ( d eing ke

• throng dCfng).
Tif do thi nay duong x~ = const nao di qua diern2 ta se doc dirac gia
tri xz, dong thai tai giao diem cua du'ang x = 1 va du'ong pz= 1 at se tim
duqc nhiet do t~ >
Neu dung bang thong so nhietdong cua hei NH~ (tuong tu each dung
bang hoi nude), tif bang NHz 8 trang thai bao hoa (theo ap suat) vai:
p, = 16 a t t a co i ', = i , = 146 kcal/kg

p~ = 1at i'z -— 63,1 kcal/kg; r ., = 327,87 kcal/kg

lg — 1 g j ) —1 g
D o do : l g = 1 p+ x g( l g — 1 p) =I p + x g f g , xp=
F.p lg

(Vi qua tiet lou i> - — i>)

146-63,1
xg =
327,87

6.14. Chat long Freon 22 tif binh n ~ g t v c o n h iet do t > — 20 C , sau khi
qua van tiet lou la hai Am co t~ = 5 ' C .

Xac dinh entanpi iz, do kho x~ cua Freon sau tiet luu.
Dap so: i, = i ~ = 5 2 4 ,05 kJ/kg
x~ = 0,144
 Chafdhg

j A9

KHONG KHI AM

7.1. KHONG KHI AIN

7.1.1. Tinh chat cua khong khi am
- Khong khi am lahon hop cua khong khi kho va hoi nod'c.Vi phan ap
sua'tcua hei nuoc trong khong khi am nho nen hai neac 8 day co the xem
nhe la khi ly te&ng.
— Ap suat cua khong khi am p (la ap suat khi troi)bang tong phan ap
suat cua khong khi kh o p „ v a h e i nude ph.
p = pa+ p h

- Nhiet d o cu a k h ong kh i a m b i n g n h i e t d o c u a k h o n g k h i k h o t > ,

bang nhiet do cua hoi nude th .
t k= tl

- The tich cua khong khi am V bhang

the tich cua khong khi kho va cua
he(i nude:
V = Vh = V

- Khoi ldong cua khong khi am G bkng t ong k ho i l acing cua khong k h i
kho G> v a hoi ntfdc G>,.

G = GI, + G

Tuy nhien vi leqng hei nude trong khong khi am t h r on g l a r a't nho
nen co the xem kho'iluqng khong khi am bang khoi luong cua khong khi
kho:
G = Gq

0 day ta co the dung phuong trinh t r ang thai cua khi l y t u 6'ng cho
khong khi am:
 *

114 CHUONG 7

Cho khong khi kho: p~ V = G kR~ T

Rk = 287 J/kg do
Cho hoi nuac: phV = G h R hT

8314
Rh = = 462 J/kg do
18

7.1.2. Cac loai khong khi am

- Khong khi am chua bao hoa la khong.khi am trong do con co the
nhan them mot luong hoi nuoc nhat dinh nua tu cac vat khac bay hai vao.
Hai nuac a trong khong khi am la hoi qua nhiet.
- Khong khi am bao hba la khong khi am trong do khong the nhan
them mot luang hai nuac nao nCfa tu cac vat khan,c bay hai vao. Hai nuac a
day la hai bao hoa kho.
- Khong khi am qua bao hba la khong khi am bao hoa va con chua
them mot luang nuac nhat dinh vidu suong mu la khong khi qua bao hoa.
7.1.3. Cac thong so cua khong khi am
1- Dq am tuy jt do i pp,

L a khoi luang cua hoi muac trong 1 m k ho n g kh i am .

3
ph - -

, kg/ m (7.1)
V
2- Bp am talceagdoi y
La ty so giua do am tuyet dor cua khong khi am chua bao hoa ph va
cua khong khi am bao hoa ph,„a cung nhiet do.

Ph Ph (7.2)
P hmax Ph ma x

o day: ph - phan ap suatcua hai nude trong khong khi am chua bao hoa
ph - phan ap suat cua hoi nude trong khong khi am bao hba.
Gib tri ph „.„ tim tu bang nude vh hai nuac bao hba (theo nhiet do) voi
n hiet do t h —
- t.

3- Bp chrla hei d (dung am)

Bo chua hoi d lh luang hoi nude chua trong khong khi am ung vai 1 kg
khong khi kho.

d= -" = 0,622 ,' kg/kg khong khi kho (7.3)

Gz P — Ph
KHONU KHI AM 115

Bo chCfa!.oi trov.g khong khi am bao 1 isa goi la do chCfa hoi lon nhat
d „„„ ( k h i p h - — p>, „):

d„„x = 0,622 " " ' "

, kg,'kg kk (7.4)
P P hmax

4- Entanpi cua hhong hhi am I

Entanpi cua khong khi am: la tong er ta.npi ".ua 1 kg khong khi kho va
d kg hoi neoc.
T = t + d (2500 + 1,.93 t), kJ/kg kk (7.5)
o day: t ('C) - nhiet 6o cua khong khi am.
5- Nhijt dp bao hoc down nhijt
Khi khong khi tie'p xuc voi nu'oc, ne'u s;u bay hoi cua nuoc vao khong
khi chi do nhiet cua khong khi truyem cho t.hi nhiet do khong khi am bao
hia goi lhnhiet do bao hoa doan nh~et x ( nhiet do t l a y gan dung bi n g
nhiet do nh ij t k e ' u'ot t = t , ) .

6- Nba t dq dong su'dng t,

Nhiet do dang su'ong ts la nhiet do tai do khong khi am chiesa bao hha
tro thanh khong khi am bao hoatrong dieu kien phan ap suat cua hoi nuoc
khong doi
p h = const, kh i b ie t p h t a t om du'oc nhiet do dong su'ong t, ( tir bang nuoc
va hoi nuoc bao hoa).
7.1.4. Bo thi khong khi am (psychrometric chart)
B o thi k h ong khi ann thirong su dung nhat co hai l o ai :
Bo thi I — d (do thi Mollier)
Bo thi t — d (do thi Carrier)
I- Do t hi I — d
Cac dud'ng bieu dien tree do thi:
Belong d= const ladu'
ong their.g d8ng, don vi lh g/kgkk.
B dln g I = const lh daong nghier>g g6c 135 , do n v i l a k J / kgkk h oke
kcal/kgkk.
Being t = const lhduong thing hei chech len phia tren, don vi 'C.
B ddng ~p = c onst l h d u'ong cong di l a n k h i g h p d u'ong n hi~t d o
t =100'C se la du'ong thing du'ng.
Belong ph= const ladu'ong phan ap suat cua hoi ndoc trong khong khi
am, don vi mm Hg.
Cich su dung do thi I — d:
116 CHUOING 7

V i du khong khi am 8 t r ang thai A co do am y „ v a n h i j .t d o t „ , c a n

xlc dinh cacthong so'con lai cua khong khi am 8 trang thai nay.
Tren do thi I — d d ie m A d uqc xac dinh boIi giao diem cua 2 du'ang
yA = const va t „ = c o n s t.. Cach xic dinh cac thong so' khac deqc the hien
tren H.7.1.

2 20 24 0 26 0 280 30 0 32 0 34 0 360

180,
180 170
180
160 150
140
140 130
120
120 110
100
F 1OO

80 eP oP
80 70
2
60
50
40
40
30 b co
lo
20.
I II 135'
20 /.
10

0 10 dg 2 0 d , 30 40 50 60 70 d.9/kQ

Hinh 7.1. B8 thi I —d

2- Bo thi t —d
Clu true cua do thi t — d cung gin tudng tu do thi I — d, chic detII'ng dhc
trig dirac
the his'n tren do thidelhi dky.Bo thit— d rht thawing deqc sCf
dung trong tinh town dieu hba nhi|",
t dj vh dieu tilt khong khi. Clch s&
dung giong nhu do thi I — d.
KHONG KHI AM 117

0.020

B=736mrn Hg \
O'P
rp O \
P.
l
20 \ 0.015
44 o
dC

8.
Ol4
\ ~Q 'l C'p C
<0
8 \
15 0.010
+Q
gC
l
C DC
.0 Ot4
10 +
l 3~
Q
X•
h
0.005
O
~C' • O-
Q

\
0
10 20 30 40 50

Nhiet do nhiet ke kho C

Hinh 7.2. Do thi t — d

7.2 QUA TRINH SAY

S ay ja qua tr uth lay bo't »isaac trong vat can say bang each lam bay h a i
nuoc (vi d u sa y n o»g s'i», say t h iIc pham ... nham de bao quan dirac lau
dai). Ba so cac t.
riIang hap»gu'ai ta dung khong khi am chua bao hoa larn
chat t.rung gian (con goI lh t a c » h a » s ay) de ta i a m ( n u ac) t h oat. ra ngoai
s an pham s ay. B e l ans tac » h a » sav tot ( ta i a m t o t ) k h on g k h i c a n c o d o
am » ho, muon vay ta co phu'o»g phap sau:
7.2.1. Phtfctng p hap t h 6' nh i t
B au tien k h ong kh i n g oaI trai dirac dot nong t r ong t h i e t b i g i a n h i e t
(thUang goi l a calorifer), trong qua trinh nay d = const va n h ie t d o t t h n g
aric thoi qua vat say
len, do am q giam xuong. Sau do khong khi nong d
(trong buong sa'y),vat sa'y boc am vao khong khi di qua vh kho dan.
Phu'ang phap nay thuang diracgoi la shy nong.
Sa do nguyen ly cua he tho'ng say nhu sau:
Qua trinh say gom hai giai doan:
1 — 2 la giai doan do't nong khong khi trong calorifer, trong giai doan
nay do chu'ahai khong khi khong thay doi d, = d2, n h ie t d o t i f t , t i n g
len t, , d o a m t u ang doi giam tit' q, de'n i(l2.
118 CHUONG 7

Khong khi ra
Hoi nuoc

Khong khi . t~,<[ >~

vao Vat shy
I

rp = I 00"/o

I
•I
I
I
I
I
I
d| I d3

Hinh 7.8. So do nguycn ly' thirst bi sciy

A. Quat B . Calo r ifer C . Bu o ngsay

2 — 3 la giai doan say trong buong say, khong khi sau khi dot nong
deoc data vao buong say, trong buong say khong khi nong truyen nhiet cho
vat. say lam nttoc trong vat say bay hoi vao khong khi. ¹u bo qua cac ton
that nhiet (say ly thuyet), nhiet do khong khi giam dan tit t> xuong t3, do
a m khong khi t5ng dan tu' y2 den y3 vh trong qua trinh nay xem I2 = I3.

0 day can xac dinh lou 1Ltang khong khi (am) G (kg/h) cung ca'p cho
buong say de chon hoac thie'tke' quat, ngohi ra can x5c dinh lacing
nhiet
can cung cap trong 1 gio Q (kJ/h) de thie't ke' calorifer.
1- Xcic dinh hAc lclpng thong khi 6 ( h hc l ang quqt)
asm
Neu san ph say ban dau c6 kho'i lttqng Gd (kg), sau khi say c6n lai
G, (kg) thi lttqng ntt0c bay hei trong 1 gi0 (thai gian say lh z(h)):

G„ = '

, kg/h

Lttong khong khi can thiet do quat thoi vao buong say:
(1+ d) )Gn Gn Gn
G g (7.6)
6d Lid d3 dt
KHONG KHI AAi 119

I'ieu khong khi c'' uhiet do ban eau t, cc khoi ldang rieng p>, thi l uu
l i<o'ng the tich k h ong khi can thiet (hay ni n g s';at quat) V l a :
0
V = — , m3 / h (7.7)
P>
2- XaC dinh l u ' p ng n h i j t ca n th i et Q

Q- ' ' A
"
- 2 ' 0 „ , k J/h (7.8)
dd d3 — d,
0 day: I, , I z - entanpi cua khong khi a trang thai vao va ra khoi calorifer,
duqc xac dinh t heo cong thQc (7.5) hoac theo do thi I — d.
Neu calorifer duqc gia nhiet bang hai nu'ac cung cap tit lo hai, thi luqng
hei lo can cung cap cho calorifer se la:

h kohl
r
o' day: r - a n n h i e t hoa hai o ap suat p tai calorifer.
7.2.2. Phu'dng ph ap th 8 h a i (d u ng b cj'm nhiet)

Nguyen ly hoat dong cuabarn nhiet xern 0 chuang chu trinh thiet bi
lanh.
So do nguyen ly hoat dong cua thietoi say loai nay c6 dang sau:
BS

TL

Ot
I<hong I<hi.
1
BH
BN

Hinh 7.4. So do nguyen Iy' thie't bi say s t du ng n h i i t

Khong khi ngnaitrai du' qc quat day qua binh nguhg tu cua barn nhiet
(thu'&g la dang ong co canh) BN nhan nhiet luang q, va khong khi n6ng len tif
t, den t, saudo du'oc du'
a vao buona s"'
y.Chung ta thay pheong phap say a day
hoan toan giong nhu phu'ong phap thu nhat chi khac la nhiet luqng dung de gia
nhiet ld ing khi lh do dan n~ g t u cua born nhiet cung cap.
120 cHUONG 7

= q . N = G . q1 = G(i2- i >), kw (7.9)

Iq,I
o day: y - he s o ' bum nhiet1II =
II
N - cong sua't
may nen cua born nhiet, kw
G - 11tu 11tqng lanh chat trong ham nhiet, kg/s
i2 - entanpi cua hcti lanh cha't tru'oc khi vao binh ngung, kJ/kg
i3 - entanpi cua lanh chat sau khi ngu>g, kJ/kg.
I lo I = 12 11 I q, I = i , - i ,

7.2.3. PhNdng phap thC ba (say diu)

0 day st dung may hut am, vi tan dung nguon lanh ng1tng tu but hei
n1tdctrong dbng khong khi (dan lanh) sau do khong khi du'o'c say nong nho'
nho dan ngung tu va du'a vao buong sa'y.
So do nguyen ly hoat dong cua thie't bi nhu' sau:
vent say

BS

TL

f
I
Q
BN BH

CN

(fly NUdc ngUng

2 MN

~OQ%

1 d d

Hinh 7.5. So do nguyen ly thi et bi say di u

a) Se do nguyen ly'; b) Ca c q ua tr i nh t r en do tlii I — d
KHOIVG KHI AM 121

Tuong t0' nhu' cac tru'ang hqp triI8c ta co:

- Luqng khong khi car i thiet do quat cung cap trong 1 gia:
" =
G = "

, k ;kk/h (7.10)
~Ad d~ -d,
Gg -G,
G„=
" '

, kg/h - lu'qng nu'c'Ic can bay hei khoi vat sa'y trong 1 gio.

L du luqng khong khi can o nhiet do t , :

V = G/p~
(pz - khaki luqng rieng khong khi 6 t., )
- Lu'qng nhiitkhong khi nhan o binh ngu'ng tu:

Q = - ' G„ , k J / h (7.11)
d 3- d i

- Neu xem qua tr inh sa'y la I = const, thi n h iet l u qng can cua dan l a n h
Q„de lam lanh khong khi va rut am se la:
q, = G(IB — I,)

7.3 QUA TRINHBIEU TIET KHONG KHI

7.3.1. Khai nizam
1- D inh ngh i a

B ieu tiet k h ong kh i l a q u a t r 'inh tao ra va duy t r i k h o n g k h i c h o p h u

hqp dieu kientien»ghi cua con ngu'o'i,phu hqp vii mot cong nghe san xuat
che' biennao do. 0 day chung ta c'in phai kho'ng che: nhiet do, do am, su
iud thong va tuan hoan khong khi,khan bui va cac khi doc hai co trong
khong khi. Chung ta thu'ong dung cac khai nieni sau:
- Thong gio la qua trinh du'a khong khi t'ai ngoai t rodi (khong co xi' ly
v e nhiet do vh do am) vao trong nha (hoac phan xui ng ) de t ha i n h i et , t h a i
am va cac cha'tdoc hai cua khong khi trong nhh.
- Bieu tiet khong khi th awing dung cho rnot cong nghe san xua't nao do
trong cong nghiep.
- Bieu hoa khong khi la qua trinh xu ly khong khi cho dpi song tien
nghi cua con ngu'ai.Ne'u noi theo ngh i a rong thi he t ho'ng phai xu ly : n h i e t
do, do am, toedo luan chuyen cua khong khi, loc bui, thai khi ban va cung
cap khi terai de dam bao ve sinh va thoai mai cua con ngudi.
122 cHUONG 7

2- Ung dung trong cong nghiqp va dc' song con ngu'cN

Ung d un g t r o n g c o n g n g h i ep. d i e u t i e 't k h o n g k h i c a n c h o n h i e u
nganh kinh te' nhu: cong nghiep det, thuoc la, che, giay, xttDng in, ky thuat
t hong ti n v o t u y e n d i e n t t t , m a y t i n h , q u an g h oc, sin h h o c . . . B o a m v a
nhiet do khong khi la haithong so quan trong trong cac xuong san xuat.
Trong cac xi nghiep hoa chat thi v iec khu nhiet va chat doc hai dong vai
trb quan trong,con doi voi cac nganh quang hoc, dien ti, may tinh, phim
anh, co khi chinh xac ngoai viec phai xCf ly khong khi ve nhiet do va do am
cbn can xu' ly ve bui trong khong khi.
Ung dung c ho dpi s o 'ng con n gttai: c on n g u ii l u o n t h a i n h i e t q
(Kcal/h) va thai am W (g/h) vao khong khi xung quanh. Bang 7.1 cho tri so
c ua q va W t r ung binh cua mot n gttoi t r ong t r ang t ha i k hac nhau o nh iet d o
t rong phong t = 2 0 —: 35 C . Q u a n g h ien cu'u ngttai ta t ha y con n gttoi son g
de chiu trong cac dieu kien:
Bieu kien mua he:
35 . 7 0 c /c

24 —: 27'C
Bieu kien mua dong:
20 —: 23 "C
q) = 35 - . 40 c /c

Bang 7.1. Lu'qng nhiet va ant toa ra cua ce the ngtlo'i ram viec

Tfnh chit hoyt dqng q (Kcal/h) W (g/h)

Nght ngoi, ibm viec bAn giay 80 —:100 75+1 15

Lao dong nhq 150-. 200 85~200

Lao dong trung binh 200-. 250 140 ~280

Lao d5ng ning 250-:400 240-. 415

Ngoai ra toc do chuyen dong khong khi t r ong phbng co cung phai o
trong khoang gidi han nh5t dinh (bang 7.2).
Boi voi dieu tiet k h ong khi l ttqng gio mdi (gio tttoi) cap cho 1 ngttai
trong 1 gid vh boi so tur n h oan khong khi t r ong phong (lh ty so gi6 thoi
vho phong trenthe tich phong) duqc cho o bang 7.3.
KHONG KHI AM 123

Bang 7.2. Toc dri gio lu(in chuycn c'cir/ tl)ti.et:trong phong

Nhiqt dp trong phong ("C) Toc dq toi thieu (n.i/s) Toc dp t'ai da (m/s)

20 0,04 0,12

22 0,05 0,17

24 0,09 0,26
26 0,4

28 1,0

30 1,3

Bang 7.3. l./ /one >ihrct r:u u/» tria /u cua co the ngtlai turn t >iec

m /h
Ten phong t t/png g<o tucks (m /h nguoi) Bpt so tuan hoan ( )
m phong

Ciia hang 5n uong 30-: 50

Phong lam viec 3-:8

Rap hat, rap chieu phim 20-: 30 5-:6

Thr/ vien, kho 4 —:8

Benh vien (phong benh nhan) 60 5 —:8

Bep khach san 10-20

Phong phun son 20~25

7.3.2. Cac qua trinh xu' lykhong khi

1- Hoc t rain
D ong khong kh i t u'oi tit n goai trodi (dortg 1)) trttoc khi t h o i v a o p h o n g
t he(Tng dttac hoa t r o n vs dhng khong khi ttaI tuan hoan rut t if p hong ve
( dong 2). Qua t r in h 1 — 2 du'oc bieu dien tren do th i H . 7 .6. B iem 3 l a d i e m
hoa tron thoa man dang thCtc:
m, a
m2 b
6 day: m q ( k g ) - l ttang khong khi cua dong 1 (coi lttang khong kh i a m
b kng lttong khong khi k h o )
rn~ (kg) - lttong khong khi cua dong 2
B iem hoa tron 3 c6 khoi lu'cong m3 = rn>+m 2
 124 cHUdNG 7

Gio hoi
t2 (ft4
(P2 Buong 4
say I
I
2
(p = 100'/d
I I
I I
3 I

Q
Glo tucfi tt t4
tpt (p4

(p(

Quyt Cal o rife r d, ds d2

Hinh 7.6

2- Dot nong
Khong khi sau khi da duqc hoa t rain (diem 3) co the duqc dot, nong t'ai
diem 4 co t4 , y 4 v a data vao phong (vi du qua tr inh su<ii am). Trong qua
trinh do't nong vi hoi nu'dc charta trong khong khi k h ong thay doi nen qua
trinh nay d = const, do am y g i a m x u ong va n h ie t d o t t h n g l('.n.
d
3- ram lanh va gia m am

Gio thai

Giolanh
Phong
BHKK

Gio hoi

Nomic lanh (p(

(p= < oo'<o

t 2.=t 5
Q, I
I
G id tddl t, I
21 I
I
(Ag I
I
I
I

d2 d1

Nude ngung

Hinh 7.7

Khong khi sau khi hca tron dttqc ibm lanh va giam am (giam do chtfa
hai) trong buong xQ ly (buong dieu khong) (H.7.7). Lam lanh va giam am
dttqc thtfc hien boi viec phun noae lanh (nu'ac du'qc lam lanh trong binh boc
hei cua may lanh) hoac diqua dan boc hoi co canh cua may lanh (may dieu
hoa nhiet do, may hut am).
KHOIVG KHI AM 125

Khong khi 0 t r a n g th ai 1 ( t , , y, ) t r u dc t i en d u'oc lain l a nh d en n h i e t

d o dong suoiig t , ( d — const, y t a n g.", len va t g i a m x u ong). Sau do l a q u a
t rinh n g un g t u cu a hdi nu'dc trong k h ong kh i khi lam l anh dp i nhi e t d o
dong slang, qua trinh 2 — 2.Ket qua khong khi di ra 8 diem 2 co nhiet do
t2 va da tach du'oc lu'ong nuoc dd = 0 , — d2.

4- Tang a m

Khi can tang am (do chCra hoi) cho khong khi ngu'ai ta phun nitoc hoac
hoi Duoc vaokhor g khi trcng buong xi ly.Ne'u nhiet do nuoc phun nho han
n hiet d o k h cn g k h i t a c o qu a t r i n h t a n g a m v a l a m l a n h , n g uoc la i n e u
n hiet do nuoc phun lan hdn nh iet do kh ong khi t a co qua t r i n h t 5 n g am v a
dot nong khong khi.
Hdi nLIdc

a)

Nude lanh
bdm

b)
Hinh 7.8
a) Targ nh i et do Ua do a'm; b ) Gi am n hiet do va giam do dm

BAI TAP
7.1. Khong khi a m a ap sua't p = 1 bar c6 ahiet do t , = 2 5 C , d o Am t i tong
doi y, = 0,6.

Xac dinh phan ap suat hai n itoc p l „ n h i e t d o d ong suong t <, , d o chCfa
h ai d, entanpi I cua khong khi am, nhiet do nhiet ke stat t „ .
124

Giai
a) Phd'ng phap ':

vay: ' ".: = 0 p h. ; ,,

phmax
Tu' bang nude va hei n ude bao hoa vd ' . h — — t,= 25 C t i m d u d ea p
suat bao hoa tuang Crng ph„„„ = 0,03166 bar.

Vay phan ap suat cua hei.

ph — 0,6x C,03166 = 0,018996 bar = 0,019 bar
T if phan ap suat p h = 0,019 bar tr a b a n g n ude soi va ha i ba o hoa t i m
ddsc nhiet do bao hoa tu'ong Cfng la:
ts = 17' C = t d

Bo chua hoi dduqc tinh theo cong thCfc:

ph 0,019
'
d = 62 2 = 622 = 12 g/kgkk = 0 ,012 kg/kgkk
p — ph 1 — 0,019

Entanpi duqc tinh:

I = t + d ( 2 500 + 1,93 t) = 2 5 + 0 , 012 (2500 + 1,93x 25) = 56,6 kJ/kgkk
~) Phenng phap 2:
SCf dung do thi I — d hoac t — d.

q,=cow.

t, =25'C
q,=choo.j.

t4=tq

I
2I
t2=4s

Pn

d)

Tir do th i I — d d i e m 1 d u p e x6 c d i n h b D i g iao d iem cua d oing

ty = 25 'C vo i ddong y .= 0,6.

B ein g I = c o nst nao di qua diem 1 t a d o c dt:ac gia tr i cu a I , t r e n t r u e

KHONG KHI AM 127

T if diem 1 g i on g t h a»g dung (d = const) xuong gap d uang q) = 10 0 %

c ho ta diem 2, duang t = const neo di qua diem 2 ta doc duac t z — t <, . N e u
keo thang duang thang dung nao xucng gap duang p!, du'ac diem 3 giong
ngang sang phai se tim duac phan ap suit cua hai nuac (gia tri cho th eo
m m Hg), tie'p tuc keo thAng xuong true hoanh se tim duac do chua hai d , .
De tim n h i e t d o n h iet ke u'at t„ , t u d i e m 1 ke o t heo du'ang I~ = c on st
cho de'n khi cat du'ang !I! = 100/i ta xac dinh duac diem 4, duang t = const
nao di qua diem 4 t a doc duac t4 = t, .

7 .2. 10m k h o n g k h i a m a ap suat p = 1 bar co nhiet do t = 2 0 C , n h i e t d o

dong suang t, = 10' C .

Xac dinh do am tuang do'i q, do ch!ra hai d, entanpi I v a k hoi l uang

khong khi am G, khoi lu'ang rieng cua khong khi am p.

Giai
P!i

P I1111;IX

Tu bang nuac va hoi nuac bao hoa theo:

t = 20 "C t a t i m d u o'c p !„„.„. — 0,0234 bar
-

p!, — 0,0123 bar

-

0,0123
Vay: = 0 53 = 53c
0,0234
Theo (7.3) ta co:
- "
d = 0,622 "

= 0,622 = 0,00775 kg/kgkk

p — p!, 1 — 0,0123

Entanpi duac tinh t heo (7.5):

I = t + d (2500 + 1,93x 20) = 39,67 kJ/kgkk
Luang khong khi am:
G = G„ + Gk

Tu phuang trinh trang thai viet cho hai nuac vh khong khi kho ta tinh

P!i V 0,0123.10 x10

0,09 kg hai nuac
R„T 8314
(20+ 273)
18

P„V (1 — 0,0123).10 x10

R!,T (287 x 293)
128 CHUONG 7

G = 0 , 0 9 + 1 1 , 7 5 = 11,84 kg
Kho'iluqng rieng cua khong khi am:
G 1 1' , 8 4
p = — = = 1,184 = 1,2 k g / m
V 10

7.3. 1 kg khong khi am o ap suat p = 1 bar, nhiet do t = 15 C, phan ap suat

cua hei nQoc p> = 1270 N/m . Xac dinh do am tuang doi, nhiet do dong
suong t<,, do chu'a hoi d, entanpi I va khoi luqng rieng cua khong khi
am.
Dip so: q ) = 0,746; t ~ , = 1 0, 5' C

d = 8 g/kgkk, I = 35,1 kJ/kgkk, p = 1,21 kg/ m

7.4. 100m khong khi am a ip suatp = 1 bar, nhiet do t = 3 5 C , d o a m q ) =

70%.

Xac dinh do ch8a hai d, nhiet do dong suing td,, khoi luqng khong khi
kho G>, kho'i luqng hai noae Gh co trong khong khi am.
Dip so: d = 25,5 g/kgkk; t z , — 29'C
Gg -— 109 kg; Gh - — 2,78 kg

7.5. Khong khi am 0 p = 1 bar, nhiet do t = 3 0 C , d o chCfa hai d = 18 g/kgkk .

Xic dinh do am q , n h i e t d o dong suong t <, , ent anpi I , do chCfa hoi lan
Ilhk dh

Bip so: q ) = 0,66, t ~ , = 22,5'C

I = 76 kJ/kgkk , d „ „ . „= 27,5g/kgkk

7.6. Cho biet khoi luqng ban dau cua vat can say Gd = 300 kg, khpi luqng
s au khi say G, = 250 kg, thai gian say z = 10 gi0. Khong khi duqc dung
ibm tac nhan say co t = 20'C, ~ = 60%, sau khi ddqc caloriferdot nong
c o nhiet d o t 2 = 95'C. Khong khi sau khi qua buong say ddqc thaio
n hiet do t 3 = 3 5 ' C .

Xic dinh luqng khong khi can thiet d4 say, leqng nhiet va luqng nude
can thietcap cho calorifer neu hei c6 ip suat p = 1,5 bar.
Giai
a) Phu'Ong phap 1 (se dung do thi I - d)
KHONG KHI AM 1?9

Tu @ t.hi I - d (FI.7.1.( ) zoic dIi4

duqc chic thong so dhc tiung sau:
Dii'rn 1 : l a gi a o di e ) n c u a
duang q" = 60'/c v a t , = 20 ' C , t a

tlin duroc:
di = 0 , 0 0 9 kg/kgkk
y- 100 'o
I) = 4 2 k J r k gkk
8 i ~in 2: )6 gi a n ~ l i em ci a
d u'ang d ) = d g = c onst va d u a » g
t~ = 95' C , t a ti m du'qc:

Ip = 1 1 9 k J /kgkk HinIa T.14

(p.p = 3 , r .

Hie'rrr 3: l a giao diem cua hai duang h = c o nst va d uang tg = 3 5 ' C , d o

do tim duac:
(g
q). = 9 0% ; d. " ,= 0,033 kg/kgk

b) Phtiong plrcip 2 (dr'rng cong thdc tinlr. tocin)

Tu b a n g n u a c va h ai bao hoa ung vai ty = 20 C , ta co

pq~„„= 0,0234 bar, vay phan ap suat cua hainuac trong trong khi am:
Ph = q) p ) »(,. = 0,6 x 0 , 0 2 3 4 = 0 , 01 4 b a r

p),' 0,014
'
dy = 0,622 = 0,622 = 0,0088 kg/kgkk
p — p), 1 — 0,014

Iy = t g + d t ( 2 500 + 1 ,93t i )

2 0 + 0,0088 (2500+ 1,93 x 2 0 ) = 42,34 kJ/k gkk

Iz = t2 + dp(2500 + 1,934) vent dg = d)

95 + 0,0088 (2500 + 1,93 x 95) = 118,6 kJ/kgkk

Nhiqt luqng cung ca'p cho 1 kg khong khj kho qua calorifer la:
q = I . ,- I , = 1 18 , 6 — 42 ,3 .' = 75,66 kJ/kgkk

Vi qua trin h sa'y ly thuye't co Ig = lq = const, vay:

IP I3 t3 + d3 (2500 + 1,934 )
I.,-t,,
2500+ 1. 93t3 2 5 0 0 + 1,93x 35

Luqng ann lay di du'qc tu buong s."';~ung vai 1 kg khong khi kho se la:
Ad = ds - d , = 0,0326 — 0,0088 = 0,0238 kg/kgkk
130 cHUONG 7

Luqng nude can lay di tif vat say trong 1 gio:

Gd — Gc 3 00 — 250
Q 5 kg/h
10
Luqng khong khi can thie't:
G„ 5
210 kgkk/h
Ad 0,02 3 8
L0u luqng khong khi can thiet:
G 210
V 175 m /h
p, 1,2

Luqng nhiet can khi tinh chinh xac theo (7.8):

Q = (I , - I , ) -
dd
75,66 = 15.895 k J/h
Tinh gan dung theo (7.9):
~
Q d3 -d~
xG,' =
0,0238
x5 = 15.760 kJ/k

15895-15760
S ai so gip p h a i : 0 9%
15895
Tinh town so bo theo (7.10)

Q = 2500 x G „ = 2500 x 5 = 12 5 0 0 k J / h
Sai so gap phai k h o ang 21%.
Hoac tinh:

Q = h,Ix G = 75,6 6 x 2 10 = 15888,6 kJ/h

Sai so ghp ph"Ai 0,04!c.
Luqng hei nod'ccung cap cho calorifer theo (7.11):

Gh Q I

r
Tif bing nude vahei bao hba theo p = 1,5 bar ta c6 r = 2 .A 6 k J / k g ,
vay:
15895
-
G),
-

-
= 7,14 kghai/h
2226

7.7. Mot thiet bi st dung barn nhi jt de say san phd' c6 chic dieu kiln nhu
s au: Khong k h i v a o d a n n i n g c u a b orn nhij t c c t , = 30' C ,
(py = 80%, sau khi qua dan ngung khong khi duqc dot n6ng den
y~ = 92 C roi dna vao buong say. Khong khi sau khi rakhoi buong
KHONG KHI AM 131

s ay co do an i y „ = 80'ic. Kho'i lu'qng terai cua vat say la 550 kg, sau
thai gian say 4 gia san pha'rn kho con lai 450 kg. Xac dinh:
a) Luqng khong khi va lu'qng nhiet can cho qua trinh say.

b) Xac dinh cong sua't may nen cua barn nhiet ne'u biet he so barn nhiet
— 4.

c) Xac dinh luqng khong khi can ca'p cho dan boc hai cua barn nhijt ne'u
nhiet djkhong khi vao la 30'C va ra khoi dhn boc hai lh 20'C.
vl81

SQ dung do thi I - d (H.7.14) ta co:

- Biem 1: la giao diem cua 2 doing t) = 30'C , y , = 0 ,8.
Tif do thi tim deqc d, = 22g/kgkk, I, = 21kcal/kgkk.
Biem 2: l a g iao diem cua defang d, = d 2 = c o ns t v a i d d o n g
t~ = 92 ' C, tit do tim deqc I2 — 35 kcal/kgkk.

- Biens 3: la giao diern cua du'ang I3 = I2 = const vai defang y3= 80 /o,
tir do tim du'oc d3 = 41g/kgkk.

a) Luqng noae can boc hai cua vat say trong 1 gia:
550-450
4
Lu'qng khong khi can:
ll
G 1316 kg/h
hd
G 1316
V = - = = 1097m / h
p 1,2
Lu'ang nhijt can cho.qua trinh say:
I , -I , 35-21
Q = ' ID„ = x25 = 1 8 4 2 5 k cal/h = 2 1 , 4 k w
d3 — d ~ 0, 041 0. 022

b) Cong suat cua may nen:

'P = Q ~ N
- 5,35 kw
N
c) Nhiet d6n bo'c haI cua. barn nhiet nhan nhiet tif khong khi:
Q2 — Q — N =21,4 — 5,35 = 16,05 kw

Leqng khong khi can cho dan boc hai:

Q2 g pg '
132 CHUONG 7

Q 16,05
1,59 kg/s = 5.721 kg/h.
c pkxd t k 1,01x10

"
V = = = 4768 m ' / h
p 1,2

7 .8. Khong khi o t r ang thai dau co t , = 20 C , d j a m y, = 40lc duqc dot

nong t'ait~ = 80 C roi dna vao buong say. Khong khi ra khoi buong say
co nhiet do t> ——35 C. Xac dinh do chua hoi va do am cua khong khi
sau khi say, nhiet can thiet de boc hei 1 kg nude trong vat can say trong
1 gia.
Dap so': d> = 24g/kgkk, y ~ = 66%

Q = 3400 kJ/kgkk.
7.9.Vat can say co khoi lu'
ong ban dau G< = 300 kg, sau khi say kho con lai
G,= 260 kg, thai gian sa'y t = 8 g i a . Khong khi a t r ang thai dau co
t> — 30'C, q, = 0 ,7, sau khi duroc dot nong trong calorifernhiet do
-

khong khi ra =90'C va dirac dna vao buong sa'y.Nhiet do khong khi ra
khoi buong say tz -— 40 C. A p s uat kh i q u yen p = 1 b a r . B h n g p h edng
phap tinh toan (khong s& dung do thi I-d) xac dinh luang khong khi can
thiet, l angnhiet can thi et, do am tuang doi cua khong khi sau khi say.
3
Elap so'. G = 250 kg/h, V = 208 m / h

Q = 15.550 kJ/h , ( p~—- 70%.

7 .10. Khong kh i a m o t r a n g t h a i b a n d a u co ap suat p , = 1 b a r , t , =10 C,

q ), = 60%. Khong kh i a m n a y s a u d o dirac nen t heo qua t r i n h d a b i e n
v s n = 1 ,25 den t r ang t h a i 2 c o t ~ =6 0 C . Xe m k h ong kh i a m n h e k h i
ly too'ng de xu ly trong qudi. trinh nen.
a) Xac dinh ap sua't p~.
b) Xac dinh do am too'ng doi cua khong khi qz .
Bap so'. p> = 2,2557 bar; b ) y g = 13%

7.11.Dung may hut am de say (qua trinh say diu),cho biet cong suat cua may
nen N = 0,5 kw, heso lam lanh cua may c = 5. Nhiet do khong khi bao
hba khi quadhn boc hoi t,= 25'C, sau khi dot nong trong dan ngung tu
k hong khi co tz = 75 ' C, luqng nude bo'c hei khoi vat say
G„= 2,5 kg/h. Xac dinh n i n g suat lanh Q , cua may, luong nhiet dot
nong khong khi trong dan ning Q, nhiet do va do am cua qz khong
KHONG KHI AM 133

khi sau khi say, luong khong khi can G (luu l uring quat), l uringnuoc

<j13

t3

(p = 100%
t4
,4
II
l1
II I
I

cl ]

ngung tu a dan boc hoi trong 1 gia

Glal

D ung do thi I - d :
Biem 1 la giao die'm cua t, = 25 "C, y , = 1 0 0 / c . Tu do ti m d u oc:

dl = 0,02 kg/kgkk vh I = 1 7 , 5 k g k k = 73,15 kJ/kgk k

Biem 2 la giao diem cua duo'ng t., = 75' C v a d > -— d> —
- 0,02 kg/kk .
tim duoc I., = 31 kcal/kgkk
¹n g suat lanh Q„cua nowaylanh duoc x ic dinh:

Q.
N
cN = 5 x 0 ,5 = 2,5 k w

Nhiet l uring dodan»gung tu ton ra QN duqc xac dinh:

Q~ = Q „+ N = 2 , 5 + 0 ,5 = 3 k w

K hi bo qua ton that nh iet th t n h iet l u ong dung lam l an h k h on g kh i v a

t ac am chinh la Q, :

Q„ = cN = 2,5 kw
2,5 x 3600 = 9000 kJ/h.
Mat khac ta co:

Qp = Ic (3 — Il)

Gk - luuluong khoi luang khong khi qua dhn lanh

Luu luqng nuoc ngung tuG„g duac tinh:
134 cHUONG 7

Gng = Gkh d = G g ( d 3 — dr )

Do do:
G„" . I -I
G„ =
va Q, = 'G„-
d3 dr d3 dr
Vi dochCfa hai d cua khong khi am rat nho nen tinh gan dung co the
x em I = c >, mat k ha c n h iet dung rieng cua k h on g k h i x e m
-
= 1 kJ/kg'C nen:
c>

tg tl G
Q0 Ag
d3 d 1

Thay cac tri so da biet vao ta tim dirac:

(75-25)
d3 — 0,02+ = 0,034 k J / k g k k
-

9000
Tif do thi I - d, diem 3 dirac xac dinh theo dieu kien d3 — 0,034 kg/kgkk
va I3 -— Iz —
- 129,6 kJ/kgkk, ket qua tim du'ac t3 = 4 0'C , y 3 = 70 / c
Lou leang khong khi can t h ie t (l ~ l u ' ang quat) G < .
G„, -
Gg 178,6 kg/h
"

-
-

- -

b,d 0,03 4 — 0,02

GI 178,6
V =
149 3/h
p 1,2
Luang noae boc hai tu' vat say cung ch in h l a l u 'ang noae ngrrng tu cua
d an lanh: G „ „ = G „g = 2 , 5 k g / h
7.12.Trong qua trinh say diu, cho cong suat cua may hut am N = 1 kw, he so
• l arn l a n h c = 3. Nhiet do khong khi bao hoa qua dan boc hai
t, = 2 5 C , n h i e t d o k h o n g k h i s a u k h i d o t n o n g t r o n g d a n n g r rng
tz = 80 C. Luang noae boc hai khoi vatsay G, = 3 kg/h.
Xac dinh ning suat lanh Q, cua may, leang nhiet can dot nong khong
k hi tr ong dan n g ung Q , n h ie t d o t 3 , d o a m r Ir3 cua k h ong kh i k h i r a
k hoi buong say, nhiet do dong sl ang t < , lu'ang khong khi G can t h i e t .
Bap so: Q, = 1 0 . 800 kJ/ h; Q =10.800 kJ/h
t 3 = 43 C , ( p3 = 60%, t 4 = 3 7 C , G = 2 0 0 k g / h .

7.13. Bhi toan cho nh u ba i 7 . 12, xac 6„

tn rn
dinh luang nhiet khong khi nha ra
khi di qua dan boc hai theo cong
thCfc 7.16, xet sai so gap phai. Q,
Bap so: Q =11546 kJ/h, sai so 7%.
KHONG KHI AM 135

7 .14. Mot da n l a m l a]]h khong khi

tu'oitrong he thong dieu hoa
khong khi can la m l anh lu'o'ng q), = 70%
khong kh i G k — 10000 kg/h, t, = 35'C
k et qu a d o d u'uc: Nhiet d o
k hong khi vao dhn 1 anh
t]= 3 5 ' C , q) ] = 70'i c , n h i e t y,= 90%
y — 100'/
d o khong kh i r a n g oai d a n I

l anh t2 = 15' C , ~p . = 9 0 ' / c . i t2=15 C

I
I
Dan lanh su' dung neo'c lam I
I
l anh va o t ' „ = 6'C v a n h iet I
I
d o nunc lanh ra t " „ = 11'C.
d2

X ac d]n i l
a) Nang suat lanh cua da]] lanh Q , ( k i i ).
b) Ltd Idling nu'oc lanh qua dan lanh qu; ] dan G„ ( k g/h >.
c ) Lu'u lgong n].toc ng8ng tu G „ „ .

Giai

Tif do thi I - d t i m d u'ac

- Biem 1 : V 6'i t ] = 35 C ; t p] = 70% tim dirac

I, = 24 kcal/kgkk = 100,3 kg/kgkk

d, = - 25 g/kgk k = 0 ,0 2 5 k g / k g k k
- Biem 2 V d i t z -- 15 C ; q2 = 9 0 ' ~c ti]n d u q c

I2 -
— 24 kcal/kgkk = 3 5 ,9 kJ/kgkk
d2 9 5 g/kgkk p pp95 k g /kgkk
a) Ning suat ibm lanh cua dhn lanh Q,:
10000
Qo = Gk(I] I 2) = ( 1003 — 359) = 17 8 9 k W
3600
b) Lou ltIong nude lanh G„ dupe xac dinh tir dieu kien can bAng nhiet
(nhiet dung dich rieng cua nude cp 4 1 8 k J / k g ' C . K hoi luang rier.g cua

neoc p„ = 1000 kg/m3 .) :

n pn (t "n 'n)
=
Qo = G k ( l] I 2)
1:56 CHUONG 7

1 7 H.!)
H,5G k <>/s =: i t >i 1;) kg/h
P <1 <) '1. 18(11 — 6l

V„ 30,8 m /h

"
7 .15. Trong mj t t h i l"'.t bi cua he t h ong d ieu t ie t k h o »< kh l < < l ><i„ l h < » l «
k hi h o a t r o n v a i n h a u : d o n g 1 c o t h o n g s < l t l - 3 1 (' , <, l , = 80/< ,

G, = 600 k g /h , d on g k h on g i % i t h u ' 2 : t . , = 2 " ( ' . 60 "/c,

G., = 150kg/h. Ap suat khi trai B = 1 bar

Xac di»h thong so trang thai cua hon hap khi.

Gla l
Tu' do t.hi I - d tim dirac
T l'<l»g f,hfli 1 :
t ., = 3 1 ' C I, = 90 kJ/kgkk
(p, = 8 0 % d, = 23 g/kgkk

Tl a»g thai 2:
t, =31 C I., = 90 k J / k g k k
— e
(p = 80% d., = 23 g/kgk k

N eu goi l0u l uong k h o»g kh i k h o l a G l ~ va k h o n g k h i a » l l a G , t h l

ta co Quail he:
I '% Gl 600
' l l'k 585,6 kg/h
1 + 0. 00 1d l 1+ 0 , 023

G~l;k 148,5 kg/h

1+ 0. 001d. ) 1+ 0, 0098

Sau khi holi hap ta c6:

GlkkIl + G ~l,.~lq 5 86.5x23 + 148,5x 9 8
G,kk + G~kl, 586,5+148,5

Glkkdl + G'>kkd p 586, 5x 90+ 148, 5 x 47

3
G,l,l, +G~l,l, 586,5+148,5
Biet I3 va d3 tB do thi I - d tim dur oc:

t3 91Cj ql3 8 0 7c j td 26 3 C j t ds 25 3 C

Cung co thetinh gan dung nhu s."u:Biem 3 nam trcng doan thAng noi
diem 1 va 2 tren do th.' I - d.
KHONG KHI AM 137

13 G>)k 1485 1 1
Gi|,.x 586,5 3. 95 4

Tren do I - d dein doan 12 chin t h a»h 5 «los» » h o t a se xac din h d u ac

diem hon hap 3. Bong tho'i tu do thi t» » duac:
I~ = 81,3 kJ/kgkk d ~ — 20,3 g/kgkk t., = 2 9. 1 C
(p i = 80" t „ = 26 ,3 C t „ , = 25,3 ' C

7.16. Mot h e t h ong may l anh co binh n guiig tli d uac gi6i n h i et b a ng k h o n g
k hi. K h on g kh i a m t r u a c kh i v a o d h n I ; i ii h c o t h o n g s o t , = 2 5 C
«p> — 70 ~i, k hong khi r a
-

k h o i « la» l a nh 4 k h o » « k h i a m b a o h o a c o

nhiet dpi tha'p han nhiet do khong khi vho 5 C . l u u l u ang quat gio dan
l anh G , = 2000 kg/h. He so' lain la»h cua may I~iih c = 4. Ap suat k h i
troi B = 1 bar.

Ti»h » h i e t do va do ain khoiig khi ra khoi da» nong (dan ngung tu) biet,
k ho»g k h i v a o d a n ii o n g c o t . , = 3 0 ' C , <p., = 70'c l u u l u an g q u a t
G, = ~000 kg/h (su dung phuo'iig ph;ip tiiih to6» co kiem tr a Iai bang do
t hi I - d ).
nap so': t , = 3 1 ,5 'C < p i = 63, 5~c I> — 80,2 kJ / k g k k .

7.17. Trong niot phong dieu hoa khong khi. ain ke kho — uat do duac nhiet do
»hiet ke kho t k — 40" C va nhiet. ke uat t„ = 25" C.

a) Diing phuang phap tinh toan xac dinh cac t.hong so I, «p, d, t,i, .

b ) Bien dien tren do thi I - d v a b ang phua»g phap do th i k i ei » t r a l a i

ket qua tinh town. Ap suat khi t.rai I3 = 1 bar.
Oap so: I|,. — 76 kJ/k gk k q ) ii = 3 0

«li i = 0,() 14 kg/kgkk t iis = 19.6"C

7 18. K h on g k h i a m a t ra n g t h a i 1 co t h o n g s o n hu s a u : N h i e t do
40 "C «p] = 20 c, n eu viec phun nuac vao dong khi de ha n h i e t d o
x uong (xem nhu qua trinh co entanpi khong doi) den trang thai 2.

a) Dung do I - d xac dinh nhiet do tha'p nhat co the d a t d uac t g » , » cua

dong khong khi ra.
b ) Neu k h ong kh i a t r a n g t h a i t = 40 C v a d o a m y = 80 ie, b i n g

phuang phap phun am nhiet do to'i thieu co the dat duac la bao nhieu?
Co nhan xet gi?
Dap so: a ) t >„ „ „ = t „ = 22 ' C

b) t ,„,„ = 3 7 ' C
7 .19. So do thiet bi xu ly k h ong khi am va cac thong so cho tren hlnh v e .
Khu' am gia nhiet

Khong khi
I
II I o
ti = 28 C 'p>=70;,o
I o' t 3- 2 4 C
100%t I
V=5Dm Iph
I
I p>- tbar
I I I
I n 3= 40 ' o
I I
I
I
(p2 = 100%
t2
long bao hoa
d tp , m ~

Xac dinh:

Nhiet do khong khi am sau khi khCl am.

Luqng nu'oc ngung

Nang suat lanh de khan am va nhiet lu'

qng cap cua bo gia nhiet.
Giai
G oi htu jeqng khoi l e qng k h ong kh i k h o l a r n , v a lo u l uqrlg khoi l d o n g
c ua nuOc nglrIlg la m , „ v a c u a h ei. nod'c la m „ t a c o :
= ln~g = rI1~
m~r
- m,„+ rn„.,
m„> -

rn„, = m ,dz vh t a co d z —
- d3 nen :
L ou luqng cua khong kh i k h o (coi nhu kh i l y t e a ng) duqc tinh :
tpr P 1) 1
R,T
t, = 28 C tra bang cac tinh chat nhict dong cua nooc va hei nuoc tren
doing bao hoa tim du'qc phn,,„ — 0,03811 bar -

- - 0 , 7 x 0 , 0 3 81 1 = 0 , 0 2 667 bar
pt„ tI),pt,n,,„

A p suat rieng cua khong kh i k h o :

p„ = 1-phr = 0 , 9 733 bar

0,622 0,02667 0,01699 kg/kgkk

0,9733
I, = t, ' '2500+ 2t, )d, = 28 + (2500 + 56) 0,01699 = 7 1 , t:2 k JPc kk

T rang thai 3 co t . , = 24 ' C , y 3 -— 40 tra bang hei nude tim du'qc:

KHONG KHI AM 139

(~') = ~()" (

<1'~ = , ()".~i

t , =28 C

t ,=2 4 C (p = 100"/o

t3 -— t, = 24 'C ~ p3 1, „.„ — 0,03 bar

-

p3], = 1 — ph3 — 0,4 x 0,03 = 0 , 0 1 2 bar

I3 t 3 + (2500 + 2 t3 ) d 3 = 24 + (2500 + 48) 0,0075 = 4 3 ,27 kJ / k g k k

Trang t ha i 2 l a k h o n g kh i a m ba o hoa nen q] 2 = 100 / c v a d ~ = d 3

0,0075 kJ/kgkk, tu day ta co:

"-'
0,062 = 0,622
1 — p)z 1- p)3

a: Ph2 = Ph3

Voi: — p]3„, — p],.>

- - 0 ,012 bar (v l q ]., = 1 0 0 / c ) t r a b a n g h o i
p]3
n ude tim duac t ~ = 9,6' C
12 = t.p + ( 2 5 0 0 + 2t , 2 ) d p = 9,6 + (2500 + 1 ) ,2) 0,00755 = 2 8 , 6 1 k J / k g k k .

p„] x V ] (09733 . 1 0 ' )(50)

R„T, 287 x 301

i11y] d, xnan,, = 0 , 1 699 x 5 6 , 34 = 0 , 9 572 kg/kgkk

N in g suat la m l a n h ;
Q„ = ]n , ( I, — I2 ) + ]n,„c, „, t,

5 6,34 (71,42 — 28,61) + 0,5319 x 4,18 x 9 , 6

2412,3 + 21,3 = 2433,6 kJ/Ph
0 day: m„, = m„ (d , - d 2 ) = m , ( d , — d3)

56,35 (0,01699 — 0,00755) = 0,5319 kg/ph

Nin g suat gia nh iet QH .

QH -— m„(I3 — I2) = 56,35 (43,27 — 28,61) = 826,1 kJ/ph

7.20. Sd do thiet bi dieu am va cac thong so nhu hinh ve

- Xac dinh nh iet do khong khi ra t3 va do am tl]3

'. 10 CHUONG 7

Hoi n</oc bao hoa m„, =1kg/ph

t p= l0 0 C

0 S
I I
m, = 200kg/p h I
t~
II
t,=35 C
I
<,l~
<<~I =40/'
I
I
I

- Neu luring ho i nl„z -— 5 kg/ph va 6 k g /ph t h t n h i c t d o v a d o a m d o n g

khong khi ra la bao «hieu.
Gla l

T ra«g thai 1: t , = 35' C t r a b an g ha i « doc bao hoa titn du'qc

pt) .. = 0,05622 bar

pth q,p,h,„.„ - 0 , 4 x 0 , 0 5 62 2 = 0 , 0 225 bar

l-p„, = 0,9775 bar

0 .622 ' = 0 ,0149 kg/kgkk

0.9775

It = tl + ( 2 5 0 0 + 2 t t )d t—- 35 + (2500 + 70)0,0 149 = 7 3 ,29 k J/kgkk

Voi t hong so D trang tha i 1 t a co :

m,t d t x In, = 0,0 149 x 2 0 0 = 2,98 kg/ph

G~, Iq

Hai phun vao o trang thai 2 cop = 1 bar v a m „ ~ = 1kg/p h ta co:

i "~ = 2 6 7 6 k J / kg ; r~ = 2257 kJ/k g

m„ ~ = m „, + m „ ~ = 2 ,9 8 + 1 = 3,98 kg/ph

t rong do: ma - ltN luong cua khong kh i k h o ; m „ - l o u l u'o'«g cua hei «ei c
Qq — — Q, +Qq - 14658 + 2676 = 1 7334 kJ/ph

d3 --
my'
( vt m „ = m , z -— m, )
nlrb

3,98
— 0,0199 kg/kgkk
'

=
d~ -

200
KHOAIG KHI AM

() 1 ' )')
I., = ~<', 7 I;.J/kgk k
200
+ t !' ~ ! — St, / — t 3 + ~ 2 o 0 +
' )(') .i( )n.
-
T a t» u d U(1c: t ! -
= ' )) :) , ;) C
1. 03')8
V(<i: t 3 — 35, 5 <.: t I t ' t r» d t fqc p > ,„„ „ .= 0,06 bar

tl = 0.62 2 P'h 0,019S kg/kgkk

1 — pJI

Do do: pst, — 0,0308 bar

-

p3h 0308
51 3c/c

Tinh toan t tfo'ug ttf »eu phuu 5 kg hei/ph ta co:

t '3 = 3 6 , 9 ; y '3 = 93,8; c

N e'u phun 6 kg h a i l 'ph ta co :

t "3 — 3 9 ' C ; y "3 = 96c r '

Tif day chung ta n h 'tu t hay kh i d ung hoi ntr'oc de ihru tAng ; tru rthit.t clo
dong khong khi t 5ng kh oug dang ke trottg khI do do an> cua hoi t,;tug rn ret.
t„, =33 C
7.21. Thiet bi ho a t r o n ha i d oug
t„ =2 9 C t
k hong kh i a m b o t r i nhu
h inh ve , 10u l u qug d o ug Qi
I
t hief hai gap doi d ong t h 8 I
P2 I
I
(l)

n hat, c a c t h o n g so cau t)~ -16 C

0
I
I
t hiet c h o t r e u h r n h . X a c t„p -12 C
0 I

dinh nhiet do va do am tp3 V , =2 V p

0;ip an: t 3 -— 21,17 C q 3 -— 78,8 rc

7 .22. Cho mot t h i e t b i p h u n I

I
im bo' tri uhu hinh ve. P)~ = 90kg/ph
I I
0 I
T ron g do k h on g k h i tq) =22 C
I
I d2
v ao co n h ie t d o n h i e t t„, = 9 C I
k e kho t k r = 22' C v h I

nhiet do n h iet k e u'ot 2

t„, = 9'C, cac thong Hoi bao hoa kho co

so co n l a i ch o t ren t = 110 C , m „ = 52kg/h

hinh.
 cHUONG 7

X kc dinh: t > v a y 2

D aP so: t 2 = 2 4 ' C , y 2 = 6 1, 5 %

7.23.Cho hai dong khong khi am hoa tron de tao dong thCf 3, so do bo tri va
thong sc nhu hinh ve.

3
V, = 142m /ph
0
= 5C
0 t = 0,002kg/kg kk

V2 = 425ITI lph

t2 = 24 C
q>p = 50%

X ac dinh t z v a d3
B aP s o : t 3 = 19' C

d3 = 0,0074 kg/kgkk

7.24. Sa do nguyen ly hoat dong cua mot t hap giai n h it" t va chic thong so can
nhu hinh ve.

ttt
0 7
tq- 38 C, rrni= 4,5.10 kg/h

I
r

4
mg

t>-2 5 C,. q>~ =35%

0
t~=20 C t >=30 C , m > = m ,

m5
O2
KHONG KHI AM 143

Xac dinh lu'u luorlg k)long khi "an t h iet qua t ha p va l uong nuoc bo sung
cho thap.
Giai
Tu phurmg trinh can bang kho'i luong luu, luqng cac dong chat long
trong thap nh u sau:
-
m„3 -

m,4
m I + I115 + m 3 In 2 + I n 4

v i: m , = m2 nen m5 = rr1„4 — m„3

tron@ do: rn„ -luu luong dong khong khi kho (do quat hC>tqua thap)
ml va rn2 -lou luong dong nude qua barn va hinh ngung.
m„ - lu'u lrrqng dong hai nuac chua trong khong khi am.
m5 - lou luang nuOc bo sung.
m„3
-

— d3rn, , m „ 4 -— d4m,
Do do: m, = m , (d 4 - d 3 )
0 tr ang t hai 4 : t 4 = 35'C ta tim duac p4h„„„= 0,05622 bar
p4h — y 4 p 4 h „,„„ - 0,9 x 0 , 05622 = 0 , 0506 bar
va p4a = 1 - p 4h = 0,9494 bar

d4 — 0,622 ' -

= 0,03315 kg/kgkk
0,9494
0 tr an g t h a i 3 : t 3 = 25' C t a c o p 3h„„„ - -

0,03166 bar
- 0,35x0.03 166 = 0,03315 kg/kgkk
p3h

p3, = 0,9889 bar

d = 0 ,622 ' = 0,00697 k / k k k

0,9889
Viet phuong trinhcan bhng ning luringcho thap giai n h iet t a co :
n 1 I 3 + I 1 Il c p It I + rrl 5 c p 5t 5 r n, I 4 ™ 2 p2 2 (a)
Neu xenr nhiet dung rieng cua nuac cp 4 1 8 k J /k g do, phuong trinh
(a) co the vie't lai nhu sau.
m„I3+ I n l c t , + m , ( d 4 — d3)c t5 = m ,I4 + m , c ~t 2
trong do:
I3 - — t3+ (2500+ 2t3) d3 — 25 + (2500 + 50) 0,00697 = 42,7735 kJ/kgkk
I = t +( 2 5 0 0 +2 t ) d = 35 + ( 2 5 00 + 70 ) 0,03315= 120,19 kJ/kgk k
Do do:
m , x 42,77 + (4,5 . 10 ) 4,18 x 38 — m, (0,03315 — 0,00697) x 4,18 x 2 0

m, x 1 2 0) 19 + (4 )5 . 10 ) 4 ) 18 x 30

7 5 237 ma = 150>48 . 10
 CHUONG 7

m„ = 2.0 . 10 kgkk/h
Lu'u lu'qng khong khi am do quat hut qua t hap giai n h ie t 1 I:
nl = n l ~ + d I »I .) = In.)(l + ( l I )

1 ,00697 x 2 , 0 . 10 = 2,01394 . 10 k g / h
Lu'u lu'a»g nude bo sung:

m5 -
— m„(d4 — d3) = 0 , 0 2 6 18x 2,0 . 10
0 05236 0 '
0 ,02618 = 2 ,62%
2,0.10'

7 .2~. So do nguye» l y h o~ t d on g cua t h i e t b i t u 'ong t u ba i 7 .2 4 n h uh g c a c

thong so thay doi nllu' sau:
t) —- 30 'C

35 'C ml — 250.000 kg/h

t2 17,5 C

t3 - -

15 'C (p 30clc

Xac dinh l u'u luqng k h on g k h i q u a t h a p g i a i n h i e t v a l u a n g n u'etc bo

sung.
BaP so : In „ = 276.512 kgkk/h

m„= 5531,3 kg/h (2,2/c)

 Chu'cong

CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH

Thie't bi lanh la thiet bi thuc hien theo nguyen ly Carnot, nhan nhiet
t ir nguon la nh , t h a i n h iet cho nguon nong va t ie u hao cong. Th iet b i l a n h
nhhm tao ra nhiet do thap hon nhiet do moi tnfang xung quanh de phuc vu
cho cac qua trinh cong nghe va dieu' tie't khong khi. Be danh gia mac do
hoan thien cua chu trinh nguai ta dung ty so giCfa luang nhiet lay dupe tir
buong lanh va cong tieu hao cua chu trinh goi la he so lam lanh c :
q, jq, I
t. q , —I q„ I

D day: q, - la nh iet l eqng cha't moi giai thai cho nguon nong.
q,- nhiet lu'ang chat hanoi giai lay tif nguon lanh
Chu trin h l y t u 'ong cua thiet bi l anh l a chu t r i n h C a r not n g uqc xoa va
he so lam lanh cua no dirac tinh:
T,
T-T„
t rong do: T - n h i e t d o cua nguon nong (' K )
T, - nhiet do cun nguon lanh ( ' K )
Be phuc vu cho nhieu loaicong nghj kh6c nhau n en thiet b i l a n h c o
cau tao rat da dang, trong phan nay chung ta chi de cap den nhCfng dang
tung doi pho cap.
8.1.CHU TRINH MAY LANH DUNG KHONG KHI
So do thiet bilanh dung khong khi va chu trinh cua no duroc the hien
tren H.8.1 vh H .8.2.
146 CHUONG 8

~e%
P2.
3

I
I
IV Go I
pa I
I
I
S

Hinh 8.1 Hinh 8.2

Khong khi tif buong lam lanh I hu t vao may nen II , sau do duac nen
len vai ap suat va nhiet docao. Khong khi nay duqc day sang buong lam
mat III, 8 day khong khi t hai r a nguon nong mot nhiet luqng q, v a deqc
hut vao xylanh gian na IV de gian na va nhiet dogiam xuong thap. Khong
khi co nhiet do thap nay du'ac day qua buong lam lanh, hap thu luong nhiet
tu nguon lanh q2, khong khi senong dan len va dirac tiep tuc dna ve may
n en, chu trinh d ude lap lai :
ll — 14 = Cp(T, —T4 )

Cong tieu hao cua may nen:

Lmn = l~ — ll = c~ (Tq — T )

Cong nhan diracte xylanh gian na:

Lx = ls — 14 cP(Ts — T4 )

Cong tieu hao cua chu trlnh:

~o = Lm n — / x (8.4)
Ban vi cua q,va lo lh kJ/kg hoke kcal/kg. Tuy theo ning suat lanh yeu
cau la Q, - kJ/s hoac kcal/h ma tim dirac lou luong turn hoan cua lanh chat
t rong thiet bi : I

0 = Q.' kg/h (8.5)

qo
He so ibm lanh trong treong hqp qua trinh nen va gian nD la qua
trinh doan nh iet (S = const);
Iq, I Iq, I Tl T4
E, (8.6)
q,— Iq, I 1, T2 Tl T3 T4

Cong suat lythuyet cua dong co:

CHU TRINH TH('ET Bl LAlVH 147

r-. l,, k~- (8.7)

neu l, —k'/kg vh G - kg/s

8.2 CHUTRINH HIET BlLANH DUNG HOI CO MAY NEN

M ay lan h d i ing hoi h ien nay dLrryc st't dung rat p h ~ c ap, tu y t h e o y e u
cau cong nghe va -ky thuat ... ten may co nhieu dang khac nhau.
Lanh chat du'qc su' dur.g pho cap hien nay la Amoniac NH3, Freon (ky
h ieu la R h o a c F n h i f R .- , Rig, Rg2 nhttng tr ong t u'k g l a i cac lanh chat
nay se bi cain vi anh hu8ng den moi trttong, lanh chat co th e t hay t he' dan
se la R - 134a, R - 123 ....
I- Clccc trinh ma y ln n h m jt c a p

So do nguyen lymay lanh dung hoi the hien tren H.8.3 a

T rong may l anh dung hoi, van tiet l m 3 d i fqc sir dung de thay th e ch o
xylanh gian nD.

Igp

BN 2

p 3

MN
TL

BH
D

b)

A - may nbn 8 - t h irst bi ngifng tp (dkn ngung)

C - van tiet lily D - t hirst bi boc hai (dhn Iynh)

Hinh 8.8

Hai lanh cha't sau khi ra khoi dhn lanh (thttctng la ho'i bao hba kho
hoac hei qua nh i et) b tr ang thai 1 dtrqc hut vho may nen o a p s uat p , , s a u
do hei dttqc nen doan nhiet. den ap suat p2(diem 2). Ra khoi may nen hei
d i vao binh nguhg tu, trong qua trinh ngm g t u p 2 — const hei sc thai n h i e t
cho moi truing xung quanh va bien thanh lc ng bao hoa (diem 3). Chat long
ngung tu khi ra khoi binh ngung qLa van tiei. lou, ap suat giam tif p2den
148 CHUONG 8

p ,, n h ie t d o s o i cu a n io i c ha t c un g g ia m t h eo, chat l on g k h i r a k h o i v a n
t ie't lou la ho i ba o hoa am ( d iem 4 ) co e n t anpi i „ = i 3 . H o i b a o h o a a m d i
vao binh bo'c hoi nhan n h i e t cua vat ca n la m l a n h 8 a p s ua t p > — const va
bien thanh hoi bao hoa kho (hoac hei qua nhiet), sau do duo@ hut ve may
nen. Chu trinh duqc the hien tren do thi lgp-i nhu H.8.3b.
B oi vdi chu tr i n h :
q, = i2 — i3, k J/k g (8.8)
Iq2 I = i , — i4, k J /k g ( t r ong do i4 -— i3) (8.9)
Il, I = i 2 — i,, kJ/kg (8.10)
Ning suat lanh cua may
Q. (8.11)
G (kg/s) - Lm luqng tuan hoan cua lanh chat.
C ong suat cua may nen :
N = G . I l l , kw (8.12)
H e so lam laah :
Q. (8.13)
N I I, I

Thong thawing hei duoc hut tif buong lanh ve may nen la hoi qui n h i et
(tuy theo loai may nen ma do qua nhiet co yeu cau khac nhau), ngoai ra
qua trin h t i e t l u u l a qua t r i n h c o to n t h a t , d e g iam t o n t h a t n a y t r o n g ca c
t hiet bi l a n h t h e e te co bo tr i t h e m b o p han ho i n h i et . Sa do nguyen ly c u a
thiet bi l oai nay duoc bieu dien t ren H . 8 .6.
H oi sau khi r a k h o i d a n boc hei ( dan l a nh ) 8 t r a n g t h a i 1 c o n h i e t d o
vh ap suat t ha p d i va o b in h h o i n h i e t H N ( b i n h n a y x e t v e p h i a h o i n g u ai
ta goi la binh qua nhiet, xet ve phia l ong con goi la binh qu6 l anh), no
nhan nhiet cua chat long tu' binh ning (lam nhiet dj cua ch5't long n'og
giam tif t3 den t3') va qu6 nhiet he(i bao hba o' trang thai 1 thanh hei qu5
nhiet 0 trang thai 1' roi duroc hut ve may nen, qul tr inh tiep l eaplai nhe cu.
Chu trinh nay duroc bieu dien tren do thi T - S vh lgp - i nhu H.8.4 va
H.8.5
Trong truing hap nay duqctinh:
Q, = Gq2 = (i, - i 4) , kw (8.14)
N G I tp I G (i 2 — i, ), kw (8.15)
Nhiet trao doi trong binh hoi nhiet Qh .
CI-IU TRIIVH THI~i F.! I.Ah.'H 149

Qh = G qh = <('1 (8. 16)

Ig p
fi/

I I
3
1 2
tq,
3'

Pi
» 4
4

Hinh 8.4 Hinh 8.$

BN

MN

HN

BH

Hinh 8.6

C hung ta n ha n t h a y d o co qu", lanh c ha t l on g n g ung ( t r ong b in h h o i

nhiet) nen q., = i > -i,, l a lan hon q,, = i, - i , eua chu t . i n h k h on g co qua
lanh
2- Chu tr irch may lgnh hai cap ( ho ac cchi ecc veep)

Trong trdong hqp he tho'ng may lanh co do lanh qua sau (nhiet do boc
h oi qua t ha p so voi n h iet do moi t r u i n g ) , t y s o ne n t 5 n g cao dan de n t o n
t hat cong nen, tie't lou va cac ton that phu k h6c tang, nang suat lanh r i e n g
giam neu dung may nen 1 cap. Be kh,ic phili c dieu nay thawing d
u ng may
n 6n nh ie u ca'p, cr n h ie u l oai sa <.o n<':uyen ij k h a c n h a u , mo i l o a i c o u u
didym rieng. Sau day chung ta chi xet 1 loai so do tuang doi pho cap de hieu
ve phedng phip tinh toan (H.8.7).
150 cHUOlvG ~

NCA

LTG

BTG

QL
NHA
TL1 TL2 BH

I
5

NCA — Nen cao cap, B N - B i n h ngung tu; TL 1 - Van tiet luu 1

BTG - Binh trung gian; I TG - Binh lam mat trung gian

NHA - Nen ha ap; BH - Binh boc hei; TL2 -Van tietlou 2

Hinh 8.7. Sodo nguyen Iy mciy nen oui cap

Bo thi T-S va1gp-i dirac bieu dien tren H.S.8 va H.8.9.

l gp

5' 5

5' )
\ 3
l

)8
I
6 6' 1 1'

Hkni' S.S Hinge 8.9

Cac qua trinh nhiet dong tht'c hien nhe sau:

1'-2. Qua tr'.nh n6n dnan nhiet trovg may nen ha ap NEiA
2-3. Qua trinh 1an m a t p = ~. -inst trong binh iam mat trung gia,> 1.,TG
CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH 151

2'-O'. Lam n>at hoi trong b inh triang gian BTG

3-4. Nen doan nhiet trong may rien cao ap NCA

4-5. Ngu'ng t'ai =const trong binh ngung BN
5 .5'. Cha't long ngu'ng tu du'oc qua lanh trong binh qua lanh QL
5 '.8. Mot p h a » l on g d a qua l an.h du'ac tiet l u u q u a T L 1 d e l a m m a t
binh trung gian, hoi tao thanh la hei bao hoa am (diem 8) o ap suat trong
b inh t r u n g g i a n p 2 , h o i a m n a y t a c h r a t h a n h c h a t l o n g n g uh g 8 t r o n g
binh (didym F)va hei bao hi;a kho r".khoi binh vao may nen cao ap NCA
(diern 3).
5'.7. Qua trinh qua lanh phan lan chat long ngang tif binh QL t r ong
ong xoan dat t r ong binh tr ung gian (BTG).
7.6'. Qua trinh tiet lu'u chat. long sarong van tiet lou 2, TL2 (thong thu g
«hiet do a diem 7 cao hon nhiet do trong binh trung gian (2 —: 3 C).
6'-1. Qua trinh bo'c hei nhan nhiet cua vat can lam lanh t r o ng binh b oc
hei BH 0 a p suat.

BAI TAP
8.1. Chu t r in h t h i e t b i l an h dung
khong khi nhu' H.8.10, khong
k hi tu' buong lam l an h 1 d i
v ao may ne n I I c o n h iet d o
t> — 5 ' C. Sau kh i n e n
-

doan nhiet trong may nen, IV

I

k hong kh i co ap suat
p> — 5 bar va dirac day van
-

b inh la m m ;i t I I I . Q u a bi nh
lam mat n h iet d o k h ong khi
h a xuong t 3 = 1 5 " C t r o n g Hinh 8.10

dieu kien ap suat khong doi.

Sau do khong khidu'qcchuyen vao xylanh gian ~ IV va cuoi cung dude
day qua buong lam lanh I.Hay xac dinh cong cua chu trinh l,, ning
s ua't lanh q, , he so'lam lanh c v a

Dap so': I, = 51,5 kJ/kg, q o = 89,9 kJ/kg

c = 1,69; ck -— 13,4
152 CHLfOhlG 8

8 .2. T h ie t b i l a n h du n g k h o n g k h i nh u ' H . 8 . 12 c o n i n g s u a t l a n h
Q, = 200.000 kJ/h. Khong khi khi vao may nen co ap suat p~ = 1 b a r ,
nhiet do t, = 10 C . A p suat khong khi sau khi nen p 2 = 5 bar. Nhiet
do khong khi vao xylanh gian na tB = 20 C. Hay xac dinh cong suat ly
thuyet cua may phat can cho thiet bi lanh do, he so lam lanh, luong
nhiet truyen chonude o buong lam mat.
Giai
C hu trinh thiet bi lanh duoc the hien tren do thi p - v va T - s n h u
H.8.11 va H.8.12.
Cac thong so'
dac trung cua chu trinh duroc tinh toan nhe sau:
1 - 2 la qua trinh nen doan nhiet:
k-1/k
P2 = 416 ' K
T2 T$ 2 63 x 5
Pi

3
tq 2

DES
p2.
3

0~ I
I
pa I
I
I
S V

Hinh 8.11 Hinh 8.12

3 - 4 la qua trinh gian ncaa doan nhiet, ta co:

k-I i k
= 5" " = 1,58 3
T4 PI

TB 293
1 85' K = -88'C
1,583 1,5 83
lm<> cp(T2 T > ) =154,5kJ /kg
= 1• 0 1(416 — 263)

lz cp (TB T4 ) 1,01 (293 — 185) = 109 kJ/kg

154,5 — 109 = 45,5 k J/kg

= c (T> — T4) = 1,01(263 — 185) = 78,7 kJ/kg
q,

Lou leong khong khi can:

CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH 153

=
G -
'
0,705 kg/s
q, 787 x 3600

Cong suat ly t h uye't cua may phat:

N« = Gl, = 0 , 705 x 4 5 , 5 = 3 2 , 1 K w

H e so lam l a n h

1,73
l,
L !<a.".g nhi.,t truy .n cho nu'oc rj thiet bi giai n h iet ( l arn mat ) :

q = qp+lp 78 7 + 4 5 5 124 2 k J / k g

Q = G . q = 0 , 705 x 3 600 x 1 2 4,2 = 3 , 1 4 . 1 0 k J / h

8 3. Thi e t bi l an h dung kh on g k hi co n an g suat l an h

Q, = 200.000 kcal/h.Thong so cua khong khi vao may nen p, = 0,1
M Pa, t , = 27 C. Ap suat khong khi ra may nen p~ = 0,5 MPa, sau do
k hong kh i d rIoc lam nguoi den t 3 = 32 C . H a y x a c d in h c ong suat l y
thuyet cuanowayphat va he so lam lanh.
Bap so: N« -— 135,2 kw , c = 1,718

8 .4. Mot nha nray neo'c da cay co ning suat lanh Q , = 600 kw hoat dong vai
thong so nhrI sau:
— Nhiet, do soi cua lanh chat N H 3 l a t, = — 15'C, hoi hut v e ma y n e n

l a hei bao hoa kh o.

— Ap suat n g N i g t u p N = 14 at, long trade van tiet l ou la l ong bao hoa.

— Binh ngung g iai n h iet b kn g nrIdc, nhiet d o n u d e va o t ' „ = 26 C va

n hiet do nuoc ra t " „ = 31' C .

1 ) Thiet lap so do nguyen ly va do thi T - S cua chu tr i n h .

2) Tinh: nang suat nhietbinh ngung QN [kwhr,cong suat cua may nen
N[kw], hj so lam lanh z.
3 ) Tinh l e l u qng barn nude giai nhiet binh ngu'ng tu G„[ m / k g ) . K h i
tinh toan xem ND R cua nu'oc cpp 4 18 kJ/kg do, p„ = 1000 kg/ m .

Giai
Trang thai 1 drIoc xac dinh tir 2 thong so t, = - 1 5 ' C = t , ; x r = 1 .
1) Tu' bang thong so nhiet dong cua NH3 (R717) o trang thai bao hoa
t a co t, = — 15"C ~ p, = 2,10 at i ' , = 83,59 kcal/kg, i " , = 397,12 kcal/kg
r, = 313,5 kcal/kg S', = 0,9385 kcal/kg do S", = 2,1532 kcal/kg do
154 CHU(3NG 8

i , =i" , = 3 9 7 ,12 kcal/kg s , = s " , = 2 , 1532 kcal/ k g d o

n P2
2 t
N
1
P,

s„
Q
D
+
Hinh 8.13 Hinh 8.l4

2 ) Xac dinh boi p 2 = 14 at ; S 2 = S > -— 2,1532 kcal/kg do

Tu' bang thong so' nhiet dong cua NH 3 8 t r ang thai hdI qua nhiet ta
tim duroc
i 2 = 458,08 kcal/k g v ., = 0,1283 m' / k g t> - 110'C

3) Xac dinh bai p3 -— p p = 14 bar; x3 -— 0 (long bao hoa) ta co:

i3 -— i'3 -— 140,39 kcal/kg.

4) Sau tiet lu'u i4 -— i3 = 140,39 kcal/kg

Ning suat lanh rieng q„:
q„ = i, -i ~ = 3 9 7,12 - 140,39 = 256,73 kcal/kg

= 256,7x 4 , 18 = 1073,1 kJ/kg

qN -— i2 — i3 = 758,08 - 140,39 = 317,69 kcal/kg = 1329,94 kJ/kg

l = i2 — i, = 758,08 - 379,12 = 60,69 kcal/kg = 254,8 kJ/kg

Lou lu'qnglanh chat qua may nen G~, .
Q. 600
GI, - -
'

-
-

= 2,34kg/s
q, 256,73

QN = G~, xqN = 2,34x 1073,13 = 2511,1 kw

N,„„ = GI, xl = 2 , 3 4 x 2 5 4 , 8 = 596,2 kw

q, 1073,13
l 2 54, 8
- G«xqN - - G„c p ( t " „ — t ' „ ) =2511,1kw
QN —

QN 2511,1
A =120,15 kg/s
c x At 4 18( 3 1 — 26)
CHU TRINH THIET Bl LANH 155

= 432534 kg,'h
G„" 5325" 4
= - =532,5m' /h
V„ =
p„ 1000

8 .5. Mot he t h ong th iet bi l anh hoat. dong voi lanh chat N H > , nhiet d o soi
c ua chat t , =-10 C , hei hut ve noway nen la hoi bao hoa kho, long tru'dc

tiet lou lW l a l ong bao hoa. F)ong ho ap ke a binh ning chi 13 at, binh
ngNig giai nhiet nh iet bang kh<ing khi, nguoi ta do du'oc nhiet do khong
k hi va o t ) ] = 1 5 C ; ( p p,= 60 c, nhiet do khong khi r a k h o i dan n gm g t u

tz, -— 30"C. lu'u luong quat VK — 12.000 m / h .

1 ) Ve so do nguyen ly thiet bi l anh .

2 ) Bieu dien chu t r i n h t r e n d o t h i T - S v a qu a t r i n h g i a n h i e t k h o n g
khi qua dan ngung tren do thi I - d (ghi ro cac thong so co ban).
3 ) Tinh Q<. Q, , N, c .
Khi t in h bo qua cac ton that phu
Dap so: Q> — 83,6 kw Q, = 69,1 k w
N = 14 , 2 k w c =4,8

8 6. C ho t h i e t b i l an h du n g h a i
N Hz, chu tr inh t h e h ien t r en
do thi H . 8 .15. Thiet bi co cac
t hong s o n h u ' sau: N h iet d o 3
1'"
t run g bi nh boc h ni 20 C
15 "C, hoi ra khoi dan

l anh l a h a i b ~ o h o a k h o ->5
50C
C
x,

t3
= 1. N h i e t d o n g im g t u
2 0 ' C. Hay xac dinh h e
g I

I
1'
so lam lanh cua thiet bi. Hinh 8.15

Bap so : E, = 6 , 4

8 7. Con g s uat l y t hu y e't c u a m a y n e n N H 3 cua thiet b i la n h l a

N = 50 kw. Nhiet do boc hai cua t, = — 10' C .

Hoi khi ra khoi may nen la hoi bao hoa kho a t ~ = 20 ' C
Hay xac dinh
156 CHUONG 8

a ) Ning sua't lanh cua thiet bi Q, [ k w )

b ) Nang suat giai nhiet cua binh nguig Q „ [ k w l
c ) He so lam lanh z .

t~=20 C Qg

2 t 2=20 C

x,=1

20 C
N = S O kw

x=1

Q,

t,=10 C

Hinh 8.16
Bap so': Q, = 391 kw, Q N -— 441 kw c = 7 , 8 2

8.8. Mot he thong may lanh hoat dong vdi l an h cha't Freon - 12, cac thong so
cua thiet bi cho tren H .8.17.
f a„ P,=9,654bar

x=1

Q,

P,=1,51bar
x,=1

Hinh 8.17

Lou luang tuan hoan cua lanh chat la G = 5 kg/ph.

Xac dinh:
a) Cong sua't cua may nen ly tu'cong N[kw].
b) Ning suat lanh Q,(kw]
c) He so lam lanh c
CHU TRlhlH THIET 3/ LANH 157

Giai
Tr i roc tien ph,"'.i xac (.Inh th ong so t r an g t h a i tai cac diem dac t r i g
c ua chu tri n h :
Biem t : H o i b a o h oa k ho R - l d c o p , = 1,51 bar, tr a b a n g ca c t i n h
chat nhiet dong cua Freon 12 o trang thai b ; o hoa c6:
— 20 C, cac
'

p, = pz = , 51 bar, nh iet d o b a o ho a t u'ong Cfng t , =

thong so khac tim durocnhu sau:

i' = 117,21 kJ/kg i" = 279,25 kJ/k g r = 162,04 kJ/k g
S' = 1,7160 kJ/kg do S " = 2,3561 kJ/kg do
Do d6:
Biem 1 : t , = 20'C; i , = 2 7 9 ,25 kJ/kg; r = 162,04 kJ/kg
sp = si = 2 356 1 kJ/kg do

Biem 2: sz —
- s> — 2,3561 kJ/kg do

pz = 9,654 bar

Tu' bang hoi qua nhiet cua R - 12 Cfng voi pp va S~ tim dude
tq = 5 0 ' C ; i q = 3 11 , 6 2 k J/k g

Diem 3: La long bao hoa o p~ = pz — 9,654 bar,tra bang cac tinh chat
nhiet dong cua R - 12 o trang thai bao hoa, tim du'oc:
t~ — 40 ' C i ~ — i ' = 173,97 kJ/kg
-

S< -— S' = 1,9144 kJ/kg do

B iem 4: 3-4 la qua trinh t iet la n nen i, , i J — 173,97 kJ/kg

Cong suat cua may nen:

kg 1p h
L „ G(i2 — i> ) = 6 - = (311,62 — 279,25) = 2 69 k i v
p }1 60s
N ing suat l a n h :

= G ( (i , — i, ) = — (2 7 9 , 2 5 =- 173,97) = 8,77 k w = 7558,98 kcal/h

60
i ,' — "i„ 105,28
'
H e so lam lanh : z = = = 325
l g — li 32,37
 158 CHUONG 8

8.9. May lanh su'dung lanh chat R - 22, cac thong so va chu trinh cho tren
H.8.18 va H.8.19

p=16bar

t3=35 C

t,=35 C
G=11kg/ph

o
ti=-15 C

Hinh 8.18 Hinh 8.19

Xac dinh: a) Cong sua't may nen

b) Ning sua't lanh

c) He so lani lanh
Dap sd' a) N = 7,88 kw
b)Q, = 28,5 kw
c) c =3,6

8 .10. Cho chu trinh ma y l an h h oat d ong vdi l an h chat R - 12 , 5p suat n g ~ g

h ei la p „ = 9,654 bar,khong co qui lanh. Hoi ra khoi dan lanh vao m ay
nen la hei bao hoa kho (H.8.20).

2c
2b
2a

-10 C 4a 1a

-30 C 4b 1b
4c 1c
-40 C

Hinh 8.20
CHU TRIIVH THIET B,' <ANH 159

Nhiet do boc hoi th;.y doi tron„ l,a truo'i>' hop sau:
t,, = — 10 "C; t '„ = — 30'C v < t " , = — 40'C

Xac dinh he so lhm l~nh vh nang suat l~iih cua cac tru'ong hop tren, cho
biet luu lu'ong turn ho;>n ciia lanh chit t r ong chu trin h G = 3 k g/ph.
Giai
Trang thcii 1: Xet ba tru'ong hop sau:
i"
a) t , = — 10'C; p = 2, 1 9 15 bar; = i ), — 283,85 kJ/kg
-

= S" = 2,3497 kJ/kg do

S„

b) t ', = — 30'C; p = 1 , 0 047 bar; i>> = 274,56 kJ/k g

S„~, = 2,3640 k J/kg do

c) t ", = — 40'C; p = 0 , 6 42!)6 bar; i>, — 269,82 kJ/kg
-

Slc = 2,3738 kJ/kg do

Trcsng thcii 2: p . , = 9,654 ba r S , = S., do do tim duoc cac thong so

tuong u'ng tu' bing hoi qua nhiet R - 12:
i.„ = 30 ,93 k /k g t = 45 C

i 2b = 3 1 5 ,28 k J / k g t = 55 C

3 18,93kJ/k g t = 60 C

Trang thai 3:lh long bao hoa o ap suat p = 9,654 b a r

t~ 40'C i~ = 173,97 kJ/kg
Sq - -

1,9144 kJ/kg do
T rang thai 4: 3-4 la qua trinh t i e t lu'u nen i ~ = i~

173,97 kJ/kg

Ning sujetlanh duoc tinh.

= (1] — lq )
Q.
3
a) Q.. (283,85 — 173,97) = 5 ,4 9 k w
60
3
b) Q.b
( 60
3
(274,56 — 173,97) = 5 ,0 2 k w

c) (269,S2 — 173,97) = 4 , 7 9 k w
60
He so' la>n lanh:
160 cHtJONG 8

283. 85 — 173,97 109 ,88

a) 4,56
3 07. 93 — 283,85 24 ,08
2 /4,56 — 173, 97 100,59
315,28- 2 7 4,56 40,72
269. 82-173,97 95,85
318,93- 269,82 49, 11
Tit day ta co the nhan thay rang, neu ap suat ngung tu cuba may lanh
giu khong doi thi dan den neu ap suat soi (ap suat boc hai) cang giam nin g
s uat lanh va he so lam l an h g i a m .

8.11. Chu trinh t hiet bi l an h l y t e ang teang tu' bai 8.10, neu nhiet do soi
k hong thay doi t , = — 20 C, tr ang t ha i ha i hu t v e ma y r>en la hai bao
hoa kho (x, = 1).

Xac dinh he so lam la nh, nang suat lanh kh i n h i e t do nguhg tu thay doi
t rong ba t r u'ang ha p s au : t N — 30'C , t ' N — 40'C v a t "N = 50 ' C
- -

(H.8.21)

2c

3c 2b
50 C
3b 2a
40 C
\
3
30 C

-20 C
4a 4b 4c

Hinh 8.21

G1B1

Trang thai 1 : l a h a i b a o h o a k h o R - 1 2 c o n h i e t d o s o i t , = 20 C .
Tuang td bai 8.10 ta tim dirac:
p, = 1,5093 bar i, = i" = 279,25 kJ/k g
S ~ = S" = 2 3 5 6 1 k J /k g do

T/png t hai 2: a) p = 7,4806 bar ~ i ,, = 307,7 kJ/kg

CH ' TR/~'H THIE ~ l LA/VH

Q 311,62 kJ/1 p
b, b) p = 9 , 6 5 4 b ; lr ~ i zb

c) p = 12,258 h .r 317,14 kJ/kg

Trang thai 3: la brang thai inr1g boo hoa.
a) p = 7 ,4 "06 bar m i 3, 163,64 kJ/kg
b) p = 9 , 6544 b,.r ~ i 3b 1 73,97 k / k o

c) p -: 1 2,2' 8 ba r ~ i 3, 184,77 kJ/kg

Trang thai 4: 3-4 la qua trinh t iet lou i3 -— i4

a) 14a = 13a 163,64 kJ/kg

b) 14b = 13b = 173,97 kJ/kg
c) 14c 13 184,77 '.'i Ii'g

He so lam lanh duce tlnh:

11— 14

lp — 11

la 4a 279, 25 — 163, 64 115,61

a) a 4,ii6
12a — l1 a 30,7 — 279,25 28,46
l. a — 14b 279,25- 173,97 105,28
Eb 3,25
1 lb 279,25 —='"79,25 32,37
1lc 14c 279,25-184,77 94. 4~
c
12c 11c 317,14- 275,25 37,:--

NAng suat lanh:

Q, = G( 1 , — 1„>

Q„ = G ( i 1 — ~, )= -3 (279,25 — 163,64) 5,78 kw

I

• 3
b) Qpb G(i, — i4b ) = — ( 2 7 9 ,25 — 1 73,97) = 5 ,26 k v

3
c) Qpc = G ( i l - i4c) = — (279,25 — 184,77) 4,72 kw

Qua ke't qua chung ta c6 the nhan thay rAng khi ap suat ngu'ng tu tang
(nhiet do nglrng tAng) thi h e o l o r n lanh giam, nAng suat lanh cung bi
giam.

8.12. Chu trinh may lanh rnot cap t1rang tlat bai 8.11 hoat dqng vs l anh chat
R - 22, car thong so chu trinh cho tren H.8.22
162 cHUONG8

p>, = 20 bar

2'

pz = 10 bar
l
3
\

5C
4'

Hinh S.22

Xac dinh ning sua't lanh Q, , h e so lam lanh, cho biet lou luqng tuan
hoan cua lanh chat G = 0,5 kg/s
Dap so: a) p~ = 10 ba r ; Q, = 8 8 , 5 k w ; c = 11,4

b) pz -— 20 bar; Q, = 7 0 , 5 8 k w ; c =4,83

8.13. Chu trinh may lanh ly th rong hoatdong vdi lanh chat R-12, cac thong so
hoat dong da cho tren H.8.23. Lou lu'ong tuan hoan cua lanh chat
G = 0,4 kg/s.
Xac dinh: a) Cong suat may nen
b ) Nin g suat l a n h
d ) Nin g suat giai n h i j t c u a bin h n g ~ i g

t~ =40 C
p, = 13,735 bar
BN 2

I
3
MN

-10 C
4 4'
BH
-10 C

Qo
Hinh S.28
CHU TRIIVH THIET Bl LANH 163

Giai
Trang t h a i ] : L i h ui ba o h o a k h n ir n g v a i nh i e t d o bo c ha i
t, =. — 10 C, tra ba»g cac tinh cha't nhiet dong cua R-12 bao hoa a phan phu
luc t'im dirac
i, = i" = 2 8 3 ,85 kJ/kg S , = S" = 2 , 3 497 kJ /kg do,

Trang thai 2: La hai qua nhiet co p~ = 13,735 bar, tra bang cac tinh
chat nhiet dong cua hai qua nhiet R -12 tim du'ac: Nhiet do bao hoa tirang
u 'ng t, = 5 5 ' C

t~ = 65'C ; v 2 —1 3 , 4 6 l i t / kg ; i2 = 3 1 6 ,84 kJ/kg

S2 = 2 , 3496 kJ/kg do

Trang thai 3: co the xem gan dung nhir long bao hoa co nhiet do tirang
u'ng, i3 = i ' (4 0 C), tra bang cac tinh chat nhiet dong cua R -12 bao hoa
tim du'ac:
i3 = 173,97 kJ/kg
Trang thai 4: 3 - 4 la qua trinh t iet l iru nen:
i4 — i3
-

= 173,97 kJ/kg

a) Cong suat may nen:

N = G ( i ~ — i, ) = 0 , 5 ( 3 16,84 — 283,85) = 1 6 , 5 k w

b) Ning suat lanh:

Q„ = G ( i, — i ) = 0 , 5 ( 2 83,85 173,97) = 5 4 , 9 4 k w

c) He so lam lanh:
i > — i~ 283 , 8 5 — 173,88 109 ,88
i 2 — i> 3 16 , 8 4 2 8 3 , 8 5 33

Neu long R -12 khong daOC quh lanh den trang thai 3 (40 C) ma la
long bao hoa a trang thai 3' (55'C) thi:
i3 — 190,39 kJ/kg

a) Cong cua may n6n:

N' = G( i2 — i> ) = 0,5 (316,84 — 283,85) = 1 6 , 5 k w

b) Ning suat lanh:

Q', = ( i > — i,> ) = 0,5 (283,85 — 190,39) = 46,73 kw

c) He so 1hm lanh:
i, -i ~ 283 , 8 5 - 1 90,39
i q -i , 3 16, 8 4 - 2 8 3 , 8 5
164 CHUOhlG 8

Nhan xet
Neu long vao van tietluu khong duroc qua lanh xuong den 40'C thi he
so lam lanh giam tif 3,33 xuong chn 2,83.
Ning sua't lanh bi giam
Q. -Q'. 54,94-46,73 8,21
Q. 54,44 54,94.

0,149 = 15%
Ve tri so tuyet doi thi sut
b,Q, = Q,-Q', = 8,21 kw

8.14. So do nguyen ly thiet bi tQong tQ bai 8.13 riband"

may van hanh voi
R - 2 2 , a p s u a t p 2 = 22 bar, cac t h ong. so khac vi n g i C nh u c u
( t3 =4 0 C t) = 10 C).

Xhc dinh: a)Cong suat cua miy n4n

b) Ning suat lanh va he so lam lanh.
c) Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ning.
Cho biet lou ldqng tuan hoan cua lanh chat R - 22 se la G = 1 kg/s
Bap so: a) Cong suat may nen N = 4 6 , 74kw
b ) Nin g suat l anh Qp : 151 kw
c ) He so lam l an h c = 3,23

8 .15. So do nguyen ly t h i e t b i l a n h g i a n t i e p d un g ho i N H 3 t h e h i e n t r e n
H .8.24. Hoi v s ma y n 6 n c o n h i e t d o t , = - 15 C, sau kh i n 6 n d o a n
n hiet t r ong ma y n e n h o i r a l a h e i b a o h o a k h o ( x 2 = 1) co n h ie t d o
t2 = — 15'C dacyc day vho binh ning tu, hei ni n g t u thanh long bao
hba nh0 nudegiAi nhiqt born qua binh ni n g , nude giai nhiet co nhiet do
v s t ' „ = 9'C v h n h i e t d o r a t " „ = 14'C . L ong bao hba tif binh n g 0ng
c hay qua v a n t i e't l o u v s bl nh ibm l a n h , n h i e t d o h a xu o n g
t4 = 1 5 C . Chat tai lanh 6 binh lcm lanh la noae muo'i co nhiet
do vho t '~ = — 2'C vh nhigt do ra t " = — 5'C .

Hay xic dinh:

a) Cong ly thuyet cua dong ccrc
b) Lou letyng ne8c ibm mit binh ngung vh. chkt tai lanh.
Cho bie't:Ning suat lanh cua thiet bi Q, = 600 kw
CHU TRIIVH THIET BI LAIVIH 165

Nhiet dung ri eng ctia nuoc muo>i c» —

—4,19 k.J/kg do

BN

t'„=9 C
t "„= i 4 C t '„ = - 2 C m =-5 C

TL

Hinh 8.24

Giai
Cong may nen tieu thu:
~run ~2 ~1

T u' ban g c a c t h o n g s o n h i e t
dong cua NHz i trang thai bao hoa
tim duroc
= - = 15 C
t, t~ -

t~

— p> - 7,427 at
p>
-

- i"., = 4 04 , 9 9 kc ~l/kg
iz -

i> -
-

i'~ = 11 6 , 72 kcal/kg,
S
rz -
-
288,27 kcal/kg
S2 - S = 2 , 0 598 kcal/kg.do

Dieu kien t r ong binh boc hei:

15"C p, = p> = 2,410 at, i ' , = 8 3 , 5 9 k cal/kg
i", = 397,12 kcal/kg, r, = 313,53 kcal/kg
S', = 0,9385 kcal/kgdo, S", = 2 , 1 532 kcal/kgdo

Qua trinh 3-4 la qua trinh tiet lou, do do:

iq = i4 = 116,72 kcal/kg
Trang thai 1 1a hai am co S, = S~, ta tim duse
S, -S ' 2,059 8 - 0 , 9 38 5 1, 12 1 3
0,92
S" 8't 2 , 1532 0,9385 1,21 4 7
166 CHUONG 8

i> — i'>+r>x, =
- 8 3 , 5 9 + 3 1 3 ,53 x 0 , 9 2 = 3 7 2 k c a l / k g

Do do:
I„„, = 4 0 4 ,9 9 — 372 = 32,99 kcal/kg
N ang suat lanh q , :

q, = i , — i4 = 372 — 116,72 = 255,28 kcal/kg = 1067 kJ/kg

Lou leqng tuan hoan cua lanh chat du'actinh:

' 600
G, = = = 0,56 2 k g / s
q, 1067

Cong suat ly t h uyet cua dong co:

NI, — Gx l
-
„ = 0,562 (32,99 x 4 , 18 ) = 7 7 ,5 k w

t "„= 1 4 C
( '6= 9 C
I

I3

Xet can bang nang luqng cua binh ngu>ig tu:

Q G Cp ( t t ) Qp G ( i, — i3 ) — G g r2

0 ,562 (288,27 x 4 , 18) = 67 7,19 kw

Luu luong nude giai nhiet cua blnh n g ung:
" '
G = = = 32 4 k g / s
cp( t t ) 4 ,18(14 — 9)

Xet su' can bAng nin g ldcyng cua binh boc hoi

G
,I 0
III
= -5 C
t' ,= -2C

Gm Q. 600
47,7 kg/s
pm( m m) 4, 19[(-2) — (-5)]

8 .16. Thiet bi l a n h c o n an g suat la m l a n h Q , = 290 kw . N h i e t d o boc hei

t, = — 15'C, hei kh i va o may nen l a ho i bao hoa kho. N h iet do ngtthg
CHU TRIIVH THIET BI LANH 167

t u cua hei N H ~ l a t 3 = 2 ~ "C, nhiet do cua long NH 3 k h i v a o van t i e t

l td co nhiet do t ' = 20 C. Xac dinh he so' lam lanh, cong suat ly t h u y et
cua dong ca va nang sua't giai nhiet cua brnh ngong tu.
Dap so: c = 5,4 N = 5 3 ,6 kw

Q~ = 343,6 kw

8.17. Mot may dieu isoa nhiet do lam viec voi lanh chat R - 22, cac dieu kien
lam viec cho nba sau:
N hiet do ngung tu : t z = 42 "C
N hiet do boc hei : t „ = O'C

N hiet do qua la nh : t , , = 35' C

N hiet do qua nhiet : t , = 7'C

Thong so cua n>ay nen:

Duong kinh p i s t on: D = 75 mm

Hanh t r i n h p i s t on: S = 62 mm

So pistorr: Z = 8

So vong quay cua nray nen: n = 1450 vorrg/ph

X ac dinh: a) Th ong so tai cac diem dac tru'ng cua chu trin h
b) ¹ n g s u i t l a n h cua rIr6y Q,
c) Nang suat giai rrhiet cua binh ngung Q,„
d) Cong suat t.ieu hao cua may nen N
e) He sA larn l anh c
Giai
T ren ca so c;ic t )rorrg so nhiet dr'rng rla cho chung ta xa y d tfng do t h i
T - S cua chu tr i n h

<lw
[ 2'

Tu bang cac timh ch""tnhiet dong cua R-22 tim duo'c thong so tai cac
diem dhc t ri g n h u'.sau:
168 cHUONG 8

Oiem t( 'C) p (bar) i (kJ/kg) v (m'/kg)

4,9 704,28 46,98 .10

4,9 709,38 48,54.10

68 16,1 739,40 17,06.10

2' 42 16,1 715,89 14,32 .10

42 16,1 551,98 0,89.10

35 ,16,1 542,88 0,866.10

4,9 542,88

Thong thuong trong cac may dieuhoa nhiet do viec qua lanh long bao
hoa duoc thuc hien boi hoi lanh ra khoi dan boc hoi qua binh hoi nhiet va
sau do vao may nen (vimay nen yeu cau hoi vao la hoi qua nhiet), do do ta
co:
q, = i>. = i5 — 704,28 — 542,88
-

= 161,4 k J/kg

qN -
-

i~ — i~ = 7 3 9 , 4 — 542,88 = 196,52 k J/kg

iq — i) — 739,4 — 709,38
-

= 30,02 kJ/kg

q, 1614
5,349
30,02

Tu cac thong so cua may nen da cho o tren tinh duoc:

The tich quet cua piston:
2 2
'
xSxZx x0 062x8 — 0 0529 /s
'

(m -

L uu luong tac nhan hut vao may nen ta i d iem 1 l a :

-q 0,0529
1,089 kg/s
%1 0,04854

Ning suit l anh ly thuyet Q„ :

Q, = O'I,xq , = 1 , 089 x 1 6 1, 4 = 175 , 7 6 k w = 151155,2 kcal/h
Ning suit giai nhiet cua binh ngung QN .
Q N = G],x q N = 1089 x 1 9 6 , 52 = 214,02 kw = 184050,88 kcal/h

Neu binh ngung la loai vo boc chum ong dong nuoc de giai nhiet voi
nhiet do nuoc v ho t ' „ = 30 ' C , n h i e t d o n u o c r a t " „ = 3 5 ' C t h i l u u l u o n g
born nude giai nhiet cua binh ngung se lh:
QN Gnc n(t "n t ' n )

trong d6: GN - luu luong nuoc cua born.(kg/s)

CHLI TRINH THIET BI LANH 169

c„„ - nhiet, dung rieng cua nu t'tc (c,.,» = 4,18 kJ/kg do )

' 214' 02
G„ = -

= = 1 0 ,2 4 k g / s = 36864,7 kg/h
c„„(t '„— t'» ) 4.18(35- 30)

Neu xenon p = 1000 kg/m' t h i :

'
V» = = 36,865 m /h
1000
Cong suat ly thuyet cua may nen N«

N« — G« — 1,089 x 30 ,02 = 3 2 , 7 k w

8.18. Mot may lanh si dung lanh chat R - 12. Nhiet do boc hei cua lanh chat
0 d a n l an h t „ = — 20 ' C, n hiet d o n g un g t u c u a la n h c h a t
t~ = 40 C . L u'ong lanh chat tuan hoan cua may la 0,03 kg/s.

Xac dinh: a) Nang suat lanh cua may Q,

b) Nhiet thai cua binh ngLfng Q>

c) Cong tieu hao cua may nen

Dap so: Qo = 3,16 kw, Q~ —- 4,13 kw, N » » -— 1 kw

8.19. May lanh 1 cAp su dung lanh chat van hanh trong cac dieu kien sau:
N hiet do ngu'ng tu t ~ =30'C N hiet do boc he i t, = — 10'C

Nhiet do qua lanh t „ > — 2&'C N hiet d o qu a n h i e t t„» = O'C

Xac dinh: - Thong so' tai cac diem dac t rig

Ning suat lanh rieng q,
N 'ing suat giai nhiet binh nguhg q N

- Cong tiH~ hao cua may nen 1

He so lam lanh c
Drip so: q , = 1150 kJ/kg, qN = 1364 kJ/kg, 1 = 214 kJ/kg, e = 5,4

8.20. May lanh 1 cap su'dung 1Anh chat R - 12 voi cac thong so sau:
Nhiet do boc hei t„ = — 20'C

Nhiet do ngeig tu t N = + 25' C

N hiet do qua nhiet t „ = + 10' C

Nhiet ldong dung de qua nhiet hei lanh chat truac khi ve may nen la do
long cua lanh cha't bi qua lanh nha ra.
Xac dinh:
170 CHUONG 8

- Thong so tai cac diem dac tr0ng cua chu trinh.

- Nin g suat l an h r i e n g q ,
- Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ng~ g q<

- Cong suat tieu hao cua may nen l.

- He so lam lanh c
- Bieu dien chu t r i n h t r e n d o th i T - S v a i - s
Bap so'. q, = 138 kJ/kg; q z = 1 6 6 k J / k g, I, = 28 kJ/kg; c = 4 , 9 5

8.21. May lanh 1 cap lam viec vai lanh chat NH3 .
Cac thong so thietbi nhu' sau:
Ning suat lanh cua may Q, = 273.000 w

Nhiet do boc hoi t., = — 10'C

N hiet do ng u i g t u t~ — 30'C
-

Nhiet do qua lanh t I — + 25'C

-

N hiet do qua nh i et qqn 5C

Xac dinh:
- Thong so tai cacdiem dac trung.
— Tinh luu lu'ong tuan hoan cua lanh chat
- Ning suat giai n h ie t cua binh n g u i g .
Bap so'. G = 0,238 kg/s, q~ = 3 15 kw

8.22. May nen lanh co thong so nha sau:

B eing k in h x y l an h D = 63 m m

H anh tr in h p i s to n S = 50 m m
So' xylanh Z= 6

Toc do quay n = 1450 vg/ph

L anh chat cong tac la R - 12
Dieu kien lam v iec cua thiet bi nh e sau:
Nhiet do n gUhg tu t > —40'C
Nhiet do b oc hei t , = — 10'C

Nhiet do q ua lanh t q >= 30 C

Nhiet do q ua nhiet hei l an h c ha t tqz 5 C

Xac dinh
- ¹ng s uat lanh ly thuyet Q, [ k cal/hj
CHU TRINH THIET Bl LANH 171

- Ning ruat giai nhiet cua binh rigung ()~ [kcal/hl

- Cong suat may»en NIkw).
- Thong so tai cac diern d~c tru'ng
DAp so': Q, = 29.000 Ical/h, Q~ = 35.000 kcal/h; N = 7 kw

8.23. Van may nen leigh c6 thong so nhu bai S.22, cac dieu kil n h oat dong
cua chu trinh van nhu'cu nhung lanh cha't R-12 duo'c thay b5ng lanh
c hat R - 22 thi cong sua't dong co", nang sua't lanh rieng va nhiet t h ai
qua binh ngung thaydoi the'nao? Co nhan xet gi qua su so sanh nhy.
Day so: Boi voi R - 22; q, = 163,9 kJ/kg
q~ = 201,14 kJ / kg; l =39,5 kJ/kg

x gian khong hoan toan hoat dong

8.24. Mot may lanh hai cap lam lanh trun'
t heo sa do nguye» ly » h u h i»h ve, lanh cha't su' dung la R-22. Cac th on g
so co ban cua thIe't bi nhu sau:
- Nhiet do ngu'ug t'ai tt; = 40'C

- Nhiet do boc ho i t, = — 40'C

- Lam lanh trung giai> co do chenh nhiet do At = 6'C, do qua nhiet cua hoi
hut vho cop nen ha ap At' = 30'C. Nang suh't lanh cua thiet bi: Q, = 15kw

a ) Tinh cong suat t ieu hao ciia may nen N , n i n g s u a t g i a i n h i e t b i n h

ngu'ng Qk, he solam lanh c.
b ) Neu d un g m a y n e n m o t c ;i p t K — - 40'C, t , = — 40'C, n h i e t d o q u a
l anh t „ ~ =35 C , n h i e t d(i q u i » h i e t . t „ „ = -10'C t h i c a c k e t q u a t i e u h a o

ning lu'qng the nao.

8 7 5
Pi(
XCA ~ I
3
Pm' 2
3
BN

TL1 Gr~
G,

TI2
BH

FIinh 4.25
172 CHL/ONG 8

Giai
1 ) Ap suat n g ung t u p K . T i r t K =40 C ti f bang tinh chat n h iet dong
cua R-22 i tr ang thai bao hoa m p K = 15,3 bar (co the dung do thi Lgp- i )
Ap sua't boc he(i p,: t , = -40' ~ p , = 1,1 bar

Ap suat trung gian p„, p = ~15,3x l , l = 4 , 1 bar

N hiet do tr ung gian t 6 . p „, = 4, 1 ba r m t 6 = — O'C

t , =t , + a t = - 6 + 6 = O ' C
+ At' = ( 40) + 30 = 10 C
2) C5n cu' bang tinh chat nhiet dong hoac do thi lgp — i cua R-22

ta tim duac
i, = 406kJ/kg; v , =0,23 m /kg ; i2 —
- 437 kJ/kg

i 5 = i6 - — 249 kJ/kg; i 3 —402 kJ/k g i „ = 388 kJ/k g

-

i; =200 kJ/kg; i a -— i9 -— i7+i, — i1 -— 200 + 388 — 406 = 182 kJ/k g

3) Tinh ve nhiet dong hoc:

Lm khoi luqng dong hoi qea binh boc hei (BH):

Gr2 =
'
=
- — 0,073 kg/s
-

i„— i9 3 8 8 — 182

leqng khoi luqng dong hoi qua van tiet lm 1 (TL1):

Gr2(15 'I ) = G r l ( 1 3' 16 )

G r1 = G r 2
i3. — i6
= 0,073
402- 249
= 0, 023kgIs
Xet xylanh cao ap (XCA):
Gr21g + Gy113': (G r 1 + G r g )13 Gy13

G,2i2 +C „i , (0 ,0 7 3 x 437) + (0,023x 402)-428kJ/kg

13 =
G, 0,073+ 0,021
Tif p = 4 , 1 bar v h i 3 = 428 kJ /k g — > tim du'qc v3= 0,068m / k g

Tif pK , S3 -— S4 m ti m d u q c i 4 = 46 6 k J / kg ; t 4 —
- 98'C

Ning suat giai nhiet binh ngung Qz '.

QK = (G„ + G y 2 )(i4 - i 5 )= (0,023 + 0,073)(466 — 249) = 20,8 kw

Lou lu'qng the tich dung hoi hut vao xylanh ha.ap (XHA):
V 1 = Gr2v] = 0,073 x 0 , 2 3 = 0 0168 m /s

Lou luqng the tich dong hoi hut vao xylanh cao ap (XCA):
CHU TRINH THIET BI LANH 173

V ,, = ( G „ + G „. , ; . -, =(0,<) 3+ 0 . 0 7 3 ) ~ 3 . 0 68 = 0,0065m' / k g

Vr> 0,0168
" = - — = 2 58
'

V,2 0,0065
Cong sua't tieu hao cho xylanh ha ap (XHA) Y > '.

N, = G, , ( i , — i, ) = 0,073(437 — 406) = 2,26 k w

C ong suat tieu hao cho xylanh cao ap (XCA) N 2 .

N2 = (G„, + G , , ) ( i4 — i~) = (C 023 + 0,073)(466 — 428) = 3,65 kw

H : so lam lani' c :
' : 15
c= = =254
N, + N2 2,?6+ 3,65

T hong qua diern 9 ta co the bi~t x 9 = 0.11.

4) Neu dung may nen mot cap:

35 C

40 C
15,3 bar I
3

120 C
x4 = 0,41

1,1 bar
II
4 -40 C -10 C
I

t2 -— 120'C x... =0,41

i) — i, 4 0 6 — 245
i .> — i, 485 — 406 N '
15
= 7,35 kw
E 2 04

Doi voi may lanh hai ca'p vua tinh a tren ta co

N = N , + N 2 = 2 26 + 3,65 = 5,91 k w

N 5 91
N 7 35
174 CHUONG 8

S.c5.i':ay lanh dieu hba nhiet do su'dung R - 22, ning sua'tlan'~ cua thie't bi
g, = 500 t5n waar.h, su dung may nen ly tarn hai cap, hei lanh cha't hut,
ve may nen lhhei bao h6a kho, qua trinh nbn xem nhU doan nhit"
,t,cac
thong sokhac the hien tren H.8.26.

5
I 1 kg
0
t 5= 3 5 C

p4- 16bar
xkg

TL1

TL)
(1-x)kg
p,= 5bar
1

Hinh 8.96

Xac dinh: a) Thong so tai chic diem dac trt|ng

b) Ning suit giai nhiet cua binh ngung
c) Cong tieu hao cua may nt5n.
d) Hj so ibm lanh
Giai
a) Vdi c~x c thong so chinh da cho tren tatinh deqc: hp suat cua tang
trung gian cuba may n6n:
Pt —
-

~ p N . p, = ~ 16 x 5 = 9 b ar

Bo thi T - S c6 dang sau:

T

T,9 3
7

S
CHU TRINH THIET Bl LANH 175

T ir bang cac thon g o ' n h iet dong cua R - 2 2 c'r trang t ha i ba o hoa t i m
du'qc:
Biem 1: la hei bao boa kho co p, = p , = 5 ba r

ti = 0"C i> - 704,28 kJ/kg

H> -- 1,7479 k J/kg do
B iem 2: Qua tr in h nen 1 - 2 xern nhu nen doan nhiet n e n
S2 St = 1,7479 kJ/kg do
7'u' bing cac thong so nhiet dong R - 22 o trang thai bao hoa:
p ,~ = p~ = 9 bar tim duqc:
i' = 524,05 kJ/k g i " = 710,94 kJ/kg r = 1 8 6 , 89 kJ/kg
S ' = 1 ,0838 kJ/kg do S " = 1,7213 kJ/kg.do
Trang thai 2 la hai qua nhiet, tir bang cac thong so nhiet dong cua hei
qua nhiet R - 22 ta co:
Sz — 1,7479 kJ/kg do t > = 30' C i~ = 7 1 9 ,33 kJ/k g

Biem 7: la hei bao hoa kho, i~ = 719,33 kJ/kg

B iem 8: la long bao hoa , i 8 -— 524,05 kJ/kg

B iem 9: Qua tr in h 8 - 9 la qui t r i n h t i e t l o u .

Biem 5: Long bao hoa p5 = 1 6 ba r t, = 42 "C
— i' = 551,98 kJ/k g i" = 715,89 kJ/kg
i5

r = 16 3 , 9 1 k J /k g S' = 1,1737 kJ/kg do

S" = 1,6938 kJ/kg do
B iem 5' (35 ' C ) : i5 = 542,88 kJ/kg do
Biem 6: i,. = I,. = 542,88 k J/kg
Is — >s 54 2,8 8 - 524,05 18,83
i> — is 7 10,9 4- 5 2 4 , 05 186,89

Biem 3: Entanpi cuadiem 3 duqc xac dinh bcrisu hoa tron cua 2 dong
hei:
- Dong long 1 kg sau khi qua TL1 vao binh trung gian se bi phan ly,
phan hai bao hoa x kg co entanpi i~ deqc hut ve hoa tron vdi dong hei (1-
x) kg ra khoi phan nen tna'p ap coentanpi i~de tao thanh hon hqp co
entanpi i z d u'a vao tang nen cao ap.
176 cHUONG 8

I
5
1kg, i,.

x(kg)(i,) s 1kg, i,

(1-x)kg,i,
TL1
2

(1-x)kg TL2

Do do: i> — (1 — x) i<+ xi7 — 0,9 x 7 1 9 ,33 + 0,1 x 710,94 = 718,48 kJ/kg
-

T if bang hei qua nhiet vo i p + = 9 bar tim dirac ts = 29 C

S> = 1 , 748 kJ/kg do

D iem 4: 3 - 4 la qua tr in h ne n doan nh i et :

Sz = S4 = 1,748 kJ/kg do

Tir bang hei qua nhiet R-22 voi p = 16 bar S 4 S3t i m d i r ac

t4 = 60 ' C; i4 — 732,97 k J/kg

N ing suat lanh r i en g q , :

q, = (1 — x)(i, — i9) = ( 1 0 , 1 ) (704,28 — 524,05) = 1 6 2 , 2 kJ /k g

Cong tieu hao de nen:

(1 — x ) (I2 — i,)+( i4 l3 )

(1 — 0,1)(719,33 — 704,28) + (732,97 — 718,48)

1 3,55 + 1 4 , 4 9 = 28,04 kJ/k g

Lou leqng tuan hohn cua lanh chat G (kg/s):

1 tan lanh M y = 3000 kcal/h
1 tan lanh N ha t B a n = 3320 kcal/h

= Gq, ~ G = Q.
Q,

500x (3000x 4, 18)

162,2x 3600
b) Ning suat giai nhiet binh nguhg:
Qg — G(i4 - is ) = 10,74 (732,97 — 542,88)
-

10,74 x 1 9 0,09 = 2 0 4 1,56 kw

CHU I RIAH THIE T BI I ANH 177

c ) Cong suat nen ly thuyi t :

N« = G x l = 1 . 0 ,74 x 2 8 ,0 4 = 30 1 , 1 5 k w

d) H. o l a m lanh c:
q, 1622
5 78
L 28,4

8.26.Thirst bi lanh co thong so hoat dong teong ta bai 8.25 nhung sir dung
may nen mot ca'pva khong co qu,a lanh long.
a) Xac dinh thong so tai cac diem dac t ruing.
b ) Tinh cong suat cua may nen v . he so larn lan h .
Bap so: N = 327,7 kw
e = 5 , 32

8.2'i.May lanh hai cap sQ dung R - 12, cac thong so can thiet cho tren H.8.28

45 C

7 '6
9 3

-40'C

Slink 8.28

Xac dinh: a)
Ning suit lanh cua may
b) Ning sui't giai nhiet cua binh nag.
c) Cong sua't ly thuyet eua may nen.

Cho bie't: Qua trinh nen xem nhLf J oan nhiet, lou.luong tuan he n cua
lanh ch it G =1,5 kg/s.

Dap so: a) Qp = 143,79 kw

b) Q~-= 207 kw
c) Ngt = 63,37 kw
178 C'HUNG 8

8 .28. Cho chu t r in h t h i " t b i l a n h m o t ca p su d ung R - 2 2 , cac th ong so y e u

cau .ho tre:> H.8.29
Xac dinh: a) Ning suat lanh cua thiet bi
b) Cong suat ly thuyet cua may ncn
c) Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ngung
d) Tinh he so' lam lanh vh, ve do thi T - S
Cho biet l~ l e ctng tuan hoan cua lanh cha't G =20 kg/ph.
Qua trinh nen xem nho doan nhiet

Q„

40 C B N
16bar

20 C N

BH 8
5bar OC

Qo

Hinh 8.29

Dap so: a) Q~ = 56,49 k l v

b) NIr = 10,54 k~v

c) Qg = 6 7 k i v
d) c = 5 , 3 6

8.29. Chu tr in h b u m n h i e t h oa t d ong vd i tmoi c hi t R - 1 2 . Cac t h ong so c a n

thiet cho tren H.8.30.
CHU TRINH' THIET Bl LANH 179

TN-.=293 K

g,654 bar

2 qQ

1\
-7 C

-7 C

Q TL-268 K

Hinh 8.30

Xac diinh: a) Cong suat lj t h u yet cua may nen

b) Hj so sa drrng nang leorrg
Cho b!ie't Qy ! = 200 kw
Giai
B iem 1 l a h oIi bao hoa kho a t r = t - 7 C, tu' bang cac tin h c h a t

nhiet dong; — cua R - 12 0 trang thai bao hoa trm du'qc:

pr = 2 , 4363 bar", i , = i " = 285,21 kJ/kg
S, = S" = 2,3481 k J/kg do

B iem 2 : Qua tr in h neri 1 - 2 xern 1 r pre t r in h d oan n h ie t l y t u a n g n e n

S 2 = S r - - 2,3481 kJ/kg <lo, p~ = 9,654 bar. Tif bang cac t i n h c h a t n h i e t
-

dong cua h oi qua nhiet R - 12 ta co:

48'C ; i q = 3 0 9 , 78 kJ/kg

Biem .'3 la trang thai long bao hoa ps = 9,654 bar , v a i 3 = 173,97 kJ/k

Biem 4: Qua trinh 3 - 4 la qua trinh tie't lou nen i4 - — i3 -— 173,97 kJ/kg

Tif cac so lieu tren tim du'qc:

q, = i r - i 4 — 285,21 — 173,97 = 111,24 kJ/kg

q> -— i2 -i3 — 309,78 — 173,97 = 135,81 kJ/kg

l =. i 2 - i , = 309 , 7 8 — 285,21 = 24,57 kJ/kg

LW lu(qrrg tuan hoan cua lanh chat trm duroc:

180 CHUONG 8

G = = = 1,4726 kg/s
qN 135,81

a) Cong suat lythuyet cua may nen:

N« = G x l = 36, 1 8 k w

b) He so' se dung ning luqng:

'qN @N 200
= 5,52
N(, 36,18

8.30. So do nguyen ly hoat djng cua bum nhijt tQong tu bhi8.29, moi cha't
hoat dong cua thiet bi van 1h R - 12, QN — 200 kw.nhl|ng cho may hoat
dong vc'ti thong so kh4c: pN = 8,5167 bar vh t , = O'C

a) Xhc dinhcong sul'ttieu hao cua may nen, h0 so'sirdung ning luqng.

b) Co nhan x4t gikhi thay doi thong so'cua chu trinh so vdi bai 8.29 khi
co cung muc dich.
Bap so: a) N« — — 17,77; ( = 7,72

b) So vs truing hop bhi 8.29cong suat tieu hao cho may nen giam
28,5% (10,31 kw).
TR N NH I E T
 Chu~g

DAN NHIET
9.1 DAN NHIET ON 0!NH
9.1.1. Dan nhij t qua vach phang
t. — t,
"', w/m (9.1)

,—.i ~

trong do:
- mat do dong nhiet, w/rn
- he so dan nhiet 1dp t,hfdf i, w%n "C
- chieu dhy lop thu i, »i

t,, - nhiet do trong cuiig cua lo'p thu' 1, -C

t„,, - nhiet do ngoai cong cua lop their n, C,

9 .2.2. Dan n h iq t qu a vach tr u
2n(ti — t„ i )
w/Ill (9.2)
1 d;.i
> --In- —" '

trong do:
q, - mat do dong nhiet, tren 1 m chieu dai ong, w/m

d; - deong kinh trong lip thu' i, m; d, , - d uong kinh ngoai 1dp thu' i, m.

Truong hap < 2 co t h e dung cong th8c vach phang tinh cho truong
i

hap vach tru.

9.3.3. Dan nhij t qua vach cau
2nk(ti t 2)
(9.3)
1 1
184 CHUONG 9

9.1.4. Dan nhiqt qua thanh

1- Thanh dai vo hpn
,e m (9.4)

q = e.,tuZr U, w (9.5)
0 = t - t, ( t f - n h i e t do moi traong xung quanh thanh)

0, - nhiet do thifa 8 goc thanh, 'C

Q - nhiet luringtruyen qua thanh, w
m = JaUlk f
U - chu vi tiet dien.ngang cua thanh, m
f - dien tich tiet dien ngang cua thanh, m
X, - he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu thanh, w/m "C
a - he so,
toa nhiet tren be mat xung quanh thanh, w/ "C.
2- Thanh da i h tl u hy n b o qua to a n h i q t dc iu t han h
ch[m(x — h) )
(9.6)
eh[ mh I
1
0„ = 0. , C (9. 7)
' ch(mh)
cxU
Q = 0 , th(mh), w (9.8)
m
0, - nhiet do thifa o dinh t h a n h , " C; h - c h i e u dai t h a nh , m .

9 .1.5. Dan n h i q t q u a c a n h t h a n g c o t i e t d i q n k h o n g d o i ( b o q u a t o a
n hiqt d dinh c a n h )
1
0, = 0, (9.9)
ch(mh)

Q = A,m f O , t h ( m h ) , w (9. 10)

m = ~2a/X5
0, - nhij t do thea a goc canh, C; 0 2 - n hiet do thea c) dinh c6nh,'C
h - chieucao cua c6nh, m; 5 - chieu day cua canh, m.
Be xet den anh heing cua toa nhiet o' dinh cinh, chung ta van c6 the
dung cong thCtc tren nhung luc ay phai ti n g chieu cao canh len mot khoang
bAng — 5, do do chieu cao canh lh. h' = h + 0,55.
2
9.1.6. Canh co tiet diqn thay doi
1- Ccinh hinh thang (bo qua toa nhi jt o' dinh ccinh)
DAIV NHIET 185

[(2+zz )+I[(2 Jzg )K o(2/z)

I (2Jz)K
e=o, (9.11)
' l,(2+zt )Kt(2/zz)+I,( 2gzz
)K,(2+zt )
Nhiet do dinh canh
I„(2Jz, )K, (2gzz )+ I, (2 jz~ )K, (2 jz~ )
(9.12)
I,(2Jz, )K,(2Jzq )+ it(2 +zz )K,( 2~zt)
Nhiet luong truyen qua canh:
a5,LO,
Q =
~ lp, lv (9.13)
gz> <RV

I, (2+z, )Kt(2+zz )+ I,(2Jz~ )K,(2+zt )

I,(2Jz, )K,(2+zz )+ I,(2gz,, )K,(2gzt )
2- Canh tarn. giac
I,(2/z) 'C
e =o, '

,
(9.14)
I ,(2 z . )
I
0~ =0) ,
'C (9. 15)
Ip (2gzy )

ns,e,l. I,(2Jz,)
Qz, tgy I, (2 Jz, )
Q
z = x (9. 16)
Xtgy

trong do:
I,, I, - hh,m Betxen loai mot cap khong va cap mot doi so ao
K p z K , - harn Betxen loai hai cap kh ong va cap mo t d o i s o a o ( t r a 0
phan phu luc)
5~, 5z - chieu day a goc canh va dinh canh, m
L - chieu rong cua canh (chieu dpi cdnh), m
0>, Oz - nhiet do thea 0 go'c vh dinh cdnh, 'C
q) - goc nghieng tao thanh giu'a hai be mat canh.

Tinh toan thu'c te' thu'ang dung::

Q' = z'F'q (9.17)
trong do:
Q' - nhiet leqng truyen qua canh cn tiet dien thay doi, w
9
F ' - dien tich toa nhiet cua c"'nh co tiet dien thay doi , m
186 CHLfONG 9

q - - mat do dong nhiet cua canh co tiet d ie n k h on g doi co chieu dai ,

F
chieu cao b5ng chieu dai, chieu cao cua canh co tiet d ien t hay doi, con chieu
day b5ng chieu day trung binh cua canh co tiet dien thay doi (canh thang
tinh toan).
h e so h i e u ch i n h xet d en ti nh ch at co h ep cua c6 n h ,
f (0~/0y,5g/ 5I ) d u'oc xac d in h t h e o d o t h i t r e n H . 9 . 1 , lo u y 0 ~ t i n h
t heo canh th ang t in h t o a n .

1,2

0,75

1,0

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

Oq 5q
Hinh 9. 1 . F ' = f
0,

9 .1.7. Can h t r o n c o t i e t d i y n k h o n g d o i ( b o q u a t o a n h i q t d d i n h
canh)
I ,(mr )K , ( m r >)+ I,(mr>)K , ( m r )
1 (9.18)
I „(mr, )K,(mr~)+ l,(mr~)K„ ( m r , )
I,(mr~)K, (mr~)+ I,(mr~ )K,(mr>)
2 1 (9. 19)
I,(mrs )Ki(mr~)+ i(mr~)K,(mr
Q = 2mr,khm0ylp w

I> (mr> )K> (mr> ) — I, (mr, )K, (mr>)

(9.20)
I ,(mr, )Ki(m r~)+ I i ( ~)Ko(m I)
Trong thee te throng tinh theo cong thCfc:
Q" = c" F"q, w (9.21)
Q" - nhiet 1Lfong truyen qua canh t r on, w
F" - dien tich be mht toa nhiet cua canh tron, m-
DAN INHIE T

q= -

- mat do dong v h;:.t truy(» qua c;i »h tinh t oan va duroc qui di »h
F
»hi( sau: Canh n" „' co chieu cao vi c'hie« dhy bang chieu can vh c h ieu d hy
c6»h tron n h uhg chieu ro»g diroc tinh L = 1 m.
O.p 1' g
c" = f ( - — ) - he so' hieu chinh r3uoc x ac dinh bring do th i H . 9 . 2 .
O 1 r)
Ltsu y': O., tinh t h eo canh ti»h toa»

1,0

0,9

0,7

0~/0 )
0,5
0,2 0 ,4 0,6 0 ,8 1,0

Gp I'g
llinh 9.2. c" = f (
0, r~

9 .1 .8. Phu'kg p h a p t i n h canh theo hij.u suat trao doi n h iqt cua be m a t
Tr i
n thLfc te hien theo'»g dung phuong phap nay dan gian hen.
Q, (9.2 1')

trong do: q, - hieu suat cua ca»h

Q, - nhiet luqng thuc truyen qua canh

Q>, - nhiet leqng c6 the truyen qua c~nh neu toan bo be ma t c a n h
co nhiet do bang nhiet do goc canh.
Q(, — 2WLO (x
-

Q, = o,QI,
W - chieu rong cua ca»h, rn
L - chieu cao canh, m
Og — tg t f , 'C ( t„ - n hiet do go'c canh)
1SS CHLfONG 9

T ren d o t h i H .9 . 3 t r u e t u n g c h o b i e t q, l i , t r ue h o a n h t h e h le n
I'L (0,/ kfp ) ]
f - d i e n t ich prnFir. canh (do'i vdi canh thang .iet dien khong doi thi
dien tich profin canh duce tinh f ~ =- L5, cac canh k hac ci ;i g t i n h d uqc too'ng

|) %100

80

FO

40 LpQp,
20 I
2

L, (a/ i .t,)

Hinh 9 . 8

9.1.9. Dan n h iqt kh i e o n g u o n n h i q t b en t r o n g

B oi voi th anh tr u d ong chat :
qyr~
(9.22)
2 a 4A .
N hiet do tren be m5t t h an h t r u :
" r' + t (9.23)
av f
2
N hiet do tren t r ue th an h :

+qv 6 + q v 0 (9.24)
2a 4 A.

q = a ( t , „ — tf ) = (9.25)
2
t, - nhiet do nioi tru'cong xung quanh thanh, 'C
a - he so toa nhiet tren be mat thanh, w/m "C
r, - ban kinh t l ; anh t r u , m

q„ - ning sui'.ghat nhiet cua thanh, w/m

DAIV NHIET 189

9.2 DAN NHIETKHONG ON 0!NH

9.2.1. Tam phang ruing
Nhiet do i tarn cua t:~'m:
O =p =F (Bi, Fo) (9.26)
Nhiet do tren be irat t arn:

0,=> = F (Bi, Fo) (9.27)

'IÃ5
Bi = -

- tieu chuan Bio

a~
Fo = -

- tieu chuan Furie

52

X = — - toa do khong thu' nguyen

5
0=- - nhiet do khong thief nguyen.
e,
a - he so toa nhiet tren be mat, w/ m ' C

a - he so khuech tan nhiAt cua vat lieu,a = —, m Is

cp
A. - he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu lam tarn, w/m 'C
5 - mot nbachieu day tarn,m
x - thai gian gia nhij t h oke lain nguoi, s.
Cac him F , va F~ tra i d o t h i H . 9.3 va H.9.4.

9.2.2. Thanh tru di i

OR=p = F' (Bi, Fo) (9.28)

OR= > = F' ( Bi, Fo) (9.29)

ar,' ; a'r . r
Bi = Fo = — ;
R= -

r, - bin k in h t h anh t ru, m.

Clc him F ' , v h F' z t r a o do thi H.9.5 va H.9.6.

9.2.3. Vyt the hinh dang phafc tap

- Vat hinh hop:

OX,Y.Z, = OX. O Y . 'OZ. (9.30)

- Thanh dai hinh chCr nhat:

OX,Y. = OX, 'OY. (9.31)

 190 cHUONG 9

- Hinh tru cut:

OR z. = OR . O z . (9.32)

trong do: Ox <, OY „Oz <, OR, - tim nhu cac muc tren.
1,0 1,0
0,8 0,8
,0 0,6
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,4
0,4
0 0,3
0,3

0,2 0,2

I
•I
II O
0,1 0,1
Il 0,08
0,08
I
0,06 0,06
0,05
0,05
0,04
0,04
0,03
0,03
cD
0,02 0,02
EP
oo

001 0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 1012 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Fo=- ar
6'

Hinh 9. 3 . O „ = p= F,(Bi, Fo)

0,0
1,0 1,0

0,8 0,8
8I- cb ip
0,6 =o,r 0,6
0,5 0,5
0,4 0,4

0,3 0,3

0,2 0,2

11
0,1 0,1
• C)
0,08 0,08
0,06 0,06
0,05 0,05
0.04 0,04

0.03 0,03
0,02
0,02

0,01 0 ' 0,01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1012 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0
ax
Fo= —,
5

Hinh 9 .4. 8 „=5 = F (Bi, Fo )

OAIV IVHIET
191

1.0
0,0
1,0
C,S
0,8
0.6 ej cpf
0'02 0.6
C.S =O,y
0.5
Q4
04 0,4
G,3
0.3
:oz
0,2
0.2
og
II O 0 Jo
0,1
II 0.1
0.08
0.08
0,06 0,06
0.05
o o
0,05
t'8
0.04 0,04
O
0,03
0,03
O
0,02 cP
0.02

0,01
0,01
0 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
Fo = - at
I' 2

Hinh 9.$. e„ =F,(Bi, Fo)

0,0
1,0
1,0
0.8
Qj ai 0.8
0,6
0,6
0,5
0.5
Q4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2

8
01
• CD 0,1
0,08 0.08
0.06 0,06
0,05 0,05
0,04 o 0.04
0,03
0,03
0,02
0,02

0,01
0 0,01
4 6 6 10 12 14
Fo=- at
.2
IG
Hinh 9.6. B „ „ =F,(Bi, Fo)
192 cHL/ONG 9

BAI TAP
9.1.Tinh mat do dbng nhijt truyen qua vach phkng ruing, dong chat, chieu
de v6ch 5 = 50 mm, nhij t d o be mat trong vh be mkt ngoai duy tri
k hong doi t> — 100'C va t 2 = 9 0' C v s cac treong hop vhch lam bi n g
nhQng vat lieu sau:
a) Vich th4p, hj sodin nhijt A, = 40 w/m' C
b) Be tong, X = 1,1 w/m'C
c) Gach diatomit, X = 0,11 w/m ' C
Bap sb: a ) q = 8000 w/m
b) q = 220 w/ m 2
c ) q = 22 w/ m 2

9.2.Xhc dinh ton that nhiet Q truyen qua vach phkng ibm bhng gach do co
X = 0,70 w/m'C. Vach c6 kich thuoc: chieu dai L = 5 m, chieu cao H = 4
m, chieuday 5 = 250 mm. Nhiet do tren be mat vhch duy tri khong doi
t > = 110'C v a t 2 = 4 0 ' C .
Bap so'. Q = 3920 w

9.3.Xic dinh dj chenh nhiqt dq phia trong vh phia ngohi cua vAch thep lb
hoi, lo hei lam v iec 8 6p suat p = 20 bar, be dhy v6ch thep 5 = 20 m m .
N ooc duoc cap vho lb hoi c6 nhijt do t „ , = 200 C, hei sinh ra lh hei bao
h oa kho, san luong hoi t re n m j t d a n v i b e mat d i j n t i c h t x uyen nhiqt l a
30 kg/m h, hq so dkn nhiqt cua th4p A.= 50 W/m ' C .
Giai
Vi v6ch noi hcti c6 deb'ng kinh lan so vai chieu dhy (dz/d~ > 2) nen co
the xem nhu v6ch phkng de xif ly:

—At M At =
q5
5
Tit dieu kiln can bRng nhijt giCa nhijt hrqng truyen qua v6ch vh nhij t
luqng cung ca'pde nude cip vho 200'C bien thhnh hai bao hba kho ctp = 20
bar, ta c6:
q = ( i " — i„,) x G , w /m

trong d6:
i" -entanpi cua hei bao hba kho o ip suat p = 20 bar. Tra bang o'phan
phu luc ta co:
i" = 2799 kJ/kg
DriAI NHIE T

i„, - erltanp i e lla n tfr)c cap lo h a i .

Xac d in h t i f b a l l g ll ' .f(fcchu'a soi va h r fi 'A • Hdi bao hoa khan

qua nhiet voi p = 20 bar va t = 200 ' C

ta co:
I)C 852,4 kJ/kg
p=20bar
San pham chay
(hoac co the' slf dung bang ntfuc soi va G= 30kg/m h

hoi .)ao hoa. kho, Qng vdi t = 200'C

tirn dtfqc i' = 852,4 kJ/kg = i„, )
• •

5 - san l l f qng hoi sinh r a t r e n 1 20mm NUdc cap

t=200 C
h.". mat truyf'.n nhi6t tr ong 1 sec:
30 2 3
q = (2799 852,4) = 16,2 k w / m = 16,2 . 10 w /m2
3600
3 0' 02
b ,t = q- = 16 , 2 . 1 0 ' = 6,48 ' C
50

9.4.Mot vach lo co be dhy, nhiet do tren be mat vach trong vh vach ngoai lh t, vh
t2, lh he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu lam vach A.- = 0,831(1 + 0,000807t) w/m.do.
Tinh mat do dong nhiet truyen qua neu 6 = 200 m m , t l — 1000'C v a
-

t 2 = 200 ' C .

Giai
Theo dinh luat Furie ta co
dt
q= — X(t) — hoac q d x = — A.(t) dt
dx

0 che do on dinh q = const, tich phan hai ve phu'ong tri n h :

5 t2 t2

b 2 2
, [( l - 2 ) + - ( l — 2)j

b
— '[1+ — (tl+ t 2 ) [ ( t l — t2) = -~tb
'( t l — t2)
5 5
trong do:
b
Xtb = [1+ — (t.,+t,)] = 0,831 [1 + 0 , 5 x 0 , 000807 x 1 2 00] = 1,233 w/m do
2
'
1,233 2
q = (800) = 4933 w/m
0,2
194 cHtJONG 9

9.5.Tinh be day lop each nhijt cua mot vach phkng de ton that nhiet khong
vent qu6 450 w/m , biet nhiet do be mkt trong t , = 450'C v a b e m k t
ngoai t2 = 50 "C v8i chic loai vat lieu cAch nhiet sau:
a) X> = 0,09+ 0,0000872 t, W/m do

b) X2 = 0,209 + 0,000146 t,W/m do

B ap so'. a) 5 = 82 mm , b) 5 = 1 9 0 m m

9.6.Tu'ong lo hai duoc cau tao bAng 2 lop vat lieu: Ldp gach samo't d e 5> - -

120 mm, lop gach do day 53 = 250 mm. He so dan nhit,t X, = 0 ,9 3 w/m
do, A,3 — 0,7 w/m.do.
a) Neu them vao giCa 2 leap
vat lieu mot l eap bot diatomit co chieu day
52= 50 m m v h X 2 -— 0,113 + 0,00023 t,w/m do, muon cho dong nhiet

truyen qua vhch khong thay doi thi luc ay chieu day icrp gach do se la
bao nhieu? Bietnhiet do be m5t trong cung va be mat ngoai cung van
duy tri khong thay doi la 1000'C vh 50'C.

b) Tinh nhiet do be mat tai cac 1c'tp tiep xuc.

Giai
Mat do dong nhiet ban dau (khi chea co lap bot diatomit):
100 50
1955 w/m
0 ,120 0 , 2 5 0
+
0.93 07
Khi c6 lap bot diatomit dat vho giCa
tI=1000 C // ////
va gjam chieu day lip gach do de mat do
I/ //
dong nhijt qua hach khong thay doi ta //
//
co: //
//
//

ht // I/
ht I
I I/
/I
5t + 53 — 5 2 + ~5
5 g+ — \ I/
— I/
/
g3 X] ktbQ X3 II
t4=50 C
• •

I/
trong d6 A,,b2 - he so dan nhiet trung / // / /
II
/ / // / /
I/
binh cua l eapbot di atomit, t u ' p huctng
• ~ I
//
//
trinh tren tim dude:

Nhiet do e
l ap
tiep xuc thu' nhat la:
0,120
'
t, = t, - q — ' = 100 - = 748 C
0. 93
DAIV NHIET 195

Vi dong nhiet khong doi qua cac lop (dan nhi et on d i n h) ta c o:

t,+t3
Ao(1+ b )
~tb2
(t2 t 3) = 2 t3 ) ( + t2 + t3)(t2 — t3 )
52 b A.. b
0,113
'
A.2 — 0,113 + 0,00023 t = 0,113 + 0,00023 t = 0 , 1 13 (1 + 0,002035 t)
0. 113
2x1955x 0,05 2
Do do: = ( + 748+ t3 ) (748 — t3)
0 , 113 x 0. 002035 0,00 0 2 0 35
Bu'. yon lai ta cc phi<ong trinh sau:
t3 + 983t3 — 443730 = 0

Giai phu'ong trinh bac 2 tren ta tim duroc:

—983+ 4983 +4x443730
2
-983 — 983 + 4 x 4 43730
t "2 ( O'C
2
N ghiem nay khong phu hop vdi dieu kien th ee, vay t 3 -— 336'C

2 2
53 Bg 0,250 0. 0 5 0
0 ,7 0,2 3 8

9,7. Vach buong say deqc xay dp>g b5ng 2 lap vat lieu, lip gach do
6, = 250 mm , ) > — 0,7 w/n> do, lip vat l ieu phi a ngoai co A.2 = 0,0465
w/m do. Nhiet do be m5t trong cung t , = 110'C , n h iet do be mat ngoai
c ung t 3 —
- 25'C. Xac dinh chieu day 1dp vat lieu the 2, nh iet do cac lap

tiep xuc det.o» that,nhiet qua vach buong say khong vacant
qua 110 w/ .
D ap so: 5 2 = 1 9 m m , t 2 = 7 0 , 7 ' C

9.8. Vach lo gom 2 l eap:leaptrong la gach chiu lpga, lap ngoai la gach each
nhiet. Chieu day l eap gach chiu lu'a 5, = 200 mm, he so dan nhiet
1,8 w/ m d o , 1 d p g a c h e a c h n h i e t co he so dan nhie t
0 ,054 ( 1 + 0 ,0 0 2 4 t ) . N h i e t do be mat tro n g cu a va ch
t, = 800 C. Xac dinh be day cua l eap
each nhiet de ton that nhiet qua
vach khong vuqt qua 1100 w/m k h i n h iet do be mat ngoai khong vuot
qua 50'C.
Bap s o: 52 - — 57 mrn
196 CHLJ(3NG 9

9.9. Vach buong lu'a lo hai duqc cau tao gom hai lap: Lap trong la gach samot
co chieu day 5, = 125 mm va A., = 0,28 + 0,00023 t w/m do, lap ngoai la
gach do co 52 -— 500 mm, A.> = 0,7 w/m do. N h ie t d o be ma t t r o n g d u y
t ri a t > - — 1100 'C va be mat ngoai t 3 — — 50 'C .
Xac dinh nhiet luqng truyen qua 1 m b e mat vach va nhiet do lap tiep
xuc

Dap so: q = 1094 w/m ; t2 = 8 2 7 ' C

9 .10. Mot v ach p h Ang co d ie n t i c h F = 5 m la m b ang thep co chieu day

5, = 8 mm, X, = 46,5 w/m do, ben ngoai phd hai lap vat lieu each nhiet,
l ap thu nha t 5 z = 50 mm, A.~ = 0,144 + 0 , 0 0014 t w/ m do , lap th u h a i :
53 10 mm, A.3 -— 0,698 w/m do. Nhiet do be mat trong t, = 250 'C
n hiet do be mat ngoai cung t „ = 50 ' C .

Tinh nhiet luang truyen qua vach, nhiet tiep xuc tai cac lap vach, xay
dung do thi phan bo nhiet do trong vach.
Dap so: Q = 2778 w ; t 2 —
- 250'C; t 3 = 58 'C

9 .11. Mot b o q u a n h i e t d u a c c h e t a o b a n g c a c o n g t h e p , d u a n g k i n h
d y I dg = 32/42 mm, he so dan n h ie t k ( = 14 w/m do. N h i e t d o b e m a t
n goai t 2 = 580 C , n h i e t d o b e m a t t r o n g t , = 450 C . T i n h m a t d o
dong nhiet truyen tren 1 m chieu dai ong.
Bap so: 42071 w/m

9.12.Mot ong dan hai bhng thep co duang kinh d, Id> — 100/110 mm, = 55 W / m
do, ben ngohiduac boc mot lap each nhiet co Xz — 0,09 W/m do, nhiet do be
mat trong t, = 200' C v h nhiet do ngoai cung t3 = 50' C .
Xac dinh chieu day lap each nhiet de ton that nhiet tren duang ong
khong vuat qua300 W/m.
Dap so: 5 2 = 18 mm

9.13. Mot ong dan hai lam bAng thep duang kinh d> Id, = 100/110 mm, he so
dan nhiet A.> — 50 W/m do, ong duqc boc bhng 2 lap vat li eu each nhiet
co chieu dhy bhng nhau 52 — 53 — 50 mm. Nhiet do be m5t trong cua
o ng t , = 250'C v a m a t n g oai cua lap each nh iet t h u h a i l h t 4 = 5 0 ' C ,
h e so' d a n n hiet c u a c a c l a p b o c l a n l u ' q t b a n g : X 2 = 0 ,0 6 v a
A,3 —0,12 w/mdo.

a ) Xac dinh to n t h a't n h ie t qu a mo t m e t o n g v a n h i e t d o t r e n b e m a t

DAN NHIET 197

tiep xuc [isa cac lap each nhir t.

b) ¹ u d o i v i t r i cuba hai lap each nhiet cho nhau nhung van giif dieu
k ien nhiet do be mAt trong va be mat ngoai kh ong thay doi th i t o n t h a t
nhiet tren 1 met duiing ong se la bao nhieu'?
D ap so'. a) q i -— 89,7 w/m; t 3 = 9 6 , 3 ' C

b) q, = 105,5 w / m ; t 3 —
- 159'C

9.14. Mot ong dan hoiduo'c boc hai lop each nhiet co be day nhu nhau, duong
i inh trung Yinih cua lap thu hai bang hai lan d ung kinh trung binh cua
lop thu nhat. He so'
dan nhiet cua lap thu' nhat bang hai lan he so dan
nhiet cua lap thu' hai.
Ton that cua 1 met ong se thay doi th e n a o n e u doi ch o ha i l o p each
nhiet cho nhau con cac dieu kien nhiet do be mat trong cung va ngoai
cung v'ill gi u n g u yen nh u cu.

Giai
Be giai bai toan, khi tinh ta dung cong thi'c gan dung
rrht 1
qI 1 1
+
k.id,b, X 2 d ~b2

d,b - duong kinh t r ung binh.

Truong hop thu' nhat:

qadi
— 1— +
~1 dibl ~2dtb2

Truong hop thu' hai:

1
1
~idtb2

Theo dieu kien cho thi:d„= 2d„va

2
Do do:
1 1 2 1
+ +
~id tbi 21.id<bi

qt2 1 1 1 1
+
Xdbi i d„ , ' -i <b i i tbl

Tu day ta rut r a duac dieu kien:

198 CHUDNG 9

ql2 ' qll

1.25
Nhe vay ton that nhiet trong truing hqp thief hai giam di 20%
9.15. Bao hei cua lo hei co d efang kinhtrong 600 mm, be day 6, = 15 m m .
Ben ngoai phu mot lap each nhiet day 52 = 150 mm, he so dan nhiet
k, = 5 0 w / m d o , k 2 = 0,1 w/m do, nhiet do be mat trong cua bao hei
200 C, nhiet do be mat ngoai lop each nhiet t3 -— 50 'C .
Xac dinh tonthat nhiet tren met chieu dai cua bao hei ql.
Dap so: ql — 237 w/m

9.16.Do ma sat cua vong bi nen nhiet do tren true may cho o bi cao hen
nhiet do moi truang khong khi xung quanh 60'C, he so dhn nhiet cua
vat lieu lam t rue may A. = 58 W/m do, he so toa nhiet tu'
true may den
khong khi u = 7 W / m d o , d d ong kinh t r ue 60 mm .
N eu xem t r u e nh e t h a n h d a i v o h a n , h a y v i e t p h u ong t r i n h p h a n b o
n hiet do doc t h eo t r u e v a t i n h n h i e t l d o n g p h a n n h i e t l u on g t i f o b i
truyen qua true.
Bap so: 0 = 6 0e ' " , Q = 2 7 , 9 w

9.17. N hiet do tr u ng binh k h i n e n d ir ac do bhng mot n h i et ke t h u y n g an d a t

trong mot ong thep han lien vd'ivo binh, trong ong thep co chCra dau.
N hiet do n h ie t k e c h i t h -— 84 C ( t h u'c chat l a n h i e t d o cu a da u o n g
t hep), nhiet do a goc ong t he p t , = 40'C , c h ieu dai ong t hep h = 120
mm, be day ong 5 = 1,5 mm, he so toa nhiet tir khong khi den ong t h ep
a = 23,3 w/m do, he so dan nhiet cua thep X = 55,8 w/m do.
Xac dinh nhiet do thee cua khong khi trong binh va sai socua phep do.
Giai
Sai so cua phep do la do co hien tuqng dan nhiet doc theo vo boc (ong)
n en nhiet do n h iet k e ch i k h o n g p ha i l a n h i e t d o cua kh i t r o n g b in h t < ma
l h nhiet d o cua dau v o bo c th . B e x e l y ba i t oan nay ta xem vo boc nhd
thanh dai hindu han bo qua toa nhiet dau thanh, ta co:
e.
ch(mh)
eh
e, ch(mh ) t, - t,

cU
mh
A.f
DAIV NHIET 199

trong do: U = nd v a f = 6 n d

U
f 6
23,3 —2
mh = h ~u / A , 5= 0,12
'

55,8x0,0015

Tif phan phu luc tra duoc: ch(rnh) = ch(2) = 3,76

t „— 84 — „ 1
tr 40 —t f 3,76

84 — 0,2678x40
1-0. 266
Sai so cua phep do 6, = 100 — 84 = 16' C

5, 16
= 16'Ic
tf 100

9.18. Be giarn sai so cua phep do ngirai ta khac phuc bang mot so bien- phap
sau: chon vat lieulam vo boc co he so dan nhiet nho, t5ng chieu dai cua
vo boc, giam be day cua ong, phu mot lap each nhiet a cho han ong vai
v o binh. Hay t i n h n h iet do nhiet ke chi va sai so cua phep do vai d i eu
k ien da k h 5 c p h u c sai sot n h u s au: v o boc la m h a n g t h e p k h o n g g i
A, = 23,3 W/ m d o , h = 160 mm , 5 = 0 , 8 m m v a t , = 70 C, cac dieu kien

con lai van nhir bai (9.17)

Dap so': t~, — 99,8'C,
-

t < — t>—- 0,2'C

9.19. Phu'ang phap do nhiet do binh kh i n e n va n t i rang tu bai ( 9 .17) vai cac
d ieu kien sau: Nh iet do nhiet k e ch i t ~, — 100 C, nh iet d o goc vo boc
-

t, = 50 C, chieu dai vo boc h = 140 mn>, chieu day vo 5 = 1 mm, he so

dan nhij t
v a t l i eu lani vo )i, = 58 w/m.do, he sotoa nhiet tren be mht vo
a = 29w/ m do.
Xac dinh nh iet do cua khi tr ong binh t < v a sai so cua phep do
B ap so: t f - 10 4 , 6 ' C , 5 , = 104,6 — 100 = 4,6' C

9.20. Be mat ngoai buong lam lanh ban dan hinh hop, cocac canh nhom
throng dMg cac vach xung quanh, kich thLrdccac vach nhd sau: chieu
rong cua vach B = 800 rnm, chieu cao H = 1 0 0 0 m m , c an h i b m x u n g
quanh lh canl t h ang co tiet dien khong doi vai kich thrrac: chieu cao
canh la h = 30 mm , chieu day 5 = 3 m rn. Moi vach co 40 canh, nhiet do
go'c canh t, = 30'C , nhiet do moi trirang xung quanh t f = 2 0 ' C , h e s o
dan nhiet cua nhom lhm canh A.= 202 w/m dA, he so toa nhiet tifcanh
200 CHUONG 9

d en moi truong u , = 7 w/m d o .

Hay tinh ~.hiet do 0 dinh canh t h v a n h iet luong truyen qua t;"'n v6'h
xung quanh cua buong. Neu mat ngoai cua buong khong co canh thi
nhijt l uqng truyen qua la bao nhieu. Khi t in h xem he so toa nhiet i
phan khong co canh va phan canh la nhu nhau ra~ = a„ .

Giai

Neu bo qua toa nhiet 0 di nh c a nh t h i n h i e t d o d au canh dirac tinh

theo phuong trin h sau:
6
eh '= t h tf
ch(mh)
0, = t,, — tE = 3 0 - 2 0 = 10 ' C

Qo,'U 7 x 2(1+ 6, 003)

mh = h 0,03 — 0,1435
'

kf 202x lx 0,003

Tra 8 phan phu luc tim du'oc:

ch(mh) = ch((l,1435) = 1,01
th(mh) = t h ( 0 ,1435) = 0,1425
Nhiet cio dau canh:
0,' 10
t),
-

— tg+ = 20 + = 29,9'C
ch(mh) 1, 01
Nhiet leqng toa ra i be mat moi canh:
Q„ = Xmf8,th ( m h )
DAN N,'(IET 201

oU
tlong do: f = Xx H ih ;n = =478
kf
Q„i — 202x 4,78x (0,003x 1)x 10x . i , 1425 = 4,1 w

Mot tudng ben co 40 canh do do bon vach co 160 canh nhiet lu'qng
truyen cua canh se 1h:
Q, = 160x Q„ = 160x4,1 — 656 w

Nhiet lifongtoa ra o phan be mat khong co canh cua bon tu'ang

~gOoI'g

Fg - dien tich be mat phan khong lam car.h:

Fg (4 x B x H ) — (160x H x5 )= (4x 0,8x 1) — (160x 1x 0,003) = 2,72 m

0 = 7 x 1 0 x 2 , 7 2 = 190,4 w

Tong nhietluong truyen qua vach xung quanh cua buong:

Q = Q,+Qg -— 656+ 190,4 = 846,4 w

Tru'o'ng hap buong khong lain canh nhiet lu'

o'ng truyen qua se la
Q' = n B,F = 7 x 10x ( 4 x 0 ,8x 1) = 224 w

Q 846. 4
Nhu' v jy:
224

9.21. Mot canh ibm bang thep co kich h

thu'ac n h u ' s a u : 5 = 5 mm ,
h = 50 mm, L = 1 m, he so' dan nhiet
X = 58 W/m do, he so toa nhiet cua
c anh u = 11,65 w/ m d o , n h ij t d n
thea i goc caiih 0„ = 80' C .
Tinh n h i e t l u ong t r u yen qua canh to
v a nhiet d o 0 d i nl : c ,inh t r o»g h ai
trdong hqp sau:

a) Bo qua su toa nhiet 0 dinh canh.

b) Co ke den si< toa nhiet D dinh canh.
Dap su': a) oi, -— 72,7'C, Q = 8 7,6 w

b ) 6'„ = 7 2 ' C , Q ' = 92 w

202 CHUOfdQ 9

9. 2. Be thng cu'kg t r uy n n h i e t, tren be mat ngohi cua ong co decor.gkir h

25 mm ngucti ta ibm cac canh nhom .ren tie't dien khcng doi, chieu cao
canh L = 15 mm , c h ieu da y c an n 5 = 1 mrn . Nhiet d o g o c c anh
tg 1 70 C, nhiet do moi truing xung quanh t>= 25'C, h e o' dan nhii,t

cua Al X =200 w/m'C, cu'ang do toa nhiet toa nhijt t r e n be mat canh
a =130 w/m ' C . T inh nhij t l uqng truyen qua mot canh.
Giai

L' = L+5/2 = 1 5 + 0 , 5 = 1 5,5 mm

25
= 12,5 mrn
2

r'2 = r , + L ' = 1 2 . 5 + 1 5 ,5 = 2 8 m m
r'2 28 = 2,24
rr 12,5
f = 5(r'2- r > )

= 0,001x(0,028 - 0 , 0 125) = 1,55 10 ' IQ

L' ( — )" = ( 0 0 1 55) ' x ( )" = 0 3 06

Afp 200 x1, 55. 10

Tu' do thi hin h t r e n vdi r' 2 / r >= 2,24 vh L ' ( )" = 0 ,396
P

tra duroc q= 0,82

= 2 n ( r ' ,-— r, )xax(t - tf )

= 2x3,14x[(0,028) - ( 0 , 0 125) ] x 1 3 0 x ( 170 - 2 5 ) = 73,4 w

Q = 71 x Q(L —
- 0,82x73,4 = 60,9 w

9.23. Canh train co be day khong doi 5 = 3,6 mm. Ba n k i n h 0 goc va dinh
canh r, = 60 mm ; r , = 120 mm, he so dan nhiet cua vatlieu ibm chnh

X = 35 w/m do, he so toa nhiettren be mat canh e = 35 w!m dj, nhi et

do thea tai go'c canh 6, = 80'C .
Hay tinh nhiet lu'ang ".ruyen qua canh bhng hai each:
a) B5ng cong thCfc giai tich.
b) B5 .~: cong thQc gan dung.
D"'.p so'. a) Q = il 5 , 5 i i

b)Q = jG'~w
DAAI NHIET 203

9.24. Bo say khong khi du'qc che' tao bhang n hCrng ong gang co canh tie't dien
hinh thang bo' tri doc theo mat ngoai cua o'ng. Hay xac dinh nhiet luqng
truyen qua canh va nhietdo o dinh canh. Bie'
t chieu dai ong L = 2500
mm, chieu cao canh h = 30 mm, be day goc canh 5, = 3 mm, be day
dinh canh 5~ =1 mn>, heso'dan nhiet cua gang X = 52,3w/m do, he so
t oa n h ie t t r e n b e m a t c a n h u = 23,3 w/ m d o , n h iet d o goc canh
t, = 450 "C, nhit;t do k h ong kh i t t = 350'C. Tin h bhng hai phuang

phap: giai tich va do thi

Giai
1) Phuang phap giai tich
I
0

Xi

I1
I
X~~
I

2yg v

5, -5, 3- 1
2h 2x 30 30
5,' Sx30
-
x> -

-
= = 46 mm
2tgq 2
xz = v, —h = 45 — 30 = 1 5 m m

'
Z '
'

30 0 6014
Xtgy 52,3
o x> 23,3 x 0 , 0 1 5
ktgrp 52,3
2 JZ) -2 ~10,6014
-
= 1,55

2~+Z, = 2 $0,201 = 0,895

0( = 450 — 350 = 100 'C

Nhiet do ct d inh canh va nhiet lu'qng truyen qua canh xac dinh b i n g
cac cong thQc sau:
204 cHUONG 9

1,(2~Zt)K,( 2~Z~) +1,(2~Zt)K,(2 JZq )

I,(2~Z,)K,(2 JZq )+1,(2~Zg
) K,(2~Zt )

uS,Le,
Qc
~Z) tgg

I,(2,JZ,)K,(2JZ~ )+I,(2JZ))Ki(2~Z t )
I,(2~Z, )K, (2JZ~ )+ I,(2JZ, )K,(2JZ, )
Cac ham I„ I,,K,, K, tra 0 phan phu luc:

1,(2~Z, ) = I , ( 1 , 5 5 ) = 1,6985

+Zt )
1,(2~ = I , ( 0 , 8 9 5 ) = 1,213

I,(2~Z , ) = 1, ( 1 , 5 5 ) = 1,0392

Iz(2~Zz ) = I , ( 0 , 8 9 5 ) = 0,4971

K,(2JZ, ) = K , ( 1 , 5 5 ) = 0,2009

K,(2JZ., ) = K , ( 0 , 8 9 5 ) = 0,4867

K~(2~Z~) K ~( 1 55 ) 0 2 590

K)[2 J Z~ ): K ) (0 895): 0 7 1 7

Thay cac tri so vao cong thCfc ta dirac:

l. 213x 0,717+ 0.497lx 0,4867
0 = t - t = 100
1.6985x0.717+ 0,4971x0.2009

N hiet do dinh canh :

t), = 84 + t t = 84 + 35 0 = 434 C

1, 0392 x 0,717+ 0,4971x 0,259

1, 6985 x 0,717+ 0. 4971x 0. 2009

N hiet lu'ong truyen qua ci n h :

23,3x 0,003x 2,5x100x 30
Q, = 0.462
$0,6014
2) Phasing phap do thi:
Trade t ien xic d i n h c ac th o ng so' cua canh thi n g t i n h t o a n :
Chieu cao cinh:
h' = h + 2 = 30 + 0,5 = 30,5 mm
2
OAN NHIET 205

Chieu day canh:

1 1
~tb - -

— (51 — 52) = — (3+ 1) = 2 m m

2 3
Chieu rong canh:
L = 2500 mm
2a 2x 23, 3
In =21,1 m
15,b 52,3x 0,002
mh' = 0,0305 x 21,1 = 0,644

Tif phan phu luc ta tim duqc:

C I1(Inh') = C h ( 0 ,644) = 1 , 2 1 4 7
t h(mh') = t h ( 0 , 644 ) = 0, 5 6 7 6
0 1 1
= 0,825
0, Ch(m h ' ) 1, 21 4 7

52 1
0,333
5, 3
I

Nhiet luqng tr uyen qua canh thang tinh toan :

Q = 4 a f0, th(mh') = 52,3x 21,1x 2,5x 0,002x 100x 0,5676 = 312 W

D ien tich be mat toa nhiet cua canh thang tin h t o an :

F = 2 h ' L = 2 x 0 , 0 3 0 5 x 2, 5 = 0 , 1 3 5 m
312
q = 2311,1 w / m
V 0, 13 5

Nhiet leong tr uyen qua canh hinh t h ang:

Q,. = Q' = c ' F ' q

Dien tich toa nhiet cua canh hinh t h ang:

F' = 2L
cos (p

1
tgq) = = 0,033 15; rp = 2
30
cosq) = 0,9998 = 1

F' = 2 x 2,5x 0,03 = 0,15 m

f( — ', =—
' ) =- (0,825, 0,333)
el 51
tra do thi H . 9 .1. tim duqc c,' = 1,02
Q Q' = 1,02x 0, 15 = 312 w
 C HI JONG 9

9.25. N ." t xyi anh dong ca do't trong di rac lcm bAng canh de tAng cuarg truyen
n hiet, cac t h o n g s o v a c l c h l h s . i n h i <
sou: than xylanh co lam bAng 1 5 c'nh
trc:n, chieu dai canh : 5 = 2, 5 mm, c h i eu
cao canh L = 25 mm, doing kinh ngoai
vong x y l a n h d , = 6 m m , ch i e u d ai
H'
n ong xylanh H ' = 1 70 mm, vat l i e u l ~ m
c anh a = 1 50 w / m'C, cong do toa
nhiet u = 50 w / m'C, n h iet d o goc canh
tz -— 2 1O'C, n hiet do moi ' t r e a n g
tf — 30'C . Xet tru'ang hap co lam canh
nhe tAng bao nhieu lan so vai khong
1 am canh.
Gia i
2,' 5
L, =L + 5 / 2 = 25+ =26,25mm
2
65
r '~2 = 1 L c = — +26,2 5 = 5 8 , 7 5
r ,+ mm

r~ 58,75
r~ 65/ 2

f = L , 5 = 2 6 , 2 5 m m x 2, 5 m m = 6,56 . 1 0 m

L'( )" = (0, 02625) ' x ( )" = 0 , 303

ASp 1 50 x 6, 56 . 1 0
tra dirac q, = 0, 9
l2
aF(tz — tf ) = ex2z(r'> — r~)x(tg t f )

0, 065 g
50x2nx[(0,05875) - ( ' )] x ( 210 — 30) = 1 3 5 , 4 w
2
Q, =q , x Q « - — 0,9x135,4= 121,8 w
Phan than xyl
anh kho ng 1am cinh:
(X7L'd ] (H ' n5)(t< tf )

50x3,14x0,065x (0,17 — 15x0,0025)x(210 — 30)= 135 ,5 w

Truyen nhiet qua be mat ngoai xylanh:
Q~ = n Q,+Q„ =15x121,8+243,4 =2070,4 w
Neu khong lam canh:
Qog QTtd]H(tg t f ) = 5 0 x 3 , 1 4 x 0 , 065x0 ,17x( 2 1 0 - 3 0 ) = 3 12 ,3 w
D~N NrPET 207

207C,4

9 .26. Thanh t hep co du'one kinh 1 i n d uqc gan vao vach t h ong cua t } .iet b i
n hiet co n h iet d o 40 0 F , n h i e t d o m o i t r u i n g k h o n g k h i x u n g q u a n h
thanh la 100'F, he so dan nhietcua thep X = 26 Btu/hrft'F, he so toa
n hiet tren be mat t h an h u = 5 B t u /h r F . K h i t i n h t o "' r d u'oc xem nh u
thanh dai vo han
Tinh nhiet luang truyen qua thanh.
Dap so: Q = 129 Btu/hr (37 w )

9.27. Be nghien corfu qua trinh lam nguoi canh tua bin khi ngu'oi ta phai xay
+~%
' dung rno hinh, canh cua mo hinh co cac
thong so: chieu dai canh L = 9 cm , di en
t ich tiet d ien n g ang f = 1 , 9 5 c m , c h u
305 C
Vi tiet dien ngang
U = 7 6 c m, n h i et . d o goc can h
t = 3 0 5 ' C , h e so' dan nhiet cua vat l i e u

I// x A . = 55 w/ m C , c ong
t ren can h a = 28 w / m
do t o a n h iet
C , tf —
- 815'C

1 ) Tinh n h iet d o t r ung binh cua tiet dieu giu'a canh va n h i e t d o o d a u

chnh.
2 ) Tinh nhiet do canh tr uyen cho chat long lanh .
Giai

28x7,6 10 28x7,6 1 0 2 1280

55x 1,95 x 10 5 5 x 1, 9."> 10 7 ,25

mL = 14 , 0 8 x 0 , 0 9 = 1 , 2 6 7
OR 30 5 — 815
L e1 267 -1.267
ch(mL)
510
0„ = = -265,6 m t, — 815 = — 265,6'C
1,92
815 2 6 ', C =- 549,4 C

28x7 6x10 2

e" — e " 3,55 = 0,28

shix) — — = =1,6c 5
2 2
208 CHLIONG 9

1,635
'
th(x) = = 0,85
1,92
Q = 65,64 w

ch~m(x — L)i ch[ 14 , 0 8(4,5.10 — 9.10 )] 1,2

7
ch(mL) 1,92 1,92
t„ — tg = — 320,7 m t = 815 — 320,7 =494,3'C

9.28. Sosanh hieu suat cua canh thing co chieu cao h = 0,6 in (1,524x lv. m),
chieu day 5 = 0,1 in (= 0,254x 1 0 m ) t r o n g hai t r uong hop sau:
. a) Vat lieu lam canh la nhom ( A. = 120 Btu/hr ft F = 2 0 7 ,64 w/m C ) , h e
s o toa nhiet tren be mat cua canh a = 5 0 B t u /hr "F (= 283,9 w/ m d o ) .
b ) Canh la m b ang t h e p ( A, = 2 4 B t u / h r f t ' F = 4 1, 5 w / m d o ) v a
u = 90 Btu/hr' F ( = 5 1 0,9 w/ m d o)
Giai
Hieu suatcua canh duroc dinh nghia nhu sau:
nhiet ltlong truyen qua canh thu'c
nhiet Laong truyenquacanh t r ong dieuki en l y tQang

trong do:
Q, - nhiet luong tr uyen qua canh t h u'c (deoc tinh t heo dieu kien da t r i n h
• b ay trong phan dan n h ie t qua canh )
Q ,« - nh iet l u ong tr uyen qua canh t r on g d ieu k ien l y t u 8ng (la dieu k i e n
tren toan bo be mat canh co nhiet do bAng nhiet do goc canh).
Khi tinh toan xem nhu canh t h rongc o tiet d ie n k h on g do i v a b o q u a
toa nhiet 8 dinh canh, nhu vay ta co:

Q, = O,m9.th(mh ) = O,gaU))(.fth(mh)
Q,« — aF,e, = a(Uxh)e,
-

trong do:
F, - dien tich toa nh iet cua c6nh (toa n h ie t cua ca 2 m5t t re n v h dedi )
e o — to t f

h - chieu cao cua cinh

U - chu vi tiet dij n ngang cua clnh
f - dien tich tiet dien ngang cua cinh.
e , jaUA.f th(mh) th (m h )
Do do
O,Uha mh
DAIV NHIET 209

2a QU . U 2
mh = h vi m va
A,5 if f
He do'n vi Anh:
06 2 x 50
mh
12 1 20x 0,1/12

He don vi:
2x 283,9
mh = 1 . 5 24x 10
207,64(0. 254.10 )

— 0 924 (= 92,4%)
05 05

b) He don vi Anh va he dan vi SIvan cho ket qua giong nhau:

06 2 x 90
mh
12 24 x 0,1/12

t h(1,5) 0 ,905
1,5 1, 5

9 .29. Can h t r o n c o L = 19,1 mm , 5 = 1,6 mm, duang kinh ngoai cua ong
25 4 Inm, canh lam bang nhom A,= 214 w/ m " C , a = 1 4 1 ,5w / m C .

Tinh nhiet l uong truyen qua mot canh t = 171,1'C , t t -— 21,1'C

Giai
1,6
'
L C = L + 5 / 2 = 19,1+ - = 19,9 mm
2
25,4
'
r '2 = r, + L, = t 19 9 = 32 6 m m
2
r', 326
12,7

f = 5(r'>-r, ) =1,6x(33.4- 1 3,5)x10 = 3,18.10 m

tra du'qc q, = 0,9

F = 2 n ( r ' z - r , )=2n(33,4 — 13,5 )x10 = 5,86xl 0 m

Q« —
- aF(t — t~) = 141,5x(5,86.10 ) x ( 171,1 — 21,1) =124,4 w

Q~ =. Q~xhatt.= 0,9x124,4 = 112 w

9.30.Thiet bi say bkng dien duroc che tao tu cac day dien tro nicrom, duang
k inh d = 2 m m , d a i L = 1 0 m . K h ong kh i l a n h t h o i v a o b o p ha n g i a
n hiet co n h iet d o t < — 20'C. Tinh n h iet l u ong to a r a t r e n 1 m e t d a y
-

dien trb,nhiet do be mat day t„va nhiet do a tarn cua day. Neu cuing
210 CHUONG c i

do dbng dien chay qua day lh 25 A, dien tra suat '. z dAy
p = ,1Qmm /m , he so dan nhiet X, = 17,5 w/m do, he so toa nh-'et '.ren
be mat day a = 4F,5 w/m do.
Giai
Bien tra cua day du'oc dot nong:
pL pL 1,1x 1 0
A
s zr 2 mx 1

Nhiet luang doday phat ra:

Q = R I = 3 5 x 25 = 2 18 5 w

Nhiet laong phat ra Dng voi 1 met day dien tro:

Q 2185
—. 218,5 w/m
L 10
N hiet do be mat day :
q„x l
20'.

= q<
q„
'Kro

ql 218. 5
t = +tp +20 = 769' C
r'ide 3,14x0,002x46,5

Nhiet do 0 tarn cua day:

218,5 — 770'C
= 769 +
'

4mk. 4 x 3,14 x15,5

931. Dong dien chay qua thanh nicrom d efang kinh d = 5 m m , dai
L = 420 mm, dien ap dat a 2 dau thanh b,v = 10 vol, t h anh d upe d5t
tron 'noae soi dpi ap suat p = 5 . 10 Pa.
X ac dinh n i n g s u a t p h a t n h i e t cu a n guon n h ie t be n t r o n g q „ [ w / I
m at do dbng nhiet qua be mat thanh q[w/m ] , mat do dong nhij t t r e n
mot don vi chieu dpi [w/m], nhijt do tren be mat thanh t , v h n h iet do
t ren true thanh t , .

C ho biet h e s o t o a n h i e t c u a b e m a t t h a n h t r o n g n oa e so i l h
u = 44400w/m , he so dan nhiet cua nicrom A. = 17,5 w/m do, dien t r D
suat cua nicrom p = 1,17 Qmm / m

Dap so: q „ = 4,83 . 108 w / m 3 ; q = 6 , 08 . 10 w / m

q< =9540 w/m ; t ,„ =164,7'C; t, = 2 0 8,2' C

DAN NHIET 211

9.32. Mot tarn cao su day 25 = 20 mm, nhiet do ban dau t, = 140 C duroc lam
n guoi trong moi tru'ang khong khi co nhiet do khong doi t < = 15'C . X a c
dinh nhiet do tren true vatren be mat cua tarn cao su sau thai gian lam
nguoi 20 phut. He so toanhiet tren be mat tarn cao su a = 65 w/m d o ,
thong so nhiet vat lycua cao su: he so dan nhiet A. = 0,175 w/m do, he
so khuech tAn nhiet a = 0,833 . 10 m /s.
Giai
Yhiet di thea khong th8 nguyen o tarnva tren be mat cua tarn cao su
du'oc xac dinh tu' do thi tinh toan:

Ox=a = f,(Bi, Fo)

0>=> = f2(Bi, Fo)

Trong truong hop cuabai toan nay ta co:

a5 65 x 0 0 1
0,175
at 0,8 3 3 .1 0 x 1 2 0 0
Fo
52 0,01

B iet gia tr i B i = 3,73 va Fo = 1,0 tif do thi t i n h t oan ti m d dsc:

8 „-p = 0 ,26 v a 8> = > = 0 , 0 8 3

t =0
; t, = 140 "C (nhiet do ban dau)
t,— tp

0 f f +a Q(t t f ) = 1 5 + 0 , 2 6 ( 1 4 0 — 15) = 4 7 , 5 C
v a: t,„ „. = tp+ 8 y (t t f ) : 15 + 0, 0 8 3 ( 1 4 0 - 1 5 )= 25,4' C

Vay sau thai gian lam nguoi 20 phut thi nhiet do o tarn cua tarn cao su
chn lai t „ o = 4 7 , 5 ' C c o n nh ij t d o be mat cua tarn t „ ~ — — 25,4 "C.

9.33. Mot true dai b5ng thep c6 du'ong kinh d = 2r, = 120 mm, nh iet do ban
dau t, = 20'C, true thep duroc dna vao 16 nung cb nhiet do t< -— 820'C.
a) Tinh thai gian can thiet de nhiet do o tarn cua true dat den
t,, = 800'C v a xac dinh nhiet do tren be mkt t r u e kh i ay . B iet cui n g

do trao doi nhiet t ren be mAt cua true a = 1 4 0 w/ m d o , t h ong so nhiet

v at l y c u a t h e p A , = 2 1 w / m d o , h e s o ' k h u ec h t i n nhi j t a
6 ,1110 m /s.

b) Xhc dinh nhietdo o tarn va be mat cua true sau thai gian x = 20 phut
va 40 phut.
212 cHUQNG 9

Bap so: a ) t = 5 1 p h ut, t , , = 804'C

b ) t = 2 0 p h ut , t „ „
= 656'C ; t , , = 6 2 0 ' C

t = 40 p h ut , t „ „ = 763'C ; t „ , = 7 5 5 ' C

9.34. Mot khoi thep hinh hop kich thedc 200x400x500 mm, nhiet do ban
d au t , = 20'C, dude nung nong trong lo co nhiet do 1400'C. Xac dinh

nhiet do i tarn cua khoi thep sau khi nung nong trong lo x = 1,5 h. Biet
he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu A. = 37,2 w/m do va he so khuech tan nhiet
a =6,94.10 m / s , h e so' toa nhiet t ren be mat a = 186 w/ do.
Giai
Nhiet do khong thief nguyen tai tarn cua khoi thep co the xac dinh theo
phectng trinh:
tf — tx = o < y= o tf — tm=o
"' x( )."' x ( )
t - t0 t - to t f - t0 t - t0

o', ty , t o c o t h e t i m t i f d o t h i t i n h t o a n t r r rang mot ch ieu cua tarn

phon g.
Boi vdi tarn phang co chieu day ?5„= 200 mm

aT (6,94.10 ) x (1,5 x 3600)

Fo„
g2 0,1

e 5„ 186x 0 , 1
37,2
C an cd t h e o F o „ = 3,75 v a B i„ = 0,5 tra o do t h i l a m n g u oi h o ac gia
nhiet tarn ph5ng () tim dirac nhiet do khong thu nguyen o tarn cua tarn:
f x=o 0 22
tf -t a

T hong tu nh u t r e n , doi vd i t,am p h kn g co c h ieu dhy 2 5 y = 400 mrn t a

tim durocFo„= 0,937; Biy 1 0
tf — ty o
0,57
t~ -t

Boi vOitarn phAng co chieu day 25, = 500 mm ta ti m d u pe:

Fo, = 0 ,6 ; B i, =1,25

tf — t, o
= 0,68
tf — t,

Khoi thep hinh hop 200x400x500 mm lh phan giao chung cua hatarn
DAN NHIET 213

ph:ing co kich thudc 26„, 2 6„ v a 25, t h eo phu'ong cua 3 true toa do tao nen.

D o do tini du'qc nhiet do khong the nguyen tai tarn cua khoi t h e p :
' tf — t
0,22 x 0,57 x 0,68 = 0,0852
t -t J~ y,z,r.

Tu' day tini difqc nhiet do i t arn cua khoi thep:

t) — 0,0852 ( t( — t„) = 1400 — 0,0852 ( 1400 — 20) = 1282 ' C

9.3~. Mot tu'

ong gach day 25 = 0,5 m, nhiet do ban dau cua teong o' trang
t ii6i r" n dinh l a t , , = 18'C, do dieu kien nhiet do moi t r ddng xung quanh
h a x uo'ng co n t < = 8 C , h e so t oa n h i e t t re n be mat t uo n g
<x = 8,12 w/ni do. Tinh nhiet do tren be mat vach va t arn cua vach sau
tho'i gian r = 1 h . Cho biet thong so' nhiet vat ly cua vat l ieu lam vach:
4
A, = 0,812 w/m do; p = 1500 kg/m; c = 0, 8 3 74 kJ/kg dj
416
Ba p so: t , „ = 14 , 2 7 ' C, t ~ = 18 'C

9 .36. Mot h i n h t r u cu t l ain bang t hep co ditong k in h d = 0,3 m c h ieu d a i

I. = 0,6 in , co n h iet d o ban da u t , = 20'C, vat d aric dna vao lo nung co

n hiet d o t „ = 1020' C, cUong do toa nhiet tren be mat vat e= 232

w/in d o , he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu ). = 35 w/m do, he so khuech tan
nhiet cua vat lieu la a = 0,0225 m /h. Tinh nh iet do tai cac diem 1, 2, 3,
4 nhu' tren hinh ve sau tho'i gian t = 1 h .

I I

I
I

I
3

l
Bap soi t i —
- 951'C; t 2 = 90 8 C

ts - - 880 C; t ~ = 7 9 2 ' C
-
 Chafdhg

TOA NHIET BOI LOU

K hi tinh t oan nhiet l uang tr uyen tr ong qua t r in h t o a n h iet doi l o u
throng st dung cong thCfc Newton.
Q = nF ( t ,„ — tf )

trong do:
Q - nhiet leong truyen qua be mat t r ong mot don vi t h o i g i an, W
a - he so toa nhiet t ren be m at , w/ m d o
F - dien tich be mat toa nh i et , m
t,„ - nhiet do tr ung binh t r e n be mat vat r 6 n , do
t< - nhiet do tr ung binh cua chat long, do.

He so toa nhiet theang duroc tinh theo cong thCfc thee nghiem. Tu' ly
thuyet dong dang (hoac ly th uyet phan t ich thief nguyen) da phan ti ch, t r ong
dieu kien trao doi nhiet on d i nh , pheang tr in h t i e u chuan co dang sau:
Nu = f(Re, Gr, Pr )
trong do:
eL
Nu = - tieu chuan Nusselt

Q)L
Re = -

- tieu chuan Reynolds

V

V • r.
Pr = -

- tieu chuan Prandtl

a
gPL dt
Gr = - tieuchuan Grashof
V2

L - kich thuc'tc tinh toan (kich thudc xac dinh), m

to -toc do trung binh cua dong chat long, m/s
A. - he so dan nhiet cua cha't long, w/m do
 OA IVHIET OOI I UU 215

v - do nhi t d o n g hoc, v = -

P
a - he so khuech tan nhiet cua r.hat long, m /s
g - gia toc trong tracing, rn/s
P - he so gian no nhiet, 1/'K
Theo nguyen nhan gay rachuyen dong qua trinh toa nhiet doi lou duqc
p han thanh hai dang chinh: Toa nhiet doi lu'u tu nhien va toa n h iet doi l o u
cong bu'c.
Trong qua tr in h t i n h t oa n toa n h iet t h u'ang se dung mot so cong thCrc
sau:

I0.1 TOA NHIET BOI LlfU Tlf NHIEN

1 0.1.1. Toa nhiet doi lou tQ nhien t r ong kh ong gian r o n g
N u„ , = C(Gr.Pr)'„', = C Ra,"„ (10. 1)

trong do:
nL
'" um - tieu chuan Nusselt
I11

Ra„, =(Gr.Pr)„, - tieu chuan Rayleigh

a) Cac thong so nhiet vat ly t r ong cong thCfc (10.1) ddqc chon theo nhiet
d o tinh t oan (nhiet do xac dinh) la t „ , = 0,5 ( t , „ + t f ) , t ,„ - nhiet do t r u n g
b inh cua be mat, C , con t < - nhiet do trung binh cua chat long, C .

b) Kich thuoc tinh t oan (kich th ifdc xac di nh ) d u'qc chon n h u ' s.iu
Doi vi i on g t ron d0t num ngang, vat hinh cau L = D
Doi vo'i ong dat thang du'ng, vich dat thAng dCrng L =H

Tri so C vh » d u'qc chon theo bang 10.1.

Bang 10.1

( 0,0 0 1 0,5

0,001 — 500 1,18 1/8

5 00 —:2 x 10 0,54
2x 10' - . 1 0 0,135

Trdong hqp tarnphAng dat nam ngang kich thu'dc tinh toan chon theo
chieu hep, triso C va n chon theo bang 10.2.
216 GHUOAIG 10

Bang 10.2

Ra Be met nong Be mjt nong

hddng len tren hddng xuong dpi

( 0,001 0,65 0,35

0,001 — 500 1,53 0,83 1/8

500 — 2 x 10 0,70 0,38

2 x 10 — 10' 0,176 0,095 1/3

10.1.2. Toa nhit',t doi lou tQ nhien trong khong gian hep

q = (t ~y
,„ t>+ t ,xy2
„ 2), w / m (10.2)

trong do:

X - he so dan nhiet cua chat long trong khe hep du'oc chon theo nhiet
d o tf — 0 5(t ,„ ) + t , „ )

t ,„, - n h iet do be mat n on g

y2 - nhiet do be mat lan h
5 — chieu day khe hep, m (kich t heo'c xac dinh)
tf - n h i j.t do xac dinh
lE,< -— f(Gr. Pr)f
Khi ( G r . P r)f ( 1 0 t h i ch o n l t d — 1

Khi =10 < ( G r . Pr)f <10' t h i c « t i n h t h e o cong thuc:

e,,z = 0,18(Gr.Pr)'f" (10.3)

10.2 TOANHIET DOI LOU CUING BUC (DONG MOT PHA)

Toa nhiet do i l tfu cu'ong bu'c khi t i n h t o a n d u'qc phon t h eo hai t r u'c'ng
hqp sau:
10.2.1. Chat long chay t r ong o n g
1- Chay tcing: Ref < 2 2 0 0
0.25
Pr
Nu = 0 1 5 Rcf" " P.If Gr ' (10.4)
Pr,„

Nhiet do tin h t oa n t f l a n h i e t d o t r un g binh cua dong chat long.

Kich thtfoc tinh t oan dtfqc chen nhe sau:

TOA NHIET DOI LUU 217

Boi voi ong tron cho» la du'r'>ng kinh tr ong cda ong, m
Boi voi cac ong co h in h d ang k hac chon L = D,z ( d u8ng k i n h t i t a n g
dlfOng)
4F
D„t - -

,m (10.5)

F - die» tich t iet dien »gang ma chat long lu'u dong qua,
U - ch u v i u d t , i n

C ong thu'c (10.4) co th e sit d ung ch o c a ong t r o n v a on g k h a c h i n h

t ron, co the su' dung cho tat ca cac chat long tru' kim l oai l o n g.
P r< - tieu chuan Pr cua chat long chon theo nhiet d o t f

P r,„ t ie u chuan Pr cua chat long chon theo nhiet do t , „

c> — he so hieii chi»h chon nhu' sau:

l /d ) 5 0 t h i c h o n c , = 1 (l - chieu dai ong)

l /d < 5 0 v, theo bang 10.3.

B ang 10.3. E / -—f(l/d)

10 15 20 30 40 50

1,90 1,70 1,44 1,28 1,18 1.13 1,05 1,02

B oi vai k h on g kh i p h u'o'ng trinh t i e u ch uan co t h e su' dung dang d o n

gian sau:
Nur - — 0.13 [Acr 0 rr

2- Khi chat l o ng chriy roi: Ref > 1 04

0.25
Pr
Nur — 0.021Rc '" Pr "

(10.7)

T ritong hqp : l /d ) 6 0

l/d < 5 0 c/ t ra t h e o b ang 10.4

Bang 10.4. e/ = f (Re, l/d)

Re)
10 15 20 30 40 50

1.10 1,65 1,50 1,34 1,23 1,17 1,13 1,07 1,03

2. 10 1,51 1,40 1,27 1,18 1,13 1,10 1,05 1,02

5. 10 1,34 1,27 1,18 1,13 1,10 1,08 1,04 1,02

1. 10 1,28 1,22 1,15 1,10 1,08 1,06 1,03 1,02

1. 10 1,14 1,08 1,05 1,04 1,03 1,02 1,01

Neu ong thang: cR -1

218 CHUONG 10

o n~
o con>
o': cR = 1 + l ,i7-

Zi - ban kinh cong cua ong, m

Boi voi khong khi co the Jun~ phuang trinh dan gian sau:
N uf —
- 0,018 Ref (10.8)
Z- Khu vs' 2200 < Ref < 10
-0.25

K = Nu
uf Prrf
r~v

Bang 10.5. K, = f(Re/.)

-3
Re(.10 2.2 2,3 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8 ,O ~ 9 , 0 10

1,9 3,2 4,0 6,8 9,5 16 19 24 27 30 33

c< chon theo truong hop chay tang

10.2.2. Chat long chay ngoai ong tron
I- Chat long chay ngang qua ong dcm
K hi Ref ( 10
0.25
(10. 10)
Pr,„

K hi R e f ) 10
0.25
Nuf - 0 , 2 8 R ef' Pr f ' (10.11)
Pr,„ e

B o'i vo i k h o n g k h i , c ac phuang t r i n h
C,.,
t ren co dang don gian h en : 1,0

R ef < 10 : N uf — 0,4 9 R e f
0,8
R ef ) 10 : N uf = 0, 24 5 R c f '

TrILflng h@p doing chkt long ching vuong

goc voi ong (goc vh y = 90' ) t h i c = 1; khi
90 7O 5O 30 10
c hat long chay voi goc vh y < 90" thi
Hinh 10.1
dude tim theo do thi H . 1 0 .1.
2- Chat long chay ngang qua chum ong
SAp xep he tho'ng ong trong thiet bi co hai loai: S5p xep song song va
s5p xep sole,thong so dac trirng cho s5p xe'p cua chum ong la: doing kinh
ngoai cua ong,bede tu'
ang do'ingang dong L, = x,/d va brac thong do'idoc
:heo dbng L2 = xz/d.Thong thu'ang cac chum ong s5p xep chat che (L, va
TOA NHIET DOI LL/U 219

L2 num trong mot khoang gia tri hop ly theo yeu cau che tao).
B oi voi l o a i c h u m orig t h uong su dung t r ong t h i 0't bi n h i e t c o t h e s u
dung cac cong thu'c sau:
a) Chum on g sa p xep song song
K hi Rcr ( 1 .10 :
0,25
05 0 3 6 Prf
Nur — 0,56Rcr" Prr' .c~ c; (10. 12)
Pr,„

A . i R~f ) 10
0.25
Pr
Nu f = 0 2 2 0
f
65 P 0 36 (10.13)
Pr,„
N hiet do t in h t oan l a t r ( n h i e t do t r ung binh cua dong chat l ong t r u oc
va sau chum ong).
Kich thuoc tinh toan d (duong kinh ngoai cua ong).
T oc do 0) cua dong chat long la toc do duqc tinh a ch o t i e t d i e n t u d o
hep nhat cua chum ong.
C ac cong thuc t re n l a t h iet la p cho tu h ang ong th u 3 t r D v e sau, kh a
n ing t r a o doi n h i e t cua hang o'ng th u » h a t v a t h u h a i c o kern h en , de x e t
den dieu nay ta co he so' hieu chinh c,, duoc chon nhu sau:

H ang ong thu' nhat : c, = 0,6

H ang ong thu h ai : c, = 0,9

Cac cong thuc tren duac su du»g cho chum ong tron vdi tat cacac chat
l ong, tru' kim l oai l o n g.
S2
S2

S,

Hinh 10.2
a) Chum o'ng song song; b) Chum o'ng so le

B oi vdi k h on r k ) ~
220 CHUQNG 10

Re< < 10 : N ur = 0,49 Rer

R cr ) 10 : N ur = 0,1 9 4 Rcf'
b) Chum o'ng sap xep so le:
Khi Rer c 1 .1 0 :
)0.25
N u] = 0 , 5 6 Rer P r r (10.:(.4)
Pr„

R et ) 10' :
0.25
Pr
Nuf = 0 , 4 0Re ' Prf ' (10. 15)
P);,

E)oi voi khong khi:

R cr ( 10 Nur = 0,49 Rc<
3.
R er ) 10 Nur -— 0,245 Re<

Hang ong thief nhat: c, = 0,6

H ang ong thief hai: E ; = 0,7
T rong cac cong thee tr en 1
thie'tlap cho truong hop dang 0$> |

cha't long chay vuong goc vai

chum o n g (g o c va = 9 0 ) ,
t ru'ong hqp goc va y ( 9 0 t h i
llinh 10.3. Do tIii macdi nh hc.' so goc U6 e<,
dirac tra t h e o b an g 1 0.6 hoac
tra theo do thi H . 1 0.3.
Bang 10.6
90 80 70 60 50 40 20 10

0,98 u,94 0,88 0,78 0,67 0,52 0 42

10.3 TOA NHIET KHI BIEN OQI PHA

10.3.1. Toa nhij t kh i soi
C uing d o t o a n h i et, kh i s o i b o t c u a c h a't l o n g . o t h e t i n h t h eo cong
thCfc thee nghiem sau:

c = b( )" 3q" - " (10. 16)

voT.

trong do: b - la mot he su dobro'c xac dinh nhu sai.

TOA NHIET D()I LLJLI 221

b = 0 . 075(1+10( ) (10.17)
p p
Tinh chbt »hiet vat ly du'qc cho» theo nhiet do bao hoa T,

Khi soi t r ong k h ong gian tif do vdi k h oang ap suat p = 0,2 —: 80 bar,
do'i voi nifoc co the dung cac cong thdc sau:
u = 4 6ht p . w / m do (10. 18)

hoac:
o = 345p "q , w / m do (10.19)
tw ts

t,„ - nhiet do be mat vach

t„ - nhiet do bao hoa tuong u'ng ap sua'tp

q - mat do dong nhiet

1 0.3.2. Toa nhijt khi n g~ g h e i
Ngung hei tren vach dchighoac ong dCfng co chieu cao H:
r
u — 0 943' , w/m do (10.20)
vH(t,. — t,„)

Ngeng hei trenong»am ngang duong kinh d:

rp6
u = 0,72 , w/m do (10.21)
v d(t, - t , „ )

trong d6:
g - gia to'c t,rong tru'Ong, nds
X - he so dan nhiet rua chat long, w/m.dpi
r — an nhiet hoa hoi, J/kg do
p - khoi ldang rieng cua chht long, kg/m

v - do nh~It dong hoc cua chat long, m / s .

C ac thong so nhiet vat l y chon theo t „ , = — (t,„+tf), an nhiet hoa hoi

r chon theo nhiet, do bao hoa t , .

BAI TAP
10.1.Mot du'ong ong dan hei de tran (khong boc each nhiet) du'ong kinh
d = 50 mm gom hai doan: doan thang d0ng cochieu dai L~ = 3 m va doan
n am ngang c o c h i e u d a i L z = 8 m, nhiet do be mat ngoai ong
222 CHUONG 10

t„ = 165'C, nhiet docua phong co duong ong hei xuyen qua tf = 35 'C.

T inh ton t ha t n h iet doi lou cua doin g ong hai .

Giai
Q ua trinh toa nhiet doi lou tif be mat ngoai cua ong den moi t r u i n g
khong khi xung quanh la qua trinh toa nhiet doi lou tu nhien.
N hiet do tinh t o an : t „ , = 0,5(t,„— tf ) = 0,5(165 + 35) = 10 0 ' C .

Tit bang cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua khong khi a phan phu luc, Cfng
v di t „ , = 100 'C t a c o :

~n> = 3 21 10 /m do; n> = 23 13.10 m ' / s ; Pr = 0 ,6 8 8

a) Boi vdi doan ong thang dCrng L~ = 3 m, kich t h eac tin h t oan l h H =

L , = 3 m . Do do :
gpH 3(t,„— tf )
m 2
vm

1. 1 1
T~ 100+ 273 373

9,8lx 3 x ( 1 65 — 35)
373x (23, 13.10 )

Ra„, = (G r . Pr) = 1,72.10" x 0 , 6 8 8 = 1,18.10 '

Nu = CRa"

V di R a „ , = 1,72.10" t i f b an g 10.1 ta ti m duroc C = 0,135 v a n = 1 / 3

N u„ , = 0,135(1,18.10" ) " = 660

A,m = 660 x 3,21.10

'
n 1 = Nu m = 7,06 w / m do
3
Ton that n h iet t r e n doan o'ng thi n g dCing:
Qy c yFy(t t f ) = 7,06x 93,14x 0,05x 3)x 130 = 432,3 w

b) Boi vdidoan ong dkt num ngang:

g Pd (t~ -t f ) 9 ,81x0,05 x 1 3 0
v 373x(23,13.10 )
Tu'bang 10.1 Cfng vdi Ra = 5,5.10 ti m dirac C = 0,54 vh n = ~r4

do do:
Nuf - — 0,54(5,5.10 ) ' = 27,2x0,54 = 1 4 ,7

3,21.10
'
= 14 7 x = 9 4 4 w / m do
'

oz
0,05
TC'A MH/ET OOI LL/U I' •0

o.')Fpkt = < x.p(llxcl >. L.y

) x(t,~ — tr j

= 9,44(3,14x 0,05x 8) x 130 = 1541,5 w

Tcin tha't nhiet t ren toan bo duo:;" ong:
Q = Qi + Q, = 432,3 + 1541,5 = 1973,8 w = 1,974 k w
Tu' ket qua tinh toan chung ta nhan thay rAng cung nhiet do be mat
ong nhu' nh"u nhung ong dat nam ngang co cryo'ng do toa nhiet lan hen
nhieu so vai doan ong du'ng.

1 0.2. Nhij t d o be mat ngoai cua tu'ong lo nung co nhiqt do t „ . = 80 C, n h i |;t

do moi trrrang khong khi xung quanh t f — 35 C , c h ieu cao cua throng lb
H = 2,5rn, tong dien tjch be mat xung quanh cua lo F = 39 m .
T inh ceong dq toa nhiet n t r e n be mat vach va to n t h a t n h i e t t r e n b e
mat xung quanh lo, khi tinh toan bo qua ton that, nhiet bronc xa.
Dap so: e = 5,4 w/m d o , Q = 9477 w

10.3. Bao hoi ciia lo hoi duo'c dat nam ngang, du'o'ng kinh ngoai D = 600 m m ,
nhiet do be mat ngoai 1ctp bao on t,„ = 60 C, n h iet do k h ong kh i x u n g
q uanh t „ = 40 ' C .

Tinh ton t ha t n h iet doi lu'u chig vai 1 m b e mat bao hei .

Dap so'. q = 84 w / m

1 0.4. Tinh t o n t h a t n h i e t doi Iuu cua mot down ong hei da t t h a n g dryingc6
drrcfng kjnh d = 4 in , ch i u d h i L = 10 ft, nhiet do be ma t v ach ong l h
350 F, nhiet do moi troang khong khi xung quanh la 85 F.
I

Bjajp so: Q = 3838 Btu /h (1125w )

1 0.5. Tim h e so to a n h iet va m ;it do dong nhiet cho phep cua mot sk i d a y
n icrom dht nu m n g ang c6 dong dien chay qua. Bu'ong kin h da y d = 1
mm, dien trA suat cua day p = 1,1 Qmm / m , n h i e t d j c h o p hep cua be
m 5t day 1h 67 0' C v a n h i e t d o moi t r u i n g k h on g k h i x u n g q u an h l h
30 oC

D ap so: a = 6 4 w / m do , q = 41.000 w / m

1 0.6. Mot day dan dien co nhiet do be mat cho phep la t , „ = 90'C da t t r o n g
moi trrrong khong khi yen trnh co nhiet do ; < — 1 0 ' C , day dan drroc
d5t nam n g ang, ddong kinh d = 1 mm. i~e'~. day du'oc nhung vho moi
trrrdng nrrDc co nhiet do tf„ = 10 C. nhi~..' do be mht di y v a n n hrr cG thi
crrcrng do toa nhiet tren be mat day thay doi lh bao nhieu. Trong trrrctng
hop nay dong diencho phep chay qua day t5ng, gihrn bao nhieu lan?
224 CHL/ONG 10

Giai
N hiet do tin h t oan: t „ , = 0,5 (90 + 1 0 ) = 50 'C (= 323 K )

a) Tru'ong hqp moi truong nuoc, ungvoi t„, = 50' C c o c a c t h on g s o

nhiet vat l y n hu' sau:

v„ = 0,556.10 m / s , k„ = 0,648 w/m do

P„ = 4,49.10 1/ do , P r„ = 3,54

gP„d At 9,8 1 x ( 4,49.10 ) x (1.10 ) x (90 — 10)

Gr = 1140
(0, 556. 10 )
Ra„ = (Gr.Pr)„ = 1140x 3,54 = 4040

5 00 < Ra„ < 2 .1 0

Tu bang 10.1 tim duoc C = 0,54 va n = 1/4

Nu„ = 0,54x 4 0 4 0 = 4,3

b) Tru'onghqp moi truing xung quanh la khong khi:

V oi t „ , = 50 C t u p h u l u c t i m d u q c ca c t i n h c h a t n h i e t v a t . l y c u a
khong khi nh u sau:
vk — 17,95.10 m / s; Xk -— 2,83.10 w/m do

Prk -— 0,698

1 1 1
1/do
T (50 + 37 3 ) 323

gP) d'(t,„— tf ) 9 ,8 1 x ( 1 .1 0 ) x ( 9 0 — 10)

7
3 23x (17,95.10 )
Rak —— (Gr.Pr)~, —
- 7,54x0,689 = 5 , 26

Tu bang 10.1 tim duqc C = 1,18 va n = 1 / 8 .

Nuk - — 1,18x5,26" = 1,45

a„ Nu„ A . „ 4,3 0,648

Do do:
txk N u> Ak 1 45 0 02 83

Vay khi nhung vao nuoc nhung van giu dieukien nhiet do nhu nhau
t hi cuong do toa nhiet t5ng 68 lan .
M at k hac n h iet l u'ong toa r a t r e n d a y l a d o d hn g d i e n c ha y cua di en
tro tao nen, vl vay:

Q„ = R I ,', = u „ F A t

Qk — RI „ = e(,FAt
TOA NHIET DOI LULI 225

Do d6: IQ" = W6H = 8 , 2 5 l a n

) (X)

Bieu nay cho ta thay khi d ij n t r a gi a n hiet s0 dung cho moi trdr'rng
nay muon chuyen su'dung cho moi tru'ong khac can phai co sQ tinh toan lai
de chon thong so hoat dong hop ly.

10.7. Xac dinh ton that nhiet doi lou tren 1 met ong dan hei dat num ngang
d u'ang kinh d = 0, 1 m, n hiet do be mat o'ng t ,„ = 450 C, nhijt do moi
truing khong khan gung quanh tf - — 50'C.
Neu duong kinh ong giam di con mjt nba thi he so toa nhiet thay doi
the' nao khi dieu kien nhiet do van giCf nhu' cu.
Day s6'.q> = 1200 w/m, n ting 2 ' = 1,19 lan

10.8.Be gia nhiet dau MK trong be dau rong, nguoi ta dung nhOng ong dan
h ai c o d d bn g k i n h d = 60 mm , nhiet do be mat ngoai cua ong
t,„ = 120'C, nhiet do dau tf — 20 C. Tinh he so toa tren be mat ong

(khi tinh toan xem cac ong dat xa nhau nen khong co anh hcong lan
nhau vh trao doi nhiet). Cho biet cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua dau MK a
nhijt do 70' C nh u nhau: X<—- 0,1363 w/m do ; v < — 69,3.10 m / s ;
P< — 9,03.10 1 / d o ; Pr~= 858, ong dkt nhm ngang.
Neu truing hqp ong dan hoi d5t trong moi truang ne0c va moi trrrang
khong khi v s d i eu kien nhiet dj van nhM cu thi cuing do toa nhiet se la
bao nhieu? Co nhan xet give 3 truang hap nay.
Dap so: a) Moi tru i n g d au MK: a < -— 99,1 w/m do

b) Moi truong noae: a„ = 1825 w/ m d o

c ) Moi trdi5ng khong khi : a > = 8 ,42 w/ m 'C

10.9. Xac dinh he s5 toa nhijt tQ' be mht tarn phkng dAt thkng ddt c 6 c hieu
cao H = 2 m den moi truing khong khi xung quanh. Bietnhiet do be
m at tarn t , „ = 100'C, nhiet d j m o i t r rf6'ng khong khi x ung quanh
t f - — 20 '(l.

Sap sb: a = 6 , 7 w /m d o

10.10. Xac dinh he so toa nhiet tif be mAt tarn phkng de nkn r rgang din moi
trifctng khong khi x ung quanh. Bi6t t arn p hag nay co k ich t h adc
(axb) = (2x3) m, be mat nong heing len phia tren, nhiet do be m5t
nong t„ = 100'C va nhiet dj moi t rifid'ng t f = 2 0 ' C .
Neu be mat nong hedng xuo'ngdpi thi a thay doi thK nao?
226 cHUONG 10

Giai
Toa nhiet doi lou tu' nhien khi t a'm phkng d5t num ngang cung du'qc
tinh theo cong thCfc:
Nu„, = C(Gr.Pr)"

Nhiet do xac dinh

t = 0,5(t , — tr ) = 0,5 (100 + 20) = 60'C

Kich thuoc xhcdinh duqc chon la chieu hep cua tarn L = a.

V oi t ,„ = 60'C tra bang cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua khong khi kho o
phan phu luc co:
A,~ = 2,9.10 w/ m d o

v = 18,97.10 m "

Pr = 0,696
Tri so P~ duqc tinh:
1 1 1
4 = = — 1/do
T 60 + 2 7 3 333

gP a 6 t 9, 8l x 2 x ( 1 00 — 20)
Do d6:
v~ 333x18,97 .10

Ra = (Gr . P r ) = (524.10 ) x 0 ,969 = 365.10

Tif bang 10.2 tim daqc C = 0,176 vh. n = 1/3

NU = 0 $176(365.10 )" = 584

2,9.10
'
a = Nu = 58 4 x = 8,46 w/m d o
'

a 2
Ne'u be m5t n6ng quay xuong du@i thi ta c6 C'= 0,095 v a n ' = 1/3, do

Nu~ = 0,095(365.10 ) ' = 315,3

a' 2,9.10
'
= 3 15,3 ' = 4,6 w/rn d o
2
10.11. Xkc dinh he s6 din nhi jt t u a ng de' ng A,< cua kfp khong khi mong c6
chieu day 5 = 25 mm num giCa ted'ngkhp.
Biet nhiet do be m5t n6ng t„., = 150 'C vh be mAt lanh t„~ = 5Q 'C .

Giai
Nhiet do t runks binh cua leap khong khi:
Ti~A NHIET OOI LL/U

+ 2
tf 0 5 (150 + 50) = 100'C
2
V oi t f = 100 C t r a b an g cac th ong so n h iet v a t l y c u a k h o n g k h i o

pF.an phu luc duroc:

kf - — 0,03 1 w/m do; v f ' = 2 , 13 . 10 m /s; Prf —0 , 6 8 8

gpssht 9,8 1 x 0 , 025 x ( ~50 — 50) 7 04

v) 373x(23,13.10 )

(Gr . Pr) = (7,74.10 )x 0 ,688 = 5,33.10

Do do: = 0,18(Gr.Pr)f ' — 0,18(5,33.10 ) '
-
= 2,74

k « — c« x ) I.f = 2,74x 0,031 = 0,0876 w/m do

10.12. X ac dinh he so dan nhiet tu'ong duong va mat do d o ng n h i et q ua l o p

khong khi mong nam giQ'a2 be mat vach co chieu day 5 = 20 mm, nhiet
d o be mat nong t , „ , = 200'C, nhiet do be mat lanh t 2 = 80 C. He so
d ~n nhiet tu'ong duong se thay doi the nao neu chieu day lop kh ong k h i
giam di hai lan tr ong khi dieu kien nhiet do van khong thay doi.
Bap so: q = 448 w/m , A, « g i a m d i 1 , 68 l a n

10.13. Tinh he so toa nhiet trung binh khi d au may bien ap chay trong ong co
dOing kinh d = 8 mm , c h ie u da i L = 1 m, nhiet do trung binh cua dau
t heo chieu dp i o n g t f — 80'C, nhiet do trung binh cua vach ong
-

t,„ = 20 C , t o c d o dau chay t r on g ong 0 ) = 0,6 m/s.

Giai
T ruong hop nay l a t o a n h iet doi lo u cu'ong bCfc, tif nh iet d o t i n h t o a n
t< — 80'C tra bang cac thong so'nhiet vat ly cua dau may bien ap o phan
phu luc tim duroc:
kf — —
0,1056 w/m do; v f = 3 , 6 6 .1 0 m / s

pf- = 7,2.10 ' 1/ d o ; Prf -— 59,3.

Voi: t,„ = 20'C t h i P r , „ = 2 9 8 .

Tieu chuan Raynon

0 )d 0,6 x ( 8 .1 0 )
v< 3,66. 1 0
Rcf ( 2200 nen dau chay trong ong o che do chay tang, phu'ong trinh
tieu chuan co dang sau:
228 CHUONG 10

0.25
Nu = 0 1 5 R ef'' Prf Gr f
Pr,„

gPd'ht 9,8l x ( 7 , 2.10 ) x(8.10 ) (80 — 20)

vf (3,66.10 )
0,25
'
N uf -— 0,15(1310) ' (59,3) ' ( 16900) ' = 15,7
289
1000
a day: c< = 1 vi 1/d = > 50
8
15,7 x 0,1056
o = Nuf = 207 w/ m do
d 0,008

1 0.14. Dau may bien ap can duqc lam giam nhiet do khi chay qua thiet bi l a m
m at dau, dau chay tr ong ong co nhiet do vao t ' f -— 80'C va n h ie t d o r a

f 40 C, daong kinh ong d = 10 mm. Tinh ch ieu dai ong t r ong t h i e t

b i khi biet lou laqng cua dau chay trong moi ong G = 12 0 kg/h v a n h i e t
d o be mat ong t , „ = 30 C. Neu t h iet b i go m co nam on g th i n a n g suat
giai nhiet cua thiet bi la bao nhieu?
Dap so'. n = 2 05,4 w / m d o , L = 1 3 , 3 m , Q = 12,7 k w .

10.15. T ri so N u sselt va c ua chat l o ng k hi c h a y t a ng t r o ng o ng se t h a y d o i

the nao neu defang kinh ong t5ng len hai lan vh bon lan trong khi nhiet
do trung binh cua chat long va nhiet do be mat trong cua ong van duy
tri khong thay doi.
Xet trong hai tru'ang hqp sau:
a) Khi toc do khong thay doi.
b) Khi luu leqng khong thay doi.
Giai.
Neu xem ong coL/d > 50 thi trong che do chay tang:
0.25
rf
f 0 ,15 R Q
cf '33 P rfQ ' 43 G 0f y (a)
Pr,„

Vi nhiet do trung binh cua chat long va be mat khong thay doi nen cac
t ing- cha't nhiet vat l y cua cha't long khong thay doi .
a) Tru'ang hqp giCr m = const
Khi du'ong kinh ong t5ng gap doi:d' = 2d th i N u ' f t i n h t h e o p h eong
trinh (a) chi chiu anh heing cua kich thu'ac tinh toan trong thanh phan cua
Ref vc. Grf.
TOA NHIET DOI LUU 229

V;: R, - d~
G r- d
Do dc khi (o = const, duong kinh t 5ng gap doi:
Nu' = N. x2 ~(2 ) ' = Nux 2 ' = 1,5 5 N u

N hu vay Nu se tang 1,55 lan, con truang hcIp a t h i :

1,55
'
Nu' — = a = 0,78a
d' 2
N hu vay tuang Qng vdi dieu k ien t r e n t h i c uctng do toa n h ie t s e g i a m
di khoang 1,29 lan.
K hao sot t u ong t u , khi duang kinh tang gap 4 l an th i N u t x en . t a n g
4
4 = 24 l a n c o » cuongdo toa nhiet giam - = 1,67 lan.
24
b) Khi duy tri lu'u luo'ng G = const:
nd
G = p co
4
Be cluy tri G = const trong khi d tang hai lan thi phai giam bon lan, do do

Nu' = Nu( — ) ' x(2 ) ' = 0,98 N u

4
Nghia la Nu giam di 1,02 lan. Tuong ung:
(X
a' = 0 ,9 8 - = 0,49 a
2
NghTa la cuong dc> toa nhic.t a g i a m di 2,04 lan .
Khi G = corist nhung d t0ng 4 lan, cung tuang tu nhu t r e n t a co:
0.33
N ii' = N u x4 = 096 Nu
, 416,
Tri so Nutxen giam 1,04 lan.

Cuong do trao doi nhiet giam di = 4,16 l a n .

0,96

10.16. Xac clinh he so toa nhiet vh luo'ng nhiet truyen cho nu'oc khi nude chay
t rong Ang duhsg kinh d = 1 0 m m , c h ieu dai L = 1 , 2 m . B i e t n h i e t d o
trung binh cua vach ong va cua nucIc t uong u'ng bang t , „ = 60 C , t <
30'C, luu luong nucrc G = 7.10' '"kg/s.
B6p so. a = 738 w/ m d o , Q = 834 w

10.17. X ;ic cli»h he so toa nhiet tu v ach ong binh n g u ng cua tua bin h oi d e n
n uoc lam mat, hie't nhiet do trung binh cua vach ong t , „ = 37'C, duong
230 cHtJONG 10

k inh tr ong cua ong d = 16 mm, nhiet do neoc 0 cuba vao t'f = 2 7 C va 8
c ua ra t" f -— 33'C, toc do nunc trung binh Io = 2 m/ s.
- Xac dinh luqng nhiet truyen cho moi ong va chieu dai ong.

- He so toa nhiet t hay doi th e nao kh i t 5 n g toc do nIEdc len hai v a b o n

lan, cacdieu kien khac khong thay doi?
Giai
N hiet do t r un g bin h cua nIfoc t f = 0 , 5 ( t ' f + t "f ) = 0 , 5(27 + 33 ) = 3 0 ' C
c5n cd vao nhiet do tinh toan tf = 3 0 ' C t r a bang cac thong so nhiet vat ly
cua nude tren deong bao hoa 8 phan phu luc ta co:
pf = 9 9 5,7 k g / m ; Xf —0 , 6 1 8 w/In do
c = 4,174 kJ/kg do; ~. f -— 0,805.10 m '; P r f -— 5,42

V oi: t , „ = 37 C t r a c u n g b a n g d I fq c P r , „ = 4,6 4 .

( od 2 x( 1 0 .10 )
vf 0 8 05 10- '

T rIfong hqp na y c ha t l o n g c hay r o i , t r ef(ic tien sd b o gi a t h i e t l a o n g

dai, do d6 1/d > 50 va c< -— 1. PhIEong trinh t ieu chuan co dang:
0.25
NUE -— 0,021 Rc p
PI

0,25
'
= 0,021(3,98. 10 ) (5, 4 2 ) = 212
, 4,64

61,8.10
'
cx = N u f - — 212
-
= 8200 w / m do
d 16.10
Lou luqng nunc chay qua moi ong:
zd' 3,14(16.10 '-)'
— 042 kg/s
'

= 995 7 x 2 x
'

G = pf(o
4 4
T L'f phuong tr in h can bhangnhiet t a t i n h d u q c n h i e t 1Lfqng hai t r u y en
cho nu'oc:
Q = Gcp(t f t f) = 0,42x 4,174x (33 — 27) = 10,1 k w

Nhiet 1Lfqng Q ma nude nhan duqc la do ho'i ngu'ng tu tr uyen cho:

Q = Gcp(f f f f) v (nd L ) ( t ,„— tf) chieu dai o'ng:

Q 10,1.10
used(t,„— ft ) 82 0 0 x z x ( 16.10 ') x7

K iem tra lai d ieu kien gia t h i e t :

TOA NHIET OOI LLfU 231

L 3,5
= 219 > 50 (phu hop dieu kien gia t h i e t )
d 0. 0 1 6
- Khi m t a n g 2 l a n , t uang u'ng Re t5ng 2 ' " l a n , N u t x e n t a n g l a n , d o
do u tling 2' l an = 1,74 lan .
- Khi m t a n g 4 l an , u t a n g 4 l a n = 3 , 0 4 1 an.

10.18. Ong nu'o'c lam mat trong binh ngung co duong kinh t r on g d = 17 m m ,
i stic l.anh chay tr ong ong co nhiet do vao lo la 2 0 ' C v a n h i e t d o r a l a
4C C, on g o l; i e u dai L = 2,2 m, tocdo trung binh cua nuoc = 1,8 mis.
T inh c.u'ong do trao doi nhiet tu' be mat o'ng den nu'oc (khi t i n h b o q u a
anh huong phu'm>g huo'ng dong nhiet).
Bap so: u = 7350 w/ m do.

10.19. Xac dinh doing kinh trong d va cu'ong do toa nhiet u trong bo ham
ngoc, c:ho biet:
N hiet do nuoc tri o'c va sau bo ham t ' t -— 160'C va t " f — 240 ' C .

N hiet d o t r un g b in h cua be mat on g t , „ = 210 C , m a t d o d on g n h i e t

t rung b >nh t r e n t o a n be ma t q = 4,20.10 w/m .

Toc do tr ung binh cua nitric trong ong o) = 0,5 m/ s .

Bap so: d = 33 m m , u = 4 20 0 w / m

10.20. Trong rnot t h iet b i n h i et, ong co du'ong kinh t r on g d = 50 m m , c h i e u

dai L = 3 m duroc uon tron xoan nhu dang lo xo,ban kinh cong uon ong
R = 100 mm . N uoc chay vho co nhiet do t ' f — 30 C v a r a t " f -— 70'C,
nhiet do trung binh cua be mat vach ong t,„ = 70 C , toc do nude
co = 0,8 m/s.
Tinh cuing do toa nhiet u va mat do dong nhiet truyen qua o'ng.
Bap so: u = 7 3 5 0 w / m do , q = 147.000 w / m

10.21. Khong khi chay trong ong co d ungkinh d = 60 mm, chieu dai L =4

m, toc do ch ay = 3,5 m/s. Xac dinh h e so' toa nh iet k h i b i e t n h i e t d o

trung binh cua dong khong khi t < — 50 C (khong khi a a p suat khi
quyen
p = 1 bar). Hj s o toa nhij t se thay doi the' nao khi hp suat p = 10 bar.
*
Bap so: u = 1 5 w / m do ; u „ = 10 u = 6, 3u .

10.22. Xac d:inh ldang nunc truyen cho be mat ong xoan trong mot thiet bi,
cho biet ong co du'ong kinh d = 20 mm, ban kinh uon ong R = 120 mm,
le ldang nu'oc chuyen dong qua ong G = 0,25 kg/s.Nhiet do trung binh
232 CHUoNG 10

cua chat long theo chieu dai o'ng t f — 120 C , n h iet do t r ung binh cua be
mat ong t ,„ = 100'C , chieu dai ong L = 2 ,5m.
Bap so: Q = 24,08.10 w .

10.23.Tim he so toa nhiet doiiud cua dong khong khi chay qua ong co tiet
dien hinh chCf nhat (0,4x 0,8), chieu dai L = 10 m, nh iet d o t r un g b i n h
c ua dong khi t f = 300'C, lou leang G = 4,8 kg/s.
Dap so'. e = 3 7 w / m do.

10.24.Mot thiet bi loai vo boc chum ong dirac cau tao nhu' hinh ve, nQac
chuyen dong trong cac ong t h ang co d efang kinh trong d = 18 m m , d a i
L = 2 , 2 m , t o n g s o o n g n = 30. L m l u a n g n Uac chay qu a t h i e t b i
G = 2,4.10 k g/h, nhij t do noae vao thiet bi t' « -— 90 "C.

Xac dinh cong suat nhiet cua thiet bi tr uyen qua nu'ac neu nhiet do be
m at trong cua ong t , = 50 ' C .

8 <'n

Bap s6: Q = 558 kw.

10.25.Nhiet do trung binh cua noae chay trong ong co du'ang kinh d = 20 mm
dai L = 2,3 m la t f — 15 0 C . T i n h t o c do luu luang dong cua noae trong
ong de che do chay roi va khi nhiet do be mat trong cua ong
t„ = 170' C t h i l e a n g n h i e t ca p ch o n ude la 9 k w . X a c d in h n h i e t d o

nude khi vao va ra khoi o'ng.

Dap s o': to = 0,314 m/s, t ' f = 1 3 8 , 5 'C v a t "f = 16 1 , 5 C .

10.26. Mot thiet bi t r a o doi nhiet dang ong long o'ng, defang kinh trong cua
o ng lan d z = 26 mm, defang iknh ngoai cua o'ng nho d~ = 20 mm, chieu

dai thie't bi L = 1,4 m, nude chay trong phan tie't dien ngang hinh xuyen
g iCfa hai ong vai t o c d e e o = 3 m / s , n h i e t d o t r u n g b i n h c u a n d a c
tp - — 40'C.
TOA NRIET COI LUU 233

X ac din'1 cdong do toa nhiet tr ung binh t ren t o an bo chieu dai cua thie't
bi va c o n g s ua t n h i e t c u a t h i e't b i n e' u n h i e t d o be mat
v ach o n g
t,„ = 70'C, be mat ngoai thie't bi each nhiet rat tot nen co the bo qua
ton that n h iet. ra moi truing xung qua»h.
nunc

Giii Nhiet rlo trung bi»h cua»eo'c tr -

— 40'C ta ti m d u d e:

>.< = 63,5.10 v ' / u x.do; vf = 0 , 659.10 m s; P rt = 4 , 3 1

Ntro'c chuyen dong trong phan hinh xuyen giQa hai ong, be mat .ruyen
n hiet n a m o ' p ha » on g t r o ng, be ma t » g ohi on g b o c ( on g l o'n) each n h i e t
ne» khong co traodoi nhiet, du'
ong kinh throng du'ong duoc tinh:
zd., dd t
4F 4 4
t — d. - d ~ = 2 6 — 20 = 6 n > m
n(d, +d,)

d,d 3x (6.10
= 27300 10
vf 0 ,659 . 1 0
0.25
N uf = 0, 021R ' P
Pr,„ J
V (si: t „ , = 70'"C t h i P , „ = 2,55,

4 31
Nut — 0.021x(27300)os x '
-

x(4,31)
2,55

= 0,021 x 3539,4 x 1,87 x 1,14 = 158,48

0,635 2o
< x = Nu f — = 158. 4 8 x '

. = 16772 w / m 'C
d tet

Q = cxx(ndL)x(t , „ - t „ ) = 1 6 7 7 2 x (3,14x2.10 - x 1 , 4 ) x (70 — 40)

= 44238 w = 4 4 , 2 k w

10.27. VAn su' dung t'ai toan 10.26, ctfo»g do toa nhiet a v h n h i e t l u'ong
t ruyen qua thie't bi trao doi nhie. se thay dR th e nao l h i :
a) Bu'o'»gkinh ong .~goaithng len d~ = 32 mm con toc do chuyen dong
234 GHLfONG 10

cua narc vacac dieu kien khac van giirnhu cu.

b) Bhang kinh ngoai d2 -— 32 mm nhuhg luu luang nude vh chic dieu kien
kh6c khong thay doi.
Bap so: a ) n = 1 4 6 00 w/m d o , Q = 3 8,4 kw
b) e = 4368 w/m d o , Q = 11,5 kw.

10.28. Bo phan phat nh i et t r o ng io phan ung hat

nhgn guqc iiim nguqt bIing nunc chuyen e
I I
d«tng djoc theo chic thanh phat nhiet. Tinh d
nhiet dg trung binh cua b4 mat chic thanh
va he eo' toa nhiet trung binh cua be mat p ~ ~/ / ~
bie't du'kg k i n h t h anh d = 9 m m , k hoang
e ach giCa chic thanh S = 1 3 mm , n h iet do t r ung binh cua neac t ,
200'C, toc dotrung binh cua dong nu'ac «o = 8 m/s. Mat dj dong nhiet
cua be m5t thanh can diraclam nguoi la q, = 1,74. 10 w / m .

Giai
Cac thong so nhiet vat ly cua nude 8 nhiet
do t< -— 200'C:

A,< —
- 0,662 w/m do
vr -— 0,158 .10 m /s ; P r f -— 0,93

N ude chay d o c t h e o c a c t h a n h n e n c o t h e
xem qui trinh nhu qu6 trinh trao doi nhiet khi
nude chay trong o'ng, dang kinh tuang duong cua
ranh du'ac tinh:

4(S - — d ) 4(13 - — x9 ).10

4F
dtd 1 5.10 m
md U mx(9 10 )

o )d~ 8 x (15 . 1 0 ) 56 05
vf 0,158 . 1 0

Vi chua biet chinh xi c n h iet do be mht thanh nen phai dung ph asing
ph6p tinh gA'n dung di'n(bede dau bb qua knh heang cua ph0'kg heing
dong nhiet) ta c6:
xdM
t, q t; + q
0,021A,~ Ref' Prf '

(1,74.10 )x(15.10 )
0,021x0,662x(7,56.10 ) x ( 0 , 93)
TOA IVHIET DOI LLILI 235

T heo t , „ , = 237'C tra bang cac thong so nhiet vat lycua noae 0 phan
phu luc ta co Pr,„ = 0,88, kiem tra lai :

= 1 0 18 1 = 1
Pr,„ , 0,88

Do do viecgia thiet bo qua anh huang cua phuang huo'ng dong nhiet la
h ap ly va khong can tinh l ai , nghla la t , „ = 237 C. (Neu khong phu hap ta
phai la y t , „ , l a m g i a t h i e t v a t i e p t u c t i n h l a i c h o d e n k h i d a p Cfng yeu
cau).

q,' 1,74.10'
'
o = = = 4 5 5 1 04 w/ m do
t~y tf 2 37 2 0 0

10.29. Nu'occo nhiet do t'f — 30'C chay vao trong ong co du'ong kinh d = 12

mm, dai I. = 2,2 m.

X ac din h n h i e t d o n e o'c 0' c u'a r a t " f , bi e t l u u lu a n g c u a n o a e
(x — 0,083kg/s va nhiet do vach ong t,„ = 60'C .
Bap so: t "f -— 50 C

1 0.30. Xac dinh nhiet do vao va ra cua nu'ac trong mot th iet bi t r a o doi nhi et ,
biet rang nude chay trong ong co nhiet do vach o'ng t,„ = 230 C, toc do
t rung bin h c u a n eDc chay t r on g on g f o = 1,2 m /s , d uo'ng k in h o n g
d = 16 inm , c h ieu dai L = 3 rn, mat d o d on g n h i e t q = 2 , 3 3 . 1 0 w / m

Giai
Vi chu'a biet cu the nhiet do tinh t oan cua chat long nen chua xac dinh
d u'ac che iso chav de tinh t o an, do do boo'c dau gia th iet c hat l on g chay r o i
R ef > 10 , ta co:
0.25
N = 0 02 1 R. " " P o
Pr,„
0.25
(x = — f 0,021R,o,a Pro.4a

q @d
Ma: khac ta lai co: cr = Ref = ', t,„ = 230'C ; Pr,„ = 0,88
(t tf) vf

Can bang hai phuang trinh co chCra va bie'n doi lai ta deac:
0,25
qd
0,021 Rcf'" Prf ' (a)
f (t y tf ) Pr
236 CHUONG 10

T hay cac gia tr i d a b ie't vao phtfang trin h ( a )

q0.25
( 2,33.10 )x (16.10 ) 1.2x(16.10
= 0,02 1
A,f (230 — t,f ) 0,88

T a co the' giai bAng phtfong phap do thi, dat :

= f)(tf ) (2,33.10 )(16.10 )

yt
Xf (230 — tf )
3 >0,8 %0.25
=
1,2(16, 10 0 43 Pl'f
y2 f2(tf ) = 0 , 0 2 1
Vf 0 88
1

C ho t f c a c g i a t r i k h a c n h au , ti f b an g cac t h ong so n h i e t v a t l y c u a
nuoc o p han phu l uc t im d u 'qc Xf, v f , P r f , t i f d o t i n h d u 'ac cac tri so y , v a
y 2. Ve do thi dtfong cong cua cac ham y > — f>(tf) va y 2 - — f2(tf) , g iao diem
c ua hai doin g cong cho ta ti m d tfoc nhiet do t r ung binh cua chat l ong t r o n g
o ng t f

Bo thi ve dtfoc dna vao cac so lieu ti»h t oan ghi o bang sau:

tt, C Yz
150 68,4 223

180 233
200 187 237

210 284 240

207 C

T ren do t h i , h a i d u'ong y , v a y 2 c A't n hau ta i d i e m t f — 2 0 7 ' C . V o i

nhiet do nay t a t i m d t fqc th ong so n h iet va t l y c u a nt fctc: p „= 8 50 kg/m
c = 4,53 kJ/kg do.

Tif phtfong trin h can bAng nhiet. ta co:

G cp(t "f - t'f ) = q n L d

qnLd qnLd 4Lq 4x 3x(2,33.10 )

Gcp nd2 cpp~ (4,53.103) x850x1,2x(16.10-3)
p(0
4
T if ke't qua tinh t r e n t a la p he phuong tr i n h :
f t f 38 C
t "f - t ' f -— 2tf - — 2x 207 = 414'C

Giai he phtfong tri nh , ti m d tfac:

TOA IVHIET DOI LUU 237

t 't = 188 " C

t "f = 226'C

10.31. Day dan may phat dien du'ac che tao

t hhnh d ; in g r o n g d e d e l a m ma t .
Nhiet lu'<s
ng toa ra trong ranh dirac
emm
khong khi chuyen dong mang di.Tim E
F E
h e so toa n h iet t r u n g b ln h v a n h i e t OI
E

d o trung b in h t r e n b e m a t n e u b i e t
n ing suat phat n h ie t q„ = 1 w/ c m ,
toc dotrung binh cua dong khong khi
m = 50 m/s, nhiet do k h ong kh i v a o
cuon day l a t 't — 40'C, ranh dai 13 mm
L = 0,6m, ap suat trung binh cua
khong khi p = 4 bar.
Giai
Tu kich thuac dacho tinh dirac the tich dong cua ranh:
V = (13 x 2 2 — 12x 6)x 600x10 = 0,128.1 0 m

L gang nhiet do dong cua ranh phat r a :

Vxq„ = (0.128.10 ) x ( 1 . 1 0 ) =128 w

Vi: q„ = l w/ cm = 10 w/ m

Mat do dong nhiet t r ung binh t ren be mat can lam n guoi cua ranh :
128
Q = 5920, w/m
2(12+ 6) x600x10

Nhiet do khong khi rakhoi rhnh d<foc xnc dinh theo phuang trinh can
b5ng nhiet:
Q = pfcocp(t f t f ) ~ w

Do do: t "f — t't +

-
Q
pfQK

trong do:
f - dien tichmat c5t ngang mh dong khong khi chuyen dong qua, m
Q - ldang nhietdong khong khi nhan dirac, w
p - khoiluang rieng cua khong khi, kg/m
c - nhiet dung rieng cua khong khi, J/kg do.

Tinh gan dung lan thief nhat:

238 GHUONG 10

C An cu theo t f = t'f = 40'C de so bo chon cac thong so vat ly cua

khong khi a dieu kien ap sua't khi quyen p = 1 bar ; p ' = 1 , 1 2 8 k g / m ,
cp 1 k J/kg do, nhung o day ap suat p= 4 bar, ta biet r ang nhiet dung
rieng phu thuoc chu yeu vao nhiet docho nen a ap suat bie'n doi khong ion
se khong co anh huong den. Rieng voi do nhot dong hoc v = —, doi voi
p
khong khi khi ap sua'ttAng tu 1 den 50 bar p chi bien doi co 5%, nen
trong pham vi dieu kien bai toan co the xem p k h ong thay doi theo ap

suat, tu' phuong trinh trang thai khi ly t uong pv =—= RT neu nhiet do
p
khong thay doi thi khi p tAng len 4 lan se dan den p tAIng 4 lan va v se
giam di 41an, do do:
p = p ' x 4 = 1 , 1 28x 4 = 4 , 5 k g / m

cp cp 1 k J/ k g d o = 10 J / k g do

t "f - — 40+ 47 9oC

4 ,5x(12x6x1 0 ) x 50x10
Tri so' t"f tim duoc khong khac nhieu so voi t'f nen viec gia thiet ban
dau de tinh toan l a chap n han duoc va dung tr i s o n a y -d6 t iep tuc ti nh
toan:

tf — 0,5 (t 'f + t "f ) = 0 , 5 (4 0 + 4 7 , 9 ) = 4 4 ' C

-

Voi tf —
- 44'C ti m d uoc cac thong so vat ly cua khong khi o a p suat
p = 4 bar nhu sau:
Vf 17,36.10 '/
Vg 4 34 10
4 4
k f — — 2,788.10 w / m d o (vi pham vi bien doi ap suat khong lan thi k
cua khong khi xem nhu khong phu thuoc p).
Buong kinh tuang duong cua ranh:
4F 4 x 12 x 6 x 1 0
U 2(1 2 + 6).10

RQE - -
'
-

-
— 92230 ) 10
-

vf 4 ,34 . 1 0
Tri so' Nutxen tzung binh du'oc tinh theo cong thuc:
Nuf = 0, 0 1 8 Ref' = 0,018(92230) ' = 169

Ty le do daiva duong kinh tu'ong duong:

TOA IVHIET OOI LLIU 239

L 0,6
=75 ) 5 0 d o d o EI = 1
8.10

Nur> r 16 9 X(2 788 10 ')

Vay: (X 590 wlm 2d
= 590 do
dd, 8.10
Nhiet do trung binh tren be ma.t ranh
5920 54oC
t tr + q
Q 590

10.38.DAu chay trong ong voi luu,uqng G = 1,67 kg/s, duong kinh trong cua
o 'ng d = 10 mm, chieu dai L = 2 m, nhiet do be mat vach ong la 80'C .
Tinh nhijt ldong truyen qua ong, (kw). Cho biet: nhiet do dau tr = 20'C;
vr — 0 ,00089 m /s; pr = 894 k g/ m ; Xr = 0,144 w/ m do ;
cpf -— 1 850 J/kg do; v,„ = 0,000039 m / s ; p = 85 1 kg/; c , „ = 2080 J/kg

Bap so': a =6 68,28 w/m ' C , Q =2518w= 2,518 kw

10.33. Mot ong kim l oai co duong kinh t r ong d = 25 mm dude gia nhiet b5ng
dien vs mat do dong nhietphan bo deu tren be mat va khong thay doi
q„ = 50 kw/m , nLroc chay trong ong yeu cau dat duroc tri so
R e= 20.000, nhiet do n ude vao t ' r = 20 C v a n h i e t d o n o d'c ra k h o i
thiet bi t "r = 60 C .

Tinh: a ) C h ieu dai can thiet cua ong L

b) Tinh do chenh nhiet dq trung binh giua narc va be mat ong.
c) Luqng nuoc nong thu deqc trong 1 gio.
Bap so: a)L = 12,7 m
b ) jM = ( t —t f ) = 1 7 , 3 ' C

c) G = 921,6 kg/h

10.34.Trong mot thiet bi,khong khi chuyen dong trong ong co defang kinh
trong d = 25 mm, ap suat p = 700 kPa, nhiet do trung binh cua dong
k hong khi t r = 30'C, nhijt dotrung binh cua be mat ong t„ = 80 ' C ,
chieu dpi ong L = 1,4 m,toc do cua dong khong khi to = 8 m/s.
Tinh:
a ) Ctfong do toa nhiet giGa be mat va khong kh i .

b) Neu ap sua't cua dong khong khi chi con p' = 100 kPa thi cong do toa
nhiet 'la bao nhieu, cac dieu kien khac van khong thay doi.
240 GHVONG 10

c) Tinh cong suatnhiet cua vach truyen cho khong khi tront,hai tru'
ang
hqp tren va co nhan xet gi?
2
Dip so: a) a = 173 w/m do

= 34,1 w/m do.

Q 951,5w
Q' 200

10.35. Mot day dan b hng dong co deong kinh d = 15mm

co = im/s
d = 15 rnm duqc lam nguoi bhng dong
khong khi chuyen dong ngang qua day, toc
d o dong khong kh i ( o = 1 m/s, nhiet do 0
t =80 C
k hong khi t r = 20'C. Tinh he so toa nhiet
if= 20 C
tu'be mat day dan den khong khi va cuing
do dong dien cho phep chay qua day dan. Biet nhiet do be m5t day
khong d uq c v u q t q u a t ,„ = 80 C , d i e n t ra sui t cua day
p = 0,0175Q mm / m , p „ = 760 mmHg. He so toa nhiet sethay doi the
n ao ne'u ap suat cua dong khong kh i p > -— 4bar con cac dieu kien k h a c
van nhe cu.
Giai
Thong so' vat ly cua khong khi ct n hiet do t r — 20 C :

2 ,59. 1 0 w / m d o ; v r — 15.06 . 1 0 m /s

Tri so Raynon:
u xl 1x (15 . 1 0 )
Rer
vr 15,06 - 1 0
10 < Rer < 1 0 , d o d o t i n h d dqc:

Nur — 0, 49 Rer — 0,49(995)"' =

-
1 5,5

Do do tinh duqc:
15,5x(2,59.10 ')
26,7 w/ m 'C
15 • 10
Cuing do dbng dijn cho phep chay trong dly deqc xic dinh theo
phuong trinh can b5ng ning ldqng:
pL
nd /4
Do do tinh dtrqc:
TOA NHIET DOI LUU 241

untd 2,67(80 — 20)x0,015

= 10'i x 3,14 8 0 . 0 1 5
'
I = 10 " K d — = 825 A
'

4p 4x0,0175

0 tren la tinh 0 dieu kien ap sua't dong khi pk - — 760 mmHg ( = 1,012 bar).
N eu p'k = 4 b a r , cac dieu kien khac van giC nhu cu th i d o p < t h a y d o i
dan den vr thay doi:
p') 4
P 'r - Pr — Pr
-

— 3,96 Pr
-

pk 1,012

mit d o p ' r t h n g 3 ,96 lan nghla la do nh0t v ' r g i a m d i 3 ,9 6 l an , do do Rc',

tang 3,96 lan.

Ket qua: Nut (hay u) tang J3,96 = 1 ,9 9 = 2 l a n

10.36. He so toa nhiet tirbe mat day dan va cuing do dong dien cho phep se
t hay doi th e n a o neu toc do dong khi giam d i 2 l a n c o n cac dieu k i en
khac van nhu'bai toan 10.35 (tru'ang hqp pk -— 760 mm Hg)
Bap so'. a giam J 2 l a n
D ong dien I gia m 4 2 = 1,18 l a n .

1 0.37. Dong kh i c o t o c d o o ) = 2m/s thoixien goc y = 60' so voi true cua ong
co du'ong kinh ngoai d = 15 mm, nhiet do trung binh cua khong khi t r -
-

20'C, nhiet do tr ung binh cua be mat ongt,„ = 80 C .

a ) Tinh cu'ong do toa nhiet va mat do dong nhiet Ctng vs 1 m c hi iu d a i
cua ong.
b) Cu'ang do toa nhiet. se thay doi the nao neu t5ng 2 v a 4 l a n con cac
dieu kien khac van nhu cu.
D ap sn: a) cx = 3 3 , 8 w / m d o, q y = 114 w/ m

b ) a t 5n g 1,51 va 2, 3 la n .

10.38. Ong co duong kinh d = 25 mm du'qclam nguoi bAng dau may bien ap
chay ngang qua voi toc do o> = 1m/s, nhiet do dau tr - 2 0 C .
X ac dinh n h i e t d o ca n t.hie't tren b e ma t o n g d e m a t d o d o n g n h i e t
truyen qua la q = 45,1 kw/m va khi ay he so'toa nhiet tren be mat la
bao nhieu.
Giai
Thong so vat lycua dau may bie'n ap 0 nhiet do tr -— 20'C:

= 0,1106 w/ m ' C ; v r — 22,5 . 1 0 m / s; Pr r —298.

242 cHUONG 10

l x (25 10 ) 3
Rcr
vr 22,5.10
B e tim nhiet do t „ v a cong do toa nhiet e t h eo dieu kien de bai, ta
co the dung phuong phap do thi:
- Vdi t , „ = 40' C m Pr,„> = 146
0 25
- 0,28(1,11.10 ) x298 175
Nuf, -

146
0,1106
= 775 w / m 2 d o .
'
or = N uf ) = 175
25.10
Mat do dong nhiet:
q, = agcy = 775 (40 — 20) = 15500 w =
q
1,55 .10 w/m
PN/m ]
- Vdi t „ = 60' C ~ Pr,„2 = 87,8
4 2
T inh duqc q2 = 3 ,51 . 10 w/m
4,51.10
- Vdi t „ = 80' C m Pr,„3 — 59,3
-

V e do thi q uan h e q = f(t,„) tren co so I

cac so lieu vu'atinh tren. Can cu' vao tri so

mat do dong nhiet cho phep q = 4,5 1 . 1 0 70 C
2
w/m .
Tir do thi x ac dinh deqc t „ = 70 ' C .

V di t „ = 70' C ~ Pr,„ = 71 3
0.25 i0.25
'
Nu< Nu, = 175 I = 209
pr„ 71,3 I
0,1106 2
N ur — =209 ' = 925 w/ m d o .
d 0,25

10.39.Mot day dan dien bAng nhom c6 du5ng kinh d = 5 rnm dude ibm nguoi
bhng dbng khong khi thoivuong g6c vd'idiy, toc do dong khong khi
r 0 =1 m/s, nhiet do t z — 10 C , n h iet do be m5t day t „ = 90' C .

a) Xic dinh he so tea nhiet giCra be mat day vh dbng khong khi vh cdong
do dong dien cho phep chay qua day, biet dien trd suit cua day
1
p= Qmm - / m .
35
b) Ne'u day deoc lam nguoi bang noae, con chic dieu kien khhc van nhu
TOA IVHIET DOI LL/U 243

c u thi he so toa nhiet la bao nhir u. Gia su thay nu'oc bhng dau miy bil n
ap thi thay doi the nao? Co nhan xet gi.
Bap so': a) ak - — 32,13 w/m do, I = 188 A
2 2
b) a„ = 14177,8 w/m d q , a < = 2348,3 w/m d o .

10.40. Xac dinh he so toa nhiet trung binh tQ dong khoi chay c5t ngang chum
o ng bo' tri so le, buoc o'ng S, = S g = 2 d d d o n g k i n h on g d = 3 8 m m , s o

day ong theo chieu dong la 30, nhiet do khoi khi vao chum ong
f 6 0 C vi k h i r a t "f —
- 350 ' C,
toe do khoi qua tiet dien hep nhat
m = 10 m/s.
N eu ong bo' tri song song con cac dieu kien khlc van nhe cu thi a
I
thay
doi the nao?
2 2
Bap so: a,i = 99 ,5 w/m d j , a » — 79,5 w/m dj. -

10.41. Mot chum ong bo triso le gom 8 hang ong, ductng kinh ngoai cua ong
d = 38 mm, dong khong khi co nhiet dotrung binh tf — 550'C chuyen
dong ngang qua chum ong vai toc do trung binh tai tiet dien hep nhat
(o = 12 m/s, bade doc s, = 70 mm , bu'oc ngang sz -— 50 mm.

Tinh he so toa nhiet cua chum ong trong hai t r u'ong hop:
a ) Goc va y = 9 0 '
b) Goc va y = 60 '

Giai
T hong so v a t l y c i i a k h o n g k h i a
n hiet d o tf = 550"C

5 ,98 . 10 w/m d j

vr H8,1. 10 m /s S, 0
Prr 0,693 >O 0 0
Rer
1 2x(8 10 ) 0 0
88,1 10 0 0 0
Tri so Pr cua e h'.t khi r a t i t b i e n d o i t h e o nhiet dj n e n co th e xem
Prf '
, do do: Nu, = 0,4(5175) ( 0,693) 59,3
Pr

'
u3 — Muf
-

59,3 = 93,3 w/m d q

d 0,038
Chum ong co 8 dayo'
ng, vay he so'toa nhiet trung binh cua chum ong
244 cHLfONG 10

duroc tinh
0,6u3+ 0, 7u3+(8 —
2)o3 7,3 7,3
8
o~ = ugp xc,„, voi y = 6 0 ' t r a b a n g 10.5 tim duoc e = 0,94
2
Qsp = Qgp x0,94 = 8 0 w / m d o.

10.42.Trong mot thiet bi, khoi chuyen dong qua chum ong bo tri song song
gom 8 hang ong theo chieudong, thong so cua chum ong nhu sau: bu'oc
ong S, = S2 = 2d , duong kin h n g oai cua ong d = 60 mm, to'c dotrung
binh cua dong khi qua tie't dien hep nhat co = 8 rn/s, nhiet do trung
binh c u a d o n g k h o i t f = 600 C, nhiet do be mat vach ong
t„ = 120" C. Tinh he so toa nhiet doi luu cua chuzn ong trong hai
t ru'ong hop y = 9 0 ' v a y =6 0 ' .

Bap so': o .gp = 5,28 w/m 2d o , a sap =52 w/m2 d o

10.43.Dau may bien ap chay ngang chum ong bo tri so le, buoc ngang
S, = 2,5d, boric doc Sz = 1,5 d, deong kinh ngoai cua ong d = 20 mm,
nhiet do trung binh cua dau tf — 40 C, toc dodau qua cho hep nhat cua
chum m = 0,6 m/s.
a ) Tinh he so toa nhiet t r ung binh cua chum ong, biet n h iet do be m a .
v ach ong t , „ = 90 C va chum ong co 6 hang ong.

b) Ne'u nhiet do tf = 40'C nhu cu nhuhg t„ = 10' C t h i c u i n g d o t o a

nhiet u l a bao nhieu? Giai thich hien thong khac biet nay.

Bap so: a) u , h = 1 0 4 1 w / m C
2 Q
b ) a',h = 590 w/ m C

10.44. Mot thiet bi s ay khong khi duroc cau tao tif churn ong s6p xep song
song, duong kinh ngoai cua ong d = 1 in, bu'oc ngang s , = 1,5 in, baoc
doc s~ = 2 in,so day o'
ng theo chieu dbng chay lh 19 day, nhiet do trung
b inh cua'be mht ong t , „ = 260'F, nhiet do dbng khong khi vho thiet bi
t 'f = 8 0 ' F v h n h i e t do khong khi r a t " f -— 200'F.

T inh cuing do toa nhiet trung binh cua chum ong a [w/ m do]
Bap sb: a = 2 4 , 18 w/m d o

10.45. Mot chum o'ng bo tri song song voi ddong kinh ngohi cua o'ng la d = 40
mm, buoc ong S,/d = 1,8 v a S 2 / d = 2,3, nhiet do trung binh cua dbng
khong kh i tf — 300 ' C,toc do trung binh qua eho hey nhat
-
TOA NHIET OOI LIJU 245

c o = 10 m/s, goc va y = 6 0 -
'

Xac dinh he so toa nhiet t r ung hinh cua chum ong.

2
Dap so: c x = 75,4 w/m d o .

10.46. Ho say khr~ng khi du'oc sap xe'p nhu' hinh ve. K h ong kh i c h uyen dong
n gang <qua chum ong co nhiet d o t r un g b in h t f 50 C, n h i e t d o t r u n g
binh cua vach o'ng t„ = 150'C, toc do gio truac khi vao chum ong to „ =

6 in/s,r
'ing co du'ang kinh ngoai d = 38mm s5p xep song song vCti brac
o ng S, = S2 — 2,5 d, s o
-
d a y o n g d o c t h e o c h ieu d on g c h ay
n = 5, moi day ong gom 8 ong theo chieu ngang dong, goc va y = 90

S,/2
0 0
t r= 50 C d
( (. = 6m/s ~
o o,o
i =150 C

S,

O O O O S)/2

Tinh ciao'n«do toa ii h i et tr u n g bi i ih c ua c h um o n g

Dap so'. c x = 84,4 w/m 2d o .

10.47. X6c diiih he so t oa n h i et va l d o ng hdi n u oc n h a Il deac khi nuoc soi

I

tien be inat co dien tich F = 5m . H i e't nhiet do vach t,„ = 156'C va ap

s i.at hoi p = 4,5 . 10 P a .
Giai
N ~iet do soi tu'ang u'ng vdi ap suat p = 4 , 5 . 1 0 Pa l a t , = 148 ' C ,
nhiet in hoa hai r = 2120,9 kJ/kg, do chenh nhiet do giCa be mat vh hei
At = t ,„ - t , = 156 — 148 = 8 " C .

H. so ton nhiet co the xac dinh theo phuong trinh:

or. = 4 6 ~ t 2 p = 46 x 8 ' x 823 3 x 4 5 0 .5 = 1 2 3 7 0 w / m do.

Q = QFht = 4 9 5 000 w
246 cHUONG 10

195000x3600
2120, 9 x 1000

10.48.Trong mot thiet bi nhiet nunc soi o dieu kien ap suat p = 10 bar, do
c henh nhiet do giCfa be mat vach va ho i h , t = t „ - t , = 12 C . T i n h h e
so toa nhijt khi soi va mat do dong nhiet truyen qua vach.
2 2
Bap so: a = 47000 w/m d o , q = 5 6 5 000 w/m

10.49. Xac dinh cu'cong do toa nhiet va do chenh nhiet do khi soi bot cua neoc
ddt dieu kiln ap suat 10 bar vh 100 bar, mat do dong nhiet
q = 1,5 . 10 w/m .
Dap so: p = 10 bar, a = 9 , 3 6 . 1 0 w / m ' C , h, t = t , „ —t , = 16' C

p = 100 b ar , u = 13,2 .1 0 w /m ' C , A t = t - t, = 11,4 C

10.50. X ac dinh he' so toa nhiet va l u ang nude ngong trong 1 g ib k hi h o i b a o

hoa kho c6 ap suat p = 0,04 bar nin g t r e n be mat ngoai cua ong dat
t hAng dCfng c6 doing k i n h d = 3 0 m m v a c h i e u dai L = 3 m , n h i e t d o
v ach ong t , „ = 11' C .

Giai
Nhiet do bao hoa th rongfng
C vdi a p suat p = 0 , 04 bar la t , = 29 ' C .
He so toa nhiet duqc xac dinh theo cong thCrc:

rX
o,d -— 0,943 4
vH(t, — t,„)
N hiet do xac din h t, = 0,5 ( t , + t , „ ) = 0,5 (11 + 2 9 ) = 20 C , t r a p h u

luc thong sovat ly cua nude tren ddong bao hoa decyc:
p = 9 9 8 , 2 k g /m ; X ,= 59,9 . 1 0 w/ m d o.

v = 1 , 0 0 6 .10 m / s .
V di t , = 29 "C thi an n h iet hoa hei r = 2 4 3 2,3 kJ/k g

Kich thedc x5c dinh H = L (ong d5t thAng dCfng)

99,8x9,81x2432,3.10 x 0 , 5 99 2 „
1,006.10 x Sx(29- 1 1)
Nhiet laqng truyen qua vach ong
Q = uFht = 2919x(x x 0 , 03x 3 ) x 1 8 = 1 4 848 w

Leong nddc nguhg tu dude trong 1 gio:

TOA NHIET OOI LIJU 247

14848 x 3600
Gn 21,9 kg
2432,3 10

N eu trdong hqp ong dat n arn n g ang con ca c t r u on g h o p k h a c k h o n g

t hay doi t h i :

99,8x9,81x 2432,3.10 x 0 .599"' 2

(1,006.10 ) x 0,03x 18
7 100 x 3,14 x 0 ,03 x 3 x 1 8 = 36000 w

3600x3600
2432300
'Trong truong hqp nay neu ong dat nam ngang luqng nude ning theo
duqc gap 2,44 lan so vo'idat thang dCfng, do do viec bo tri be mat ngtrng tu
mot each hqp ly la van de can lou y khi bo tri ke't cau thiet bi.

10.51 Xac dinh dugongk inh ngoai cua ong kh i h a i b a o hoa co ap suat p = 1
bar va ngung tu tren be mat ngoai cua o'ngdat thang dCfng co chieu dai
1 = 1, 5 m , n h i e t d o b e m a t v a c h o n g t , „ = 60'C, l e luang noae ngung

tu do doqc laG = 36kg/h.

Bap so': ( x = 3 9 2 6 , 4 w / m do , d = 30 , 6 m m

10.52. Tren be inat ngoai cua ong dat n "im ngang co defang kinh
d = 20 mm, chieu dai L = 2 m, hointfac bao hoa kho duroc ngttng tu dalai
ap suat p = 1. 10 P a , nhiet do be mat ong t , „ = 9 4 , 5 C .
Xac dinh he so toa nhiet trung binh tif hai den be mat ong va luang hoi
noae ng0ng tu G,kg/h tren be mht v5ch o'ng.
Bap so': (x = 15800 w/m ' C , G „ < = 1 5 ,8 kg/h

10.53. Hoi ndoc co ap suat p = 1 ,2 MPa na g t u t r e n be mat ngohi cua ong

dat nam ngang c6 defang kinh d= 16 mm, chieu dpi L = 1,5 m, nhiet do
be mat ong t,„ = 180'C.

a) Xac dinh luqng nuoc ngmg tu trong 1 gio.

b) He so toa nhiet vh lu'ang hoi nuoc ngtrng tu se thay doi the nao khi
doing kinh o'ng t5ng len 4 lan con cac dieu kien kh6c van khong thay
dol.
Bap so'. a ) a = 1 5 . 600 w/m ' C , G„ = 16,8 kg/h
248 cHUONG 10

b) u v a G „ g g i a m 1 ,41 lan

10.54.Hai bao hoa kho co ap suat p = 2,4Pa nguhg tu tren be mat ngoai cua
ong dong thau dat nam ngang co d ugong
k inh d 2 / d , = 20/18 mm. Nu d e
lam mat chay ben trong o'ng vai lou luong 0> -— 400 kg/h, nhiet do trung
b inh tf , = 4 0 C .

Xac dinh luong hei ni n g t u t r ong 1 gia u'ng voi 1 m chieu dai ong.
Giai
Nhu chung ta deu biet he sotoa nhiet
ve phia hoi vaphia ne0c deu phu thuoc vao
hei
nhiet do be mat cua vach o'ng tuang Cfng,
nuctc
nhung trong bai toan nay chung ta chua
biet. Be giai quyet bai toan chung ta dung
phuang phap tinh gan dung va sQ dung do
thi. Khi thie't bi lam viec a che do on dinh,
dong nhiet cua ha'itruyen cho vach ngoai
c ua ong bang dong n h ie t d a n t i f v ach t r o n g
c ua ong va bang dong n h ie t cu a v ach t r o n g
cua ong truyen cho nacre:

a ) Xet d on g n h i e t t i f b e m a t t r o n g c u a o n g t „ , t r u y e n c h o n d o c c o
nhiet do tr ung bin h t r , Cfng vdi 1 met ch ieu dai ong ta co:

chon tr u ce 1 so gia t r i b , t, l a n l o o t l a : 6 5, 70 va 7 5 ' C , t u o ng Cfng vai

no t~> -- t ry + Atg se la 105, 110 va 11 5 ' C .
V eri nhiet do xac dinh t f y = 40 C tra phan phu luc tim dupe:

kf y — 0,635 w/m do; vr, — 0,659 10 m / s ; P r r y= 4,3 1

6
pr, = 653 . 10 P a . s
lOd ) 4 x 4000
3, 14x (18.10 ) x 3600 x (653.10 )

He so toa nhiet ve phia nacre

TOA NHIET OOI LL/U 249

0.25 0.25

Nut, = 0 , 0 2 1 R «f
f Ij p'tf]'
f1
I Pw

Vdi tracing ho'p t„,, = 1 0 5' C ( Pt,„, = 1,67) thi:

0,635 2
= — 92.5 = 3260 w/ m d o
'

cx, Nuf,
" '

,
-

d 18.10

qt> = u i A t > ( nd> x1) = 3260 x 65 >; 3,14 x ( 1 8 . 1 0 ) = 12000 w/m

Tinh toan thong tu ta co:

K hi t ,„, = 110' C ; c, = 3300 w/an do ; q I , = 1 3 000 w/m

t ,„, = 1 1 5 ' C ; e, = 3340 w/m do; q <, — 14200 w/m

Dua vao cac so lieu nay chung ta ve do thi q uan h e q I > —
- f>(At,) tren
h inh ve dpi d a y .
b) Xet truong hap dong nhiet dan qua vach ong dong thau:
He so dan nhiet cua dong thau l„. = 110 w/m do , chung t a xa y d u n g
2KX,„
q uan he: q < ,— -

(t„ 2 — t„,, )
2.3lgd2/d,

K hj At „ = t 2 —t , „ . , = 2 C

,. 2x3,14x110

2,3I e--
"18

C ho lan lu'qt nlot so gia t ri , t inh difoe tQdng Cfng de ve do th i q uan h e

q„„ = f(At2 )

c) Xet tr ui n g h q p hoi ngu'ng tu hei t.ren be mat ngoai cua ong:

qI2 — f (At2 )

Khi ngu'ng hei ben ngoai ong ta co:

0.25
k3
(x = 0 72 4 — 072
vd2(t — t,„2) vd2 (t, — t,„2) '

p=24 ba r m t , = 126,1'C; r = 2 190 kJ/kg

- VOi At 2 = 1 0 ' C t h i t w2 t w2 At 2 = 126 ,1 — 1 0 = 116 , 1 ' C

Thong so vatly cua mang nu'dc ngmg chon theo:

0 ~5( t~ + t~y2 ) 0 ) 5 ( 126 > + 1 16~ 1 )

T u'phu linc tim duqc: p = 9 1 3 , 1 k g/rn ; A, = 68,6. 1 0 w/ m d o ;

v = 0,252 . 1 0 m /s
Dong nhiet Crng vdi 1 m ong
250 cHUONc' 1(!

0.25

q(2 — a,(md2 x 1)bt2

-

0 ,72 ~" ' x nd x h t c

gt0 25
2 2

Thay cac gia tri thong so nhiet vat ly vao ta tim dupe quan he
0.25

q( 0,72~d"' " ' .

2 '2
v
Voi lan lu'ot bhng 10, 15 va 20' C t uang Qng nhan ddoc cac gia tri q (z
la S650, 11700 va 14600 w,'m.
Ve cac duong cong quan he nay phu thuoc cua q(; vao 5 t
Be ve duong cong quan he q ( = f ( dt ) = q (i = q (. = q (2

6t y + h,t,„+ t2 bang each c on g cua b a d u o'ng cong da

ve tru'dc.

q(
(w/m)

12,600

86,1 C

T ir true hoanh vai h t = t , — t<, -— 126,1 — 40 = 81,1' C c h ieu len duong

cong tong hc (p tim duroc gia tri q( — 12600 w/m.

Luong nQoc ng~g th rong Congla:

q( 1,26.10
G 3x3600 =2 0,7 k g/m.h
2190.10
Vay Cfng vdi 1 m ong sau 1 gio ngu'ng tu dude 20,7 kg ndac.
 ChaZdhg

TRAO BOI NHIET BUC XA

11.1 CAC PINH LUAT GOBAN VE BlfG XA NHIET
1 1.1.1. Binh luat P l a n k
c (11.1)
eC' l).T
'

—1

tI'Ollg do:
E„. - kha nang bCrc xa dan sac cua vat den tuyet doi, w/
A. - chieu dai bu8c song, m; T - n h Iiet do tuyet doi, 'K

C~ Cz - hAng so Plank thu' nhat va ther hai

- 15 2!
Ci = 0, 3 74 . 1 0 '%IItm'
C2= 1 , 4 4 . 1 0 m K

1 1.1.2. Binh luat W i e n

T = 2,9 (11.2)
- chieu dai bede song (n>) thong i'fng vdi kha nAng bCfc xa don sAc

cuc dai 0 nhiet do T ('K)

11.1.3. Binh fuat X t efan - Boltzman
T ' 2
E, = C, , w/m (11.3)
100

C, = 5,67 w/m ' K - h e so bCcc xa cua vat den tuyet doi.

11.1.4. Binh luat Kirchhoff

E E E
(11.4)
A, A2 A,
hoAc
(11.5)
252 CHUONG 11

1 1.1.5. Binh l ua t L a m b e r t
E
E,(P = E„COSq)
!1
= — clr» y (11.6)
TC

E~ - kha ning bCfc xa theo phuong y

E„ - kha ning bu'c xa theo phuong phap tuye'n

E - kha n i n g b u'c xa ban cau

11.2 TRAOBOI NHIfT Bl/C XA GllfA CACVAT

11.2.1. Tam phang d$t song song
4 4
T
CE = KqgC O , w/m (11.7)
100, 100

(11.8)

11.2.2. Hai vat boc nhau

Q = e.qdCo F, (11.9)
100, , 100,

F.'qZ (11.10)
— + F,
— ' — -1

11.2.3. Mang chan bu'c xa

1- Mang chcin phcing

100 100 (11. 11)

— + 2~ — + = -

- (n - 1 )
C„ —,=q<el

t rong do: T , - n h iet do be mat t a'm thu' nha't, K

Tz - nhiet do be mit t arn th0' hai, 'K

- do den be mat ta'm thief nhat
- do den be mit t arn thief hai

c,; - do den mang chi'n their i; n - so mang chin .

TRAO DOI IVI-IIET BUC XA 253

2- Man@ chin boc n h au

4 ,4
C,
@(12)c
I ioo ioo I (11. 12)
= + +Z ~ -
— 1+ - ——1
Fi i=l ~ci Fci . > Fci ( ~ci F2

Dien tich be mat mang chan th8 i

11.3 BEING
XA GHAT KHI
Hon hqp khi gom (san pham chiy), doden cua hon hqp du'qc tinh:
~K =
~C02 +l ~H,O -~~ (11. 13)

c H,,o- tim theo do thi H. l l . l .

cco, - tim theo do thi H.11.2

>,0
p9
0,8
Q,7
0,6
Pl- 6pp
Q,5 opp
p4 ~po
tpp
0,3
6o
>0
0,2 6o
p,is 7s
7o
66 8
)
0,10
0,09
0,08 s.
0,07
0,08
0,05
0,04

0,03

0,02 o~o.
P .y

0,015

0,0>0
0,009
0,008
0,007
0,006
0.005
0,
0,004

0 003
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CU CO 4 lA CO h. CO 8 0 bl CO 4 LO CO h CO 0)

Hinh
254 CHUQNG 11

0.30

0,25
0,20 TSG
100
0,15 SO eo
eo 40
0,10 )s +o
0,69
0,68 e lo
0,07
6,06 se
0,05
0,04 "s+
0,03 ore:o

oso
0-
Oe
0,015

op
0,01 0,) 4 .
0,009
0.008
0,007 0
0,006 'Oy o)
o
0,605 0.o~oo
0,004 o- o
'oe oe
0,003
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CV 6 ) W IA CO 5 EG Ch 0 ~ CV C9 W IA 40 0) Ch

Hinh 11.2

Ar. - xet den an h h e an g cua su' xep chong ve quang pho bCfc xa cua 2
chat khi, th ong t h r on g co the bo qua 7
- he so hieu chinh xet den anh heing cua phan hp suat hei nude
lan hen anh huong cua quang dedng te do1,tra theo do thi H.11.3.

1,5 ~P1

1,4
Qi
0% 0
1,3 0~5
5
1,2

Pgo
1,0
0 0 , 1 0 , 2 0.3 0,4 0, 5 0 , 6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0

Hinh 11.3
TRAO DOI IVHIET BUC XA 255

K hi t i n h t own t rao doi n h iet giira kh.oi khi v a v 6 b o c t h ttang st d u n g,

cong thuc:
v,„+1
(11.14)

E.„ - Bj den cua vo boc khoi khi.

~k ~(.'0) + ~~~Et)0

Ak Aco +AH 0

Pk 065
A<z ~ ,tro n g do ceo, chon theo nhiet do vo bocT„.

A H,> — PcH,<, trong do PcH,o chon theo nhiet do T „ ,

T K - Nh iet do khoi k hi , K

Khoang dLfang ttt do trung binh cua cac tia dirac tinh t heo cong thCfc:
4V
t= 0 9 , m (11. 15)
F
V - th e t ich khoi k hi , m ; F - d i e n t i ch be mat vo boc.
Bang 11.1. Chieu dai trung binh cua tia bu'c xa

Hinh dyng khoi khi

Hinh cau d(Iong kinh D 0,60 D

Kh6i hop canh a O,6O a

Ong tru dai d(Iong kinh d 0,90 d

4 c' S
- Skp xep so le hoac song song I = 1.08d2 ~ ' -0,785
d2

BAI TAP
11.1. Mat tr ai co nhiet. do t = 5700 C vh dieu kien bCfc xa gan giong vat den
tuyet doi.
a) Tim kha ning bCfc xa ban cau cua mat trodi

b) Tinh chieudai bu'dc song tuang ung vai kha ning bCfc xa dan skc cuc
dai, nin g l ttang phat ra tr o ng 1 giay, biet dttang kinh c ua mat t rodi
D = 1,391. 10 met
B ap so'. a) E = 72,2 . 10 w/m

b) A. „ = 0,485pm ; Q = 4,38 . 10 w
256 CHUONG 11

11.2. B e mat t h a nh t h e p c 6 n h i et d o t = 727 ' C , d o den c = 0 , 7.Tim k h a

ning bCfc xa cua be mat thanh. Neu nhiet do thanh gism di con mot nina
thi kha ning bCfc xa giam bao nhieu lan.
4 2
Dapso: E =3 , 7 9. 10 w/m
Kha ning be xa giam 6,7 lan.

11.3.Dung cu do nhiet do cao (hoa ke quang hoc) dna trei cd sG so sanh do

choi cuavat can do voi do choi cua sai day toc duqc dot chay sang bing
nguon dien. Dung cu durockhkc do theo su bCfc xa "ua nguon vat den
tuyet doi, vi vay nhiet do do du'ac chi la nhiet do vat den tuyet do'i neu
nhu no co cung do choibCfc xa nhu cua vat can do, trong hoa ke dung
kinh loc mau do (co X = 0,65 p m).
Nhiet do thee te' cua vat b5ng bao nhieu neu doc o vach kh5c do cua hoa
ke chi la1400'C, biet do den cua vat can do z = 0,6.
Bap so': t = 1467 ' C

11.4.Nhiet do vat du'oc do bang hoa ke bCfc xa so mau vii hai loai kinh loc
khac nhau, vdi kinh loc mau d o ( A. = 0 ,65 p m) n h i e t d o ch i
t p~: 1 40 0 C v o l k l n h l o c mau xanh ( A : 0 5 ) th i t ( : 1420 C .

Tim nhiet do t hat cua vat va do den cua vat.

Giai
Do choi cua vat nghien corfu:

o day T - nhietdo tuyet doi cua vat nghien cpu.

Bo choi cua vat den tuyet doi:
E,„ 1 Ct z'
C2 lkTO

T, - nhiet do vat den tuyet doi khi B,> — — B>

Bii v i C 2 / X T, = 13,2 do do e ~' » 1
Tif dieu kien B> -— B,> ta c6:
1 1 A, 1
I.n- (a)
T T, C2

1 A. 1
Ln-
T, C2
TRAO DOI IVHIET BIJC XA 257

Trong tru'ong hop cu the baitoan nay ta co:

1 1 X)' ln 1
(b)
7 'i T C,

Doi voi cung mot vat n ghien cuu nen c~, = c>, = c, do do tif he phuong

trinh (b) ta ti m du'oc:

(c)
1 1
2 o2 ol

tnt
C2 (To] —To2)
ToyTo2 (~y ~ > )

Thay cac gia tri cu the da cho o de bai toan vao (c) va (d) ta tim duoc:
1765' K m t = 149 2 ' C
0,51

11.5.Hai tarn phang rong, dat song song trong moi truong trong suot nhiet
do t, = 127 ' C va t2 = 327 'C, do den cua hai be m5t nhe nhau
= c, = 0,8,giQa hai tarn dat mot mang chin phkng c6 do den
g, = 0,05.

a ) Tinh mat do dong nhiet t rao doi nhiet bu'c xa giCla hai tarn va n h i et
do cua mang chA'n t, .

b) Neu muon mat do dong nhiet giam di 79 l an, cac dieu kien k hac van
nhd cu thi so mang chAn la bao nhieu?
c) Neu mang chAn co do den la c, = 0,1 thi mat do dong nhiet giam bao
nhieu lan (neu so mhng chkn van nhu eau b).

f)ap so: a) q = 146 w/m , tlc = 254 ' C

b) So mhng ch5n n = 3
c) Truing hop nay q giam 39 lan

11.6.Mot ong thep co deong kinh d = 50 mm dai L = 8 m, nhiet do be mkt

t„ = 250' C .

Tinh ton thAt nhiet bQc xa tren be mat ong trong cac truing hop sau:
r

a ) Ong dat tr ong phong rong co nhiet do moi t r u i n g t 2 = 27'C .

b) Ong dat trong phbng hep 1hm bAng gach c6 kich thu0c tie' t dien
— 0,93 vh nhijt do be
ngang (0,2m x 0,2 m),do den cua be mat gach e2 -
mkt
258 CHUONG 11

t 2 = 27' C .

Giai
a) Neu defango'ng dat trong phong rong thi F> « F2 , d o do aqua F$,

theo phu luc, do'i voi be mat thep bi oxy hoa thi e> -— 0,79, ta co:

Tg T2
Q,2 = C, F ~Co
100 100
2 50+273 27+ 2 7 3
0 79 ( 0 05 8) 5 67 3760 w
100 100
b) Neu doing o'ng dat trong cong gach:
F, = md L = 3 , 1 4 x 0 ,0 5 x 8 = 1,25 6 m

F2 = ( 4 x 0 ,2 ) x L = 0,8 x 8 = 64 m

F, zd 3,14x0,05
0,196
F2 4x0,2 0,8
'
T
'

- T2
Q )2 cqdCoF)
100 10 0

CqP
F, ' —1 — 1
—+— 1 —1
+ 0,196
F2 K2 0,79 0.93

3,14x0,05x 8 x 5 , 67[5,32 — 3 ]

1 +196 1
0,79 0,93

11 7 . Mot o n g c 6 defang kinh d

= 200 m m , n hiet dj be m a t ong
t„ = 527'C, do den cua be m5t e> = 0,735, chieu daiong L = 10 m.

Tinh: Ton t ha t n h i e t b u'c xa t ren b e m5 t on g neu ong dht t r on g phbng

r ong c6 nhiet do t 2 — 27' C .

Bap sb'. Q = 105.000 w

11.8. Hai tom phkng dat song song, tom thief nhat la vat den tuyet doi co
nhiet do 0 F c o n ta'm thief 2 lh thep khong gi c6 do den c2 = 0,5 vh
nhiet do lh 1500'F
a) Tinh mat do dbng nhiet trao doi nhiet bCfc xa giCfa hai tom.
b) Neu giCrahai tarn co d5t mot tarn nhom co do den e,, = 0,08 thi t r a o
doi nhijt bCfc xa giam di bao nhieu lan, nhiet dj cua tom nhom lh bao
nhieu?
TRAO LIOI IVHIE T BUC XA 259

Dap so': a) q>2 = 39,6 kw/m

b ) q'„ = , ' 3,05 kw/rn ( g i a m 1 3 l a n ) , t , = 643' C

1 1.9. Co mot phich dm g n eo'c da co diudng kinh d = 100 mm t a o n e n b a n g

thuy tinh hai v o co dieu tich F; .F, =F, = 0,15m , g i Cfa hai leapvo duqc
h ut chan k h ong rat to t de khong con to n ta i t r a o doi n h iet bhng dan
nhiet va do'i luu, be mat trong giira hai l eap
vo duroctrang mot lop bac cec
mong. Nut phichlam bang nhua ron.g co be day 5 = 20 mm, nhiet do be
m at trong cua phich t , = 0 C, r~hiet do be ma t n g oai cua p h ich t 2 =

35'C, nhiet do be mat nut phich xern tu'ang tu be mat tr ong va ngoai
cua phich, doden cua be mat thuy tinh trang bac c = 0,02.
a) Tinh nhiet lu'ang tif ben ngoai truyen vao phi ch .

b) Neu trong phich du'ng 1 kg nunc da o O'C thi sau thai gian bao lau
nuoc da senong chay thanh nu'dc o O'C, biet nhijt n6ng chay cua neoc
da la 334 kJ/kg.
Giai
C)
H ai ldp t huy t i n h c 6 F , = -F2 nem c6 the xem t e o n g Ol

tu hai tarn phkng dat song song, vi giCIa hai tarn duroc hut
c han khong rat t o t ne n k h ong ton taii qua tr in h t r a o d o i 0
@=0 C
n hiet doi l w v a d a n n h i et, do do nhie:t truyen tif ld p b e n
ngohi vao trong chi bhng be xa. 4, =35 C

ti + 27 3 t g + ~ > 73 d=100

100 , , 100
Vl F y = F2 = F v a c, = c., nen :

1 1
0,01
2 —1 2 -1
— —

35+273 ' 0+ 273

Q, = 0,01x 5,67x 0.15 = 0,293 w
100 /
100

N hiet l e ang t r u yen t i r p h i a night phich v ao : v i k h o n g k h i t r o n g n u t

phich phia deoilanh, phia tren nong nen khong khi nam theo ti ng lctp, do
d 6 nhiet x ;i m n h a p t Q nu t p h ich vao c6 t h e x e m n h u d a n n h i e t q u a l o p
khong khi:
)I gb
( tt - t 2 )
260 CHLfONG 11

1 1
ttb — (ti + t~) — (35+ 0) = 1 7,5 ' C
2 2
Tra bang thong so vat lycua khong khi 8 phan phu luc ta co
2 ,57 . 10 w/m d o .
2, 57.10
( 35-0 ) = 4 5 w / m2
20.10
zd 3,14(100.10
' )
Qz = g x F„ = q x = 45 x =0 356 w
'

4 4
Nhiet luqng tu ben ngoai truyen vao:
Q Qy + Qg 0 296 + 0 35 6 0 652 w
N hiet luong can thirst d0 nunc da nong chay toan bj la :
Q' = ( 3 3 4 . 1 0 ) x 1 = 334 . 1 0 J
Thoi gian neac da trong phich tan het la:
Q' 334.10
142 h = 6,9 nghy
0,652x 3600
SD di cac phich thuc te khong giif dirac lanh lau
n hu bai t oan l h d o ca c t h on g so k y t h u a t k h o n g d a t
du dieu kien nhu de kien.

1 1.10. Co mj t b i n h h a i v o ( d ien t i c h b e m a t g a n , n h u
nhau) chCfa day oxy long, be mat tr ong cua hai lop Q=-183 C
I
ma mot ldtpbac co dj den c = 0,02; Khong khi gift
hai lop duroc hut be born chan khong tuyet doi.
N hiet do be m5 t v 6ch n gohl t y = 20 C v a v h ch 5,=20 C

trong tz = — 183'C. Tinh n h ij t l u ong tif ben ngoai

t ruyen vs qua vo binh, dijn tich be mat binh F = 3 . 10 rn .

Dap s6'. Q> = 0,125 W

11.11. Mot du0ng ong din khi co doing kinh D = 500 mm, nhiijt do dong khi
n ong dupe do b&g n h iet ke dien tra co doing kinh d y 5 mm, p h i a
ngohi c6 de mj t m hng chin co doing kinh d~ = 10 ram. Bong ho nhiet
ke chi t~ = 300 C, nhiet do be mht trong cua ong dan t z = 2 0 0 ' C , do
den cua nhijt ke vh mhng chin E, = e~ = (),
8.
Xhc dinh nhiet dj thee cua dong khi va sai so khi do, biet he so toa
nhijt tren be mkt nhiet ke' va mhng,ch6n bing e = 58 Wi/m d o .
TRAO DOI IVHIFT BUC XA 261

Giai
Be giai bai toan chung ta se t,hiet lap phu'ong trinh can bang nhiet doi
voi tu'ng phan:
a) Bo'i voi nhiet ke' dien.tro: Nhiet luqng ma nhiet ke n han du'oc tu'
dong khi bAng trao doi nhiet doi luu phai can bang voi nhiet luong do nhiet
ke' truyen bAng bCfc xa cho mang ch5n.
>4 4
1 Tc
C',nd]L
100 100
J])]J] M ( Qf ' t] )
1 d ]] 1
E]

b) Bo'ivoi mang chan: Nhiet 1'uqng ma mang ch5n nhan duqc gom co:
nhiet lu'qng tif nhiet ke' dien tro tr u yen den bAng bCfc xa va nhiet l uqng
mang chk] n han duqc tu' dong khi bang trao doi nhiet doi lou, tong nhiet
lu'qng nay phai can bang voi nhietluqng ma mang chkn truyen cho vach
ong bAng trao doi nhiet buc xa.
4 PT 4
T
e nd) (tf — t] )+ 2(xd,(tg — t, ) = n d .,c,C,
100 100
Trong pheong trinh (b) vi d ~ « D ne n x e m d ien t ich vo rat nh o so
voi ddong ong dan.
Bien doi tif phuoug tr]nh (a) t])]n du'qc:
•T 4
T
100 10 0
(c)
0 1 + d]
— 1 -—
—- — 1
e) dq vz

( C)
' fi9 >
o
309

Tir ph]long trinh (d) duqc:

262 cHUON<G If

2ud.,tc + cd, t, + d,~cC, '

— d~ecC
(d)
2Cdg + Qdg

Thay cac gia tri da biet vao phuong trinh (c) va (d) ta co:
4
3 77 0 , 0 7 1 = f)(t ) (e)
100
'

T.'
tf = 4 4 , 3 + 0 ,0314 +0,8t = f ~(t ) (g)
100

Cho cac gia tri khac nhau se tim dirac teang ung.
cC

240 260 280 300

t~ = f>(t., i 327,6 323,6 315,1 305,8

fg(t'c > 258,0 275,8 295,6 315,4

V e do thi t f — f , ( t , ) v a t f — f2(t,) , g iao diem cua 2 duang cho ta t i m

duroc t< — 309'C.
S ai so do leong 5 t = 309 — 300 = 9 ' C

11.12.Be do nhiet do dong khi nong chuyen dong trong ong

n ~rai t a d un g mot cap n h iet d i e n ( t h e rmocup), kh i o
che do nh iet o n d i n h n h i e t k e c h i t , = 300' C , b i e t /'
n hiet do vach ong t ~ = 200'"C, do den dau cap n h i et
d ien c , = 0,8 va he so toa nhiet o d au cap nhiet d i e n
2 -
a = 58w/ m do.
a) Tim n h ie t do t h ttc coa dong khi v a sai so cua phep
do.

b) Neu doan ong o khu vu'cdo deqc boc each nhijt de nhiet do be mht
vach ong datden 250'C thi sai so do lu'
ong 1h bao nhieu?
Btf
Dap so: a ) t f —
- 345'C; s ai so'45' C ; = 13,2%c
tf
s

b ) t'f - — 326,6 "C; = 8,15%

tf

11.13. Van di eu k i en tdon g t u' ba i ( 1 1 . 12) n h un g n h i e t k e chi

tI 200 C, do den dau cap n hiet dien c ,, = 0,8, nhiet do vi c h ong t2 - -

1 00'C, he so toa nhiet a = 46,4 w/m do thi sai so khi do la bao nhieu?
TRAO OOI IVHIET BVC XA 263

Be giam sai so khi do ngu'oi ta dat n hiet ke t r ong

mot v o b o c n h u ' h >nh ve , n e u n h i e t k e c h i t ,
200 C, d o den cua vo boc z, = 0,8, he so toa n h i et
dong khan)ng khi doi vai nhiet ke' la cx = 46,4 w/ m d o
va he so' toa nhiet cua dong khong khi do'i voi vo boc
r
la n, = 11,6 w/rn d o . X a c d in h n h i e t d o t h u'c cua
dong khi va rnu'c do sai so'cua phep do.

D ap so: a) tf> = 230 C;

5t( ttttt
13%

5t " =
b ) t f y = 208 C ; 4 ic

1 1.14. Xic dinh do den cua mot khoi kh i p h ang day 5 = 5 m o n h i e t d o

1000'C. Hon hop khi co thanh phan nhu'sau: 11% CO~ va 4% H~O, ap
suat khi la 1 at .
Giai
Khoang du'ong te do trung b>nh cua tia bQe xa:

l = 18 56 = 1 8 x 5 = 9 m

pGQ L = 0 11 x 9 0,99 at.m

p><,0 I = 0 ,0 4 x 9 = 0,36 at . m

0 nhiet d(i 1000'C, do den cac khi t h anh phan ti m duroc tif do t h i
II.11.1 «'> H.11 • 2 la: ~co = 0,2' F~~>p = 0 2 ' p = 1

B o den cua hon hap khi :

~K ~Cog +P~g.,0 = 0, 2 + 0 , 2 = 0 , 4

11.15. Khoi lo co thanh phan 8% CO~, 10% hai noae, chuyen dong trong o'ng
co duang kinh d = 0,6 m, «hiet do khoi cho vao t '< -— 1000'C vh o cho ra

f
-

„ = 625 ' C va ch o r a
— 800 ' C,nhiet do be mat ong cho vao t ',
t" ,„ = 575'C , do den be mat c,„ = 0,8.
Tinh mat do dong nhiet be xa tren be mat o'ngva he so toa nhiet be
x a cb„ .
2
Dap so: q = 9260 w/m;2. u b „ - 32 w/ m do

11.16.Bo qua nhiet cua lo hai co du'

ang kinh ngoai cua ong d = 38 mm, buoc
d oc va bu'oc ngang Sz — S> = 2 d , n h i et d o k ho i va o t ' f —
- 1100'C va
nhiet do khoi r a t " < — — 800'C, nhiet do trung binh be m5t ngoai cua
264 CHL/ONG 11

ong t„, =500' C , do den cua vach o'ng E = 0,8, thanh phan k hoi co 1 0 %
CO2 va 4% H 20 , ap suat cua khoi p = 98,1 KPa.
Xac dinh mat do dong nhiet bu'c xa va cu'ong do toa nhiet bCfc xa
Giai
Khoang doing td dotrung binh cua tia bu'c xa trong chum ong sap xep
so le dude tinh:
l. = 1,08d ' 0.785 = 1,08 x 0 , 038 (2 x 2 — 0,785) = 0,132 m
d2

pcp2 1 = 0 , 1 x ( 9 , 8 1 . 10 ) x 0 , 1 3 2 = 0,129 . 10 m . P a = 1,32 cm.at

pep> 'l = 0 ,04 x ( 9 ,81 . 10 ) x 0 , 1 3 2 = 0,0518 . 10 m . P a = 0,528 cm.at

. • Nhijt do trung binh cua khoi:
tf Op5(t f t f ) = 0 ,5 ( 1 1 0 0 + 800) = 95 0 ' C
Tif do thi H . 1 1.1 va H.11.2 vdi t f -— 950'C ti m d tfoc:
Eco — 0,05 ;
-

EH 2 o — 0,0105
-

Tif do thi H.11.3 tim dirac P = 1,05

CO,+P H,O
Kha ni n g ha p th u cua khi Cfng vdi nhiet do be mat vach ong
T ir do thi H . l l . l v a H . l l . 2 Cong vdi nhiet do t , „ = 500'C t i m di rac:
Cco2 0 ,056; EH2o = 0 , 0 2 1
O.G5
do do A> — 0,056
- + 105x 0 , 0 2 1 = 0,0975
500+273
Phu tai nhiet bCfc xa tren be mat ong:
/ 4
T fT
qb„ - 0,5(E„+1)C,
",100, "i100
950+ 273 ( 500 — 273)
= 0,5(0,8+ 1) x 5 , 6 7

5180 w/ m
Hj so toa nhiet be xa :
qb„ 5180 2
ab„ 11,5 w/m do
t , — t,„ 950 - 500
 Chu'dng

TRUYEN NHIET VA TINH TOAN

THIET BI TRAO BOI NHIET
12.1 TRUYENNHIET QUAVACHPHANG
Q = kF(tf] t fg) W (12.1)
t rong do : k - h e s o t r u yen nhiet, w/m d o
F - dien tich be mat tr uyen nh i et , rn
tn - nhiet do chat long nong, 'C
t fi - nh iet do chat long lanh ' C .
1
k (12.2)
1 -+~—5; + - 1
—
Qi . X. Qg

trong do: e , - h e sotoa nhiet cua phia chat long nong

ez - he so' toa nhiet ve phia cha't long lanh
5; - chieu dhy leap
thCf i, m
X, -h e s o' dan nhiet lop thu' i, w/m do
1 .„
- nhiet trG toa nhij. „t , m 2 d o / w
. .

a
-

- nhit",t tro dan nhiet ;

n - so'lop vach.

12.2. TRUYEN NHIET QUA VACHTRU

266 CHVONG 11

t rong do: d > - duong kinh vach tru trong cung, m.

d„„ - d u ong kinh ngoai cung cua lap vach thief n, m.
n - so' lop vach.

12.3 VAGH GOGANH

tfg tfg
(12.4)
1 +—
5 1—+ 1
a,F, A, F~ u~F~
trong do: F> - dien tich be mat trong khong lam canh, m
F ~ - dien tich be mat lam canh, m .

12.4 THIET BI TRAO

90l NHIET
1 2.4.1. PhQdng trin h ca n b i n g n h i q t
Q = p , ~ f , c » ( t ' , — t' , ) = pzco~f~c„~(t r — t'~ ) (12.5)

trong do:
I

p,, p, - kho'i leang ri eng cua chat l ong n ong va chat l on g l a nh , m

c o,, to> - toc do cua chat long nong va chat l on g l a nh , m/ s

f>, f, - dien tich t ie t d ie n n g ang ma cha't long nong va chat l ong lan h
2
id' dong qua, rn
mph c>p n hiet d un g r i en g cu a c ha t l o n g n o n g v a c h a t l o n g l a n h
J/kg do
Q - n h ie t lu'ong chat l ong nong tr uyen cho chat l ong l a nh , w .
1 2.4.2. Phafdng trin h t r u y e n n h i q t

Q = kFZt (12.6)
trong do: k - he so truyen nhiet, w/m do.
F - d ien t i c h be mi t t r u y e n n h i e t cua t h ie t bi , m
bt - d o ch enh n h ie t d o t r u n g b i n h g i u'a cha't long nong va cha't
long lanh, 'C.
12.4.3. Bj ch enh n h i j t d q tr u n g binh
Bo chenh nhiet dotrung binh logarit:
~t max ~t min
(12. 7)

~t min

Khi bt„„ „ / b t „ „ „ < 2 s 0 dung do chenh nhiet do trung binh so hoc.

TRAO OOI NHIE TBUC XA

1
(12.8)
2
Cong thu'c (12.7) co the 5u dung cho ca luu dong thuan chieu va luu
dong nguoc chieu.
I)o'i voi truong hop luu dong phu'c tap:
~tl = ~ tng '4 t (12.9)

trong do:
ht, - d o chenh nhiet do trung binh khi cha't long ltd dong phd'(c tap.
ht„~ - do chenh nhiet do trung binh tinh theo so do nguoc chieu

c~t - he so hieu chinh xet de'n dac tinh luu dong cua cac chat long
f(R, P) (12. 10)
t P- t ' g
P R
t') — t'p t "g —t'g

t rong do: t ' , - nhiet do vao thie't bi cua chat long n i n g

t", - n h i e t, do ra khoi t hie't bi cua chat l ong n o ng

t '~ - n h i e t do vao thiet bi cua chat, long lanh .

t "> - nh iet do ra k hoi t h ie't bi cua chat l ong l a n h .

12.4.4. Trd khang thuy lu'c cua thiet bi trao doi nhiqt
Thiet bi trao doi nhiet thuong phai co born hoac quat de day chat long
q ua thiet bi , do do viec tinh t oan tr o k h an g t huy lu c l a mo t n h i e m v u t r o n g
tinh t oan t h i e't bi t r a o doi n h i et , t re n co s o » a y d e t i n h t o a n c hon bo'm va
quat cho thich hop:
Tong tro lu'c cua thiet bi
hp„ = d,p, + h p „ ,+ hp~ , + dp, (12. 11)

t rong d6 : Ap „ , - tro khang ma sat

1 pQP
~p (12. 12)
d 2
to - toc dj t r un g binh cua chat long, m/s;
p - khoi luong rieng, kg/m
l - chieu dai down ong, m;
( - h e so ma sat
d - duong kinh dac trung (duong kinh tuong duong), m.
Chat long chay tangtrong ong tron co the su'dung:
268 CHUONG 11

64
(12.13)
Rc
Trong truing hop chay ro'i co the se dung cong thu'c thee nghiern sau:
K hi Re = 500 0 2 000 0 0 :
Boi vc'ti ong thuy tinh va ong dong
0,184
(12. 14)
Re '
Boi voi o'ng thep:
0,22
(12.15)
Re
bp, - trD khang cuc bo
2
P(0
(12. 16)

( - he so trG khang cuc bo. Trong tinh toan thiet bi trao doi nhiet gan
dung co the so bo chon nhe sau:

Dang .xem xet:

- Ong chinh vao buong chica(ong cai vao vo boc) 1,5
- Ra hoac vao chum ong
- Dong ngoac (chuyen pass) 180' 2,5
bp, - trD kh ang do chuye'n dong khong dkng nh iet gay r.en:
2
~p< = P2~% %2
— P>
ApH - tro lu 'c do lac nang gay nen.

PH = ((P, — P) gh

p, - khoi leong rieng cha't long cho lanh, kg/m

/

p - khoi leqng rieng cho cha't long nong, kg/m

h - cao do cua ranh chay, m.
Trb lac cua chum o'ng tron:
a) S5p xep so le:
Xg X2
( = (4, + 6,6m) Re< (12.17)
d ' d
x) x2
( = (5,4 + 3,4 m) Ref ' (12.18)
d d
b) Sip xep song song:
TRAO OOI NHIET BIJC XA 269

-0.23
( 6 + 9m) I — ' Ref " ' " (12.19)
(d
Cac cong thu'c tren la xet cho dong xung kich voi iIr = 90"
x, - Bu'oc ngang dong.
d - Du'ong kinh ngoai cua o'ng.
B ang du'Oi day ne u mo t so' gia tr i h e s o' t r u yen n h i e t t r o n g ca c l o a i
thie't bi trao doi nhiet de tham khao.
Bang l2.1. Gia tri gan du ng cua it,Pso truyen nhiet

Thlet bi trao doi nhi4t ct che d0 t'ai k,w/m' do

Khi truyen cho khi 30-30

NUOc truyen cho khi 10 - 50

Hdi nUdc ngung — Khong khi 5-50

Hdi nUdc den dau ning 50 - 180

NUdc den nUdc 800 - 2500

NUCtc den mot sochat long khac 200 - 1000

NUOc den dau boi tron 100 - 350

Chat hUu cd den chat hUu cd nhe 200 - 450

Chat hUu cdning den chat huu cd ning 50 - 200

NgUng hdilam Iynh b5ng khong khi 50 - 200

NUOc Ibm lanhhdi ngUng 1000 - 4000

NUOc Ibm lanh hdi NH3 ngUng tq 800 - 1400

NUdc Ibm lanhngung hdi chat huu cd 300-1000

Ld hdi 10 ~ 40 + bUc xa

Binh boc hdi lanh chAt 300 - 1000

Binh bdc hdi d6i vdi hdi nude 1500 - 6000

Binh nau vo 6o hdi c6 khuay tron 150 - 1000

Vdng xokn gianhiet thung chUa, nUdc den

nU6c:

- Khong khuay tron 50 - 250

- Co khuay tron 500 - 2000

270 cHUONG 1>

Sang 12.2. Gia tri th a m kh a o ctia mot so'Ioai cau gay nen n h i et t r i k h i
thii't ke th i et bi t r a o do'i n h i e t

Chat long Nhijt trd eau, Rt [w/m 'K]

Dau nhien libu 0,005

Dau m5y bien the 0,001

Dau cay qua 0,003

Nhien lieu diezen nh|, 0,002

Nhien lieu diezen n5ng 0,003

NhL/a ..1udng 0,005

X5ng 0,001
I

Dau hoa 0,001

C5c dung dich kiem 0,002

Long lanh chat 0,001

C5c loai nt/dc 0,001

Muoi ndng chay 0,0005

Khi thai dqng cd 0,01

Hdi (khonr lan dau boi tran) 0,0005

Hdi (cd lan dau bdi trdn) 0,002

Khong khi n6n 0.002

Khi acid 0.001

Hdi dung moi O,OO1

Nude bien 0,0005 - 0,001

Nti'dc Ig 0,001 - 0,003

NLrdc th5p gihi nhi$t (co xu ly) 0,001 - 0,002

Ntrdc th5p gihi nhiet (khdng xu ly) 0,002 - 0,005

Nude song 0,001 - 0,004

Nude cat ho5c nt/dc ngL/ng cua chu trinh kin 0,0005

Nude cap Id hdi da xu ly 0,0005 - 0,001

TRAO OOI IVI"IIET BUC XA

12.5.PHlfdNG PHAP HIEU SUAT - HE SO GHUYEN NHIET (PhVOng PhaP

s; — NTU j

Phu'ong phap do chenh nhiet do trung binh l ogarit ( L M TD) s0 dung

t huan t ie n k h i b i e t n h i e t d o v a o r a cu a cua c ha t l o n g : t ' > , t ' 2 , t "> , t " ~
(hoac biet gia tr i n h iet do con gia tri t hu' 4 se dirac xac dinh tir phuang
t rinh can bAng nhiet), do vay kh i t h iet k e m o i t h i e t b i t r a o doi n h i e t
( TBTE)N) phaong phap nay co nhieu uu diem. Trong mot so t r u i n g h a p
n gu'oc lai l a c h un g t a d a c o si n m o t T B T B N , b i e t n h i e t d o v a o cu a c h a t
l ong t ' , , t'2 dien t ich be mat t r ao doi nhiet F v a co t h e ulcc tinh duoc he so

truyen nhiet k, dieu chung ta can xac dinh la nhiet do ra cua chat long
t",.t"2 va dong nhiet truyen qua Q. Phuong phap LMTD co the ap dung
cho bai toan ngeoc nap nhmag phai lap di lap lai nhieu lan, de giam su lap
l ai na y c 6 t h e s Q dung phuang phap c — NTU, n 6 r a t d a n g i a n v a t h u a n
tien.
T ren quan d iem n h ie t d ong lu'c hoc ky t h u at , h i e u suat T B T B N d d o c
xac dinh nhd sau:
Q Dong nhiet tr uyen qua thiet bi
E (12.20)
Q Dong nhiet toi da co the truyen

t rong do: Q - d h n g n h iet t hee do chat long nong tr uyen cho chat long lan h
Q,„ - dong nhiet to'i da c6 the truyen.
Q = G 2 c p 2 ( t "2 ' t 2 ) = G , cpy( f ' y t " y) (12.21)

c (t , - t , ) = c «,- t , )
Q eC„„-,(t',— t'2) (12.22)
f (kFIC , „ , C, „ I C „> (12.23)
kF
NTU
C .„ (Gc )„,„
C~n

Quan he (12.23)duqc the hien do thi 8 phan phu luc. Neu muon tim
hieu ky hen c6 the xem 8 t'ai lieu tham khao [17].
272 CHUONG 11

Bang 12.3. Quan he E = f(NTU, C)

Dyng thiet b] trao d6i nhijt Quan hy c = f(NTU), C
1. Ong 16ng ong:
1 — exp(-NTU(1+ C)]
LLru dong song song cung chieu
1+C
1-exp[-NTU(1- C)]
LUu dqng song song ngL/qc chieu
1- C exp[ —
NTU(1 —C)]
2. Vo bqc chum ong:

S6 pass ong 1, 2, 4... ~x 1+ e x p I - NTU~]

1+C
1—Cexp [-NTUxl1+ C]
3. Chhy c5t nhau (1pass)
NTU0.22
'
Hai chat long kh6ng bi xylo tron e =1 — exp [exp( — CxNTU0.78
) — 11~

C,„ b i xylo tr6n c = — (1 —

exp[1 — C[1 —exp(-NTU)] ] )
C; „ k h ong bi xylo tr6n C
C ,„bi
xylotrain 1
c = 1- exp[- — [1-exp(-Cx NTU)] ]
C „.„khong bi xylo tron C

c = 1 —exp( —NTU)
4. Tat ca thirst bi trao dpi nhiet c6 C =0

Bang 12.4. Q uan he N T U = f(E, C)

Dyng thiiLt b[ trao dpi nhiet Quan hq NTU = f(c, C)

1. Ong l6ng ong:

- ln[1 — c(1+C)]
LL/u dong song song cung chieu
1+C

Luu d()ng song song nguqc chieu N TU = In

C-1 cC = 1
2. Vb bqc chum 6ng:

1 2/c -1- C- 1+ C
S6 pass 6ng 1, 2, 4... NTU = - ln
1+ C2 2 /c- 1 - C + 1+C
3. Chhy c5t nhau (1pass)
C b i xylo tp()n
C~;„kh6ng bi xylo train C
Cm,„bi xylo train NTU — In[C In(1- c)+ 1]
C, „ k h6nq bi xylo train C
NTU = -In(1 — c)
4. Tat ch thiet bi trao dpi nhibt c6 C = 0
TRAO E'OI NHIET BUC XA 273

BAI TAP
12.1. Mot in< dan hei gorn hai doai., doan thief nhat d5t thing dctng co do dpi
L, = 4m vh doan thahai dat num ngang c6 do dai Lz = 4m, d efang kinh ~r

ngoai cua ong d = 50 mm, do den be mat ong c = 0,8. Ong ddsc dat
trong ph~ng rong co nhiet do tf —.20 C, biet nhiet do be m5t ngohi cua
o ng t , „ = 180 ' C.

a) Tinh ton tha't nhiet tren toan bo doing ong

b) Nhan xet ve mac do ton that nhiet gay nen do trao doi nhiet bang
b u'c xa va toa nhiet doi lw .
Bap so': a) Q = 3733 w

"
b) Qb. — 1979 Vf; Qg( —
-

- 1760 W, = 47,1%; = 52,9/o

Q Q
12.2. Thanh d ien tr o d a t t r o ng b uong gia n h i et co d u ong k i n h d = 1 0 m m ,
chieu dai L = 2m, dien tra suat cua thanh p = 1 , 2 Q m m /m , nhiet do
b e mat th anh t , „ = 920'C, nhietdo moi treang. Khong khi xung quanh
tf -— 80 C, do den be mat thanh e = 0 , 9.
Tinh n h ie t l u on g t r u yen qua t h an h v a d on g d i e n ch o p h e p t r o n g chic
truing ho'p sau:
a) Thanh dat t h ang dCrng trong phbng rong.
b) Thanh dat nam ngang trong phong rong.

c) Van nhe t r i o'ng hop b) nhm g co gi6 thoi n gang qua th anh voi toc do
0) = 6 m/s.

Giai
a) Thanh d~t thAng dCrng:
Q uk t r in h t r u y e n n h i e t t i r b e m 5 t t h a n h c h o m o i t r u i n g k h o n g k h i
xung quanh gom co toa nhiet do'i lou tu' nhien va t rao doi n h ie t b i n g bCfc xa
= Q ai + Qbx

=
T, Tf
Qb„ CFC,
1000 100

md L = 3,14 x 0 ,0 1 2 = 0, 0 628 m
'iV 920+ 273 = 1193' K

80 + 273 = 353' K

Qb„ - 0,9 x 0,0628 x5,67 [11,93 - 35 3 ] = 6 442 w

274 CHLfOAIG 11

Q~( - oF(t,„— tf )
-

N hiet do t in h t o a n :
t = 0, 5 ( t , „ + t f ) = 0,5 (920 + 8 0 ) = 500 ' C

Tif phu luc tim duac thong so'vat ly cua khong khi nhu sau:
X, = 5,74.10 'w/m do; v = 7 9 ,38.10 m /s
Pr = 0,687
1 1
Kich thuac tinh toan: 1 =:L; $ T 773

gPL dt 9,8 1x 2 x ( 9 20 — 80)

v 773x (79 38.10 )

(Gr.Pr) = (1,35.10 ) x 0 , 6 8 7 = 9,27.10

Tit bang 10.1 tim dirac C = 0,135; n = 1 / 3
Nu = C(Gr.Pr„,)" = 0,135 x ( 9 ,27.10 )" = 283,5
-2
' '
a = Nu 283,5 x = 8,13 w/m ' C
L 2
Q<< - 8,13 x 0 , 0628 x (920 — 80) = 429 w
-

Q = 6 442 + 4 2 9 = 6871 w

Tif phuang tr in h ca n b hng nang luang ta co:

Q = RI 6871 w

R — p- Lg — 0 03Q
3,14x10
4
Q = 0,03 I 6871 w
6871
478,6 A
'II n 03
b) Thanh dht num ngang:
Trong truing hap nay thhnh phd'ntrao doi nhijt bAng bCfc xa khong
thay doi, nhmg thhnh phan trao doi nhiet doi lou co thay doi.
N hij t d o t i n h t o an : t „ = 500' C

Kich thu0c tinh town: 1 = d

gpd At 9,81x ( 1 0.10 ) x ( 920 — 80)
1 69103
v - 773x(79,38.10 )

Tra bang 10.1 tim du'ac: C = 0,54; n = 1/4

TRAO DOI AIHIET HUC XA 275

N U„ = 0 ,54(1,16. 10 ) " = 3,15

-2

d 1.10
- 18,1 x 0,0628 x 840 = 955 w
Q<i
955 + 6442 = 7397 w

I„ = = 49 6 5 A
0,03
c) Truorig h~p gio,ihoi ngang qua thanh voi toc do m = 6 m/s: Thanh
phan trao d(ii nhiet b5ng bCfc xa khong thay doi nh0ng trao doi nhiet doi
lm trong truong hop nay la toa nhiet doi lou ceo'ng bCfc vai dong chay ben
n goai th a nh . N h i e t d o t i n h t o a n l a t f -— 80 C, tif phan phu luc tim duroc
thong so vat lycua khong khi:

3 ,05 .10 w / m do; vf = 21,09.10 m /s;

Prf — 0,692
-

Kich thdac tinh toan la d efangkinh ngoai cua thanh l = d

md 6 x0 0 1
2 84 10
21,69.10-'

Nu< - -
0,22 Ref' — 0,22x(2,84.10
-

)' = 25,97

3,05.10
'
u = Nuf — g5,97 '
-

= 79,2 w/ m d q
1.10
Qd< - 7 9,2 x 0,0628 x 8 4 0 = 41 7 8 w

Q = 4 178 + 64 4 2 = 10620 w

10620
r95 A
0,03

12.3.Mot dulng o'ng dan hei ibm bing thdp de num ngang co doing kinh
ngoai d = 25 mm, nhiet do b4ngohi cua ong t~ = 250'C, nhiet dq khong
khi xung quanh tf= 25 'C, dg den be mkt ong s = 0,95.
a ) Xhc dinh ton that nhiet Cmg vdi 1 m b e m5t ong, xhc dinh ty lj ton
that dodoi lou vh bCrc xa gay nen.

b) Neu co dbng khong khi thoi vuong g6c vs dedng ong, toc dj
c o = 2 m/» thi ton t ha t t r en se lh bao nhieu, ty l e t h hn h p h a n to n t h a t
do'i lou vh b e xa thay doi the neo?
Bap so'. a ) q = 6325 w/m, q@ = 43 % , q b „ / q = 5 7 %
276 CHUONG 11

b) q' = 32013 w/m , q'<</q' = 88,7%, q'b„/q' = 11,3/o

12 4. H a i n gu h g t u t r en be m5t ngoa i ong dong t hau co

dp /d~' = 25/22,5 mm, nude chay trong ong vai to'c do e = 1 m/s, nhiet
do trung binh cua noae la 30'C, he so' dan nhiet cua dong thau
X = 113 w/m do.
Tinh he sotruyen nhiet k.
Bap so': k = 3650 w/m

12.5. Tinh nhij t l uang truyen tu' trong phong qua tu'0ng biet nhiet dj k h ong
k hi t r on g p h on g t fy 25 C, nh ie t do kh o n g k h i ng o h i t r a i
tfQ 8 'C. Tudng xay bkng gach dhy 5 = 250 mm, co he so' dan nhiet
X = 0,5 w/m dj, hj sotoa nhiet cua be mat trong u, = 23 W/m do va
be mkt ngohi uz = 8 W/m do.
Bap s6': q = 28,3 w/m 2

12.6. Mot vach lo hoi lam bhng thep day 20 mm, he so dan nhiet
X = 58 w/ m d o , n h ie t d o cu a kh i l o t f , -— 1000'C, nhiet do cua nuoc

trong lola nhiet do bao hba cua noae o ap suat p = 33,5 bar. He so toa
nhiet cua khi lo toi vach la a~ = 116 w/m do, he so toa nhiet til v6ch lo
den nunc la az = 2320w/m do.
Xac dinh mat do dong nhiettruyen qua vach q va nhiet do be mat trong
va ngoai cua v6ch lo.
Bap s6: q = 80.900 w/ m, t „ , = 30 4 C , t , „ z = 278 C

12.7. Mot vhch p hag cua thiet bi co chieu cao H = 1,5m, vhch gan 2 ldrp, l eap
thu'
nhat vent lieu co A ., = 0, 8 w / m ' C , 5, = 100 mm, l eap thief hai co
X q — 0,1 w/m'C , 5 ~ = 20 mm, dien tich be m5t vhch F = 4 m .Nhift dq be
rn5t vhchlanh ngohi cung c6 t3 = 80'C t iep xuc v0 khong khi co tf = 20 ' C .

a) Tinh nhij t l dang truyen qua vlch Q[kw].

b) Tinh nhij t d j b e mat n6ng trong cung t, .
Bkp s6: a) Q = 1,44 kw
b ) t, = 1 6 1 ' C t

12.8.Tc&g lb dirac lhm brag 2 lap gach: leap

trong lb gach chiu lira c6 chi0u dhy
5~ = 250 mm, he so dan nhiet A.~= 0,348 w/m do, lap ngohi lh gach do c6
TRAO GOI NHIET BUC XA 277

6p —
- 250 mm va X~ = 0,695 w/rn do. Neu san pham chay trong lo co nhiet

do tf i — 1300 ' C, nhiet do khong khi x ung quanh l o tf ~ = 3 0 ' C , he so

t oa nhiet tu san pham chay den gach chiu lua e , = 34,8 w/ do va tu b e

— 11,6 w/m do.

mat vach ngoaiden khong khi ez -
Tinh mat do dong nhiet truyen qua vach va nhiet do t iep xuc giua 2 lop
gach.
2
Dap so: q = 1150 w/m, t = 440' C

li.9. Mot duong ong din gio nong cho lo cao, toc . do gio nong
~ = 3 5 m/s nhiet do trung binh t f , — 800 ' C , du'ac cau tao boi 3 lap vat
lieu: lop trong cung la gach chiu lua co chieu day 5> -— 250 mm, he so
dan nhiet A,, = 1,17 w/rn do, lo'p vo thep day 5 z — 10 mm , A.z = 4 6 ,5
w/rn do, lap each nhiet ngoai cung co X~ = 200 mm, A3 = 0,174 w/m do,
d uang kinh t r ong cua ong d , = 1000 rnm, ong dat na m n g ang lo t h i e n
co gio thoi ngang qua vai toc do ~ = 4 m/s, nhiet do moi t r u ong khong
k hi xung quanh tf p 10 ' C .
Tinh ton that n h iet t ren 1 m du'ang ong (bo qua ton t ha t n h i e t buc xa)
Dap so: q i -— 2330 w/m

12.1Q. Mot day dien tro de tran duang kinh 6 = 1 mm , L = 1 m, yeu cau khi
co dong dien chay qua nhiet doday khong duac vu'ot qua 600 "C.
a) Xac dinh dong dien cho phep ion nhat chay qua khi day dat num
ngang, nhiet dokhong khi xung quanh t,< — 30'C, dien tra suat cua day
p = 1. 2 Q m m - / m .

b) Trong truong hop day dat th rongdung thi dong dien cho phep bao
nhieu?
Dap so: a ) Day dat num n g ang I » » = 11,5 A

b) Day dat thing dung I»» = 8,56 A

12 11. Mot on g dan h oi i bm bAn g t h ep co he so dan n h i et

l, = 46,4w/m do, duong kinh ong 200/216 mm, ong duoc boc mot lap
each nhiet co chieu dhy 5 = 1 2 0 mm , he so dan n h ie t X,> = 0 ,116 w/m
do. Nhiet dovach o'ng phia hoi t„, = 300 C, nhiet do khong khi xung
q uanh t f z — 25 C, he so' toa nhiet tu be mat n gohi den khong khi
-

a> =9,86 w/ do. Tinh ton that nhiet tren 1 met chieu dai ong vh nhiet do
be mat ngoai lop each rihiet.
278 CHUONG 1f

Bap so: q / = 7 9,94 w/m, t 3 —4 2 , 5 ' C

12.12.Co mot doan ong hoi de tran chieu dai L = 5 m dat nhm ngang, duong
kinh ong d = 100 mm dat trong moi th ong khong khi yen tinh co nhiet
d o t~ — — 40'C, be m5t ong co nhiet do t „ = 200'C . T in h to n t h a t n h i e t
tren toan boduo'ng ong biet do den be m5t ong c, = 0,8
Dap so': Q = 4961 w

12.13.Mot thiet bi trao doi nhiet dang ong long ong, nu'oc chay trong ong vai
100 kfong G~ = 1,2 kg/s, nhiet dj nunc vao t'~ = 2 0 ' C , n h i e t d o n l fdc
ra t"~ = 80 C , n h iet dung rieng cua nuoc cpp 4 18 k J / k g ' C . N eoc
khoang chay n~foc chieutrong phan hinh xuyen giQa 2 vo boc voi neac
khoang c» — 4,31 kJ/kg'C. Ong trong co duo'ng kinh d = 1,5 cm va
t hong doi mong, he so tryen nhiet k = 640 w/m ' C .
X ac dinh dien t ich t r uyen nh iet cua thiet bi v a t ong chieu dai can t h i et
cua ong.

Giai
I ) - S0 dung phuong phap LMTD.
S ct do nguyen ly la m v iec cua thiet bi dude the hien t re n h in h v e .
nude khoang

160'C
nUdc
1',= 2 0 ' C ~ ~ t" , = SO C

G> = 1,2 kg/s

I G ,= 2 k g / s

Gia thiet ruingTBTBN duqc each nhij t r a t t o t n e n co th e xem t oan bo

nhiet luqng chatlong nong nha ra se duroc chAt long lanh hap thu town bo.
Nhiet do ra cua chat long nong t", duo'c xac dinh tu' phuong trinh can
b5ng nhiet:
Q = G pcpp(t p t p) 1 2 x 4 18 x ( 8 0 — 20) = 3 0 = > p>( '<- "y)

t'1 = 160 = 125,1 ' C

G~ cpl 2 x 4, 3 1

ht,„ 151 1 20 = 105 1 C

TRAO DOI NHIET 8lJC XA 279

2 t„„„ = t.', — t"; = 16 0 — 80 = 80 ' C

160 C

t"i = 125,1 C

t"p = 80'C

20C

Bo chenh nhiet do t r ung binh logarit dt I .

~to>ax ~tn>in 105,1 — 80
~t n~a.x 105, 1
LA
~t nwn n 80

Tif phuong trin h t r u yen nh iet ta co:

k I' ht I m F
kb,tI

301xlp
640x92
Chieu dai can th iet. cua on@:
F 5. 11
F = rtLd m L 108,4 m
zd 3,14x0,015
II) - Su dung phu'ang phap c - NTU.
G, c„, = 2 x 4,31 = 8 ,6 2 k w / ' C = C„ ,,„

C2 = G2cp2 - 1 ,2 x 4 , 1 8 = 5 ,0 2 k w / ' C = C „ ),„

C~>>>>
(t'> t 'g ) 5 y0 2 ( 16 0 20 ) 70 2 >8 kw

k)ay lh gi 6 t r i c u'c dai t heo ly t h u yet m a t h i e t b i c o t h e t r u y e n d u qc,

treu thu'c te' nhiet leo'ng truyen la:
Q = Q, = G,c„z(t "2- t'2) = 1,2 x 4 , 1 8 (80 — 20) = 301 k w

E fieu suat cua thie't bi trao doi nhiet :

301
0,428
702,8

Ti' bang 12.4 ta tin h t h eo cong thCrc

280 CHUOr,~ ~r

NTU = ln
• L.C
C-1

C = C „ /C „ 5,02/8,62 = '0,583

1 0,428-1
NTU
0,583-1 0,428x 0,583 — 1
kf F = NT U x C n~ in 0,651x5020
NTU
min k 640

Nhan -xet:
a) Cung c o t h e t i f d o t hi e—
, NTU, vd i g i a t r i c = 0 , 42 8 v a

C = C „„n / C, „ —0,583 ta tim duqc gia tri F.

b) Ket qua tinh toan b5ng hai phuang phap kha phu hap nhau, moi
phuong phap deu co m va nhaoc diem rieng nen tuyloai bai toan ma chon
phoning phap nao gon.
12.14. Mot t h i e t b i t r a o d o i n h i e t k i e u o ng l o n g o ng l ou d o ng n g u'ac chieu,
nd6c chay trong ong vdi nhiet do vao t'z — 20'C v a n h i e t d o ra
t "2 - — 60'C, dau chay ben ngoai ong ( c> — 2 kJ/kg do), lou leang n lMc
G2 - — 2 kg/s,lou luong dau G, = 2 kg/s, nhiet do dau vao t', = 150 C,

he so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi la k = 600 w/m do.

Mc d i nh d i en t i ch t r u y en n h i et c ua th i et b i .
Giai
Nhiet do trung binh cua nude:
t2 = 0 , 5 ( t ' 2 + t "q) = 0 ,5 ( 2 0 + 6 0 ) = 4 0 ' C

N hiet dung ri eng cua nude vai t z = 4 0 ' C l a c . , = 4,175 kJ/kg do

Nhiet luqng neoc nhan du'oc do dau truyen qua thiet bi:
Q = G 2 c p2(t p t p ) = 2 x 4 , 175 x (60 — 2 0 ) = 334 k w

Ve phia dau:
Q = G > c py(kt> ) = 2 x 2 x h t, = 334 kw

334 .C
htj = t ')- t ) -
TRAO OOI IVHIET BUC XA 281

1 50 — 83,5 = 6 6 ,5 ' C
150 C

>t,„ = 9O ' C

66,5'C 60'C

46,5'C

20'C

h,tm,„„ = 150 — 60 = 90' C

= 66,5 — 20 = 46,5

B o chenh nhiet do tr ung binh logarit :

"" " '
b,t = " " ' "

= = 65 8 ' C
mal x

atm,„ 46,5

Dieu tich truyen nhiet cua thiet bi:

Q 334 10'
8,46 m
kit> 600x 65,8

12.15. M ot thiet bi t r a o doi nhiet, chat long nong deqc lam nguoi tir nhiet d o
t ', = 3 0 0 ' C d e n t " , = 2 0 0 C v a c hat l ong l anh d uqc gia nhiet tif n h i et
do t ' ~ = 25 ' C den t " 2 = 175"-C. Tinh d o c h enh n h ie t d o t r un g b i n h
logarit tr ong ba truong hqp sau:
a) Chat long chuyen dong cung chieu
b) Chat long chuyen dong nguqc chieu
c) Chuyen dong giao nhau.
Dap so'. a) Atqh = 1 0 4 ' C
b ) b,t<g = 14 9 ' C

c) h,t, = 134 ' C

12.16. Mot thiet bi t r ao doi nhiet moi gia can lam lanh 2 50 lit c hat long nong
c6 khoi l an g rieng p, = 1 1 0 0 k g/ m , n hi et d un g ri en g
cp> 3 kJ/kg do fB nhiet do t ', = 120 ' C ha xuo'ng t ", = 50 ' C, nunc
l am nguoi co 1W luqng 1000 lit/h, nhiet d o v a o = 10'C . Xa c din h d i e n
tich be mat trao doi cua thie't bi klii luu dong thuan chieu va lou dong
ngdqc chieu, biet he so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi k =1161w/ do.
Dap so'. F,h — — 0,24; F„g — 0,22 m

12.17. M ot thi et bi t r a o doi nhiet loai ong long ong co dien tich t r u yen n h i e t
282 CHUONG 11

F = 8m , luu l u o n g cha ' t long nong V, = 0 25 m / h ,

p, = 1100kg/m , c~, = 3,04 kJ/k g ' C , t ' , = 120' C . N uoc giai n hiet co:
V2 — 1000 L/h, p z — 1100 kg/m3, t ' ~ = 1 0 C , b i e t h e s o t r u y en n h i e t
cua thiet bi k = 34,5 w/m ' C .
S u dung phuong phap c - N T U t i n h n h i e t l u ong t r uyen cua t h iet, bi Q ,
nhiet do ra cua cha't long t " , v a c h a't long lan h t " z t r o n g 2 t r u ong hop
luu dong thuan chieu va luu dong nguoc chieu.

Dap so:

a) Luu dong thuan chieu:

Q = 16,33 kw , t " , = 49 , 6 ' C , t "2 = 2 4 ' C
b) Luu dong nguqc chieu Q = 17,35 k w , t " , = 4 5, 2 ' C , t " 2 -— 24,9'C

12.18.Bo say khong khi kieu chum ong cua lo hoi nha
m ay nhiet d ien dot t h a n d uoc bo tr i n h u' htnh v e .
K hong kh i ca n d uoc say n ong c o l u u l u ong
G., = 21,5 kg/s t u n h i e t d o v a o t ' z — 30'C den
-

n hiet d o r a t " 2 = 260 C c h u yen d ong ben n g oai

c hum ong. Khoi n on g c o t h an h p h a n 13 / c C O z ,
11'/c H zO ch uy e n d on g t ron g on g t h ep
(A. = 46,5 w/m do) voi luu luong G , = 19,6kg/s, toc
d o trung b i n h u ) t — 14 m/s, nhiet do khoi vao thiet
-

bi t', = 380 "C, to c d o cu a d on g k h o n g k h i q u a c h o

hep nhat la co, = 8 m/s. Chum ong cua thiet bico

duong kinh d2/d, = 53/50 mm bo tri sole voi buoc G,
ong S, = Sz = 1,3d2. Xac din h d i e n t i c h b e m a t
truyen nhiet cua thiet bi, chieu cao cua ong L, v a so luong ong ca> thiet.
Dap so': F = 1830m
n = 1080 ong; L~ = 5,4 m

12.19.Bo say khong khi cua 16 hoi, khong khi chuyen dong ngang q~a chum
o'ng va khoi chuyen dong trong ong tu tren xuong voi 1Lu luo'ng
V , = 35m /s nhiet do vao t ' , = 345'C , n h iet do ra t " , = 1 6 0 ' C , k h o n g
k hi c o l u u l u o n g V 2 = 23m /s, nhiet do ting tu t'z —
- 2('C d e n
t "2 -— 250'C. Thiet bi cotong so ong n = 2019 ong, duong kinh ong
d2/d, = 53/50 mm, ong botriso le buoc ngang S, = 70 mm va buoc doc
S2 — 60 mm, so ong skp xe'p theo chieu ngang dong n, = 77 va t h e o
TRAO OOI NHIET BUC XA 283

chieu do»g chay »2 = 27, chieu rong cua defang khoi b = 5,4 m, khoi v a
khong khi chuyen dong tu'ang tLI hinh ve bai 12.18.
X6c dinh dien tich truyen nhiet cua thiet bi.
G181

D 1) chenh nhiet do tr ung bi nh :

At~~g x Cg1

( 160 20) ( 34 5 2 5 0 ) 'C

]60-20
/11
345-250
t, — t', 345 — 160
250 — 20
t "2 =- t '2 250- 20
p
t "~ — t'q 345 — 20
T ra do thi i p h a n ph u luc c « = f(P,R) = 0,9

do do: dt = 115 x 0,9 = 104,5' C

Die» tich thu'c te khoi chuyen dong qua:

7T 3,14
F, = n — d, = 2 079 ' x (5 0 . 1 0 ) = 4,1 rn
4 4
Toc do trung binh cua khoi.
V,' 35
(01 = = = 8,5 rn/s
Fq 4,1

N hiet do tr ung binh cua khoi :

t> = 0,5 (345 + 160) = 252,5' C
C an cu' theo nhiet do nay t r a a p ha n ph u luc t i rn du'qc thong so vat l y
cua khoi tuong u'ng nhu' sau:
-2 -6
X, = 4,41.10 w / m do ; v, = 39,3.10 m / s ; P r> = 0 , 6 60

Ve phia khoi:
o qd, 8,5x (5 0 .10 ) 4
v, 39,3.10
Nu> — 0,021Re, P r>
-

— 0,21(10800) ' (0,66) ' = 29,4

29,4x(4,44. 10 ) / 2d„
Qg
(50.10 ')
Dien tich tie't dien dong khong khi chuyen dong qua (di(:n tich t ie't
dien tq do):
284 CHLfONG 11

F2 = L(b — n,d2) = L (5 4 - 7 7 x 0 0 5 3 ) = 1 3 2 x L

To'c do trung binh cua dong khong khi:

VR 23 17,4
F2 1,32L

Nhiet do trung binh cua dong khong khi:

t2 = 0,5 (250 + 20) = 13 5 ' C
Thong so vat ly cua k h ong khi th o ng C fng vai t 2 :

3,46.10 w / m d o ; v 2 = 2 7 , 21 0 m / s P r2 = 0,685

Ve phia khong khi:

~d2 17. 4 9 5 3. 10 34200
L 27,2.10-' L
Khi dong khong khi chuyen dong ngang qua chum ong so le, gia thiet
la Re< > 10 ( sau khi tinh deac L se kiem tra lai) co:
Nu 2 = 0,35Re2' c,b
2
1 1
(0,6+ 07+ 25c3 )
n2 27

1
( 0,6 + 0,7 + 25 x 1) = 0,975
27

34200 176
Nu> -
-

0,35x0,975x
I T 0.6

176x(3,46.10 ) 116
L x ( 5 3 10 ' ) L'

H e so truyen nh iet cua th iet bi

1 +5— +-1 1 (1,5.10 ) 1

—
a A. e ~ 26 46 ,5 ] 16/L '
116
4,7+L '
Q = kFa t ( ' )
2 nd,b n L la dien t ich toa n h iet cua t h iet b i .

Q = m d< xnxLx k x h t ( * )

Q =
p2cp2V2(t "2 — t'2) = [ 1, 1 0 2 x 0 , 8 6 5 x 2 3 x 2 3 0 I 10 =4 , 6 . 10

Boi v d'i khong khi u'ng vdi t2 t h i :

TRAO DOI NHIET BUG XA 285

c» = 1.012.10 J / k g do ; pz = 0,865 kg/m

Thay gia tr i Q t i i n duqc nay vao phuang tr in h (~) duqc:

2x14x(51,5.10 ) x 2 079x L x 1 16x 104,5
4,6. 10
4,7+ L"
L ' = 1 , 80L — 4,7

Be tim L ta su'dung phuang phap do thi, n6

t im d u q c t i f g i a o d i e m c u a 2 du a n g c o n g
1'y(LI = L va fp(L) = 1,8 L — 4,7. o<
Ket qua tim du'ac I

L = 3 ,70m qV f
2 /j
F = 2546m I

D ung ke't qu a L k iem tra lai gia thiet k h i

L=3.7 m
t inh ta co I/d > 50 nen gia thiet hqp ly .

12.20. Trong mot t h i e t b i

t r a o doi n h iet l u u d ong n g uqc chieu giua nuac va
san pham chay, luuluang nuac Gz — 10 kg/s n uac vao c 6 n h i e t d o
-

t'z -— 26'C khi ra la haiqua nhiet c6 t "~ = 126 C, ap suat nuac trong
t hie't bi p = 1 , 013 bar. Nuac duqc gia nhiet v a b i e n t h an h ha i nh a s a n
p ham chay kh i va o t h iet b i t ' > — 650 C, l ~
-

l u q n g G ~ = 4 5 kg/s, he so

truyen nhiet cua thiet bi k = - 197 w/m d q .

Tinh dien t ich t r uyen nhiet cua thiet bi ( kh i t i n h t o a n su dung thong so
vat, lv cua khong khi).

Dap so: F = 6 9 6 m

12.21.Bo hkm nuac cua 16 hai cua nhh mAy nhiet t',

d ien duqc the hien nhu hinh ve, l~ l u q n g j

nuac can duqc ham G z — 230 tan/h tu n h i et
2
d o vao t ' q = 1 6 0 ' C d e'n t " z — 300 ' C , n u n c
vao tu ong g6p duaichay trong ong thdp cua
chic phan tu' uon dang song vh duqc dua vao
ong g6p tren, du'ang kinh ong d, /d~ = 44/51
mm, toc do nuac chuyen dong trong ong lb.
o> = 0,6m/s, he so dan nhiet cua vat lieu ibm
ong X = 22 w/m do.
Khoi chuyen dong ben ngoai chum ong tu'
t ren xuong (13%CO>., 11/oH~O) vai to c d o
t"
1
286 CHUONG 11

q ua cho hep nhat ; ~ = 13 m/s, luu luong khoi G , = 5 0 0 t a n/h, nh iet do

k hoi vao bo ham t ' , = 800'C. Ong duroc skp xep dang so le buac ngang
S> = 2 1 d va buoc doc S2 = 2d.

Xac dinh dijn tich truyen nhiet cua bo ham, chieu dai ong cua moi phan
t0 va so' phan td cua thiet bi .
Giai
Nhiet do trung binh cua nude:
t„ = 0,5 ( t' + t " ) = (160 + 30 0 ) = 230' C

Tu' nhietdo nay, tra bang thong so vat ly cua noae i phan phu luc co:

p2 — 827 kg/m ;
- cpp 4 68 kJ/ k g d o

A f2 0 637 w/m do; v f z = 0, 145 . 10 m / s

P rf2 = 0,88.

Nhiet luqng truyen cho neac:

230 10 4
Q = G 2 c 2( t "2 - t ' 2 ) = x4,68x (300 — 160) = 4,2.10 k w .
3600
Tri so Rc,, cua dong nude:

~d> 0 ,6x(4,4-10 )
0,145. 10
Be tinh duqc u 2 c h ung ta can p ha i b ie t n h i e t d o be ma t v ach ong, tuy
nhien so bo t a c6 th e b i e t d dsc l a cuong do to a n h i e t u z v e p h i a n ude rat
l an so vdi cui n g d o to a n h ie t a ~ v e p h i a k h o i d o d o n h ie t d o be ma t t r o n g
c ua vach ong khong k hac n h iet do t r un g b in h cu a neoc la bao nhieu, vi v a y
c6 the xe m ( P rf 2/Pr„2) ' = 1.

230.10
Q = G ,c„,
2 P ( t " , — t'2) = x4,68x(300 — 160) = 314 kw
3600

u = Nu = 314 4 550 w/m d j

dg 4 410

Vi nhiet dung rieng cua kh6i bien doi theo nhiet do khong nhieu, de
tim nhijt dora cua khoi, mot cich gin dung xem nhiet dung rieng cua khoi
cpy 1 25 kJ/kg do ta tim deqc:
4,2 — 558'C
1 800
G jcpg (500.10 )x125
tf) 0 ,5 (t 'y+ t 'y ) 0 ,5 (8 0 0 + 5 5 8 ) = 679 ' C

v 0i nhiet do n ay, tit b ang t h ong so vat l y c u a k hoi t a t i r n dirac gia t r i

TRAO DOI NHIFT B(JC 2'A 287

cp> 1 234 k J/kg do, va ket qua tin h lai tom dtfoc:
5 54 C v a tf) — 677 ' C.

V Oi nhiet d o t r u» g bi» h cua k ho i t f , — 677 C t i m -

d u'ac cac thong so

v at ly cua khoi :
3.
p> = 0,373 kg/m ; k f, — 0,0808 w/m do

vf, — 108. 10
- m ; Prf , — 0,6 1
-

(0)d 2 1,30x(5.1.10 )
Pef;
vf~ 108.10

C hum ong bo tri so le vai Rcf > 1 0 ta co:

Nu, = 0 ,40 Ref', — Pref,

-

— 0,4(6130) ' ( 0 ,61) '

-

= 62,7

~f, 0 08 10
a', = Nu, = 62,7 ' ., = 99,3w/m
d2 5, 1.10

D o se barn bui be mat va mot so anh heong phu, trong thiet ke k y

thuat thu'ong chon:

a> — 0,8a',
-

= 0 , 8 x 9 9 3 = 79,4 4 = 8 0w/m do

Do anh heing cua buc xa lam tang kha nang truyen n hiet tren be mat ,
t a se t i n h t h e m h e s o t o a n h ie t bCfc xa cua dong k h o i d oi vai v ach o n g .
Khoang defang
tu do trung binh cua tia trong chum ong:

I, = 1 , 0 8 d2 - '

— 0,785 = 10,8 x 0 , 0 5 1(2x 21 - 0,785) = 0 , 18 8 m

p<p, l = 0 , 1 3 x 0 , 1 8 8 = 0,0 2 4 5 m . a t

pH pl = 0 , 1 1 x 0 , 1 8 8 = 0,02 0 7 m . a t

B o den cua khoi Crng vd'i nhiet do trung binh cua dong khi t < , = 677' C
tim dude tu do thi H . 1 2.1 den H.12.3:
cg = ecp, + Pen p — 0,072 + 1,08 x 0 , 042 =
-
0 ,117

vi a , « a 3 n e n d u t i n h t „ y — t 2 + 20 250 C
0,65 0.65
Ag = epp2 + PCH>p = 0,064 +1,08x0,07 = 0,17
250+ 273

Do den hindu qua cua vo boc

E' ] = 0 5 (E + 1) = 05 (0 8 + 1) = 0 9

Mat do dong nhiet bCfc xa.

288 CHUONG 11

fl Tw 1
qb E
I
IC A
100 100

677+ 273 250+ 273 2

= 0 ,9 x 5,7 4230 w/m
100 100
He so toa nhiet buc xa duoc tinh nhu sau:
qbx 4230
4x 9 ,9w/m d o
tf - t I 677-250

He so toa nhiet tong hap:

ot = QI + Qb 8 0+ 9, 9 = 89 , 9 = 90 w/ m ' C

He so truyen nhiet:
2
= 88 w/m do
1 5 1 1 3 5 10 1
+ + + +
Otl X Q2 90 22 4550
Bo chenh nhiet do trung binh:
coo C
I
:Xt „=500 C

554 C I
I
II .300 C
I
~ min=
II

160 C
I

500
1,269 < 2
ht „ 394

Do do: at = — (at + a t „ ) = 0,5 ( 5 0 0 + 3 9 4 ) = 447 C

2
D ien tich be mht t r u yen n h ie t cua th iet b i :

Q 4 '2 1 0 3 2
F = = 10 = 1067 m
k h,t 88 x 44 7
So phd'n tu ong uon dang s6ng:
4G, 4x(230.10 )
86
p2~dIM2 x 3600 827x3,14x(4,4.10 ) x 0 , 6 x 3600

Chieu dpi cua moi phan tu:

F 1067
77,5 m.
Kd2n 3 ,14x(5,1.10 ) x 8 6
TRAO DOI NHIET BI JCXA 289

12.22. Mot binh nin g t u hoi NH z l oai vo boc chum ong num ngang co 370
ong thep den l oa i p = 2 5 x 2 , 5 m m , t o n g d ie n t i c h t r u yen n h i et
F = 114 >n , nu'oc giai nhiet co luu l uring G= 24 kg/s, so pas ong lh 8,
n hiet do nuoc vao t " , = 28'C, n h iet do he i N H 3 n g t~ g t u t , = 38 ' C ,

b iet he sA" truyen nhiet cua thie't bi k = 900 w/m ' C .

Tinh nhiet lu'qng truyen cua thiet bi, nhiet do ra cua noae giai nhiet.
Giai
C hung ta su dung phu'ong phap c- N T U

24x4,18x10
vi hai ngung tu nen C„ , -„,/C„,,„= 0

T if do thi lu'u dong nguqc chieu vai NTU = 1,02 va C„„„/ C . „ 0 ta

tra tim duqc c = 0,64 (phan phu luc H.6)
t"2 = c (t',— t~)+ t ' q = 0,64(328 — 28) + 28 34,4'C

Ning suat giai nhiet cua binh ngmg:

Q = G 2 c > 2d t = 4x (4,18.10 )x(34,4 — 28) = 6,45.10 w

A-A
12.23. Thiet bi gia nhiet cho nunc bhang
hoi
bao hoa boi tri da t t h ang dung nhu
hinh ve. Luu luqng nuoc qua thiet bi
Gy = 30 T/'h nhiet do nuac vao t ',
0
20 ' C, a h i et do n u'dc ra
t "> = 95 ' C . N u'oc chuyen dong trong

ong (X,„ = 104,5 w/ m do ) co defang Nude, G,

kinh d 2 /d ] 14/ 1 2 m r n vOi toc do

(o, = 1,5m/s v a q u a t h i e t b i v d i 4
Hai nude
pass. Hai la chat long nong ngUtng tu bao hoa, Gz
phia ngohi o'ng dat t h i n g dCfng, hei
vao thietbe 16 hei bao hba kho c6 ip
suat p = 1 .27,5 kPa, nudening ra
khoi thiet be lh nu'oc bho (nude soi).
Tinh:

a) Lou luantg hoi can thiet cung ca'p

c ho thiet bi G2
NUdc ngUng

b) Dien tich truyen nhiet cua thie't bi

290 CHLJONG 11

c) So luctng o'ng cua thiet bi n va chieu cao cua phan ong H.

Khi tinh t oan c o d u t i n h t o n t h a t n h i e t r a m o i t r e ang xung quanh

kho6ng 2% nhiet icing cap cho nude.
Dap s6' a) G z -—4310 kg hei/h

b) F = 2 0 m
c) n = 200 ong;
H = 2,5m.

12.24.Xac dinh cac thong so co ban de thiet ke mot thiet bi ham noae nong
bo tridat narn ngang nhu hlnh ve. Hoi bao hoa c6 ap s uat p = 1 , 5 a t
duqc ngL1ng tu ben ngoai vh truyen nhie t t",
cho neoc. Neve dirac born day chuyen dong
t rong ong dong co dicing kinh 20 x 1 m m
v oi toc d o ( oz = 1,35 m/s, nhiet do noae
v ao thiet b i t ' > = 60' C va n h iet do noae
ra t "~ = 100'C, nhiet l uringcung cap cho
7
t hiet bi trao doi nh ie t Q = 10 k c a l / h . t'p .

Giai Nude

Nhiet do trung binh cua neac:

tfp 0,5(t'z — t ">) = 0,5 (60 + 100) = 80 C

v ai tf ~ — 80' C n h i e t d ung r i en g cua noae c z -— 4,195 kJ/kg do; =w/m

do k f p — 67,4 . 10 ; v,~ = 0,0365 . 10 m /s; P rf~= 2,21

Lou luang neoc nong do thiet bi san xuat:

Q = G2 p2( 2 2

@ 4,18x10
G = 693 k /
c ~(t "~ — t'g) 4,195 ( 1 0 0 - 60) x 3600

Nude qua thietbi di 2 pass nen tong so ong N cua thiet bi la:
4G 8x69,3
415 ong
Kdyp~~~ 3, 14x(18. 10 ) x 972x 1,35

pz — 972 kg/m - khoi luong rieng cua nude ct 80 C. Hei vao thiet bi la hei
b ao hba kh o c 6 a p s u a t p = 1,5 at, t h rong fC
ng c6 n h iet d o bao hoa
t, = 110,8' C v a a n n h i e t hoa hoi r = 531,9 kcal/kg.

Bo chenh nhiet do trung binh daqc tinh:

TRAO DOI NHIET BL/C XA 291

100-60
tS t'8 110,8 — 60
t, — t "2 In 110,8- 100

I
p I
110,8 C ts=110,8 C

t"2=100 C

t'2=60 C
I

(02d > 1, 3 5 x ( 1 8. 1 0 ) 04
0,365.10
Vi nhiet do cua hoi va n tfac chenh l ech k h on g l d n , ne n su ch enh l e ch
nhiet do giu'avach o'ng va nude cung khong lan, do do co the xem
0.25
"f

Pr,„
0 .8 0. 4 3
Nuf2 — 0,021 R ef2 Prf2
-

0,21(2,21) '
= 0,021 x 7 1 9 8 x 1,4 = 2 1 2 , 6
67,4.10
'
— 212,6 x = 7960 w/m2 0' C
'

u2
18.10
H oi ngtfng tu tren ong dat nam ngang dtfoc tin h :
— X3
u„ = 0 72 4 t'( t )
Qv,d,(t, — t„|
B e tim du'oc chung ta t h iet la p s u ca n b 5n g d ong n h ie t t i f 2 p h i a c u a
vach:
ht
n>(t„) x(t, — t„)
1 5 1
+ — +-
c t)(t „ ) X, (x2

Tong so ong sudung trong thie'

t bi khoang N — 415 ong, do do tong so
hang theo chieu dong khoang:
n = JN = ~415 = 20 on g

Cong thu'c tinh c ~„ o t r e n l a t i n h c h o o'ng dern, trong cht'm on ~ ! i e c

292 CHLJOIVG 11

ngung hoi co kern han do tac dung anh heing cua dong nude ngung tircac
hang ong phia tren chay xuong, do do chon:
ui = 09 lu

b,t 25,8
1 5 1 p~gr1 k~ 10 1
+— +
u y(t ) A, u2 0,91x0,72 v>d2(t, — t ) 90 7960

v a: f 2 ( t , „ ) = 0,91 x 0 , 7 2 4 . ' ' A,3

' x(t,— t„)
v ld2 (t — t,„)

Thay g i a t r i cac thong s o vat l ' v a o 2

[W/l11 C]
phasingtrinh tren ta setim du'ac phuong 121.670
t rinh f , ( t ,„) va f2(t „ ) .
Tim duroc t,„chung ta se tim duac u,

va tim ddsc q, sau do tim du'dc F = —, de

q
1„( C)
tim chung tasu'dung phasing phap do thi
1007 C
b Ang c5ch cho cac gia tr i ( t ~), ve do t h i
defangc ong fy(t ) , v a f 2 ( t „ ) g i a o d ie m 2 d11ang cho ta xac dinh g i a t ri t , „ =

Ig
1 00,7' C v a gi a tr i q = 12 16 7 0 w / m ; k = 4 7 0 4 w / m ' C .

Q 10 x1,16 2
D ien tich t r u yen n h iqt cua th iet bi : F 95m
q 121.670

T ren ca sa cac t h ong so da co t a c o t h e t i e n h a n h t i n h t o a n t h i e t k e

k et cau thiet bi .

12.25.Thiet bi trao doi dang ong long ong, nude chuyen dong trong ong vai
lou luqng G2 -— 10 kg/s, nhiet do nu(lcvao t'2 — 15 C va nhiet dh noae
ra t"2 = 33 C. Cha't long nong can deoc ibm nguoi co nhiet do vho
t' 2, = 75'C, dectng icing nude cua chat long nong (G,cz,) = 25 kw/ ' C

vh he so truyen nhiet cua thiet bik = 1570 w/m do.

Tinh dien tich truyen nhiet cua thie't bi trong hai tracing hqp:
a) Chat long lou dong thuan chieu.
b) Chat lying lou dong nguoc chieu.
TRAO DOI IVHIET BUC XA 293
t'1=75 C

Nude 0
t"~=33 C
t'~-15 C
G~ = 10kg/s t"
1
G1Cp1=25kW/dO

2
Bap so: a) F = 16,1m ;2.b ) F ' = 13,5m

12.26. 1Vlot thiet bi dung hoi nude de gia nhiet khong khi, l~ l a o ng khong
k hi G ~ = 8, 4 k g / s , t ' ~ = 2 "C, d ie n t i c h t r u y e n n h i e t c u a t h i e t b i
F = 52,9 m , h e so' truyen nhiet nhiet cua thiet bi k = 4 0 w/ m ' C , h e i su'
dung la hei bao hoa kho co p = 3 bar.
Sd dung phuang phap c - NTU de tinh nhiet ludng truyen qua Q va
n hiet do ra cua khong khi t " , .

Bap so'. Q = 2,465.10 w

t ~ = 31 2 C

l2.27. H oi b a o h o a c o d o k h o x = 0, 1 , a p s u a t p = 1 ba r v o i l e l trq n g
G, = 12kg/ph dirac lam nguoi den n h iet d o r a l a 8 0 C d o m o t t h i e t b i

t rao do i g i a i n h i e t b a n g n o ae . N o a e g i a i n h i e t c o nh i e t d o v ao
t 'g -— 15'C va lou laqng Gz -— 20 kg/ph. He so truyen nhiet cua thietbi
l a 400 w/m ' C .
a) Xac dinh d ien t i ch t r uyen nh iet cua t h iet b i k h i c h a t l o n g lo u d ong
nguac chieu.
b ) Xac dinh p han d ien t ich cua th iet b i t r a o do i n h ie t d e b ien he i b a o
hoa am thanh long bao hba.
Bap so: a) F = 2,64 m
b'l F>h — —
0,61 rn

Hdi nunc
t",=80 C

G, = 12kg/ph
x,=0,1
p,=ibar
294 CHLfO/VG 11

12.28. M ot th i et bi t r a o d oi n h i et co cac dieu ki en va t h o ng so can t h i et c h o

tren hinh ve.

Dau nong
t',=80 C

35 C
t ',=i S C G, =skg/s
Gz=9,94kg/s cp i =2 sk J/kg C

NUdc

H e so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi la 300 w/ m ' C.

X ac dinh dien t ich t r u yen n h iet cua t h ie t b i .
Dap so: F = 6 , 2 5 m .

1 2.29. Mot thiet bi dun soi ethyl alcohol gia nh iet b ang hoi co ap suat la 3 at ,
e thyl alcohol dt1oc soi trong the tich ion o' dieu kien ap suat khi t r oi . H o i
n doc ddsc ng~ g t u t r o n g on g c o doing kinh 51x 3 mm voi chieu dai
L = 1,6m .
X ac dinh h e s o t r u yen n h iet cu a t h i e t b i , k h i t i n h c o x e m x e t d e n s u'
barn ban tren be mat truyen nhiet.
Cho biet: Cac thong so nhiet va t l y cua et hy l a l cohol nhu sau.
0 ap suat khi trodi nhiet do soi la 78,4' C .
2 -3
k = 0 , 16 7 w/ m K ; p . = 0,45 .1 0 P a.s
3
p, = 735 kg/m ;3. p „ = 1 , 6 k g / m
o = 0,0169 N/m .
b = 0,0885 (Cfng vdi p, /p h — 735/1,6 = 460).

Giai
H oi nt10c soi a ap suat p = 3 at co n h ie t d o bao hoa t , = 132,9' C .

B o chenh nhiet do t r ung bin h g iu'a hai chat l o n g :

At = 132,9 — 78,4 = 54,5 ' C .
He so toa nh iet cua hoi k h i n g un g t u t r o n g on g co t h e t i n h t h e o cong
thCfc sau:

(x, 1 36 C ' L' d'

=- 1 3 6 x 7 5 xq x16 . x 0 04 5 ' ' = 26 1 q '

0 day gia tri C xac dinh theo do thi the'c nghiem u'ng voi t = 132,9' C
TRAO OOI NHIFT OL~CXA 295

la C= 7,5.
Be xac dinh he so toa nhiet cua ethyl alcohol chung ta su dung cong
t,h Lfc:

Thav cac tri so vao ta co:

1/3
0,167 x735 q0.6 = 1 74 q 0.67
0)
L (0,45.10 ) x 0,0169x 351,5
•
•

Do su barn cau tren be mat nen tong nhiet trD:

5 0,003
' 1 1
R,„ = — +R „ , + R ,c, = + + 0 ,00041 m ' C / w
4 6,5 5 8 0 0 5 8 0 0

He so truyen nhiet cua thiet bi du'oc tinh:

1
k
1
+QR,„+-(Xg + 0,0041 +
Qg 26,1q ' 1 74q
54,5
q = kit
0,0384q + ( 4 1.10 ' ) + 0,575q

Sau khi bie'n doi phuo'ng trinh nay ta tim du'qc phucIng trinh sau:
0,038 q"' + ( 4 l . 1 0 ) q + 0 , 5 75q ' — 54,5 = 0

B e tim du'qc q ta su' dung phu'ong phap do t hi , p ha n ben t r a i c u a

p heong trin h goi l a y , cho y cac gia tri k h a c n hau va t i n h t oa n t a t h i e't la p
duroc quan he nhu' bang du'ai day.
Bang 12.5
o,s 0,33

60.000 245 38,6 1,7

50.000 224 36,4 -4,5

55.000 235 37,5 -1,4

Tu' ket qua 8 bang 12.1 ta ve do th i n h u' hin h s au, ti f d o t h i c 5 t t r u e

h oanh (voi y = 0) ta tim daric q= 57300 w /m , c h u n g t a t i m d u 'oc h j s o
t ruyen nhiet k :
q 57300
k = = 1050w/m 'C va cung tu' day tinh tiep:
h,t 54,5

n> — 26,1 q ' = 26,1 x 5 7300 " = 6320 w/ m C.

296 cHUONG ~~

u2 — 1,74 q ' = 1 ,7 4 x 5 7 3 0 0 ' . 2680 w/m 'C

60.000 q
50.000

-2

-3

-4

-5

Kiem tra la i ke t qua tom du'ac:

k 1060
1 5 1
+ (41.10 l + — -
6230 2680
K et qua tinh toan tim dirac la hop ly k = 1060 w/m C.

12.30. M ot th i at h i t a rn m at d ac u vo hoc c h u m
ong (chat long di trong ong 2 pass, chat
l ong chay doc ngoai vo boc di qua ong 1
pass), n hie t do n uoc va o
t '2 = 3 3 ' C , d a u duroc lam mat l a da u so

hieu 30 co cac thong so nhu sau:

p> —
- 879kg/m , c, = 1 9 5 0 J /k g C , G ,
I
= 39 in' /h , t ' , = 5 8 , 7 ' C , h e so t r uyen n h iet k = 4 0 5 w/ m C, d i e n t i c h
truyen nhiet cua thiet bi F = 36,1 m , l o u l u qng nuoc G2 = 4 7,5 T/h.
Sir dung phuong phap E - NTU de tinh t "y t " 2 va Q.

Dap s o: C C min /Cmq~ = C) /C 2 = 0 ~337

NTU = 0,787 E. = 0,51

~ Q = 2 4 3 , 4 k w , t "y = 4 5 6 C t "2 = 3 7 4 C
PHfiN III

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m co c o c b Cb CO co co CD lA CLI CO LA CL I m
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Cb C b Cb Cb Cb Q Q Q 0 Q Q Q C LI C U CL I N CL I
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m ~ cb 6) W ~ 'cl' (D C O Q ~ ~ Q Cb CO 4) CLI W ~ LA CQ
LD D LA Cb 0 co CU CO ~ LA Cb m CO Q < Cb CLI CO Cb OJ
cb c b m CQ CD CD LA LA r l' W F) CU CU ~ ~ Q Cb Cb Co W h-
Cb Cb C b Cb C b Cb C b Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb Cb CO CO Co C O C O

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(O m Cb CO CL J C b CO CQ Q W rf M 0) h LA C9
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DJ LA C CO LA CO W C L J C 9 CD C9 C9 C D C9 W Co Ch CO W CQ C9
Q m C b QJ CO m L D l A co co CD CLJ Q Ch Q CLI Cb
CQ ~ v- cQ Lo m r Co CD C CU Q Cb c o LA c 9 'm CLJ
CO CO W CQ CO Cb Q Q ~ CLI C9 W LA (D CO Cb Q ~ CLI C9
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cD co c c ' c D c D c c ' c o c o (D co h h I' ~ w h i~ h w h w co m co co
310

(D (D c l O LA r- CQ ( D
Ch Ch (Q cQ
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cg (O IA IA iA in iA 'Ct

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CQ 0 (O r 0) N < LA r Ch O N LA Ch O N (O cO 0) P)
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(O I A LA N P) P I N ~ 0 0 Ch CQ r (D (O LA C F ) N ~ 0 C h (Q N (0 I >
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Nhijt do The tich Entanpi Entropi Nhiyt dq The tich Entanpi Entropi
t, ('C) rieng v, rieng rieng t, ('C) rieng v, rieng rIe ng
(dm'/kg) i, (kJ/kg) S) (dm'/kg) i, (kJ/kg) Si

(k J/kgK) (kJ/kgK)
(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
-70 (0 ,109) -55 (0 ,301)
-70 9006 1356,2 6,91909 -55 3486 1382,6 65465
-65 9234 1366,4 6,9607 -50 3571 1393,3 6 5945
-60 9462 1376,6 7,0093 -45 3655 1403,8 6 6414
-55 9690 1386,9 7,0567 -40 3739 1414,4 66S70
-50 99,16 1397,1 7,1030 -35 3823 1424,9 67316

-45 10143 1407,3 7,1483 -30 3906 1435,4 6 7752

40 10369 1417,5 7,1927 -25 3989 1445,4 6 8179
-35 10595 1427,8 7,2362 -20 4072 1456,3 6,8597
-30 10820 1438,0 7,2788 -15 4155 1466,8 6,9006
-25 11045 1448,3 7,3206 -10 4237 1477,3 6,9408

-20 11270 1458,6 7,3616 -5 4319 1487,8 6. 9803

-15 11495 1468,9 7,4019 4402 1498,3 7,0191
5
0
-10 11720 1479,2 7,4416 4484 1508,8 7,0573
-5 11944 1489,6 7,4805 10 4566 1519,3 7,0948
12169 1500,0 7,5189 15 4648 1529,9 7,1318

5 12393 1510,4 7,5566 20 4730 1540,4 7,16S1

10 12617 1520,8 7,5938 25 4811 1551,0 7,2040
-65 (0,156) -50 (0 ,408)
-65 6449 1365,2 6,7819 -50 2625 1391,1 f,4387
-60 6610 1375,5 6,8311 -45 2688 1401,9 f,4864
-55 6770 1385,8 6,8790 -40 2751 1412,6 f,5328
-50 6930 1396,2 6,9257 -35 2813 1423,2 f,5780
-45 7090 1406,5 6,9714 -30 2875 1433,8 f,6222

-40 7249 1416,8 7,0161 -25 2937 1444,4 f,6653

-35 7408 1427,1 7,0598 -20 2999 1455,0 f,7075
-30 7566 1437,4 7,1026 -15 3060 1465,6 f,7489
-25 7724 1447,7 7,1447 -10 3121 1476,2 f,7894
-20 7883 1458,0 7,1859 -5 3183 1486,7 f,8292

-15 8041 1468,4 7,2264 3244 1497,3 f,8683

05
-10 8198 1478,7 7,2661 3305 1507,9 f,9066
-5 8356 1489,1 7,3052 10 3366 1518,5 f,9444
8513 1499,5 7,3437 15 3426 1529,1 f,9815
5
0
8671 1510,0 7,3815 20 3487 1539,7 ,,0180

10 8828 1520,4 7,4188 25 3548 1550,3 ,0540

15 8985 1530,9 7,4555 30 3608 1561,0 /,0895
 B ang 8 ( t i e p t h e o )
(2) (2 (3) (4)
-60 (0,219) -45 (0,545)
-60 4702 1374,0 6,66'36 -45 2004,8 1399,3 6,3368
-55 4818 1384,5 6,7032 -40 2052,6 1410,3 6,3842
-50 4933 1394,9 6,7565 -35 2100,1 1421,1 6,4303
-45 5048 1405,3 6,8027 -30 2147,3 1431,9 6 4/51
-40 5162 1415,7 6,8478 -25 2194,2 1442,7 6,5189

-35 5276 1426,1 6,8919 -20 2240,9 1453,4 6,5617

-30 5390 1436,5 6,9351 -15 2287,5 1464,1 6,6035
-25 5504 1446,9 6,9774 -10 2333,9 1474,8 6,6445
-20 5617 1457,3 7,0188 -5 2380,1 1485,4 6 6R46
-15 5730 1467,7 7,0595 0 2426,2 1496,1 6,7240

-10 5843 1478,1 7,0905 5 2472,2 1506,8 6,7627

-5 5956 1488,5 7,1388 10 2518,0 1517,4 6,8007
6069 1499,0 7,1774 15 2563,8 152R,1 6,8381
5
0
6182 1509,5 7,2153 20 2609,5 1538,8 6,8748
10 6294 1519,9 7,2527 25 2655,2 1549,5 6,9110

15 6407 1530,5 7,2895 30 2700,7 1560,2 6.9466

20 6519 1541,0 7,3258 35 2746,2 1570,9 6,9818
-40 (0717) -34 (0 ,979)
-40 1551,3 1407,3 6,2404 -34 1158,8 1416,6 6,1311
-35 1588,1 1418,4 6.2875 -30 1180,7 1425,7 6,1688
-30 1624,6 1429,5 6,3333 -25 1207,8 1436,9 6,2146
-25 1660,8 1440,4 6,3779 -20 1234,7 1448,1 6,2592
-20 1696,8 1451,3 6,421 3 -15 19R1 4 1459 2 6,3026

-15 1732,6 1462,2 6,4638 -10 1288,0 1470,3 6,3449

-10 1768,3 1473,0 6,5053 1314,4 1481,2 6,3863
-5 1803,7 1483,8 6,5459 1340,6 1492,2 6,4268
5
0
1839,1 1494,6 6,5857 1366,7 1503,1 6,4664
5
0
1874,3 1505,3 6,6248 10 1392,,8 1614 A 6,5052

10 1909,5 1516,1 6,6631 15 1418,7 1524,9 6,5434

15 1944,5 1526,8 6,7008 20 1444,5 1535,8 6,5808
20 1979,5 1537,6 6,/378 25 147A,3 1546,7 6,6176
25 2014,4 154R,4 6,7742 30 1496,A 1557,5 6,6538
30 2049,2 1559,1 6,8101 35 1521,7 156R,4 6,6894

35 2084,0 1569,9 6,8454 40 1547 3 1579,3 6,7245

40 2118,7 1580,7 6,8802 45 1572,8 159n,2 6,7590
-38 (0,797) -32 (1 ,082)
-38 1405,0 1410,5 6,2032 -32 1055,2 1419,6 6,0961
-35 1424,9 141 7,2 6,2316 -30 1065,2 1424,2 6,1150
-30 1458,0 1428,3 6,2778 -25 1090,0 1435,6 6,1614
-25 1490,8 1439,4 6,3228 -20 1114,5 1446,8 6,2064
-20 1523,4 1450,3 6,3666 15 1138,9 1458,0 6,2502
314

B ang 8 ( t i e p theo)
(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
-15 1555,8 1461,3 6,4093 -10 1163,1 1469,2 6.2929
-10 1588,0 1472,2 6,4511 -5 1187,1 1480,2 6,3345
-5 1620,1 1483,0 6,4919 1211,0 1491,3 6,3753
5
0
1652,0 1493,8 6,5320 1234,7 1502,2 6,4151
5
0
1683,8 1504,6 6,5712 10 1258,4 1513,2 6,4542

10 1715,6 1515,5 6,6097 15 1281,9 1524,2 6,4925

15 1747,2 1526,2 6,6475 20 1305,4 1535,1 6,5301
20 1778,7 1537,0 6,6846 25 1328,8 1546,0 6,5670
25 1810,2 1547,8 6,7212 30 1352,2 1556,9 6,6034
30 1841,6 1558,7 6,7571 35 1375,4 ,1 567,8 6,6391

35 1872,9 1569,5 6,7925 40 1398,6 1578,8 6,6743

40 1904,2 1580,3 6,8274 45 1421,8 1589,7 6,7089
-36 (0,884) -30 (1 ,194)
-36 1274,8 1413,6 6,1668 -30 962,6 1422,5 6,0618
-35 1280,8 1415,8 6,1763 -25 985,3 1434,1 6,1087
-30 1310,9 1427,1 6,2230 -20 1007,7 1445,5 6,1542
-25 1340,7 1438,2 6,2684 -15 1030,0 1456,8 6,1984
-20 1370,3 1449,3 6,3125 -10 1052,0 1468,0 6,2415

-15 1399,6 1460,3 6,3556 -5 1074,0 1479,1 6,2835

-10 1428,8 1471,2 6,3976 1095,7 1490,2 6,3246
5
0
1457,9 1482,2 6,4387 1117,4 1501,3 6,3646
1486,8 1493,0 6,4790 10 1138,9 1512,3 6,4039
1515,6 1503,9 6,5184 15 1160,4 1523,3 6,4424

10 1544,3 1514,8 6,5571 20 1181,8 1534,3 6,4801

15 1572,9 1525,6 6,5950 20 1203,1 1545,3 6,5172
20 1601,4 1536,4 6,6323 30 1224,3 1556,2 6,5537
25 1269,9 1547,3 6,6690 35 1245,5 1567,2 6,5896
30 1658,3 1558,1 6,7050 40 1266,6 1578,2 6,6249

35 1686,6 1569,0 674,05 45 1287,6 1589,1 6,6596

40 1714,8 1579,8 6,7755 50 1308,7 1600,1 6,6939
-28 (1 ,315) -22 (1,738)
-28 879,5 1425,5 6,0282 -22 677,4 1433,9 5,9311
-25 892,0 1432,4 6,0565 -20 683,8 1438,7 5,9500
-20 912,6 1444,0 6,1025 -15 699,7 1450,5 5,9963
-15 933,0 1455,4 6,1472 -10 715,4 1462,2 6,0412
-10 653,2 14,66,7 6,1906 -5 731,0 1473,8 6,0848

-5 973,2 1478,0 6,2330 746,4 1485,3 6,1273

5
0
993,1 1489,1 6,2743 761,7 1496,7 6,1686
5
0
1012,9 1500,3 6,3147 10 776,9 1508,0 6,2090
10 1032,6 1511,4 6,3542 15 792,0 1519,3 6,2485
15 1052,2 1522,4 6,3929 20 807,0 1530,5 6,2872
 Bang 8 (ti ep t h e o )
(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
20 1071,7 1533,5 6,4309 25 821,9 1541,7 6,3250
25 1091,1 1544,5 6,4682 30 836,7 1552,9 6.3622
30 1',10,4 1555,5 6,5048 35 851,5 1564,1 6,3987
1129,7 1566,5 6,5408 40 866,2 1575,2 6,4346
40 1149,0 1577,5 6,5762 45 880,9 1586,3 6,4698

45 ", 168,2 1588,5 6,6111 50 895,5 1597,5 6,5046

50 1187,3 1599,5 6,6454 55 910 •1 1608,6 6,5388
-26 (1,446) -20 (1,901)
-26 805,0 1428,3 5,9952 -20 622,84 1436,6 5,8999
-25 808,8 1430,7 6,0047 -15 637,55 1448,6 5,9469
-20 827,7 1442,3 6,0513 -10 652,08 1460,5 5,9923
-15 846,4 1453,9 6,0965 -5 666,45 1472,2 6.0364
-10 865,0 1465,3 6,1404 680,67 1483,8 6,0793

-5 883,3 1476,7 6,1831 5 694,77 1495,3 6,1210

901,6 1488,0 6,2247 10 708,75 1506,7 6,1617
5
0
919,7 1499,2 6,2654 15 722,63 1518,1 6,2015
10 937,7 1510,3 6,3052 20 736,43 1529,4 6,2404
15 955,6 1521,5 6,3442 25 750,15 1540,7 6,2786

20 973,4 1532,6 6,3824 30 763,79 1551,9 6,3160

25 991,2 1543,6 6,4198 35 777,38 1563,1 6,3526
30 1008,9 1554,7 6,4566 40 390,91 1574,3 6,3887
35 1026,5 1565,8 6,4928 45 804,39 1585,5 6,4241
40 1044,0 1576,8 6,5283 50 817,82 1596,7 6,4590

45 1061,6 1507,8 6,5633 55 831,21 1607,8 6,4933

50 1079,0 1598,9 6,5978 60 844,56 1619,0 6,5271
-24 (1 ,586) -18 (2 ,076)
-24 737,9 1431,1 5,9628 -18 573,46 1439,3 5,8693
-20 ~51,8 1440,6 6,0005 -15 581,61 1446,6 5,8977
-15 769,0 1452,3 6„0462 -10 595,09 1458,6 5,9437
786,1 1463,8 6,0462 -5 608,39 1470,4 5,9884
-5 803,0 1475,3 6,1337 0 621,54 1482,1 6,0317

d19,7 1486,7 6,1757 5 634,56 1493,8 6,0739

5
0
836,3 1498,0 6,2168 10 647,47 1505,3 6,1149
10 852,9 1509,2 6,2568 15 660,28 1516,8 6,1551
15 869,3 1520,4 6,2960 20 672,99 1528,2 6,1943
20 885,6 1531,6 6,3344 25 685,64 1539,5 6,2327

25 901,9 1542,7 6,3721 30 698,20 1550,8 6,2703

30 918,0 1553,8 6,4091 35 710,71 1562,1 . 6,3072
35 934,2 1564,9 6,4454 40 723,16 1573,3 6,3434
40 950,2 1576,0 6,4811 45 735,56 1584,6 6,3790
45 966,3 1587,1 6,5162 50 747,91 1595,8 6,4140
316

Bing 8 (tiep theo)

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
50 982,2 1598,2 6,5508 55 760,22 1607,0 6,4485
55 998,2 1609,3 6,5849 60 772,49 1618,2 6,4824
-16 (2 ,263) -10 (2 ,097)
-16 528,74 1441,9 5,8392 -10 417,74 1449,4 5,7519
-15 531,26 1444,3 5,8487 -5 427,73 1461,9 5,7992
-10 543,77 1456,5 5,8955 437,26 1474,3 5,8449
5
0
-5 556,10 1468,5 5,9407 447,26 1486,5 5,8891
0 568,29 1480,4 5,9845 10 456,84 1498,5 5,9320

5 580,34 1492,1 6,0271 15 466,31 1510,4 5,9737

10 592,28 1503,8 6,0686 20 475,69 1522,2 6,0144
15 604,13 1515,3 6,1091 25 484,99 1534,0 6,0540
20 615,88 1526,8 6,1486 30 494,21 1545,6 6.0927
25 627,55 1538,3 6,1873 35 503,37 1557,2 6,1307

30 639,15 1549,6 6,2252 40 512,47 1568,7 6,1678

35 650,68 1561,0 6,2623 45 521,51 1580,2 6,2042
40 662,16 1572,3 6,2987 50 530,51 1591,7 6,2400
45 673,99 1583,6 6,3345 55 539,47 1603,1 6,2751
50 684,97 1594,9 6,3697 60 548,38 1614,6 6,3096

55 696,31 1606, 2 6,4043 65 557,27 1626,0 6,3436

60 707,61 1617,4 6,4383 70 566,11 1637,4 6,3771
-14 (2 ,464) -8 (3,151)
-14 488,16 1444,4 5,8096 -8 387,16 1451,8 5,2738
-10 497,46 1454,3 5,8474 -5 392,76 1459,4 5,7525
-5 508,93 1466,5 5,8933 401,95 1472,0 5,7989
05
-0 520,25 1478,5 5,9377 411,01 1484,3 5,8437
531,44 1490„4 5,9808 10 419,95 1496,5 5,8871

10 542,51 1502,2 6,0227 15 428,78 1508,6 5,9293

15 553,48 1513,8 6,0636 20 437,51 • 1520,5 5.9704
20 564,36 1525,4 6,1034 25 446,17 1532,3 6,0104
25 757,16 1536,9 6,1424 30 454,74 1544,1 6,0495
30 585,88 1548,4 6,1805 35 463,26 1555,8 6,0877

35 596,54 1559,8 6,2179 40 471,71 1567,4 6,1251

40 607,15 1571,2 6,2546 45 480,11 1578,9 6,1618
45 617,70 1582,6 6,2905 50 488,46 1590,5 6,1978
50 628,20 1593,9 6,3259 55 496,76 1602,0 6,2331
55 638,66 1605,2 6,3607 60 505,03 1613,5 6,2678

60 649,09 1616,5 6,3949 65 513,26 1624,9 6,3020

65 659,48 1627,8 6,4286 70 521,46 1636,4 6,3356
-12 (2,678) -6 (3,411)
-12 4 51,30 1446 ,9 5,7805 3 59,25 14 54 ,1 5,6962
-10 455,62 145 1, 9 5,7996 -5 361,00 14 56 ,7 5,7058
 31i

Bang 8 (t i i.p t h e o )
(2) (3) (4i (2) (3) (4)
-5 466,31 1464,3 5,8462 369,62 1469,4 5,7530
5
0
476,85 1476,5 5,8912 378,10 1482,0 5,7985
487,25 1488,5 5,9348 10 386,45 1494,3 5,8425

10 497,54 1500,4 5,9772 15 394,70 1506,5 5,8852

15 507,72 1512,2 6,0185 20 402,86 1518,6 5,9268
20 517,81 1523,9 6,0587 25 410,92 1530,6 5,9672
25 527,82 1535,5 6,0980 30 418,92 1542,4 6,0066
30 537,76 '. 547,1 6,1364 35 426,84 1554 2 6,0452

35 547.63 1558,6 6,1740 40 434,71 1565,9 6,0829

40 557,63 1570,0 6,2109 45 442,52 1577,6 6,1198
45 567,20 1581,4 6,2471 50 450,28 1589,2 6,1560
50 576,92 1592,8 6,2827 55 458,00 1600,8 6,1916
55 586,59 1604,2 6,3176 60 465,68 1612,3 6,2265

60 596,22 1615,6 6,3520 65 473,33 1623,8 6,2608

65 605,82 1626,9 6,3858 70 480,94 1635,3 6,2946
-4 (3 ,688) 2 (4,624)
-4 333,74 1456,4 5,6690 269,37 1462,8 5,5898
5
2
340,21 1466,7 5,7072 273,35 1470,9 5,6188
5
0
348,17 1479,5 5,7534 10 279,88 1484,1 5,6658
10 356,00 1492,0 5,7981 15 286,29 1497,0 5,7110
15 363,72 1504,4 5,8414 20 292,60 1509,7 5,7548

20 371,35 1516,6 5,8834 25 298,82 1522,2 5,7972

25 378,88 1528,7 5,9243 30 304,96 1534,6 5,8384
30 386,35 1540,7 5,9641 35 311,03 1546,9 5,8785
35 393,74 1 552,6 6,0030 40 317,04 1559,0 5,9176
40 401,07 1564,4 6,0410 45 322„99 1571,1 5,9558

45 408,35 1576,1 6,0782 50 328,89 1583,1 5,9931

50 415,58 1587,8 6,1147 55 334,75 1595,0 6,0297
55 422,77 1599,4 6,1505 60 340,56 1606,8 6,0656
60 429,91 1611,1 6,1856 65 346,34 1618,6 6,1007
65 437,02 1622,6 6,2201 70 352,08 1630,4 6,1353

70 444,10 1634,2 6,2541 75 357,79 1642,1 6,1692

75 451,15 1645,8 6,2875 80 363,48 1653,9 6,2027
-2 (3 ,982) 4 (4, 975)
-2 310,40 1458,6 5,6422 251,33 1464,9 5,5641
5
4
313,43 1463,8 5,6615 252,58 1467,6 5,5739
5
0
320„91 1476,8 5,7085 10 258,75 1481,0 5,6218
10 328,27 1489,5 5,7539 15 264,80 1494,2 5,6678
15 335,51 1502,1 5,7976 20 270,75 1507,1 5,7122
318

Bang 8 (ti e p t h e o )
(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
20 342,66 1514,5 5,8403 25 276,61 1519,8 5,7552
25 349,71 1526,7 5,8817 30 282,39 1532,3 5,7970
30 356,69 1538,8 5,9219 35 288,09 1544,7 5,8375
35 363,60 1550,8 5,9612 40 293,74 1557,0 5,8771
40 370,45 1562,7 5,9996 45 299,32 1569,2 5,9156

45 377,25 1574,5 6,0371 50 304,85 1581,3 5,9533

50 383,99 1586,3 6,0738 55 310,34 1593,3 5,9902
55 390,69 1598,0 6,1098 60 315,78 1605,2 6,0263
60 397,35 1609,7 6,1452 65 321,19 1617,1 6,0617
65 403,97 1621,4 6,1799 70 326,56 1629,0 6,0965

70 410,56 1633,0 6,2140 75 331,91 1640,8 6.1307

75 417,12 1644,6 6,2476 80 337,22 1652,6 6,1643
0 (4,294) 6 (5, 345)
289,00 1460,7 5,6158 6 234,73 1466,8 5,5386
5
0
296,05 'i 473,9 5,6637 10 239,40 1477,8 5,5777
10 302,98 1486,9 5,7098 15 245,13 1491,2 5,6246
15 309,79 1499,6 5,7543 20 250,75 1504,3 5,6698
20 316,49 1512,2 5,7975 25 256,27 1517,2 5,7134

25 323,11 1524,5 5,8393 30 261,72 1529,9 5,7557

30 329,65 1536,8 5,8800 35 267,09 1542,5 5,7968
35 336,12 1548,9 5,9197 40 272,40 1554,9 5,8368
40 342,53 1560,9 5,9584 45 277,65 1567,2 5,8757
45 348,,89 1572,9 5,9963 50 282,84 1579,4 5,9138

50 355,19 1584,7 6,0333 55 287,99 1591,5 5,9510

55 361,45 1596,6 6,0696 60 293,10 > 603,5 5,9874
60 367,66 1608,3 6,1052 65 298,17 1615,5 6,0231
65 373,84 1620,1 6 • 1401 70 303,21 1627,4 6,02581
70 379,99 1631,8 6,1745 75 308,21 1639,3 6,0925

75 386,11 1643,4 6,2082 80 313,19 1651,2 6,1263

80 392,20 1655,1 6,2415 85 318,14 1663,0 6,1596
8 (5,737) 14 (7 ,045)
8 219,44 1468,8 5,5140 14 180,30 1474,1 5,4413
10 221,65 1474,3 5,5337 15 181,23 1477,0 5,4513
15 227,08 1487,9 5,5814 20 185,80 1491,1 5,5000
20 232,40 1501,3 5,6274 25 190,27 1505,0 5,5468
25 237,62 1514,4 5,6717 30 194,65 1518,5 5,5918

30 242,77 1527,3 5,7146 35 198,95 1531,8 5,6353

35 247,83 1540,0 5,7562 40 203,18 1544,9 5,6774
40 252,84 1552,6 5,7967 45 207,35 1557,8 5,7183
45 257,78 1565,0 5,8361 50 211,47 1570,5 5,7581
50 262,67 . 1577,4 5,8745 55 215,53 1583,1 5,7968
 319

B ang 8 ( t i e p t h e o )
(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
55 267,51 1589,6 5,9121 60 219,55 1595,6 5,8346
60 272,31 1601,7 5,9488 65 223,53 1608,0 5,8716
65 277.07 1613,8 5,9848 70 227,48 1620,4 5,9077
70 281,80 1625,8 6,0200 75 231,39 1632,6 5,9431
75 286.49 1637,8 6,0547 80 235,27 1644,8 5,9779

80 291,16 1649,7 6,0887 85 239,13 1656,9 6,0120

85 295.80 1661,6 6,1221 90 242,96 1669,0 6,0455
10 (6,150) 16 (7,529)
10 205,34 1470,6 5,4894 16 169,17 1475,7 5,4177
15 210,50 1484,5 5,5382 20 172,65 1487,3 5,4573
20 215,55 1498,1 5,5850 25 176,91 1501,4 5,5050
25 220,50 1511,5 5,6301 30 181,08 1515,2 5,5509
30 225,37 1524,6 5,6736 35 185,17 1528,7 5,5951

35 230,16 1537,5 5,7158 40 189,18 1542,0 5,6379

40 234,88 1550,2 5,7568 45 193,14 1555,1 5,6793
45 239,54 1562,8 5,7967 50 197,04 1568,0 5,7196
50 244,15 1575,2 5,8355 55 200,88 1580,7 M5,7588
55 248,71 157,6 5,8734 60 204,69 1593,4 5,7970

60 253,23 1599.8 5,9105 65 208,45 1605,9 5,8343

65 257,70 1612,0 5,9468 70 212,17 1618,3 5,8708
70 262,15 1624,1 5,9823 75 215,87 1630,7 5,9065
75 266.56 1636,2 6,0172 80 219,53 1642,9 5,941 5
80 270,94 1648,2 6,0514 85 223,16 1655,2 5,9759

85 275,30 1660,1 6,0851 90 226,77 1667,3 6,0096

90 279,63 1672,1 6,1182 95 230,36 1679,5 6,0428
12 (6,586) 18 (8,038)
12 192,33 1472,4 5,4652 18 158,99 1477,5 5,3948
15 195,26 1480,9 5,4948 20 160,51 1483,2 5.4144
20 200,06 1494,7 5,5425 25 164,58 1497,6 5,4632
25 204,76 1508,3 5,5884 30 168,56 1511,6 5,5099
30 209,37 1521,6 5,6327 35 172,45 1525,4 5,5549

35 213,91 1534,7 5,6755 40 176,27 1538,9 5,5984

40 218,37 1547,6 5,7171 45 180,03 1552,2 5,6405
45 222,78 1560,3 5,7574 50 183,72 1565,3 5,6813
50 227,13 1572,9 5,7967 55 187,37 1578,2 5,7209
55 231,43 1585,4 5,8350 60 190,97 1591,0 5,7596

60 235,69 1597,8 5,8724 65 194,53 1603,6 5,7973

65 239,91 1610,1 5,9090 70 198,06 1616,2 5,8341
70 244,09 1622,3 5,9449 75 201,55 1628,6 5,8702
75 248,24 1634,4 5,9800 80 205,01 1641,0 5,9055
80 252,36 1646,5 6,0145 85 208,44 1653,3 5,9401
320

Bang 8 (tiep th eo)

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
85 256,46 1658,6 6,0484 90 211,85 1665,6 5,9741
90 260,53 1670,6 6,0817 95 215,23 1677,8 6,0075
20 (8 573) 26 (10 ,343)
20 149,41 1479,0 5,3718 26 124,58 1483,0 5,3041
25 153,19 1493,5 5,4211 30 127,27 1495,3 5,3449
30 156,99 1507,9 5,4688 35 130,55 1510,2 5,3937
35 160,70 1521,9 5,51A 40 133,62 1524,6 5,4400
40 164,34 1535,6 5,5589 45 136,74 1538,8 5,4850

45 167,91 1549,1 5,6016 50 139,79 1552,7 5,5284

50 171,43 1562,4 5,6430 55 142,78 1566,4 5,5704
55 174,89 1575,5 5,6832 60 145,73 1579,8 5,6111
60 178,31 1588,4 5,7223 65 148,63 1579.8 5,6506
65 181,69 1601,2 5,7604 70 151,49 1606,2 5,6891

70 185,02 1613,9 5,7976 75 154,32 1619,2 5,7267

75 188,33 1626,5 5,8340 80 157 • 12 1632,1 5,7633
80 191,60 1638,9 5,8696 85 159,88 1644,8 5,7992
85 194,85 1651,4 5,9045 90 162,62 1657,5 5,8343
90 198,07 1663,7 5,9388 95 165,34 1670,1 5,8688

95 201,26 1676,0 5,9724 100 168,03 1682,6 5,9026

100 204,44 1688,3 6,0055 105 170,71 1695,1 5,9358
22 (9 135) 28 (1 0,91)
22 140,52 1480,4 5,3490 28 117,42 1484,2 5,2820
25 142,76 1489,4 5,3793 30 118,71 1 490,5 5,3027
30 146,28 1503,9 5,4276 35 121,87 1505,8 5,3527
35 149.83 1518„2 5,4744 40 124,94 1520,6 5,4006
40 153,31 1532,2 5,5194 45 127,82 1 534,9 5,4460

45 156,72 1545,9 5,5628 50 130,74 1549,1 5,4901

50 160,06 1559,3 5,6048 55 133,60 1563,0 5,5328
55 163,36 1572,6 5,6455 60 136,41 1576,7 5,5741
60 166,60 1585,7 5,6851 65 139,18 1590,1 5,6142
65 169,81 1598,7 5,7237 70 141,91 1603,4 5,6532

70 172,98 1611,5 5,7613 75 144,60 1616,5 5,6912

75 176,11 1624,2 5,7981 80 147,26 1629,5 5,7282
80 179,R1 1636,8 5,8340 85 149,89 1462,4 5,7645
85 182,28 1649,3 5,8692 90 152,50 1655,2 5,7999
90 158,33 1661,7 5,9037 95 155,08 1667,9 5,8347

95 188,35 1647,1 5,9376 100 157,63 1680,5 5,8687

100 191,35 1686,5 5,9709 105 160,17 1693,1 5,9022
24 (9,725) 30 (11,669)
24 1 32,26 148 1•7 5,3264 30 1 10,75 1485 , 3 .5,2602
25 1 32,97 14 84, 8 5,3367 35 1 13,80 150 1, 0 — 5 ,3 1 1 5
 321

Bang 8 (tiep theo)

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
30 136,48 1499,8 5,3866 40 119,76 1516,2 5,3604
35 139,77 1514,3 5,4339 45 119,63 1531,0 5,4073
40 143,09 1528,5 5,4797 50 122,33 1545,3 5,4518

45 146,35 1542,4 5,5239 55 125,07 1559,4 5,4952

50 149,54 1556,1 5,5666 60 127,77 1573,3 5,5371
55 152,68 1569,6 5,6079 65 130,41 1586,9 5,5778
60 155,77 1582,9 5,6481 70 133,02 1600,4 5,6173
65 158,82 1596,0 5,6871 75 135,58 1613,7 5,6558

70 161,82 . 1608,9 5,7252 eo 138,12 1628,8 5,6933

75 164,80 1621,8 5,7623 85 140,62 1639,9 5,7299
80 167,74 1634,5 5,7986 90 143,10 1652,8 5,7657
85 170,F>5 1647,1 5,8341 95 145,55 1665,6 5,8007
90 173,54 1659,7 5,8689 100 147,98 1678,6 5,8351

95 176,40 1672,2 5,9031 105 150,39 1691,0 5,8688

100 179,25 1684,6 5,9366 110 152,78 1703,6 5,9019
32 (12 ,378) 38 (14,704)
32 104,53 1486,4 5,2385 38 88,22 1489,0 5,1747
35 106,29 1496,0 5,2698 40 89,25 1495,7 5,1961
40 109,14 1511,5 5,3199 45 91,75 1512,0 5,2477
45 111,91 1526,7 5,3678 50 94,18 1527,7 5,2968
50 114,61 1541,4 5,4138 55 96,54 1543,1 5,3438

55 117,15 1555,6 5,4575 60 98,85 1558,0 5,3890

60 119,73 1569,7 5,5001 65 101,10 1572,6 5,4325
65 122,26 1583,6 5,5414 70 103,20 1586,7 5,4739
70 124,75 1597,3 5,5815 75 105,36 1600,8 5,5146
75 127,20 1610,7 5,6204 80 107,48 1614,6 5,5541

eo 129,62 1624,0 5,6584 es 109,56 1628,3 5,5925

85 132,00 1637,2 5,6954 90 111,62 1641,8 5,6299
90 134,36 1650,2 5,7316 95 113,66 1655,1 5,6664
95 136,70 1663,2 5„7670 100 115,66 1668,3 5,7021
100 139,01 1676,0 5,8016 105 117,65 1681 •5 5,7370

105 141,30 1688,8 5,8556 110 119,62 1694,5 5,7713

110 143,58 1701,5 5,8690 115 121,57 1707,4 s,eo49
34 (13 ,120) 40 (15,548)
34 98,72 1487,3 5,2170 40 83,47 1489,7 5,1538
35 99,29 1490,6 5,2277 45 es,oo 1506,5 5,2068
40 102,04 1506,6 5,2791 50 88,26 1522,6 5,2572
45 104,72 1522,1 5,3281 55 90,54 1538,3 5,3053
50 107,32 1537,1 5,3751 60 92,76 1553,5 5,3514
322

Bang 8 (t i e p t h e o )
(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
55 109,86 1551,8 5,4201 65 94,93 1568,4 5,3957
60 112,24 1566,0 5,4630 70 96,97 1582,8 5,4380
65 114,67 1580,1 5,5050 75 99,04 1597,1 5,4793
70 117,05 1593,9 5,5457 80 101 •07 1611,1 5,5193
75 119,40 1607,6 5,5852 85 103,07 1625,0 5,5582

80 121,71 1621,0 5,6236 90 105,04 1638,6 5,5961

85 123,99 1634,4 5,6610 95 106,99 1652,1 5,6331
90 126,24 1647,5 5,6976 100 108,91 1665,5 5,6692
95 128,47 1660,6 5,7333 105 110,81 1678,8 5,7044
100 130,67 1673,6 5,7683 110 112,69 1691,9 5,7390

105 132,85 1686,5 5,8026 115 114,55 1705,0 5,7729

110 135,02 1699,3 5,8363 120 116,39 1718,0 5,8061
36 (13,895) 42 (16 ,429)
36 93,29 1488,2 5,1958 42 79,01 1490,4 5,1330
40 95,43 1501,3 5,2378 45 80,42 1500,6 5,1654
45 98,01 1517,2 5,2881 50 82,71 1517,2 5,2172
50 100,53 1532,6 5,3361 55 84,93 1533,3 5,2664
55 102,97 1547,6 5,3821 60 87,07 1548,8 5,3136

60 105,36 1562,2 5,4264 65 89,17 1564,0 5,3588

65 107,60 1576,3 5,4685 70 91,21 1578,9 5,4023
70 109,88 1590,4 5,5098 75 93,13 1593,2 5,4439
75 112,13 1604,3 5,5499 eo 95,09 1607,5 5,4845
80 114,34 1617,9 s,seee 85 97,01 1621,5 5,5240

85 116,52 1631,4 5,6267 90 98,90 1635,4 5,5624

90 118,67 1644,7 5,6637 95 100,77 1649,0 5,5998
95 120,80 1657,9 5,6998 100 102,61 1662,6 5,6363
100 122,90 1671,0 5,7351 105 104,42 1676,0 5,6719
105 124,98 1684,0 5,7698 110 106,22 1689,2 5,7068

110 127,04 1696,9 5,8037 115 108,00 1702,4 5,7410

115 129,09 1709,8 5,8370 120 109,76 1715,5 5,7746
44 (17 ,346) 50 (20 ,331)
44 74,84 1490,9 5,1124 50 63,784 1491,9 5,0512
45 75,29 1494,4 5,1234 55 65,780 1509,9 5,1064
50 77,52 1511,5 5,1766 60 67,700 1527,1 5,1586
55 79,67 1527,9 5,2272 65 69,555 1543,8 5,2082
60 81,75 1543,9 5,2754 70 71,354 1559,9 5,2556

65 83,78 1559,4 5,3216 75 73,103 1575,6 5,3010

70 85,75 1574,5 5,3660 80 74,808 2590,9 5,3447
75 87,68 1589,3 5,4088 85 76,475 1605,9 5,3868
80 89,49 1603,6 5,4497 90 78,108 1620,7 5,4276
85 91,34 1617,9 5,4897 95 79,639 1634,9 5,4667
 l)a n g 8 ( tie p the o )
(2) (3) (2) (3) (4)
90 93,16 1631,9 5,5286 100 81,208 1649,2 5,5051
95 94,95 1645,8 5 566' 105 82,752 1663,2 5,5425
100 96,71 1659,4 5,6035 110 84,275 1677,1 5,5425
105 98,46 1673,0 5,6395 115 85,778 1690,8 5,6146
110 100,18 1686,4 5,674e 120 87,262 1704,4 5,6494

115 101,88 1699,7 5,7093 125 88,730 1718,0 5,6835

120 103,56 1712,9 5,7431 130 90,183 1731,4 5,7170
46 (iB 302) 52 (21,407)
46 70,92 1491,3 5,0919 52 60,531 1492,1 5,0311
50 72,65 1505,3 5,1355 55 61,694 1503,1 5,0648
55 74,75 1522,3 5,1875 60 63,571 1520,9 5,1186
60 76,77 1538,6 5,2369 65 65,379 1538,0 5,1695
65 78,73 1554,5 5,2841 70 67,129 1554,5 5,2181

70 80,64 1569,9 5,3295 75 68,828 1570,6 5,2645

75 82,50 1585,0 5,3731 80 70,481 1586,2 5,3091
80 84,33 1599,7 541,52 85 72,095 1601,5 5,3521
85 86,04 1614,0 5,4554 90 73,673 1616,4 5,3935
90 87.79 1268,3 5,4949 95 75,220 1631,1 5,4337

95 89,51 1642,3 5,5333 100 76,671 1645,4 5,4722

100 91,20 1656,2 5,5707 105 78,158 1659,6 5,5101
105 92,87 1669,9 5,6071 110 79,624 1673,7 5,5470
110 94,52 1683,5 5,6428 115 81,069 1687,6 5,5381
115 96,15 1696,9 5,6776 120 82,496 1701,3 5,6183

120 97,77 1710,2 5,7118 125 83,905 1715,0 5,6528

125 99,36 1723,5 5,7453 130 85,300 1728,5 5,6866
48 ( I 9.296) 54 (22 ,525)
48 57,24 1491,7 5,0715 54 57,468 1492,1 5,0110
50 68,0B 1490,8 5,093i' 55 57,845 1495,9 5,0225
55 70,12 1516,3 5,1472 60 59,684 1514,2 5,0780
60 72,09 1533,0 5,1980 65 61,451 1531,8 5,1802
65 73,99 1549,3 5,2464 70 63,157 1548,8 5,1802

70 75,85 1565,0 5,2927 75 64,810 1565,2 5,2277

75 77,65 1580,4 5,3371 80 66,416 1581,2 5,2733
80 79,41 1595,5 5,3800 85 67,980 1596,8 5,3171
85 81,14 1610,2 5,4214 90 69,509 1612,0 5,3593
90 82,76 1624,5 5,4611 95 71,004 1626,9 5,4002

95 84,41 1638,7 5,5000 100 72,471 1641,6 5,4398

100 86,04 1652,8 5,5379 105 73,846 1655,9 5,4777
105 87,65 1666,6 5,5748 110 75,258 1670,1 5,5151
110 89,23 1680,3 5,6108 115 76,650 1684,2 5,5516
115 90,79 1693,9 5,6461 120 78,022 1698,1 5,5872
324

Bang 8 ( t i e p t h e o )
(2) (4) (2) (3) (4)
120 92,34 1707,4 5,6806 125 79,378 1711,9 5,6221
125 93,87 1720,8 5,7144 130 80,717 1725,5 5,6562
56 (23 ,686) 70 (33 ,116)
56 54,643 1492,3 4,9917 70 38,419 1488,3 4,S519
60 56,021 1507,1 5,0366 75 39,879 1509,6 4,9133
65 57,752 1525,3 5,0906 80 41,265 1529,7 4,9707
70 59,418 1542,7 5,1418 85 42,587 1548,9 5,0246
75 61,026 1559,6 5,1905 90 43,791 1566,9 5,0747

80 62,591 1575,9 5,2371 95 45,001 1584,6 5,1230

85 64,111 1591,8 5,2818 100 46,173 1601,7 5,1693
90 65,593 1607,3 5,3249 105 47,312 1618,4 5,2136
95 67,042 1622,5 5,3665 110 48,422 1634,7 5,2563
100 68,460 1637,4 5,4067 115 49,505 1650,6 5,2976

105 69,852 1652,1 5,4457 120 50,564 1666,1 5,3375

110 71,157 1666,4 5,4832 125 51,603 1681,5 5,3762
115 72,498 1680,6 5,5201 130 52,622 1696,5 5,4138
120 73,820 1694,7 5,5562 135 53,623 1711,4 5,4505
125 75,125 1708,6 5,5914 140 54,609 1726,1 5,4863

130 76,414 1722,4 5,6259 145 55,531 1 740,4 5,5207

135 77,688 1736,1 5,6596 150 56,486 1754,8 5,5548
60 (26 ,142) 75 (37 ,084)
60 49,333 1491,8 4,9517 75 33,982 1485,3 4,8016
65 51,030 1511,3 5,0097 80 35,349 1507,6 4,8652
70 52,570 1529,5 5,0633 85 36,640 1528,6 4,9242
75 54,109 1547,3 5,1147 90 37,869 1548,5 5,0802
80 55,596 1564,4 5,1637 95 39,044 1567,6 5,0316

85 57,037 1581,1 5,2104 100 40,116 1585,6 5,0802

90 58,438 1597,2 5,2553 105 41 •196 1603,2 5,1272
95 59,803 1613,0 5,2984 110 42,243 1620,4 5,1723
100 61,136 1628,5 5,3401 115 43,261 1637,1 5,2156
105 62,441 1643,6 5,3804 120 44,254 1653,4 5,2573

110 63,720 1658,5 5,4195 125 45,225 1669,4 5,2977

115 64,977 1673,2 5,4575 130 46,174 1685,0 5,336S
120 66,155 1687,4 5,4940 135 47,105 1700,5 5,3749
125 67,367 1701,7 5,5301 140 48,020 1715,7 5,4118
130 68,564 1715,8 5,5653 145 48,919 1730,6 5,4479

135 69,745 1729,8 5,5998 150 49,804 1745,5 5,4831

140 70,912 1743,7 5,8336 155 50,676 1760,1 5,5175
 32a>

Bang 8 (tiep theo)

(2) (3) (4) (>) J (2) (3) (4)
65 (29,475) 80 (41,397)
65 43,497 1490,4 4,9018 80 30,114 1481,5 4,7515
70 45,066 1510,8 4,9614 85 31,375 1504,7 4,8168
75 46,561 1530,1 5,0173 90 32,586 1526,7 4,8777
80 47,919 1548,2 5,0609 95 33.733 1547,4 4,9345
85 49,281 1565,9 5,1189 100 34,827 1567,2 4,9879

90 50,593 1583,1 5,1664 105 35,877 1586,2 5,0385

95 51,877 1599,7 5,2119 110 36,835 1604,2 5,0856
100 53,121 1615,9 5,2556 115 37,802 1621,9 5,1314
105 54,335 1631,8 5,2978 120 38,741 1639,0 5,1754
110 55,521 1647,3 5,3386 125 39,655 1665,8 5,2178

115 56,683 1662,5 5,3780 130 40,547 1672,2 5,2586

120 57,822 1677,5 5,4164 135 41,419 1688,2 5,2982
125 58.942 1692,3 5,4537 140 42,273 1704,0 5,3366
130 60,044 1706,8 5,4900 145 43,111 1719,5 5,3740
135 61,073 1721,0 5,5250 150 43,934 1734,8 5,4104

140 62,140 1735,3 5,5597 155 44,743 1749,9 5,4458

145 63,194 1749,4 5,5537 160 45,541 1764,9 5,4805
85 (46,076) 100 (62,523)
85 26,658 1476,2 4,6993 100 18,425 1451,3 4,5316
90 27,905 1501,2 4,768Ei 105 19,558 1482,2 4,6130
95 29,018 1524,0 4,8309 110 20,578 1509,9 4,686P
100 30,095 1545,7 4,889S 115 21,517 1535,3 4,7526
105 31,118 1566,3 4,9443 120 22,395 1559,0 4,8133

110 32.097 1585,9 4,9960 125 23,182 1580,9 4,8686

115 33,037 1604,9 5,0451 130 23,957 1602,0 4,9214
120 33,897 1622,8 5,0911 135 24,701 1622,3 4,9714
125 34,766 1640,5 5,135T 140 25,416 1641,8 5,0189
130 35,611 1657,7 5,178/ 145 26,107 1660,7 5,0644

135 36.434 1674,5 5,2201 150 26,776 1679,1 5,1080

140 37,238 1691,0 5,2602 155 27,383 1696,5 5,1489
145 38,024 1707,1 5,2991 160 28,009 1713,9 5,1893
150 38.795 1723,0 5,3368 165 28,621 1731,0 5,2285
155 39,551 1738,6 5,3735 170 29,220 174,77 5,2664

160 40,294 1754,1 5,4093 175 29,807 1764,2 5,3034

165 41,026 1769,3 5,4443 180 30,383 1780,4 5,3394
90 (5 1,141) 105 (68,891)
90 23,597 1469,5 4,6457 105 16,205 1438,7 4,4688
95 24,791 1496,1 4,7184 110 17,349 1472,8 4,5586
100 25,895 1520,6 4,7845 115 18,339 1502,6 4,6357
105 26,882 1543,1 4,8442 120 19,243 1529,6 4,7048
110 27,844 1564,5 4,9006 125 20,082 1554,6 4,7680
326

Bang 8 (t i e p t h e o )
(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
115 28,760 1585,0 4,9537 130 20,842 1577,6 4,8255
120 29,639 1604,6 5,0039 135 21,576 1599,7 4,8799
125 30,485 1623,5 5,0517 140 22,277 1620,7 4,9311
130 31,260 1641,4 5,0964 145 22,949 1640,9 4,9797
135 32,043 1659,2 5,1401 150 23,597 1660,4 5,0261

140 32,805 1676,4 5,1821 155 24,224 1679,3 5,0705

145 33,549 1693,3 5,2227 160 24,832 1697,7 5,1132
150 34,275 1709,8 5,2621 165 25,384 1715,2 5,1534
155 34,986 1726,1 5,3002 170 25,954 1732,7 5,1931
160 35,684 1742,1 5,3373 175 26,511 1749,9 5,2315

165 36,369 1757,8 5,3735 180 27,057 1766,7 5,2689

170 37,042 1773,4 5,4088 185 27,592 1783,3 5,3053
95 (56 ,615) 110 (75 ,748)
95 20,869 1461,3 4 •5901 110 14,176 1422,9 4,4000
100 22,026 1489,9 4,6670 115 15,342 1461,3 4,4995
105 23,082 1515,8 4,7361 120 16,336 1493,9 4,5831
110 24,064 1539,9 4,7994 125 17,2C7 1522,6 5,6557
115 24,944 1562,0 4,8567 130 18,013 1549,1 4,7217

120 25,806 1583,3 4,9113 135 18,765 1573,7 4.7820

125 26,630 1603,7 4,9627 140 19,448 1596,5 4,8300
130 27,422 1623,2 5,0115 145 20,110 1618,4 4,8900
135 28,185 1642,1 5,0581 150 20,7c4 1639,3 4,9404
140 28,885 1660,1 5,1018 155 21,354 1659,5 4,9878

145 29,593 16f7,5 160 21,9~3 1679,0 5,0331

150 30.283 1695,2 5,1857 165 22,5~4 1697,9 5,0766
155 30,957 1712,1 5,2255 170 23,067 1716,4 5,1184
160 31,615 1728,7 5,2641 175 23,571 1734,0 5,1579
165 32,260 1745,1 5,3017 180 24,091 1571,5 5,1968

170 32,893 1761,2 5,3382 185 24,599 1768,8 5,2347

175 33,515 1777,1 5,3738 190 25,097 1785,7 5,2715
 327

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 329

CO <A 0 C O I A C O ~ Cb Cl h < D IA IA IA (D <A CD h CO < N C CO CO <- Ct h O C9 h O <t Cl

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N I N h <- IA Cb F J CD Cb N IA h Ch 0 <- N N N O 0l IA N 0 l Cl N <0 C9 CO

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CO CO CO 0 N ~ IA h CO O N '<t C O Ch N LA Cl r IA CO N CO O I A Cb C9 CO Cl O l
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ltl I A IA IA I A I A IA ED ~ CD <D C O CO CD CD ED h h h I t I t CO C O CO CO CO CO Cl CO
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358
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360

Bang 14. '1'inl> cput nhiet dong cpu hoi qrcu nhiit R134u
Thit tich Entanpi Entropi (2) (3)
Nhigt dl} ridng V, riiing h, ridng s, -55 0,87642 364,9 1,7989
t, (C>
(m /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK) -50 0,89767 368,4 1,8149
-45 0,91912 372,0 1,8306
(2) (3) (4)
-66,85 (10,00 kPa) -40 0,93985 375,6 1,8462

-66,85 1,66667 357,4 1,8192 -35 0,96061 379,2 1.8617

1,68067 358,6 1,8252 -30 0,98232 382.9 1,8770

-60 1,8413 -25 1,00301 386,6 1.8921

1,72414 362,0
-55 1.76678 365,4 1,8572
-2IL1 1,02354 390,4 1.9072

-50 -15 1,04493 394,2 1,9221

1,80832 368,9 1,8730
-10 1,06496 398,1 1,9369
-45 1,84843 372,4 1,8886
P0 1.89036 376,0 1,9040 1,08578 402.0 1,9516

-35 1,93050 379,6 ;,9193 1,10619 405,.9 1.9661

-30 1,97239 383,3 1,9345 5 1,12740 409.9 1.9P06

-25 2,01207 387,0 1,9496 10 1,14811 413,9 1.9950

-20 2,05339 390,7 1,9646 15 1,16822 418,0 2,0092
-15 2,09644 394,5 1,9794 20 1.18906 422.1 2.0234

10 2,13675 398,3 1,9941 25 1,20919 426,3 2.0375

2,17865 402,2 2,0087 30 1,23001 430,5 2.0514

2,21 729 406,2 2,0233 35 1,25156 434,7 2,0653

40 1,27226 439,0 2,0791
2,26244 410,1 2,0377
45 1,29199 443 3 2.09,:9
10 2,30415 4i4,1 2,0520
15 2,34192 418,2 2,0662 50 1,31234 447.7 2,1065

20 2,38095 422,3 2,0803 55 1.33333 452,1 2.1200

60 1.35318 456.6 2,1335
25 2.42718 426,5 2,0944
30 2,1083 65 1.37363 461,1 2.1469
2,46305 430,7
35 2,50527 434,9 2,1222 70 1,39470 465,6 2,1603

40 2,54453 439,2 2,1360 75 1,41443 470.2 2,1735

45 2,59067 443,5 2,1497 80 1,43678 474,8 2,1867

50 2,63458 447,9 2,1633 85 1,45560 479,5 2,1998

55 2,67380 452,3 2,1768 -49.66 (30.00 kPa)

60 2, '1003 456,7 2,1903 -49,66 0,59559 368,2 1.7813

65 2,75482 461,2 2,2037 -45 0,60901 371,5 1,7961

70 2,79330 465,8 2,2170 -40 0,62344 375,2 1.8118

75 2,83286 470,3 2,2302 -35 v,63735 378,0 1,8274

80 2,87356 474,9 2,2434 -30 0.65189 382,6 1.8428

85 2,91 545 479,6 2,2565 25 0,6657C 386,3 1,8531

-56,39 (20,00 kPa) -20 0,67981 390,1 1.8732

-56,39 -15 0.69396 393.9 1.8882
0,87032 363,9 1,7945
-65 -10 0,70771 397,8 1,9031

-60 0,72202 401,7 1,9178

 361

(2) (4) (2) (3) (4)

0,73584 405,7 1,9324 40 0,63371 438,7 2,0219
0. 74963 409,7 1,9470 45 0,64392 443,0 2,0357
10 0,76336 413,7 1,9614 5p 0.65445 447,4 2,0491
15 0,77760 417,8 1,9757 55 0,66489 451,9 2,0630
n.79«4 421,9 1,9899 60 0,67522 456,3 2,0765
25 G,S0515 426,1 2.0040 65 0,68540 460,8 2,0899
30 0 8'9QQ 430,3 2,0180 70 0,69589 465,4 2,1033
35 <i,83264 434,6 2,0319 75 0,70621 470,0 2,1465
40 ' 8450? 438,9 2.0457 80 0.71633 474,6 2,1479
45 C.85985 449,2 2,0595 85 0,72674 479,3 2,1492
50 u,97413 441.6 2,0731 90 0,73692 484,0 2,1559
0,88731 452,0 2,0967 95 0,74738 488,7 2.1689
60 0.90171 458,5 2,1002 100 G.75758 493.5 2,1818
65 U,91491 461,0 2,«36 105 0.76805 498.3 2,1947
70 0,92851 465,5 2,1270 «0 0.77821 503,7 2,2074
75 J,94251 47('I,1 2,1432 — 40,43 (50,00 kPa)
Sp 0.95602 474,7 2,1514 —40.43 0.36914 374.0 1,7661
85 G.96993 479,4 2,1665 —40 0,36982 374,3 1,7675
90 u,98328 484.1 2.1796 -35 0,37864 378,1 1,7833
95 i3,99. 01 488,8 2,1926 —30 0,38745 381,8 1,7990
100 I,Q«12 493,6 2.2054 -25 0.39604 385,6 1,8144
105 1,02459 498,4 2,2183 —20 0.40469 389,5 1,8297
«0 -15 0,41339 393,3 1,8449
-44,57 (40,00 kpa) -10 0.42194 397,3 1,8599
-44.57 0,45496 371,4 1,7725 -5 0,43048 401,2 1,8748
-45 0,43898 405.2 1,8895
5
0
-40 0,46490 374.8 1,7871 0,44743 409,2 1.9041
-35 0,47574 378.5 1,8028 10 0,45579 413,3 1,9186
0 48662 382,2 1,8183 15 0,46425 417,4 1,9330
-23 0,49727 386,0 1,8336 20 0,47259 421,5 1,9473
-
'0 0,50787 389,8 1,8489 25 0,48100 425,7 1,9614
-15 0,51867 393.6 1.8639 30 0,48948 430,0 1.9755
—10 0,52910 397,5 1,8789 35 0,119776 434,2 1,9895
0.53967 401,5 1,8937 40 0,50607 438,5 2,0034
iv',55036 405,4 1,9083 45 0,51440 442,9 2,0172
5 0.56085 409,4 1,9229 50 0.52274 447,3 2,0309
10 0,57110 413,5 1,9374 55 0,53107 451,7 2,0445
15 0,581 73 417,6 1,9517 60 0,53937 456,2 2,0580
20 0,592C'7 421,7 1.9659 65 0,54765 460,7 2,0715
25 0,60241 425,9 1,9801 70 0,55586 465,3 2,0848
U,61312 430.1 1,9941 75 0,56402 469,9 2,0981
0.':;?344 434.4 2,0081 80 0,57241 474,5 2,«13
 (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
85 0.58072 479.2 2,1245 -33.83 (70.00 kPa)
90 P..58893 483.9 2,1375 -33.83 0.26918 378,2 1.7571
95 0.59737 488.5 2,1505 -30 0,27412 381.1 1,7693
100 0,60533 493, • i 2.1635 -25 0,28050 365,0 1.7850
105 0,61387 498,3 2,1763 -20 0,28678 388.8 1.8004
110 0,62189 503,1 2,1891 -15 0,29308 392,7 1,8158
115 -10 0,29931 396.7 1.8309
-36,91 (60,00 kPa) -5 0,30553 400,7 1.8459
-36.91 0,31114 376.2 1.7611 0.31172 404,7 1,8608
5
0
-40 0,31786 408,8 1.8755
-35 0,31397 377,7 1,7672 10 0.32394 412,9 1,8901
-30 0,32134 381,6 1,7830 15 0,33003 417,0 1,9045
-25 0,32873 385,3 1,7986 20 0,33613 421.2 1,9189
-20 0,33591 389,2 1.8140 25 0,34211 425,4 1,9331
-15 0,34317 393,0 1,8292 30 0,34819 429.5 1.9473
-10 0,35039 397,0 1,8443 35 0,35423 433,9 1,9613
-5 0.35753 400,9 1.8592 40 0,35023 438,2 1,9752
0,36470 404,9 1.8740 45 0.36630 442.6 1,9890
5
0
0,37189 409,0 1.8887 50 0,37230 447,0 2.0028
10 0,37893 413,1 1,9032 55 0,37821 451,4 2,0164
15 0,38595 417,2 1,9176 60 0,38417 455,9 2,0300
20 0,39308 421,3 1,9319 65 0,39017 460,5 2,0435
25 0,40000 425,5 1,9461 70 0,39620 465,0 2,0569
30 0,40700 429.8 1,9602 75 0,40209 469,6 2,0702
35 0,41408 434,1 1,9742 80 0,40800 474.3 2,0834
ng.
40 0,42105 438,4 1,9881 OM 0,41391 478,b 2,0966
45 0,42808 442,7 2,0020 90 0,41982 453, 2,1097
'

50 0,43497 447,1 2,0157 95 0,42589 488,4 2,1227

55 0,44189 451,6 2,0293 100 0,43178 493,2 2,1357
60 0,44883 456,1 2,0429 105 0,43764 498,1 2,1465
65 0,45579 460,6 2,0563 110 0.44346 502,9 2,1613
70 0,46275 465,1 2,0G97 115 0,44944 507,8 2,1741
75 0,46970 469,7 2,0830 120 0.4" 537 512.8 2,1867
80 0,47642 474,4 2.0962 -31,09 (80.00 kPa)
85 0,48356 479,1 2,1094 -31,09 0,23747 379,9 1,75" 8
90 0,49020 483,8 2,1225 -30 0,23872 380,7 1,7572
95 0,49727 488,5 2,1355 -25 0,24438 384,6 1,7730
100 0,50403 493,3 2,1484 -20 0,24994 388.5 1,7886
105 0,51099 498.2 2,1613 -15 0,25549 392,4 1,8040
110 0,51787 503,0 2.1741 0,26103 396,4 1,8192
115 0,52466 507,9 2,1868 0,26645 400,4 1,8343
0,27196 404,5 1,8492
 (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
5 0,27732 408,5 1.b640 55 C,29334 451,2 1,9952
'0 0,28273 412,6 1,8786 6U 0,29797 .455,7 2,0089
15 0,28810 416,8 1,8931 65 0,30266 460,2 2,0225
20 0,29343 421,0 1,9075 7C 0,30731 464,8 2,0359
25 0,29878 425.2 1.9218 75 0,31201 469,4 2.0492
30 0,30404 429,4 1,9359 80 0.31666 474,0 2,0625
35 0,30491 433,7 1,9500 85 0,32123 478,7 2,0757
40 0,31466 438,1 1,9640 90 0,32595 483.5 2,0888
4> G,3200U 442 4 1,9778 95 0,33058 488,2 2,1018
50 0,32520 446,9 1,9916 100 0.33523 493,0 2,1148
55 0,33047 451,3 2,0053 105 0,33979 497,9 2,1277
60 0,33568 455,8 2,0188 110 0,34447 502,8 2,1405
65 0,34095 460,3 2,0323 115 0,34904 507,7 2.1533
70 0,34614 464,9 2,0457 120 0,35351 512,6 2,1659
75 0,35137 469.5 2,0591 125 0,35817 517,6 2,1786
80 0,35663 474,2 9,0723 -26,34 (100,00 kPa)
85 0,36179 478,8 2,0855 -26,34 0,19246 382,8 1. 7484
90 0,36697 483,6 2,0986 -25 0,19372 383,9 1,7527
95 0,37216 488,3 2,1116 -20 0,19829 387,9 1,7685
100 0,37736 493,1 2,1246 -15 0,20234 391,8 1,7840
105 0,38256 498,0 2,1375 -10 0,20734 395,8 1,7994
110 0,38775 502,8 2,1503 0,21182 399,9 1,8146
115 0,39293 507,8 2,1630 0,21626 404,0 1,8297
12D L 0,39809 512,7
-28,61 (90,00 kPa)
2,1757 5
10
0,22065
0,22502
408,1
412,2
1,8445
1,8593
-28,61 0,21254 381,4 1,7509 15 0,22941 416,4 1,8739
-25 0,21622 384,3 1,7624 20 0,23370 420,6 1,8883
-20 0,22129 388.2 1,7780 25 c 23804 424,8 1,9027
-15 0,22624 392,1 1,7935 30 0,24231 429.1 1,9169
'-10 0,23121 396,1 1,8088 35 0.24661 433,4 1,9310
0,23613 400.2 1,8240 40 0,25088 437,7 1,9450
0,24102 404,2 1,8389 45 0,25517 442,1 1,9589
5 0,24589 408.3 1,8538 50 0,25940 446,6 1,9727
10 0,25059 412,4 1,8684 55 0,26364 451,0 1,9864
15 0,25519 416,6 1,8830 60 0,26788 455,5 2,0001
20 0,26028 420,8 1,8974 65 0,27203 460.1 2,0136
25 0,26504 425,0 1,9117 70 0.27624 464,i 2,0270
30 0,26976 429,3 1,9259 75 0,28043 469,3 2.0404
35 0,27450 433,6 1,9400 80 0,28466 473,9 2,0537
40 0,27925 437,9 1,9540 85 0,28885 478,6 2,0669
45 0,28393 442,3 1,9679 90 0,29300 483,4 2,0800
50 0,28860 446,7 1,9816 95 0,29718 488,1 2,0930
364

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

100 0,30139 492,9 2,1060 -25
105 0.30553 497,8 2,1189 -20 0,17953 387.5 1,7597
110 0,30969 502,7 2,1318 -15 0,18369 391,5 1 7754
115 0,31387 507,6 2,1445 -10 0.18783 395,6 1.il908
120 0,31797 512,5 2,1572 0,19194 399,6 1,8061
125 0,32216' 517,5 2,1698 0,19600 403,7 1,8212
05
—26,06 (1 01,325 kPa) 0,20004 407,8 1,8361
-26,06 0,19011 383,0 1,7481 10 0.20404 412,0 1,8509
-25 0.19106 383,9 1,7515 15 0.20803 416,2 1.8656
-20 0,19562 387,8 1,7673 20 0,21200 420,4 1,8801
—15 0,20012 391,8 1,7829 25 0,21598 424.6 1,8945
-10 0,20454 395,8 1,7982 30 0,21988 428,9 1,9087
0,20894 399,9 1,8135 35 0,22376 433,2 1.9228
0,21336 403,9 1,8285 40 0.22769 437.6 1.9369
5
0
0,21768 408,0 1,8 .34 45 0,23154 442.0 1,9503
10 0,22202 412,2 1,8581 50 0.23546 446,4 1,9646
15 0,22630 416,3 1,8727 55 0,23929 450,9 1,9784
20 0,23057 420,5 1,8872 60 0,24313 455.4 1.9920
25 0,23485 424,8 1,9015 65 0,24697 459.9 2.0055
30 0,23906 429.1 1,9158 70 0.25088 464.5 2.0190
35 0,24331 433,4 1,9299 75 0.25465 469,2 2.0324
40 0,24759 437,7 1,9439 80 0,25853 473,8 2,0457
45 0,25176 442,1 1,9578 85 0,26233 478,5 2,0589
50 0,25595 446,5 1.9716 90 0,26610 483.2 2.0720
55 0,26015 451,0 1,9853 95 0,26998 488,0 2,0851
60 0,26427 455,5 1,9989 100 0,27375 492,8 2.0981
65 0.26846 460,1 2,0175 105 0,27755 497,7 2.1110
70 0,27263 464,0 2,0259 110 0,28129 502,6 2.1238
75 0,27678 468,3 2,0392 115 0,28514 507.5 2,1366
80 0.28090 473,9 2,0526 120 0,28893 512,5 2,1493
85 0,28506 478,6 2.0658 125 0,29265 517,5 2.1619
90 0,28918 183,3 2,0789 130 0,29647 522,5 2,1745
95 0.29326 488,1 2,0919 -22,29 (120,00 kPa)
100 0,29735 492,9 2,1049 -22,29 0,15207 385,4 1,7443
105 0,30157 497,8 2,1178 -20 0,16385 387,2 1,7516
110 0,30562 502,6 2,1306 -15 0,16773 391,2 1,7674
115 0,30969 507,6 2,1434 -10 0,17156 395,3 1,7829
120 0,31377 512,5 2,1561 0,17535 399,3 1,7983
125 0,31797 517,5 2,1687 0.17912 403,5 1,8'. 34
5
0
130 0,18285 407,6 1,8284
-24,25 (110 kPa) 10 0,18657 411,7 1,8432
-24,25 0 ,17593 38 4 , 1 1,7462 15 0,19022 415,9 1,8579
 365

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

20 0,19387 420,2 1,8725 65 0,20846 459,7 1,9914
25 0,19751 424.4 1.8869 70 0.2» 73 464,3 2.0049
30 0,20113 428.7 1,9012 75 0.21501 468,9 2,0183
35 0,20475 433.1 1,9153 80 0,21825 473,6 2.0316
40 0,20833 437,4 1,9294 85 0,22148 478,3 2,0448
45 0,21191 441,8 1,9434 90 0,22477 483,0 2,0580
50 0,21552 446,3 1,9572 95 0,22800 487.8 2,0711
55 0,21906 450,7 1,9710 100 0,23116 492,6 2,0841
RP 0 22262 455,3 1,9846 105 0,2344/ 497,5 2.0970
65 0.22614 459,8 1,9982 110 0.23764 502,4 2,1098
70 0,22967 464.4 2,0» 7 115 0,24091 507,3 2,1226
75 0,23321 469.0 2,0251 .1 20 0,24414 512,3 2,1353
80. 0,23669 473.7 2,0384 125 0.24728 517,3 2,1480
85 0,24021 478.4 2,0516 130 0,25050 522,3 2.1606
90 0,24372 483,1 2.0647 — 18,75 (140,00 kPa)
95 0,24722 487,9 2,0778 — 18,75 0,14010 387,5 1,7411
100 0,25069 492,7 2,0908 —15 0.14263 ,390,6 1,7530
105 0,25419 497.6 2,1037 -10 0,14599 394.7 1.7687
110 0,25767 502,5 2,»65 0,14930 398.8 1,7842
115 0,26116 507,4 2,1293 0.15258 402,9 1,'7995
5
0
120 0,26462 512,4 2,1420 0,15584 407,1 1,8146
125 0,26810 517.4 2,1547 10 0.15906 4»,3 1,8295
130 0,27152 522,4 2,1672 15 0.16226 415.5 1,8443
-20.17 (130,00 kPa) 20 0.16543 419,8 1,8589
-20.1 7 0,15026 386.5 1,7426 25 0,16858 424.1 1,8734
—20 0,15060 386,9 1.7441 30 0.17173 428,4 1,8877
—15 0,15423 390,9 1.7600 35 0,17486 432,7 1,9020
-10 0,15780 395,0 1.7756 40 0,17794 437,1 1,9161
-5 0,16134 399,1 1,7910 45 0.18106 441,5 1,9301
0,16483 403,2 1,8062 50 0,18413 446,0 1.9440
5
0
0,16829 407,3 1,8212 55 0,18720 450,5 1,9578
10 0,17173 4»,5 1,8361 60 0,19026 455,0 1.9715
15 0,17516 415.7 1.8509 65 0,19331 459,6 1,9851
20 0,17857 420.0 1,8654 70 0,19635 464,2 1,9986
' 25 0,18195 424,2 1,8799 75 0,19936 468,6 2,0120
30 0,18529 428.5 1.8942 80 0,20243 473,5 2.0253
35 0,18864 432,9 1,9084 85 0,20547 478,2 2,0386
40 0,19198 437,3 1,9225 90 0,20851 482,9 2,0517
45 0,19531 441,7 1,9365 95 0,21146 487,7 2,0648
50 0,19861 446,1 1,9504 100 0,21450 492,5 2,0778
55 0,20190 450,6 1,9641 105 0,21753 497,4 2,0908
60. 0,20521 455,1 1,9778 110 0,22051 502,3 2,1036
366

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

115 0,22351 507.2 2,1154 -5 0,12975 398.3 1 7~17
120 0,22650 51'>,2 2,1291 0,13269 402,4 1,7872
5
0
125 0,22946 ~17,2 2,1418 0,13556 406,6 1,8024
4
130 0.23245 522,2 2,1544 0 0,13843 410,8 1,8174
135 0,23546 527,3 2,1669 15 0,14126 415,1 1,8323
-17,12 (150,00 kPa) 20 0,14407 419,4 1,8470
-17,12 0,13123 388,5 1,7397 25 0,14686 423.7 1,8616
—15 0,13259 390.3 1,7464 30 0,14966 428,0 1,8760
-10 0,13576 394,4 1,7622 35 0,15242 432,4 1,8903
-5 0,13889 398,5 1,7778 40 0,15516 436,8 1,9044
0,14196 402,7 1,7931 45 0,15790 441,2 1.9185
5
0
0,14503 406,9 1,8083 50 0,16059 445,7 1,9324
10 0,14806 411,1 1.8233 55 0,16329 450,2 1,9463
15 0,15106 415,3 1,8381 60 0,16600 454,7 1,9600
20 0,15404 419,6 1,8528 65 0,16869 459,3 1,9736
25 0,15701 423,9 1,8673 70 0,17141 463,9 1.9872
30 0,15995 428,2 1,8817 75 0,17406 468.6 2,0006
35 0,16289 432,5 1.8959 80 0,17674 473,2 2,0140
40 0,16581 436,9 1,9101 85 0,17940 478,0 2,0272
45 0,16869 441,4 1,9241 90 0,18205 482,7 2,0404
50 0,17156 445,8 1,9380 95 0,18471 487,5 2,0535
55 0,17449 450,3 1,9518 100 0,18734 492,3 2.0666
60 0,17734 454,9 1,9656 105 0,19001 497,2 2,0795
65 0,18018 459,4 1,9792 110 0,19260 502,1 2,0924
70 0,18305 464,0 1.9927 115 0,19524 507,0 2.1052
75 0,18587 468,7 2,0061 120 0,19790 512.0 2.1179
'

80 0.18875 473;4. . :. 2,0195 125 0,20052 517,0 2.1306

85 0,19157 478;1:" ."2,0327 130 0,20313 522,1 2,1432
90 0,19440 482,8 2,0459 135 0,20576 527.2 2.1557
95 0,19720 487,6 2,0590 140
100 0,20000 492,4 2,0720 -14,11 (170,00 kPa)
105 0,20284 497,3 2,0850 -14,11 0,11655 390,4 1,7372
110 0,20563 502,2 2.0978 -15
115 0,20846 . 507,1 2,1106 -10 ' 0,11889 393.8 1.7503
120 0,21124 512,1 2,1234 0,12170 398,0 1,7660
125 0,21404 517,1 2,1360 0,12447 402,2 1,7815
5
0
130 0,21683 522,2 2,1486 0,12721 406,4 1.7968
135 0,21964 527,2 2,1611 10 0,12994 410,6 1,8119
-15,58 (160,00 kPa) 15 0,13263 414,9 1,8268
-15,58 0,12344 389,5 1,7384 20 0,13528 419,2 1.8415
-15 0,12379 390,0 1,7402 25 0,13793 423,5 1.8561
o 0,12679 394,1 1,7561 30 0,14055 427.8 1,8706
 3C7

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

35 0,14316 432,2 1,8849 80 0.15674 473,J 2.0039
40 0,14577 430,6 1,8991 85 0,15911 477,7 2,0172
45 0,14835 441,1 1,9132 90 0,16150 482,5 2,0304
5IJ 0,15092 445,5 1.9272 95 0,16385 487,3 2,0435
55 0.1534 7 450,0 1,9410 100 0,16622 492,1 2,0566
60 0,15603 454,6 1,9548 105 0,16858 497,0 2,0696
65 0,15858 459.2 1,9684 110 0,17094 501,9 2,0825
70 0,161 08 463,8 1,9820 115 0,17328 506,9 2,0953
:5 0.16364 468,4 1,9954 120 0,17.)62 511.8 2 1080
80 0,1661 7 473,1 2,0088 125 0,17927 516,9 2.1202
85 0.16863 477,9 2,0221 130 0,18031 521,9 2,1333
90 0,17117 482,6 2,0353 135 0,18265 527,0 2,1458
95 0,17367 487,4 2,0484 140 0,18498 532,1 2,1583
0,17618 492,2 2,0614 -11,37 (190,00 kPa)
105 0,17867 497,1 2,0744 -11,37 0.10484 392,0 1.7351
110 0,18113 502,0 2,0873 -10 0,10556 393,2 1,7395
115 0,18362 507,0 2,1001 0,10812 397,4 1,7554
120 0,18612 511,9 2,1128 0,11066 401,6 1.7710
5
0
125 0,18857 516,9 2,1255 0,11315 405,9 1,7864
130 0,19106 522,0 2,1381 10 0,11562 410,1 1,8016
135 0,19354 527,1 2,1506 15 0,11805 414,4 1,8166
140 0,19600 532.2 2,1631 20 0,12047 418,7 1.8314
— 12,71 (180,00 kPa) 25 0,12287 423,1 1.8461
-12,71 0,11039 391,2 1,7361 30 0,12525 427,5 1,8606
—10 0,11186 393,5 1,7448 35 0,12760 431,9 1.8750
0,11453 397,7 1,7666 40 0,12995 436,3 1.8893
0,11718 401,9 1,7761 45 0,13229 440.7 1,9034
05
0,11979 406,1 1,7915 50 U,13461 445,2 1.9174
10 0,12237 410,4 1,8066 55 0,13693 449,8 1,9313
15 0,12494 414,7 1,8216 60 0,13922 454 3 1.9451
20 0,12747 419,0 1,8364 65 0,14152 458,9 1,9588
25 0,12'.)99 423,3 1.8510 70 0,14380 463,5 1.9724
30 0,13247 427,6 1,8655 75 0,14607 468,2 1,9859
35 0,13495 432,0 1,8798 80 0,14832 472,9 1,9993
40 0,13742 436,4 1,8941 85 0,15060 477,6 2,0126
45 0,13898 440,9 1,9082 90 0.15284 482.4 2,0258
50 0,1423 i 445,4 1,9222 95 0,15509 487,2 2,0389
55 0,14474 449,9 1,9360 100 G, | 5733 492,0 2,0520
60 0,14717 454,5 1,9498 105 0,15957 496,9 2,0650
65 0,14957 459,0 1,9653 110 0,16181 501,8 2,0779
7G 0,15195 463,7 1,9770 115 0,16404 506,8 2,0907
75 0,15434 468,3 1,9905 120 0,16625 511,8 2.1034
368

(2) (3) (2) (3) (4)

125 0,16849 516,8 2,1161 0.09945 401,1 1,7613
5
0
130 0,17071 521,8 2,1288 0,10175 405,4 1 7769
135 0,17292 526,9 2.'i 413 10 0.10401 409,7 1,7922
140 0,17516 532,0 2,1538 15 0,10626 414,0 1.8073
-10,08 (200,00 kpa) 20 0,10847 418,3 1,$ 222
-10,08 0,09985 392,8 1,7342 25 0,11067 422,7 1,8370
-10 0,09989 392,9 1,7344 30 0,11284 427,1 1,8516
-5 0,10235 397,1 1,7504 35 0,11501 431,5 1,8660
0,10487 401,4 1,7661 40 0,11715 435,9 1,8803
5
0
0,10717 405,6 1,7815 45 0,11927 440,4 1,8945
10 0,10953 409,9 1,7968 50 0,12139 444,9 1,9086
'15 0,11186 414,2 1.811P 55 0,12350 449,5 1,9225
20 0,11417 418.5 1.8267 60 0,12560 . 454,0 1,93C3
25 0,11647 422,9 1,8414 65 0,12768 458,6 1,9501
30 0,11874 427,3 1,8560 70 0,12975 463,3 1,9637
35 0,12099 431,7 1,8704 75 0,13184 468,0 1,9772
40 0,12324 436,1 1,8847 80 0,13390 472,7 1,9906
45 0,12547 440,6 1.8989 85 0,13596 477,4 2,004C
50 0,12767 445,1 1,9129 90 0.13799 482,2 2,0172
55 0,12989 449,6 1,9268 95 0,14004 487,0 2,0304
60 0,13207 454,2 1,9406 100 0,14209 491,8 2,0434
65 0,13425 458,8 1,9543 105 0,14413 496,7 2,0564
70 0,13643 463,4 1.9679 110 0,14616 501,6 2,0694
75 0,13860 468,1 1,9814 115 0,14819 506,6 2,0822
80 0,14075 472,8 1,9948 120 0,15020 511,6 2,0950
85 0,14290 477,5 2,0082 125 0.15223 516,6 2,1077
90 0,14505 482,3 2,0214 130 0,15423 521,7 2,1203
95 0,14719 487,1 2,0345 135 0.15623 526,8 2,1329
100 0,14932 491,9 2,0476 140 0,15825 531,9 2.1454
105 0,15145 496,8 2,0606 145 0,16028 537,1 2.1578
110 0,15359 501,7 2,0735 -7,64 (220,00 kPa)
:J
5 0,15571 506,7 2,0864 -7,64 0,09117 394,3 1.7325
120 0,15781 511,7 2,0991 0,09237 396,5 1.7410
125 0,15989 516,7 2,1118 0,09462 400,8 1,7568
5
0
130 0,16207 521,8 2.1214 0,09683 405,1 1,7724
135 0,16418 526,8 2,1370 10 0,09901 409,4 1,7878
140 0,16628 532,0 2,1495 15 0,10116 413,8 1,8029
145 20 0,10330 418,1 1,8179
-8,84 (210,00 kPa) 25 0,10540 422,5 1,8327
-8,84 0,09531 393,6 1,7333 30 0,10749 426,9 1,8473
-10 35 0,10957 431,3 1,8618
0,09713 396,8 1,7456 40 0.11162 435,8 1,8762
 369

(2l (3) (1) (2) (3) (4)

45 0,»;365 44Q 3 I .8004 90 0.12574 482.0 2.0094
50 0,11569 444 8 1,9044 95 0,12763 486,8 2.0225
55 0.11/72 449,3 1,9184 100 0,12950 491,6 2,0356
60 0,11970 453,9 1,9322 105 0,13135 496,5 2,0487
65 0,12171 158.5 1,9460 »0 0.13323 501,5 2,0616
70 • 0.12370 463,2 1,9596 115 0,13508 506,4 2,0745
75 0 12569 467.8 1,9732 120 0,13693 511.4 2,0872
80 0,12765 472.6 1,9866 125 0,13879 516,4 2,1000
85 0,12962 477 3 ~,9999 130 0,14063 521,5 2,1126
90 0,13158 482.1 2,0132 135 0,14247 526,6 2,1252
95 0,13355 486,9 2,0264 140 0,14430 531,7 2,1377
100 0,13550 491,7 2,0395 145 0,14616 536,9 2,1501
105 0,13746 496,6 2,0525 -5,37 (240,00 kPa) 2,137
»0 0.13939 501,6 2.0654 -5.37 0.08389 395,6 1,7310
»5 0.14132 506.5 2,0782 -5 0.08405 396,0 1,7322
120 0,14327 5»,5 2,0910 0,08615 400,3 1,7482
5
0
125 0,14520 516.5 2,1037 0.08821 404,6 1,7639
130 0.14712 521,6 2,»64 10 0,09024 409.0 1,7794
135 0,14905 526,7 2,1269 15 0,09224 413.3 1,7947
140 0,15099 53),8 2,1414 20 0,09422 417,7 1.8097
145 0,15288 537,0 2,1538 25 0,09618 422.1 1,8246
-6,19 (230,00 kPa) 30 0,09812 426,5 1,8393
-6,19 0,08737 395,0 1,7217 35 0,10004 431,0 1.8539
0.08803 396,3 1,7365 40 0,10194 435,4 1.8683
0,09020 400,5 1,7521 45 0,10383 439,9 1.8825
5 0,09234 4Q4.9 1,7681 50 0,10571 444,5 1,8967
10 0,09444 409,2 1,7885 55 0,10757 449,0 1,9107
15 0,09651 413,6 1,7987 60 0,10942 453.6 1,9245
20 0,09856 417,9 1,8137 65 0,11127 458,3 1,9383
25 0,10059 422,3 1,8286 70 0,11311 462,9 1,9520
30 0,10260 426,7 1,8433 75 0,11494 467,6 1,9656
35 0,10459 431,2 1,8678 80 0,»675 472 3 1,9790
4Q 0,10656 435,6 1,8721 85 0,11857 477,1 1,9924
45 0,10853 440,1 1,8864 90 0,12038 481.9 2,0057
50 0,11047 444,6 1,9005 95 0,12219 486,7 2,0189
55 0,11242 449,2 1,9145 100 0,12398 491,5 2,0320
6G 0,11435 453,8 1,9283 105 0,12577 496,4 2,0450
65 0,11627 458,4 1,9421 110 0,12755 501,4 2,0579
70 0,11818 463,0 1,9557 115 0,12935 506,3 2,0708
75 0,12008 467,7 1,9693 120 0,13111 511,3 2,0836
80 0,12198 472,4 1,9827 125 0,13291 516,4 2,0963
85 0,12387 477,2 1,9961 130 0,13466 521,4 2,1090
370

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

135 0,13646 526,5 2,1216 10 0,08282 40C,5 1,7716
140 0,13824 531,7 2,1341 0,08469 412,9 1,7870
145 0,13998 536,8 2,1465 20 0,08654 417,3 1,8021
150 25 0,08837 421,7 1,8171
-4,29 (250,00 kPa) 30 0,09018 426,1 1,8319
-4,29 0,08067 396,3 1,7303 35 0,09197 430,6 1,8465
-5 40 0,09375 435,1 1,8610
0,08241 400,0 1,7441 45 0,09550 439.6 1,8753
5
0
0,08442 404,4 1,7599 50 0,09725 444,2 1,8894
10 0,08638 408,7 1,7754 55 0,09899 448,7 1,9035
15 0,08832 413,1 1,7908 60 0,10073 453,4 1,9174
20 0,09023 417,5 1,8059 65 0,10243 458,0 1,9312
25 0,09212 421,9 1,8208 70 0,10414 462,7 1,9449
30 0,09399 426,3 1,8355 75 0,10583 467,4 1,9585
35 0,09584 430,8 1,8501 80 0,10753 472,1 1,9720
40 t'.09768 435,3 1,8645 85 0,10921 476.8 1,9854
45 0,09951 439,8 1,8788 90 0,11089 481.6 1,9987
50 0,10131 444,3 1,8930 95 0,11256 486,5 2.0119
55 0,10310 448.9 1.9070 100 0,11425 491,3 2,0251
60 0,10498 453,5 1,9209 105 0,11590 496,2 2.0381
65 0,10668 458,1 1,934Z 110 0,11755 501,2 2,0511
70 0,10845 462,8 1,9484 115 0,11922 506,1 2,0640
75 0,11019 467,5 1,9620 120 0,12086 511.2 2,0769
80 0,11197 472,2 1,9755 125 0,12249 516,2 2,0895
85 0,11371 477,0 1.9888 130 0,12416 521,3 2,1022
90 0,11545 481,8 2,0021 135 0,12579 526,4 2,1147
95 0,11718 486,6 2,0153 140 0,12744 531,5 2,1273
100 0,11891 491,4 2,0285 145 0,12907 536,7 2.1397
105 0.12064 496,3 2,0415 150 0,13068 541,9 2,1521
110 0,12235 501,3 2,0544 -2,23 (270,00 kPa)
115 0,12407 506,2 2,0673 -2,23 0,07493 397,5 1,7291
120 0,12579 511,2 2A)801 0,07578 399,5 1,7363
5
0
125 0,12750 516,3 2,0928 0,07766 403,8 1,7522
130 0,12920 521,3 2,1055 10 0,07951 408,2 1,7679
135 0,13092 526,4 2,1181 15 0,08133 412,6 1,7833
140 0,13261 531,6 2,1306 20 0,08313 417,1 1,7985
145 0,13432 536,8 2,1430 25 0,08490 421,5 1,8135
150 0,13600 542,0 2,1554 30 0,08666 426,0 1,8283
-3,24 (260,00 kPa) 35 0,08839 430,4 1,8430
-3,24 0,07769 396,9 1,7297 40 0,09011 434,9 1,8575
0,07897 399,7 1,7401 45 0,09181 439,5 1,8718
0,08091 404,1 1,7560 50 0,09350 444,0 1,8860
 371

(2) (3) (4) (2) (4)

55 0,09517 448,6 1,9001 100 0,10588 49'i,1 2,0186
60 0,09685 453,2 1,9140 105 0,10743 496,1 2,0317
65 0,09851 457,9 1,9279 110 0,10897 501,0 2,0447
70 0,10016 462.5 1,9416 115 0,11052 506,0 2,0576
75 0,10180 !67,2 1,9552 120 0,11206 511,0 2,0704
80 0,10342 472.0 1,9687 125 0,11358 546,0 2,0831
85 0,10505 476,7 1,9821 130 0,11511 521,1 2,0958
90 0,10668 481,5 1,9954 135 0,11665 526,2 2,1084
95 0.10830 486,4 2,0087 140 0,11818 53',4 2,1209
100 0,10990 491,2 2,0218 145 0,11969 536,5 2,1334
105 0,11151 496,1 2,0348 150 0,12121 541,7 2,1458
110 0,11311 501,1 2,0478 -0,29 (290,00 kPa)
115 0,11471 506,1 2,0607 —
0,29 0,06995 398.6 1,7280
120 0,11629 511,1 2.0735 0 0,07005 398,9 1,7289
125 0,1178F 516,1 2.0863 5 0,07183 403,3 1,7449
130 0,11946 521,2 2,0989 10 0,07359 407.8 1,7607
135 0,12105 526.3 2,1115 15 0,07531 412,2 1,7763
140 0,12264 531,4 2,1241 20 0,07701 416,6 1,7916
145 0,12422 536,6 2,1365 25 0,07867 421,1 1,8067
150 0,12577 541,8 2,1489 30 0,08033 425,6 1,8216
-1,24 (280.00 kPa) 35 0,08196 430,1 1,8363
-1,24 0,07235 398,1 1,7285 40 0,08358 434,6 1,8508
0,07281 399,2 1,7325 45 0,08517 439,1 1,8652
5
0
0,07464 403.6 1,7485 50 0,08676 443,7 1,8795
10 0,07645 408,0 1, 7643 55 0,08835 448,3 1,8936
15 0,07822 412,4 1,7797 60 0,08990 452,9 1,9076
20 0.07996 416,9 1,7950 65 0,09145 457,6 1,9215
25 0.08168 421,3 1,8100 70 0,09301 462,3 1,9352
30 0,08338 425,8 1,8249 75 0,09455 467,0 1,9489
35 0,08506 430,3 1,8396 80 0,09606 471,7 1,9624
40 0,08672 434,8 1,8541 85 0,09760 476.5 1,9758
45 0,08837 439,3 1,8685 90 0,09911 481,3 1,9892
50 0,09001 443,9 1,8827 95 0,10062 486,2 2.0024
55 0,09163 448,5 1,8968 100 0,10213 491,0 2,0156
60 0,09325 453,1 1,9108 105 0,10363 496,0 2,0286
65 0,09485 457,7 1,9246 110 0,10512 500,9 2,0416
70 0,09645 462,4 1,9383 115 0,10663 505,9 2,0546
75 0,09804 467 1 1,9520 120 0,10812 510,9 2,0674
80 0.09962 471,8 1,9655 125 0,10960 515,9 2,0801
85 0,10116 476,6 1,9789 130 0,11107 521,0 2.0928
90 0,10275 481,4 1,9922 135 0,11256 526,1 2,1054
95 0,10432 486,3 2,0055 140 0,11404 531,3 2,1180
 (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (") l
145 0,11550 536,5 2,1304 30 0,07481 425,2 1,8152
150 0,11697 541,7 2,1428 35 0,07635 429,7 1,8300
0,66 (300,00 kPa) 40 0,07788 4 "4,3 1.8446
0,66 0,06770 399,2 1,7275 45 0,07939 438,8 1,8590
5 0,06921 403,1 1,7415 50 0,08090 443,4 1,8734
10 0,07092 407,5 1,7573 55 0,08239 448,0 1,8875
15 0.07260 412,0 1,7729 60 0,08385 452,7 1,9015
20 0.07424 411,4 1,7883 65 0,08532 457,3 1,9154
25 G,07587 420,9 1,8034 70 0,08678 462,0 1,9292
30 0,07748 425,4 1,8183 75 0,08821 466,7 1,9429
35 0,07906 429,9 1,8331 80 0,08967 471,5 1,9565
40 G,08063 434,4 1,8477 85 0,09111 476,3 1,9699
45 0,08219 439,0 1,8621 90 0,09253 481,1 1,9833
50 0,08372 443,6 1,8764 95 0,09395 486,0 1,9966
55 0,08525 448,2 1,8905 100 0,09536 490,8 2,0097
60 0,08678 452,8 1,9045 105 0,09678 495,8 2,0228
65 0,08829 457,5 1,9184 110 0,09818 500,7 2,0359
70 0,08978 462,1 1,9322 1,15 0,09958 505,7 2,0488
75 0,09128 466,9 1,9458 120 0,10098 510,7 2,0616
80 0,09276 471,6 1,9594 125 0,10236 515,8 2,0744
85 0,09424 476,4 1,9728 130 0,10376 520,9 2,0871
90 0,0957.1 481,2 1,9862 - 135 0,10514 526,0 2,0997
95 0,09718 486,1 1,9994 140 0,10654 531,1 2,1122
100 0,09863 490,9 2,0126 145 0,10791 536,3 2,1247
105 0,10009 495,9 2,0257 150 0,10929 541,5 2,1371
110 0,101 53 500,8 2,0387 155 0,11067 546,8 2,1495
115 0,10299 505,8 2,0516 2,46 (320,00 kPa)
120 0,10444 510,8 2,0645 2,46 0,06351 400,2 1,7265
125 0,10585 515,9 2,0772 5 0,06445 402,5 1,7347
130 0,10730 520,9 2,0899 10 0,06608 407,0 1,7507
135 0,10873 526,1 2,1025 15 0,06769 411,5 1,7664
140 0,11017 531,2 2,1152 20 0,06924 416,0 1,7819
145 0,11158 536,4 2,1275 25 0,07079 420,5 1,7971
150 0,11301 541,6 2,1399 30 0,07231 425,0, 1,8121
155 0,11442 546,9 2,1523 35 0,07382 429,5 1,8269
1,57 (310,00 kPa) 40 0,07530 434,1 1,8416
1,57 0,06559 399,7 1,7270 45 0,07678 438,7 1,8561
5 0,06676 402,8 1,7381 50 0,07824 443,2 1,8704
10 0,06842 407,3 1,7540 55 0,07967 447,9 1,8846
15 0,07006 411,7 1,7696 60 0,08112 452,5 1,8986
20 0,07166 416,2 1,7850 65 0,08254 457,2 1,9126
25 0,07325 420,7 1,8002 70 0,08396 461,9 1,9264
 373

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

75 0,08537 466,6 1.9401 120 0,09471 510,5 2,0562
80 0,08676 471,4 1.9536 125 0.09603 515,6 2,0690
85 0,08816 476,2 1,9671 130 0,09735 520,7 2,0817
90 0,08953 481,n 1,9805 135 0,09864 525,8 2,0943
95 0,09092 485,9 1,9938 140 0,09995 531,0 2,1069
100 0,09229 490,7 2,0070 145 0,10126 536,2 2.1194
105 0,09366 495,7 2,0201 150 0,10255 541,4 2,1318
110 0,09504 500,6 2,0331 155 0,1G384 546,6 2,1441
4 1L
0.09639 5G5,6 2.0460 4,18 (3H'O,GO kPa)
120 0,09775 510,6 2.0589 4,18 0.05998 401,2 1,7256
125 0,09910 515,7 2,0716 5 0,06024 402,0 1,7283
130 0,10046 520,8 2.0843 10 0,06183 406,5 1,7444
135 0,10180 525,9 2,0970 15 0,06333 411,0 1,7602
140 0,10316 531,0 2.1095 20 0,06483 415,5 1.7758
145 0,10448 536,2 2,1220 25 0,06630 420,1 1,7911
150 0,10582 541,5 2,1344 30 0,06776 424,6 1,8062
155 0,10717 546.7 2,1468 35 0,06919 429,2 1,8211
3,33 (33000 kPa) 40 0,07060 433.7 1,8358
3.33 0,06174 400,7 1.7260 45 0,07200 438,3 1,8504
5 0,06229 402,2 1,7315 50 0,07339 442,9 1,8648
10 0,06388 406,8 1,7475 55 0,07476 447,6 1,8790
15 0,06544 411,3 1,7633 60 0,07612 452,2 1,8931
20 0,06697 415,8 1,7788 65 0,07747 456,9 1,9070
25 0,06848 420,3 1,7941 70 0,07880 461,6 1.9209
30 0,06996 424,8 1,8091 75 0,08013 466,4 1,' 346
35 0,07143 429,3 1,8240 80 0,08146 AV1
•s • 1,9482
40 0,17288 433,9 1,8387 85 G.G8280 475,9 1,9617
45 0,07432 438,5 1,8532 90 0,08410 480,8 1,9751
50 0,07574 443,1 1.8675 95 0,08540 485,6 1,9884
55 0,07715 447,7 1,8818 100 0,09669 490,5 2,0016
60 0,07854 452,4 1,8958 105 0,08800 495,5 2,0' '7
65 0,07993 457,0 1,9098 110 0,08929 500,4 r.,0278
70 0,08131 461,8 1,9236 115 0,09058 505,4 2,0407
75 O,G8267 466,5 1,9373 120 0,09184 510.4 2,0536
80 0,08403 471,3 1,9509 125 0,09314 515,5 2,0664
85 0,08538 476,1 1,9644 130 0,09440 520,6 2,0791
90 0,08675 480,9 1,9778 135 0,09568 525,7 2.0917
95 0,08807 485,7 1,9910 140 0,09696 530,9 2,1043
100 0,08941 490,6 2,0042 145 0.09822 536,1 2,1168
105 0,09074 495,6 2,0174 150 0,09948 541,3 2,1297
110 0.09208 500,5 2,0304 155 0,10974 546,6 2,1416
115 " 09339 505,5 2,0433 160
 (2) (3) (4) (2) (3)
5,01 (35n,OC kr a) 40 n,O6641 433./! 1.8303
5,01 0,05832 401,7 1,7252 45 0,0677."i 438,0 ).8449
50 0,06907 442.C 1.8594
10 0,05985 406,2 1,7414 55 0,07037 447,3 1,8736
15 0,06134 410,8 1,7572 60 0,07167 451,9 1.8878
20 0,06281 415,3 1,7729 65 0,07296 456,6 1.9018
25 0,06425 429,9 1,7882 70 0,07423 461,4 1.9156
30 0,06567 424,4 1.8034 75 0,07551 466,1 1.9294
0,06706 429,0 1.8183 80 0,07676 470,9 1,9430
„0 0,06845 433,6 1.8330 85 0.07800 475.7 1.9566
6',06981 438,2 1,8476 90 0,07925 480,6 1,9700
0,07116 442,8 1,8620 95 0,08050 485,4 1.9833
55 0,07250 447,4 1,8763 100 0,08173 490,3 1,9966
60 0,07383 452,1 1 SL:04 105 0,08295 496,3 2,0097
65 0,0/515 456,8 1,9044 110 0,08418 500,2 2,0228
70 0,07C45 461,5 1,9182 115 0,08540 505,2 2,0357
75 0,07775 466,2 1.9320 120 0,08663 510.3 2,0486
80 0,07904 471,0 1.9456 125 0,08783 515,3 2.0614
85 0,08033 475,8 1,9591 130 0,08904 520,4 2,O741
90 0,08161 480,7 1.9725 135 0,09024 525.6 2,0868
95 O,08287 485,5 1.9858 140 0,09146 530,7 2,0994
100 0,08414 490,4 1,9991 145 0,09264 535,9 2 1119
105 0,08541 495,4 2.0122 150 0,09385 541 2 2,1243
110 0,08666 500,3 2,0252 155 0,09504 546,4 2,1367
115 0,08790 505,3 2,0382 160 0,09623 551,7 2.1490
120 0,08916 510,4 2,0511 6,62 (370,00 kPa)
125 0,09041 515,4 2,0639 6,62 0,05526 402,6 1,7244
130 0,09165 520,5 2.0766 10 0,05625 405,7 1.7354
135 0,09289 525,6 2,0892 15 0 05769 410,3 1,7514
140 0,09413 530,8 2,1G18 20 0.05909 4i4,9 1.7672
145 0,09536 536,0 2,1143 25 0,06047 419,4 1,7826
150 0,09658 541,2 2,1267 30 0,06184 424,0 1.7979
155 0,0978 i 546,5 2,1391 35 C,06317 428,FI 1,8129
160 0,09904 5~1,8 2,1514 40 0,06449 433.2 1.8277
5,82 i360,00 kPa) 45 0,06580 437,8 1.8423
5,82 0,05675 402,2 1,7248 50 0,06708 w42,5 1,8568
10 0,05800 406,0 1,7384 55 0,06836 447,1 1,871 1
15 C,059<C 410,5 1,7543 60 0,06962 451,8 1,8852
20 0,06090 415,1 1,7/io 65 0,07088 456,5 1,8992
25 0,06231 419,7 1,7854 70 G,U7213 461,2 1,9131
30 !),06370 424,2 1,8006 75 0,07336 466,0 1,9269
35 0,06507 428,8 1,8156 + 80 0,07~59 470,8 1,9<u6
 375

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

85 0,07582 475,6 1.9541 130 0,08423 520,3 2.0694
90 0,07702 480,4 1,9675 135 0,08538 525,4 2.0821
95 0,07824 485,3 1,9809 140 0,08653 530,6 2,0947
100 0,07945 490,2 1,9941 145 0,08767 535,8 2,1072
105 0,08065 495,2 2.0073 150 0,08881 541,0 2,1196
110 0,08184 500,1 2,0203 155 0,08994 546,3 2,1320
115 0,08304 505,1 2,0333, 160 0,09107 551,6 2,1443
120 0,08420 510,2 2,0462 8,16 (390,00 kPa)
125 C,pc,540 51',3 2,0590 8,16 0,05250 403,5 1,7237
130 0,08657 520,4 2,0718 10 0,05302 405,2 1,7297
135 0,08776 525,5 2,0844 15 0,05440 409,8 1,7459
140 0,08891 530,7 2,0970 20 0,05576 414,4 1,7617
145 0,09009 535,9 2,1095 25 0,05708 419,0 1,7773
150 0,09126 541,1 2,1219 30 0,05839 423,6 1,7926
155 0,09241 546,4 2.1343 35 0.05968 428,2 1,8077
160 0,09358 551,7 2,1466 40 0,06094 432.8 1,8225
7,4 (380,00 kPa) 45 0,06219 437,5 1,8372
7.4 0,05384 403,1 1.7240 50 0.06342 442.1 1,8517
10 0,05459 405,5 1,7325 55 0,06465 446,8 1,8661
15 0,05600 410,1 1,7486 60 0,06586 451,5 1,8803
) 65 456,2 1,8944
0 0,05738 414,6 1,7644 0.06706
25 0,05874 419,2 1,7799 70 0,06825 461,0 1,9083
30 0,06007 423,8 1,7952 75 0.06942 465,7 1,9221
35 0,06138 428,4 1,8102 80 0,07061 470,5 1,9358
40 0,06267 433,0 1,8251 85 0,07177 475.4 1,9494
45 0,06395 437,7 1,8397 90 0,07293 480.2 1,9628
50 0,06521 442,3 1,8542 95 0,07407 485,1 1,9762
55 0,06645 447,0 1,8686 100 0.07523 490.0 1,9894
60 0,06769 451,7 1.8827 105 0,07637 495,0 2.0026
65 0,06892 456,4 1.8968 110 0,07750 500.0 2,0157
70 0,07014 461,1 1,9107 115 0,07865 505,0 2,0287
75 0,07135 465,9 1,9245 120 0,07978 510,0 2,0416
80 0,07254 470,7 1,9381 125 0,08089 515,1 2,0544
85 0,07374 475,5 1,9517 130 0,08202 520,2 2,0672
90 0,07492 480,3 1,9652 135 0,08314 525,3 2,0798
95 O,G7611 485,2 1,9785 140 0,08425 530,5 2,0924
100 0,07729 490,1 1.9918 145 0,08536 535,7 2,1049
105 0,07846 495,1 2,0049 150 0,08648 540,9 2,1174
11Q 0,07962 500,1 2,018G 155 0,08757 546,2 2,1298
115 0,08078 505,1 2,0310 160 0,08868 551,5 2,1421
120 0,08193 510,1 2,0439 8,91 (400,00 kPa)
125 0,08308 515,2 2,0567 8,91 0 ,05122 40 3 , 9 1,7234
376

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3)

10 0,05152 404,9 1,7269 50 0.05785 441,6 1.8434
15 0,05288 409,6 1,7432 55 0,05899 446.3 1.8 579
20 0,05421 414.2 1,7590 60 0,06010 451,0 1,8722
25 0,05552 418,8 1,7747 65 0,06123 455,7 1,8863
30 0,05680 423,4 1,7900 70 0.06233 460,5 1,9003
35 0,05806 428,0 1,8051 75 0,06343 465,3 1,9142
40 0,05930 432,7 1,8201 80 0,06452 470,1 1.9279
45 0,06052 437,3 1,8348 85 0,06559 475,0 1,9415
50 0,06172 442,0 1,8493 90 0,06668 479,8 1,9550
55 0,06293 446,7 1,8637 95 0,06774 484,7 1.9684
60 0,06411 451,4 1,8779 )00 0.06880 489,7 1,981T
65 0,06529 456,1 1,8920 105 0,06986 494,6 1,9949
70 0.06645 460,8 1,9059 110 0,07092 499,6 2,0081
75 0,06761 465,6 1,9198 115 0,07196 504.6 2,0211
80 0.06876 470,4 1,9335 120 0,07300 509,7 2,0340
85 0,06989 475,3 1,9471 125 0,07404 514,8 2,0469
90 0,07102 480,1 1,9605 130 0,07508 519,9 2,0596
95 0,07215 485,0 1,9739 135 0.07611 52' 0 2,0723
100 0.07328 489,9 1,9872 140 0,07714 530,2 2,0849
105 0,0744G 494,9 2,0004 145 0,07817 535,4 2,0975
110 0.07551 499,9 2,0134 150 0.07920 540,7 2,1099
115 0,07661 504,9 2,0264 155 0,08021 546,0 2,1223
120 0,07772 509,9 2,0394 160 0,08123 551,3 2,1347
125 0,07881 515,0 2,0522 165 0.08224 556,6 2,1469
130 0.07991 520,1 2,0649 12,45 (450,00 kPc)
135 0,08101 525,2 2,0776 12,45 0,04554 405,9 1,7218
140 0,08210 530,4 2,0902 15 0,04528 408,3 1,7302
145 0,08318 535,6 2,1028 20 0,04751 413,0 1,7464
150 0,98426 540,9 2,1152 25 0,04371 417,7 1,7623
155 0,08535 546,1 2,1276 30 0,04989 422,4 1,7779
160 0,08642 551,4 2,1399 35 0,05104 427,1 1,7932
165 40 0,05217 431,8 1,8083
10,72 (425,00 kPa) 45 0,05329 436,5 1,8232
10,72 0.04827 404,9 1,7226 50 0,05439 441,2 1,8379
10 55 0,05543 445,9 1,8524
15 0,04939 408,9 1,7366 60 0,05655 450,6 1,8667
20 0,05067 413,6 1,7526 65 0,05761 455,4 1,8809
25 0.05192 418,3 1,7683 70 0.05867 460,2 1,8949
30 0,05314 422,9 1,7838 75 0,05971 465,0 1,9038
35 0,05434 427,6 1,7990 80 0,06075 469,8 1,9176
40 0,05553 432,2 1,8140 85 0,06178 474,7 1,9313
45 0,05669 436,9 1,8288 90 0,06279 479,6 1,9448
 377

;2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

95 0,063r31 484,5 1.9583 ino 0,06880 529,8 2,0752
100 0,06482 489.4 1,9717 145 0,06972 535,1 2,0877
105 0,06583 494,4 1,9849 150 0,07065 540,3 2,1002
110 0,06683 499,4 1,9984 155 0,07157 545,6 2,1127
115 0,06782 504,4 2,0111 160 0,07249 550,9 2,1250
120 0,06882 509,5 2,0241 165 0,07341 556,3 2,1373
125 0,06979 514,6 2,0370 15,71 (500,00 kPa)
130 0,07078 519,7 2,0498 15,71 0,04114 407,7 1,7205
135 0.07176 524,8 2,0625 20 0,04218 411,3 1,7347
140 0,07274 530,0 2,0752 25 0,04325 416,6 1,7508
145 0,07371 535,2 2,0877 30 0,04434 421,3 1,7667
150 0,07458 540,5 2,1002 35 0,04541 426,1 1,7822
155 0,07565 545,8 2,1127 40 0,04646 430,8 1,7975
160 0,07662 551,1 2,1250 45 0,04749 435,6 1,8125
165 0,07757 556,4 2,1373 50 0,04851 440,4 1,8274
14,11 (475,00 kPa) 55 0,04951 445,1 1,8420
14,1 1 0,04327 406,8 1,7211 60 0,05050 449,9 1,8565
15 0,04349 407,7 1,7241 65 0,05147 454,7 1,8708
20 0,04468 412,4 1,7404 70 0,05244 459,5 1,8849
25 0,04584 417,2 1,7565 75 0,05339 464,3 1,8989
30 0,04697 421,9 1,7722 80 0,05434 469,2 1,9128
35 0,04808 426,6 • 1,7876 85 0,05528 474,1 1,9265
40 0,04917 431,3 1,8028 90 0,05621 479,0 1,9401
45 0,05024 436,0 1,8177 95 0,05713 483,9 1,9536
50 0,05130 440,8 1,8325 100 0,05806 488,9 1,9670
55 0,05234 445,5 1,8471 105 0,05898 493,9 1,9803
60 0,05336 450,3 1,8615 110 0,05989 498,9 1,9934
65 0,05438 455,0 1,8757 115 0,06078 503,9 2,0065
70 0,05539 459,8 1,8898 120 0,06169 509,0 2,0195
75 0,05639 464,7 1,9038 125 0,06258 514,1 2,0324
80 0,05737 469,5 1,9176 130 0,06348 519,3 2,0452
85 0,05836 474,4 1,9313 135 0,06437 524,4 2,0580
90 0,05934 479,3 1,9448 140 0,06525 529,6 2,0707
95 0,06030 484,2 1,9583 145 0,06613 534,9 2,0832
100 0,06126 489,2 1,9717 150 0,06702 540,1 2,0957
105 0,06221 494,1 1,9849 155 0,06780 545,4 2,1082
110 0,06317 499,1 1,9984 160 0,06877 550,7 2,1205
115 0,06411 504,2 2,0111 165 0,06964 556,1 2,1328
120 0,06506 509,3 2,0241 170 0,07052 561,5 2,1450
125 0,06600 514,3 2,0370 17,21 (525,00 kPa)
130 0,06694 519,5 2,0498 17,21 0 ,03920 408 , 5 1,7199
135 O,O6787 I 524.6 2,0625 20 0 ,03982 411 , 2 1,7291
378

(2) (3) (2) (3) (4)

25 0,04090 416,0 1,7454 70 0,04733 458.8 1,8757
30 0,04196 420,8 1,7613 75 0,04822 463,7 1,8898
35 0,04300 425,6 1,7770 80 0,04909 468.6 1,9037
40 0,04401 430,4 1,7924 85 0,04996 473,5 1,9175
45 0,04501 435,2 1,8075 90 0,05082 478,4 1,9312
50 0,04599 439,9 1,8224 95 0,05167 483,4 1,9447
55 0,04695 444,7 1,8371 100 0,05252 488,4 1,9582
60 0,04790 449,5 1,8517 105 0,05336 493,4 1,9715
65 0,04884 454.3 1,8660 110 0,05419 498,4 1,9847
70 0,04976 459,2 1,8802 115 0,05503 503,5 1,9979
75 0,05068 464,0 1,8942 120 0,05585 508,6 2,0109
80 0,05159 468,9 1,9041 125 0,05668 513,7 2,0239
85 0,05250 473,8 1,9219 130 0,05749 518,8 2,0367
90 0,05338 478,7 1,9355 135 0,05832 524,0 2,0495
95 0,05428 483,7 1,9491 140 0,05913 529,2 2,0622
100 0,05516 488,6 1,9625 145 0,05994 534,5 2,0748
105 0,05603 493,6 1,9758 150 0,06074 539,8 2,0873
110 0,05691 498,7 1,9890 155 0,06155 545,1 2,0998
115 0,05777 503,7 2,0021 160 0,06235 550.4 2,1122
120 0,05864 508,8 2,0151 165 0,06315 555,8 2,1245
125 0,05950 513,9 2,0281 170 0,06395 561,2 2,1367
130 0,06035 519,1 2,0409 175
135 0,06120 524,2 2,0536 20,15 (575,00 kPa)
140 0,06205 529,4 2,0663 20,15 0,03581 410,1 1,7188
145 0,06289 534,7 2,0789 20
150 0,06373 539,9 2,0914 '25 0,03681 414,8 1,7349
155 0,06457 545,2 2,1039 30 0,03781 419,7 1,7512
160 0,06541 550,6 2,1163 35 0,03879 424,6 1,7671
165 0,06624 555,9 2,1286 40 0,03974 429,4 1,7827
170 0,06707 561,3 2,1409 45 0,04068 434,3 1,7980
18,72 (550,00 kPa) 50 0,04159 439,1 1,8131
18,72 0.03743 409,3 1,7193 55 0,04249 443,9 1,8279
20 0,03771 41i'.,6 1,7236 60 0,04338 448,8 1,8426
25 0,03877 415,4 1,7401 65 0,04425 453,6 1,8570
30 0,03980 420,3 1,7562 70 0,04511 458,5 1,8713
35 0,04080 425,1 1,7720 75 0,04597 463,4 1,8854
40 0,04178 429,9 1,7874 80 0,04681 468,3 1,8994
45 0,04274 434,7 1,8027 85 0,04765 473,2 1,9133
50 0,04369 439,5 1,8177 90 0,04847 478,1 1,9270
55 0,04462 444,3 1,8324 95 0,04930 483,1 1,9406
60 0,04554 449,2 1,8470 100 0,05011 488,1 1,9540
65 0,04644 454,0 1,8614 105 0,05092 493,1 1,9674
 379

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

110 0,!:)5172 4 98,2 1,9806 155 0.05626 544.7 2,0921
115 Q,C)5253 5 03,2 1,9938 160 0,05700 550,0 2,1045
120 Q,C)5332 5 08,3 2,0069 165 0.05774 555,4 2,1168
125 O,C)5412 5 13,5 2,0198 170 G,05848 560,8 2,1291
130 O,C)549O 518,6 2,0327 175 0,05921 565,3 2,1413
135 O,C)5568 5 23,8 2,0455 22,88 (625,00 kPa)
140 O,C)5647 5,29,0 2,0582 22,88 0,03295 411,5 1,7179
145 Q,Q)5724 5 34.3 2,0708 25 0,03336 413,6 1,7250
'. 50 " 0'58C'1 5.'9,6 2.0834 30 O,G3432 4:Sc 1,74) 5
155 0.0)5879 544,9 2,0958 35 0,03525 423.5 1,7577
160 0,0)5956 5 50,2 2,1082 40 0.03615 428,4 1,7735
165 0.0)6032 5 55,6 2,1206 4g 0,03703 433,3 1,7890
170 0,0)6109 5~61,0 2,1328 50 0,03790 438,2 1,8042
175 0,0)6185 5 i66,4 2,1450 55 0.03874 443.1 1,8192
c?1,54 (60),00 kPa) 60 0.03957 448.0 1,8340
21,54 0,0)3432 410,8 1,7183 65 0.04040 452,9 1,8486
25 0.0)3502 414,2 1,7299 70 0.04121 457.8 1,8630
30 0,0)3600 419,2 1,7463 75 0,04200 462,7 1,8772
35 0,0)3695 4:24,1 1.7623 80 0,04279 467,7 1,8913
40 0,0)3787 4:28,9 1,7780 85 0,04357 472,6 1,9052
45 0,0)3878 433,8 1,7934 90 0,04434 477,6 1,9190
50 0,0)3967 438,7 1,8086 95 0,04511 482,6 1,9327
55 Q,oi4054 413,5 1,8235 100 0,04587 487.6 1.9462
60 G,O)4140 418,4 1,8382 105 0,04663 492,6 1,9596
65 0,0<4224 453,3 1,8527 110 0.04738 497.7 1,9729
70 0,044308 4S8,1 1,8671 115 0.04812 502,8 1,9861
75 0,0~4390 463,0 1,8813 120 0.04886 507.9 1,9992
80 0,044472 468.0 1,8953 125 0,04959 513,0 2,0122
85 0,0 44552 47/2 9 19nqP 130 0.05033 518.2 2,0251
90 0,0/46:)3 4>
(7,9 1,9229 135 0.05105 523,4 2,0380
95 Q,oi4712 482,8 1,9365 140 0,05177 ' 528,6 2,0507
100 Q,oc47<jo 487,8 1,9500 145 0,05250 533,9 2,0633
105 0,0<4868 492,9 1,9634 150 0,05321 539,2 2,0759
110 Q Oc4945 497,9 1,9767 155 0,05393 544,5 2,0884
115 o,ot5023 503,0 1,9899 160 0.05465 549,9 2,1008
120 O,O.51OQ 508,1 2,0030 165 0,05536 555,2 2,1132
125 0,0!5175 51) 33 2,0159 170 0,05607 560,7 2,1255
130 0,0,'5252 51! 8,4 2,0288 1,5 0,05678 566,1 2,1377
135 0 0!5327 5P3,6 2,0417 24,18 (650,00 kPaj
140 0,0.'5402 528,8 2,0544 24,18 0,03167 412,2 1,7174
145 O'3'54/7 534,1 2,0670 25 0,03183 413,0 1,7202
150 0,0' 5.'2 53) 9,4 2,(.'796 30 0,03277 418,0 1,7369
380

(31 (4) (2) (3I (4)

35 0.03367 423,0 1,7532 75 0.03862 462.1 i,8695
40 0.03456 428,0 1,7691 80 0.03937 467.() 1,8837
45 0.03542 432,9 1,7847 85 0.04010 472.0 1.8977
50 0,03626 437,8 1,8000 90 0.04083 477,0 1,9116
55 0,03708 442,7 1,8151 95 0,04155 482.0 1,9253
60 0,03789 447,6 1,8300 100 0.04226 487,0 1,9389
65 0,03869 452,5 1,8446 105 0.04296 492.1 1,9523
70 0,03968 457,5 1,8591 110 0,04367 497,2 1,9657
75 0,04025 462.4 1,8733 115 0.04437 502,3 1,9780
80 0,04102 467.3 1,8874 120 0.04505 507,4 1,9921
85 0,04177 472,3 1,9014 125 0,04574 512,6 2,0051
90 0,04252 477,3 1,9152 130 0.04642 517.8 2,0181
95 0,04326 482.3 1,9289 135 0.04711 523,0 2,0309
100 0,04399 487,3 1,9425 140 0.04776 528.2 2,n437
105 0,04472 497,4 1,9559 145 0.04845 533,5 2,0564
110 0.04545 497,4 1,9693 150 0,04913 538,8 2,0690
115 0,04617 502,5 1,9825 155 0.04979 544,2 2.0815
120 0.04688 507,7 1,9956 160 0.05046 549,5 ?.0940
125 0,04760 512,8 2,0086 165 0,05112 554,9 2.1063
130 0,04830 518,0 2,0215 170 0.05178 ~60 3 2.1186
135 0,04900 523,2 2,0344 175 0,05244 565.8 2,1309
140 0,04970 528,4 2,0471 180 0,05310 571,2 2,1430
145 0,05040 533,7 2,0598 26.68 (700,00 kPa)
150 0,05109 539,0 2,0724 26,68 0,02939 413.5 1.7166
155 0,05178 544,3 2,0849 30 0,02999 416.8 1.7278
160 0,05247 549,7 2,0973 35 0,03086 421,9 1,7444
165 0.05316 555.1 2,1097 40 0,03171 426,9 1.7606
170 0,05384 560,5 2,1220 45 0,03253 431,9 1.7764
175 0,05453 565,9 2,1342 50 0.03333 436.9 1.7919
180 0,05520 571,4 2,1464 55 0,03412 441.9 1.8071
25,45 (675,00 kPa) 60 0,03488 446,8 1.8221
25,45 0,03049 412,8 1,7170 65 0.03564 451,8 1.8369
25 70 0.03638 456,7 1,8515
30 0,03133 417,4 1,7323 75 0,03711 461,7 1,8658
35 0,03222 422,5 1,7487 80 0,03784 466,7 1,8801
40 0,03308 427,4 1,7648 85 0,03855 471,7 1.8941
45 0,03392 432,4 1,7805 0,03925 476,7 1.9080
50 0,03474 437,4 1,7959 95 0,03995 481,7 1,9217
55 0,03555 442,3 1,8111 100 0 j4064 486.8 1.9354
60 0,03633 447,2 1.8206 105 0,04133 491.9 1.9489
65 0,03711 452,2 1,8407 110 0,04201 4gr g 1,9622
70 O.D3787 457,1 1,8552 115 0,04269 502,1 1,9755
~
 381

(2) (4I (2) (3) (4)

12G 0,04336 507,2 1,9337 165 0.04747 554,6 2.0999
125 0,04402 512,4 2,0018 170 0,04809 560.0 2,1122
130 0,04468 517,6 2,0147 175 0,04871 565,4 2,1245
135 0.04535 522,8 2,0276 180 0,04932 570,9 2,1367
140 O,C4600 528,0 2,0404 29,04 (750.00 kPa)
145 0,04665 533,3 2,0531 29,04 0,02740 414.6 1,7158
150 0,04730 538,6 2,0657 30 0,02757 415,6 1,7191
155 0,04795 544,0 2,0782 35 0,02841 420,8 1,7360
160 0,04859 5$9 '2 2,0907 40 0,02923 425,9 1,7524
165 0,04923 554,7 2,1031 45 0,03002 431,0 1,7684
170 0,04987 560,2 2,1154 50 0,03079 436,0 1,7842
175 0,05051 565,6 2,1276 5c 0,03154 441,0 1,7996
180 0,05114 571,1 2,1398 60 0,03227 446,0 1,8147
27,88 (725,00 kPa) 65 0,03299 451,0 1.8296
27.88 0,02836 414,1 1,7162 70 0,03370 456,0 1,8443
30 0,02874 416,2 1.7234 75 0,03439 461,0 1,8588
35 0,02960 421,4 1,7401 80 0,03508 466,1 -1,8731
40 0.03043 426,4 1,7564 85 0,03576 471,1 1,8872
45 0,03123 431,5 1,7724 90 0,03643 476,1 1,9012
50 0,03202 436,5 1,7880 95 0,03708 481,2 1,9150
55 0,03278 441,4 1,8033 100 0,03774 486,2 1,9287
60 0,03353 446,4 1,8184 105 0,03839 491,3 1,9422
65 0,03427 451.4 1,8332 110 0,03903 496,4 1,9557
70 0,03500 456,4 1,8478 115 0,03966 501,6 1,9690
75 0,03571 461,4 1,8623 120 0,04030 506,7 1,9822
80 0,03641 466,4 1,8765 125 0,04093 511.9 1,9953
85 0,03711 471,4 1,8906 130 0,04155 517,1 2,0083
90 0,03779 476,4 1,9045 135 0,04217 522,4 2,0212
95 0,03847 481,5 1 91AR 140 0,04279 527.6 2,0341
100 0,03914 486,5 1,9320 145 0,04340 532.9 2,0468
105 0,03981 491,6 1,9455 150 0,04401 538,3 2,0594
110 0,04047 496,7 1,9589 155 0,04462 543,6 2.0720
115 0,04112 501,8 1,9722 160 0,04523 549,0 2,0845
120 0,04172 507,0 1,9854 165 0,04583 554,4 2,0969
125 0,04243 512,2 1,9985 170 0,04643 550,8 2,1092
130 0,04307 517,4 2,0115 175 0,04703 565,3 2,1215
135 0,04371 522,6 2,0244 180 0,04762 570,8 2,1336
140 0,04434 527,8 2,0372 185
145 0,04497 533,1 2,0499 31,29 (800,00 kPa)
150 0,04560 538,4 2,G625 31,29 0,02565 415,7 1,7150
155 0,04622 543,8 2,0751 30
160 0,04685 549,2 2,0875 35 0.02626 419,6 1,7278
382

(2) (3) (2) (3)

40 0,02705 424,8 1,7445 85 0,03115 469.8 1,8744
45 C,02782 430,0 l,7608 90 0.03176 474 e 1.8885
50 0,02856 435,1 1,7767 95 0,03236 480,0 1,9025
55 0,02928 440,2 1,7923 100 0,03295 485,1 1,9163
60 0,02998 445,2 1,8076 105 0,03353 490,3 1,~300
4
65 0.03067 450,3 1,8226 110 0,03412 495,4 1,9435
70 0,03135 455,3 1,8374 115 0,03469 500,6 1,9569
75 0,03202 460,4 1,8520 120 0,03526 505.8 1,9703
80 0,03267 465,4 1,8664 125 0,03582 511,0 1,9834
85 0,03331 470,5 1,8806 130 0,03639 516,3 1,9965
90 0,03395 475,5 1,8947 135 0,03695 521,5 2,0095
95 0,03457 480,6 1,9086 140 0,03750 526,8 2,0224
100 . 0,03520 485,7 1.9223 145 0,03805 532,2 2,0352
105 0,03581 490,8 1,9360 150 0,03860 537,5 2,0479
110 0,03642 495,9 1,9494 155 0,03914 542,9 2,0605
115 0.03703 501,1 1,9628 160 0,03969 548,3 2,0731
120 0,03763 506,3 1,9761 165 0.04023 553,7 2,0855
125 0.03822 511,5 1,9892 170 0,04076 559,1 2,0979
130 0,03881 516,7 2,0023 175 0,04130 564,6 2,1102
135 0,03940 522,0 2,0152 180 0,04183 570,1 2.1224
140 0,03998 527,2 2,0281 185 0,04236 575,7 2.1346
145 0,04056 532,5 2,0408 190
150 0,04114 537,9 2,0535 35,49 (900,00 kPa)
155 0,04171 543,2 2,0661 35,49 0,02271 417,7 1,7137
160 0,04229 548,6 2,0786 35
165 0,04285 554,0 2,0910 40 0,02340 422,6 1,7293
170 0,04342 559,5 2,1034 45 0.02412 427,9 1,7462
175 0,04398 565,0 2,1157 50 0,02482 433,2 1.7625
180 0,04455 570,5 2,1279 55 0,02250 438.4 1.7785
185 0,04511 576,0 2,1400 60 0,02616 443,5 1,7942
33,44 (850,00 kPa) 65 0,02680 448,7 1,8095
33,44 0,02410 416,8 1,7143 10 0,02743 453,8 1.8246
35 0,02435 418,4 1,7198 75 0,02803 458,9 1,8394
40 0,02512 423,7 1,7368 80 0,02864 464,1 1.8540
45 0,02586 429,P 1,7534 85 0,02923 469,2 1,8684
50 0,02658 434,1 1,7695 90 0,02981 474,3 1,8826
55 0,02728 439,3 1,7853 95 0,03039 479,4 1,8967
60 0,02796 444,4 1,8008 100 0,03096 484,6 1,9106
65 0,02862 449,5 1,8159 105 0,03151 489,8 1,9243
70 0,02927 454,6 1,8309 110 0,03207 494,9 1,9379
75 0,02991 459,7 1,8456 115 0,03262 500,1 1,9514
80 0,03053 464,7 1.8601 120 0,03316 505,3 1.9647
 383

(2) (3) (4j (2) (3) (4)

125 0.033 70 510,6 1.9779 170 0,03629 558.5 2,0877
130 0,03423 515,8 1,9911 175 0,03077 564.0 2.1000
135 0,034 '7 521,1 2,0041 180 0,03725 569,5 2.1123
140 0,03530 526,4 2.01 70 185 0.03774 575.0 2,1245
145 0,03582 531,8 2,0293 190 0,03821 580,6 2,1366
150 0,03634 537,1 2,0426 39,35 (10GO,OOkPa)
155 0,03686 542,5 2,0552 39,35 0,02034 419,5 1,7124
160 0,03737 547,9 2,0678 40 0,02044 420,2
165 0,03787 553,3 2,0803 45 0,02114 425,7 1,7322
170 0.03840 558,8 2,0927 50 0,02181 431,2 1,7491
175 0,03890 564,3 2.1050 55 0,02246 436,8 1,7655
180 0,03941 569,8 2,1172 60 0,02308 441,6 1,7816
185 0,03992 575,4 2,1294 65 0,02368 447,1 1,7972
190 0,04042 580,9 2,1415 70 0,02427 452,3 1,8126
37,45 (950.00 kpa) 75 0,02485 457,5 - 1,8277
37,45 0,02147 418,6 1,7130 80 0,02541 462,7 1,8425
40 0.02184 421,4 1,7220 85 0,02596 467,9 1,8571
45 O,O2256 426,8 1,7391 90 0,02650 473,1 1,8715
50 0,02324 432,2 1,7558 95 0,02703 478,3 1,8857
55 0,02390 437,4 1,7720 100 0,02756 483,5 1,8987
60 0,02454 442,7 1,7878 105 0,02807 488,7 1,9136
65 0,02516 447,9 1,8033 110 0,02859 493,9 1,9273
70 0.02577 453,1 1,8185 115 0,02909 499,1 1,9409
75 0.02636 458,2 1,8334 120 0,02959 504,4 1,9543
80 0,02694 463,4 1,8481 125 0,03008 509,7 1,9676
85 0,02751 468,5 1,8626 130 0,03058 515,0 1,9809
90 0.02807 473,7 1,8769 135 0,03106 520,3 1,9940
95 0,02852 478,9 1,8911 140 0,03155 525,6 2,0070
100 0,02917 484,0 1,9050 145 0,03203 530,9 2,0193
105 0,02971 489,2 1,9188 150 0,03250 536,3 2,0326
110 0,03023 494,4 1,9325 155 0,03298 541,6 2',0453
115 0,03016 499,6 1,9460 160 0,03345 547,2 2,0579
120 0,03128 504,9 1,9594 165 0,03392 552,6 2,0705
125 0,03180 510,1 1,9727 170 0,03438 558,1 2,0829
130 0,03231 515,4 1,9858 175 0,03485 563,6 2,0953
135 0,03282 520,7 1,9989 180 0,03531 569,2 2,1076
140 0,03333 526,0 2,0119 185 0,03577 574,7 2,1798
145 0,03383 531,4 2,0247 190 0,03623 580,3 2,1319
150 0,03432 536,7 2,0375 42,93 (1100,00 kPa)
I
155 0,03482 542,1 2,0502 42,93 0,01839 421,0 1,7112
160 0,03531 547,5 2,0628 45 0,01867 423,4 1,718
165 0,03580 553,0 2,0753 50 0,01932 429,0 1,7362
 (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
55 0,01995 434.5 1,7531 95 0,02199 475,8 1,8659
60 0,02054 440,0 1,7696 100 0.02245 481.2 1,8602
65 0,02112 445,4 1,7856 105 0,02290 486,5 1,89':"
70 0,02168 450,7 1,8013 110 0,02335 491,8 1,9083
75 0,02223 456,0 1,8166 115 0.02379 497,1 1,9221
80 0,02275 461,3 1,3317 120 0,02423 502,5 1.9358
85 0,02327 466,6 1,8465 125 0,02466 507,8 1,9493
90 0,02378 471,8 1,8611 130 0,02508 513,2 1.9627
95 0.02428 477,1 1,8755 135 0,02550 518,5 1.9760
100 0,02477 482,3 1,8897 140 0,02592 523,9 1,9891
105 0,02525 487,6 1,9C37 145 0,02633 529,4 2,0021
110 0,02573 492,9 1,9175 150 0,02675 534,8 2,0150
115 0,02620 498,1 1,9312 155 0,02715 540.2 2,0279
120 0,02666 503.4 1,9447 160 0,02756 545,7 2.0406
125 0,02713 508,7 1,9582 165 0.02796 551,2 2,0532
130 0,02758 514,1 1,9715 170 0.02836 556,8 2,0657
135 0,02803 519,4 1,9846 175 0.02875 562,3 2,0782
140 0,02848 524.8 1,9977 180 0,02915 567,9 2,0906
145 0,02892 530,2 2,0106 185 0.02954 573,5 2,1029
150 0,02936 535,6 2,0235 190 0,02993 579,1 2,1151
155 0,02980 541,0 2,0363 195 0.03032 584,7 2,1272
160 0,03023 546,5 2,0489 200 0,03070 590,4 2,1393
165 0,03067 551,9 2,0615 49,42 (1300,00 kPa)
170 0,03110 557,4 2,0740 49,42 0,01534 423,6 1,7088
175 0,03152 563,0 2,0864 50 0,01542 424,3 1.7110
180 0,03194 568,5 2,0987 55 0,01602 430,3 1,7292
185 0,03237 574,1 2,1110 60 0,01660 436,1 1,7468
190 0,03279 579,7 2,1231 65 0,01714 441,8 1,7637
195 0,03321 585,3 2,1353 70 0,01767 447,3 1,7801
200 75 0,01817 452,9 1,7961
46,26 (1200,00 kPa) 80 0,01865 458.4 1,8117
46,26 0,01674 422,4 1,7100 85 0,01912 463,8 1,8270
90 0,01959 469,2 1,8420
50 0,01722 426,8 1,7235 95 0,02003 474,6 1,8568
55 0,01783 432,5 1,7411 100 0,02047 480,0 1,8713
60 0,01842 438,1 1,7580 105 0,02091 485,3 1,8836
65 0,01897 443,6 1,7745 110 0,02133 490,7 1,8997
70 0,01951 449,1 1,7905 115 0,02175 496,1 1,9136
75 0,02003 454,5 1,8062 120 0,02216 501,5 1,9274
80 0,02054 459,8 1,8215 125 0,02257 506,9 1,9410
85 0,02103 465,2 1,8365 130 0,02297 512,3 1,9545
0,02151 470,5 i,8513 135 0,02336 517,7 1,9678
 385

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

14'3 0,02375 523,1 1,9810 180 0,02475 566.6 2,0758
145 0,02414 528,5 1,9941 185 4,02509 572,2 2,088?
150 0,02453 534,0 2,0071 190 0,02543 577.9 2,1005
155 0,02491 539,5 2,0200 195 0,02577 583.5 2,1127
160 0,02529 545,0 2,0328 200 0,02611 589,3 2,1248
165 0,02566 550,5 2,0455 205 0,02645 595,0 2,1369
170 0,02604 556,1 2,0581 55,2 (1500,00 kPa)
175 0,02641 561,6 2,0706 55,2 0,01308 425,7 1,7063
189 0,02677 567,2 2,0830 60 0,01363 431,7 1,7246
'8" 0,027 4 572.8 2,0953 65 0,01417 437,8 1,7~427
190 0,02751 578,5 2,1075 70 0,0 i 468 443,7 1,7601
195 0.02787 584,1 2,1197 75 0,01516 449,5 1,7769
200 0,02823 589,8 2,1318 BG 0,01562 455.2 1,7932
205 85 0.01606 460.9 1,8090
52,39 (1400,00 kPa) 90 0,01649 466,4 1,8245
52,39 0,01413 424,7 1,7076 95 0.01690 472,0 1,8397
100 0,01731 477.5 1,8546
55 0,01445 427,9 1,7174 105 0,01770 483,0 1.8692
60 0.01502 434,0 1,7357 110 0,01809 488,5 1,8837
65 0,01556 439,8 1,7531 115 0.01847 494,0 1,8978
70 I3,01607 445,6 1,7700 120 0,01885 499,4 1,9119
75 0,01656 451,2 1,7864 125 0,01921 504,9 1,9257
80 0,01703 456,8 1,8023 130 0,01956 510,4 1,9394
85 0,01749 462,3 1,8179 135 0,01993 515,9 1,9529
90 0.01793 467,8 1,8331 140 0.02028 521,4 1.9663
95 0,01836 473,3 1,8481 0,02063 526,9 1,9795
10G 0.01878 478,8 1,8628 150 0,02098 532,4 1,9926
105 0,01919 484,2 1,8772 0,02132 537,9 2,0056
110 0,019CO 489.6 1,8915 160 0,02166 543,5 2,0185
0,01999 495,0 1,9055 165 0,02199 549.1 2,0313
120 0,02038 500,5 1,9194 170 0,02233 554,7 2,0440
125 0,02077 505,9 1,9332 175 0,02265 560,3 2,0566
130 0,02115 511,3 1,9467 180 0,02298 565,9 2,0691
135 0,02153 516,8 1,9602 185 0,02331 571,6 2,0815
140 0,02189 522,2 1,9734 190 0,02363 577,2 2,0939
145 0,02?26 527,7 1,9866 195 0,02395 582,9 2,1061
150 0,02263 533,2 1,9997 2i~0 0,02427 588,7 2,1183
155 0,02299 538,7 2,0126 205 0,02459 594,4 2,1303
160 0,02334 54~,2 2,0255 210 0,02491 600,2 2,1424
165 0,02379 549,8 2,0382 57,88 (1600,00 kPa)
'i 70 0,02405 555,4 2,0508 57,88 0 ,01215 426, 5 1,7050
175 0,02440 561,0 2,0634 60 0 ,01239 429 , 3 1,7134
386

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

65 0,01294 435,6 1,7323 115 0,01596 491,8 1,8834
70 0,01344 441,7 1,7503 120 0,01631 497,4 1,8976
75 0,01392 447,7 1,7675 125 0,01665 502,9 1,9117
P.Q 0,01437 453,6 1,7842 130 0,01698 508.5 1,9256
85 0,01480 459,3 1,8004 135 0,01730 514,1 1,9393
90 0,01522 465,0 1,8162 140 0,01763 519,6 1,9529
95 0,01562 470,6 1,8316 145 0,01795 525,2 1,9663
100 0,01602 476,2 1,8467 150 0,01826 530,8 1,9796
105 0,01640 481,8 1,8616 155 0,01857 536,4 1,9927
110 0,01677 487,4 1,8761 160 0,01888 542,0 2,0057
115 0,01714 492,9 1,8905 165 0,01918 547,6 2,0186
120 0,01750 498,4 1,9046 170 0,01949 553,2 2,0314
125 0,01785 503,9 1,9186 175 0,01978 558,9 2,0441
130 0,01820 509,5 1,9323 180 0,02008 564,6 2,0567
135 0,01854 515,0 1,9460 185 0,02037 570,3 2,0692
140 0,01887 520,5 1,9594 190 0,02066 . 576,0 2,0816
145 0,01921 526,0 1,9728 195 0,02096 581,7 2,0939
150 0,01954 531,6 1,9860 200 0,02124 587.5 2,1062
155 0,01986 537.2 1,9990 205 0,02153 593,2 2,1 183
160 0,02018 542,7 2,0120 210 0,02182 599,1 2,1304
165 0,02050 548,3 2,0248 215 0,02210 6C4,9 2,1424
170 0,02082 554,0 2,0376 62,87 (1800,00 kPa)
175 0,02113 559,6 2,0502 62,87 0,01058 427,8 1,7022
180 0,02144 565,2 2,0627 65 0,01082 430,8 1,7110
185 0,02175 570,9 2,0752 70 0,01134 437,4 1,7306
190 0,02206 576,6 2,0876 75 0,01182 443,8 1,7491
195 0,02236 582,3 2,0998 80 0,01227 450,0 1,7667
200 0,02261 588,1 2,1121 85 0,01269 456,1 1,7837
205 0,02297 593,8 2,1242 90 0,01309 462,0 1.8001
210 0,02327 599,6 2,1362 95 0,01348 467,8 1,8161
60,43 (1700,00 kPa) 100 0,01386 473,6 1,8317
60,43 0,01132 427,2 1,7037 105 0,01422 479,3 1,8469
65 0,01183 433,3 1,7217 110 0,01457 485,0 1.8618
70 0,01234 439,7 1,7405 115 0,01491 490,7 1,8765
75 0,01281 445,8 1,7583 120 0,01524 496,3 1,8909
80 0,01326 451,8 1,7754 125 0,01557 501,9 1,!9051
85 0,01369 457,7 1,7920 130 0,01589 507,5 1,!9191
90 0,01410 463,5 1,8081 135 0,01621 513,1 1,.'9329
95 0,01449 469,3 1,8238 140 0,01652 518,7 1,.!9466
100 0,01487 474,9 1,8391 145 0,01682 525,8 1,.'960'.
105 0,01525 480,6 1,8541 150 0,01713 530,0 1,.'9734
110 0,01 561 486,2 1,8689 155 0,01742 535.5 1,:9866
 387

(2) (3) (2) (3) (4)

160 0,01772 541,2 9A i/ 210 0,01937 597.9 2,1195
165 0,01801 546,9 2,0127 215 0,01963 603,8 2,1316
170 0,01830 552,5 2,0256 220 0,01989 609,7 2,1436
175 0,01859 558,2 2,0383 67,47 (2000,00 kPa)
130 O,01887 563,9 2,0509 67,47 0,00931 . 428,8 1,6992
185 0,01915 569,6 2,0635 70 0,00959 432,5 1,7101
130 0,01943 575.4 2.0759 75 0,01009 439,5 1,7303
135 0,01971 581,1 2,0883 80 0,01055 446,1 1,7493
230 0.01998 586.9 2,1005 85 0,01097 452,5 1,7673
235 0,02026 592,7 2,1127 90 0,01137 458,8 1,7845
210 0,02053 598,5 2,1248 95 0,01175 464,8 1,8011
215 0,02080 604,3 2,1369 100 0,01211 470,8 1,8173
65,22 (1900,00 kPa) 105 0,01246 476,7 1,8330
65,22 0,00991 428,3 1,7007 110 0,01279 482,6 1,8483
70 0.01043 435,1 1,7205 115 0,01312 488,4 1,8633
75 0,01092 411,7 1,7398 120 0,01344 494,1 1,8781
80 0,01137 448,1 1,7580 125 0,01374 499,8 1,8925
85 0,01179 454,3 1,7755 130 0,01405 505,5 1,9068
90 0,01219 460,4 1,7923 135 0,01434 511,2 1,9208
95 0,01257 466,4 1,8086 140 0,01463 516,9 1,9347
100 0,01294 472,2 1,8244 145 0,01492 522,6 1,9483
105 0,01329 478,0 1,8399 150 0,01520 528,3 1,9619
110 0.01364 483,8 1,8550 155 0,01547 534,0 1,9752
115 0,01397 489,5 1,8698 160 0,01575 539,7 1,9884
120 0,01429 495,2 1,8844 165 0,01602 545,4 2,0015
125 0,01461 500,9 1,8987 170 0,01629 551,1 2,0145
130 0,01492 506,5 1,9129 175 0,01655 556,8 2,0274
135 0,01523 512,2 1,9268 180 0,01681 562,6 2,0401
140 0,01553 517,8 1,9405 185 0,01707 568,3 2,0527
145 0,01582 523,5 1,9541 190 0,01733 574,1 2,0653
150 0,01611 529,1 1,9676 195 0,01758 579,9 2,0777
155 O.O1640 534,8 1,9808 200 0,01784 585,7 2,G900
16() 0.01 668 540,5 1,9940 205 0,01809 591,5 2,1023
165 0,01696 546,1 2,0070 210 0,01834 597,4 2,1145
17Q 0,01724 551,8 2,0199 215 0,01858 603,2 2,1265
175 0,01752 557,5 2,0327 220 0,01883 609,1 2,1386
18Q 0,01779 563,2 2,0454 71,72 (2200,00 kpa)
185 G,O'i 806 569,0 2,0580 71,72 0,00825 429,3 1,6956
190 0,01832 574,7 2,0705 75 0,00860 434,5 1,7105
195 0,01859 580,5 2,0829 80 0,00909 441,8 1,7313
200 0,01885 586,3 2,0952 85 0,00953 448,7 1,7507
205 0,01911 592,1 2,1074 90 0,00993 455,3 1,7690
388

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

95 0,01031 461,6 1,7865 135 0,01153 507.3 1,8986
100 0,01067 467,9 1,8033 140 0,01179 513,2 1,9129
105 01100 474,0 1,8195 145 0.01205 519.0 1.9270
110 0,01133 480.0 1,8354 150 0.01230 524,9 1,9408
'i15 0,01164 .485,9 1,8508 155 0,01255 530,7 1,9545
120 0,01195 491,8 1,8658 160 0,01279 536,5 1,9680
125 0,01224 497,7 1,8806 165 0,01303 542,3 1,9814
130 0,01253 503,5 1.8951 170 0.01326 548,1 1,9946
135 0,01281 509,3 1,9094 175 0.01349 554.0 2,0077
140 0,01308 515,1 1,9235 180 0.01372 559.8 2,0206
145 0,01335 520,8 1,9374 185 0,01395 565,7 2,0335
150 0,01362 526,6 1,9510 190 0,01417 571.5 2,0462
155 0,01388 532,3 1,9646 195 0,01440 577,4 2,0588
160 0,01413 538.1 1,9779 200 0,01462 583.3 2,0713
165 0,01439 543,9 1.9912 205 0,01483 589,2 2,0837
170 0,01464 549,6 2,0042 2'i 0 0,01505 595,1 2,0960
175 0,01488 555,4 2.0172 215 0,01526 601.0 2,1082
180 0.01513 561.2 2,0300 220 0,01548 607,0 2,1203
185 0,01537 567,0 2,0428 225 0,01569 612,9 2,1324
190 0,01561 572,8 2,0554 230 0,01590 618,9 2,1443
195 0,01585 578,6 2,0679 79,41 (2600,00 kPa)
200 0.01608 584,5 2,0803 79,41 0,00657 429,3 1,6872
205 0,01631 590 3 2,0927 80 0,00664 430,4 1,6904
210 0,01654 596,2 2,1049 85 0,00718 439,2 1.7151
215 0,01677 602,1 2,1170 90 0,00763 447.1 1,7369
220 0,01700 608,0 2,1291 95 0,00803 454.4 1.7569
225 C,01723 614,0 2,1411 100 0.00839 461.3 1,7756
230 105 0,00873 468.0 1.7933
75,69 (2400,00 kPa) 110 0,00905 474 5 1,8103
75,69 0,00735 429,5 1,6917 115 0,00935 480.8 1,8268
75 120 0,00964 487,0 1,8427
80 0,00782 436,7 1,7122 125 0.00992 493,2 1,8582
85 0,00829 444,3 1,7336 'i 30 0.01018 499 2 1,8734
90 0,00870 451,4 1,7533 135 0,01044 505,2 1,8882
95 0,00909 458,2 1,7718 140 0,01069 51 1,2 1,9027
100 0,00945 464,7 1,7894 145 0, J1094 517,2 1.9170
105 0,00978 471,1 1,8064 150 0.01118 523,1 1.9311
110 0,01010 477,3 1,8227 155 0,01142 529,0 1,9450
115 0,01041 483,4 1,8386 160 C,01165 534,9 1.9587
120 0,01070 489,5 |,8541 165 0.01187 540.8 1,9722
125 0,01098 495,5 1,8692 170 0,01210 546.6 1,9855
130 0,01126 501,4 1,8841 175 0,01232 552,5 1,9987
 389

(3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

180 0,01253 553.4 2,0118 220 0.01308 604.8 2,1044
185 0,01275 564.3 2,0247 225 0,01327 610,8 2.1165
190 0.01296 570,2 2,0375 230 0.01346 616.8 2,1286
195 0,01317 576,1 2,0502 235 0,01364 622.9 2,1406
200 0,01388 582,0 2,0628 86,22 (3000,00 kPa)
205 0.01358 588,0 2,0753 86.22 0.00528 427,6 1,6758
210 0,01379 593,9 2.0876 90 0.00575 436,1 1,6992
215 0.01399 599,9 2,0999 95 0,00624 445,3 1,7245
220 0.01419 605,9 '7 112g 100 0.00665 • 53 3 I 7466
225 0,01439 611,9 2.1242 105 0,00701 461.1 1.7667
2"0 0,01458 617.9 2,1362 110 0,00733 468,2 1,7855
235 115 0,00764 475,1 1,8034
82,91 (2800,00 kpa) 120 0,00792 481,8 1,8204
82,91 0,00589 428,7 1,6819 125 0,00819 488,3 1,8369
sn 130 0,00845 494.7 1,8528
85 0,00614 433.0 1.6941 135 0,00869 501.1 1,8683
90 0,00666 442,1 1,7193 140 0.00893 507,2 1,8835
95 0,00709 450,2 1.7413 145 0.00916 513.3 1,8983
100 0,00747 457.6 1,7614 150 0.00939 519.4 1,9128
105 0,00782 464,7 1,7802 155 0.00960 525,5 1.9271
110 0,00814 471,4 1,7980 160 0,00982 531.6 1.9411
115 0,00844 478,0 1,8150 165 0,01003 537.6 1.9549
120 0,00872 484,5 1,8315 170 0,01023 543.6 1,9686
125 0,00899 490.8 1,8474 175 0,01043 549.6 1,9820
130 0.00925 497,0 1,8630 180 0,01063 555,6 1.9953
135 0,00951 503,1 1,8781 185 0,01083 561,6 2,0085
140 0,00975 509,2 1,8929 190 0,01102 567,6 2,0215
145 0,00999 515,3 1,9075 195 0.01121 573,6 2.0344
150 0,01022 5'c'.1,3 1,9218 200 0,01139 579,6 2.0471
155 0,01045 5"7,3 1,9358 205 0.01158 585,6 2,0598
160 0,01067 533,2 1,9497 210 0,01176 591,6 2,0723
165 0,01088 539,2 1,9634 ' 215 0,01194 597,6 2.0847
170 0,01110 545.1 1,9769 220 0,01212 603,7 2,0970
175 0,0'i 131 551,1 1,9902 225 0,01230 609,7 2,1092
180 0,01150 557,0 2,0034 230 0,01248 615,8 2,1214
185 0.01172 562,9 2,0164 235 0,01265 621,9 2,1334
190 0,01192 568,9 2.0293 240 0,0i "83 628,0 2,1454
195 0,01212 574,8 2,0421 89,35 (3200,00 kPa)
200 0,01232 580,8 2.0547 89,35 0,00472 426,0 1,6685
205 0,01251 586,8 2,0673 90 0,00482 427,9 1,6737
210 0,01270 592,8 2,0798 95 0,00544 439,5 1,7056
215 0,01289 598,8 2,0921 100 0,00589 448,8 1,7307
390

(2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)

105 0,00628 457,1 1,7527 155 0,00821 521,9 1.9103
110 0,00662 464,7 1,7728 160 0,00842 1,9247
115 0,00692 472,0 1,7916 165 0,00861 534,3 1,9389
120 0,00721 478,9 1,8094 170 0,00880 540,4 1,9529
125 0,00748 485,7 1,8264 175 0,00899 546,6 1,9667
130 0,00773 492,2 1,8428 180 0,00917 552,7 1,9802
135 0,00798 498.7 1,8587 185 0,00935 558,8 1,9936
140 0,00821 505,1 1,8742 190 0,00953 564,9 2,0068
145 0,06844 511,3 1,8893 195 0,00971 571,0 2,0199
150 0,00865 517.5 1,9041 200 0.00988 577,1 2,0328
155 0,00887 523,7 1.9186 205 0,01005 583,1 2,0457
160 0,00907 529,8 1,9328 210 0,01022 589,2 2.)583
165 0,00927 535,9 1,9468 215 0,01038 595,3 2,)709
170 0,00947 542,0 1,9606 220 0,01055 601,5 2,)834
175 0,00967 548,1 1,9742 225 0,01071 607,6 2.)957
180 0,00986 554,1 1,9876 230 0,01087 613,7 2,I 080
185 0,01004 560,2 2,0009 235 0,01103 619,8 2.I 201
190 0,01023 566,2 2,0140 240 0.01119 626,0 2.1 322
195 0,01044 572,3 2,0270 245 0,01134 632,2 2.l 441
200 0,01059 578,3 2,0390 250
205 0,01077 584,4 2,0526 95,15 (3600,00 kPa)
210 0,01094. 590,4 2,0652 95,15 0,00370 420,3 13483
215 0,01111 596,5 2,0776 95
220 0,01129 602,6 2,0900 100 0,00449 436,6 15924
225 0,01146 608,6 2,1023 105 0,00498 447,6 1721I6
230 0,01162 614,8 2,1145 110 0,00537 456,8 1 7458
235 0,01179 620,9 2,1266 115 0.00571 465,1 17672
240 0,01196 627,0 2,1386 120 0,00601 472,8 17870
92,32 (3400,00 kPa) 125 0,00628 480,1 18055
92,32 0,00420 423,6 1,6596 130 0,00654 487,1 13230
95 0,00463 432,0 1,6825 135 0,00678 494,0 18399
100 0,00518 443,4 1,7132 140 0,00700 500,6 18561
105 0,00561 452,7 1,7379 145 0,00722 507,2 1871I 9
110 0,00597 461,0 1,7597 150 0,00743 513.6 138i73
115 0,00629 468,7 1,7796 155 0,00763 520,0 19022
120 0,00658 475,9 1,7983 160 0,00783 526,3 19159
125 0,00685 482,9 1,8160 165 0,00802 532,6 19311 3
130 0,00710 489,7 1,8329 170 0,00821 538,8 19454
135 0,00734 496,4 1.8493 175 0,00839 545.0 19594
140 0,00757 502,9 1,8651 180 0,00857 551.2 19731
145 0,00779 509,3 1,8805 185 0,00874 557,4 l98$6
150 0,00801 515,6 1,8956 190 0,00891 563,5 199(99
 (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4)
195 0,00906 569, 2,0131 24". 0,00989 624,0 2,1201
200 0,00925 575,S 2,0261 2" 5 0,01004 630,2 2,1322
205 0,00941 581,9 2,0390 250 0.01018 636,5 2.1441
210 0,00957 588,1 2,0518 100,37 (4QOC,00 kPa)
215 0.00973 594,2 2,0644 100.37 0,00254 404,4 1.6022
220 0,009S9 600.3 2,0770 100
225 0,01005 606,5 2,0894 105 0,00376 433.7 1,6804
230 O.C1020 612,7 2,1017 110 0,00429 446,7 1,7143
235 G.O' 035 618,8 2,1139 115 0.00468 456,8 1,7406
240 0,01050 625,0 2,1260 120 0,00501 465,7 1,7634
245 0.01 065 631,4 2,1380 125 0,00530 473,8 1,7840
250 0.01080 637,4 2,1500 130 0,00556 481.5 1,8031
97,83 (3800,00 kPa) 135 0,00580 488,8 1,8212
97.83 0.00319 415,1 1,6324 140 0,00603 495.9 1.8385
100 0,00374 427,0 1,6645 145 0,00624 502,8 1,855G
105 0.00438 441,5 1,7031 150 0,00645 509,5 1,8710
110 0,00482 452,1 1,7309 155 0,00664 516,2 1,8866
115 0,00517 461,1 1,7543 160 0.00683 522,7 1,9018
120 0,00549 469,4 1,7754 165 0,00702 529,2 1,9166
125 ).00577 477,1 1,7948 17n 0.00719 535.6 1,9311
130 0,00602 484,4 1,8131 175 0,00737 541,9 1,9454
135 0.00626 491,4 1,8306 180 0,00753 548,2 1,9594
140 0.00649 498,3 1,8473 185 0,00770 554,5 1,9732
145 O,OO671 505,0 1,8634 190 0.00786 560.8 1.9867
150 0,00691 511,6 1,8791 195 0,00802 567,0 2.0001
155 0,00711 518,1 1,8944 200 0,00817 573,2 2,0134
160 0,00731 524,5 1,9093 205 0.00833 579,4 2,0265
165 O.OO749 530.9 1,9239 210 0.00848 585,7 2,0394
17O 0,00767 53',2 1,9382 215 0.00863 591,9 2,0522
175 0,00785 543,5 1,9523 220 0,00877 598,1 2,0649
180 0.00802 549,7 1,9661 225 0 ('|0892 604,3 2 0774
185 0,00819 555,9 1,9798 230 0,00906 610,5 2,0898
190 0.00836 562,1 1,9932 235 0,00920 616,8 2,1022
195 0.00852 568,3 2,0065 240 0,00934 623,0 2,1144
200 0.00868 574,5 2,0197 245 0,00948 629,3 2,1265
205 0,00884 580,7 2,0326 250 0,00962 635,5 2,1386
210 0.00900 586,9 2,0455
215 0,00915 593,0 2,0582
220 (',00930 599,2 2,0708
225 0.00945 605,4 2,0833
230 0,00960 611,6 2,0957
235 0,00975 617,8 2,1079
392

Bang le. W6(c r.a Ir.ui nu'oc bao hr')a /theo nltiet dc')

V P S

(bar) (m /kg) (m /kg) (kg/m ) (k.J/kg) (k J/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.do)'(k J/kg.do j

0,01 0,006108 0,0010002 206,3 0.004847 2501 2501 9,1544

0,0(j("71".. 0,0010001 147,2 0,006793 21,05 2510 2489 0,0762 9,0241

10 0,012277 0 0010604 106,42 0,009398 42,04 2519 2477 0,1510 8.8994
15 0,017041 O,On1001u 77,97 0,01282 62.97 2528 2465 0,2244 8,7806
20 0,02337 0,0010G18 57,84 0,01729 83,90 2537 2454 0.2964 8,6665
25 0,03166 0,0010030 43,40 0.02304 104.81 2547 2442 0,3672 8,5570

30 0,04241 0.0010044 32.93 0.03037 125,71 2556 2430 0,4366 8.4523

35 0,05622 0,0010061 "5,24 0,03962 146,6C 2565 2418 0,5049 8.3519
40 0,07375 0,0010079 19,55 0,05115 167,50 2574 2406 0,5723 8,2559
45 0,09584 0,0010099 15,28 0,06544 '. 88,40 2582 2394 0.6384 8,1638

50 0,12335 0,0010121 12.04 0,08306 209,3 2392 2333 0.7038 8.0753

55 0,15740 0,0010145 9,578 0,1044 230,2 2600 23( 0 0. 7o79 7,9901

• 60 0,19917 0,0010171 7 $73 0,1302 251.1 2609 2358 0,8311 7,9084
I
65 0,2501 0,0010199 6,2Gi 0,1613 272.1 2617 2345 0.8934 7,8297

70 0,3 i17 0,0010228 5,045 0,1982 293.0 2626 2333 0,9549 7. 75'i4

75 0.3855 0.001i. '58 4,133 0,2420 314,0 2635 2321 1.0157 7,86'I 5

80 0,4736 0,001029G 3,408 0,2934 334.9 2643 2308 ,.0753 7,6116

85 0,5781 0,001G32! 2,828 0,3536 355,9 2651 2295 1,1342 7.543S

90 0,7011 0,0010359 2,361 0,4235 377,0 2659 2882 1.1925 7,4787

95 0,8451 0.0010396 1,982 0,5045 398,0 2668 2270 1,2502 7,4155

100 1,0132 0,0010435 1,673 0,5977 419,1 ?676 2257 i,au71 7,3547

105 1,2079 0 0"10474 1,419 0 7<i47 440,2 2683 2243 1,3632 7,2959
110 1,4326 0.00'0515 1,210 0,8264 161,3 2691 2230 1,4184 7,2387
115 1,6905 0,00105'9 1,036 0,9652 482,5 2698 '216 1.4733 7,1832

120 1,9854 0,0010603 0,8917 1,121 503,7 2202 1,5277 7,1298

2,3208 0,001064'J 0,7704 1,298 525,0 2713 2188 1,5814 7,0777
 B ang 15 (tiep t h e o )

S pter
(.'C ) (m" /kg) (kg/ fYl l (k,j/kg) (k J/kg) (k J/kg.do)

130 2 7011 ().0010697 0,6683 1,496 546,3 2721 2174 1,6345 7.0272
135 3.130 0,0010747 0,5820 1,718 567,5 2727 2159 1,6869 6,9781
140 5,61'I 0,0010798 0,5087 1,966 589,0 2734 2145 1,7392 6.9304
145 -.155 0,001Q851 0,4461 2,242 610,5 2740 2130 1.7907 6,8839
)5G i,760 G.0010906 0,3926 ".,547 632,2 2746 2114 1,84iS v,8383

.433 Q,ppl.l962 0.3466 2,885 653,9 ?753 2099 1.8924 6,7940

160 !,180 0,0011021 0,3068 3.258 675,5 2758 2082 1.9427 6.5708
165 ,008 0,0011081 0,2725 3,670 697,3 2763 2066 1,9924 6,7081
170 9+0 0,0011144 A,2426 4,122 719,2 2769 2050 2.0417 6,6666
175 $,925 0.0011208 0,2166 4,617 741,1 2773 2032 2.0909 6,6266
180 I 1).027 0,0011275 0,1939 5,157 763.1 2778 2015 2.1395 6,5858

185 11,2:34 0,0011344 0,1739 5,750 785,2 2782 1997 2,1876 6,5465
190 12,553 0,0011415 0,1564 6,394 807,5 2786 1979 2,2357 6,5074
195 13,989 0,0011489 0,1409 7,097 829,9 2790 1960 2,2834 6,4694

200 15,551 0,0011565 0,1272 7,862 852,4 2/93 1941 2,3308 6,4318
205 17,245 0,0011614 0,1151 8,688 875,0 2796 1921 2,3777 6.3945
210 ,4(>U 0,0011726 0,1043 9,588 897,7 2798 1900 2,4246 6,3577

215 il,062 0,0011812 0,09465 10,56 920,7 2800 1879 2,4715 6,3212
220 23,201 0.0011900 0.08606 11,62 943,7' 2802 1858 2.5179 6,2849
225 c5,504 0,0011992 0.07837 12,76 966,9 2802 1835 2,5640 6,2488
230 ,? 97q 0,0012087 0,07187 13,99 990,4 2803 1813 2,6101 6,2133

235 3),635 0,00'i 2187 ".," 6527 1".,32 1013,9 2804 1790 2,6561 6,1780
w40 33,480 0,0012291 0,05967 16,76 1037,5 2803 1766 2,7021 6,1425

245 .'b,524 'l,0012399 0,0546c. 18,30 , up1,6 2803 1741 2,7478 6,1073
25Q ?3,7I6 0,0012512 0,0500G 19,98 1085,7 2801 1715 2,7934 6,0721
255 3,25 0.0012631 0,04591 21,78 1110,2 2799 1689 2,8394 6,0366
260 ,6 94 0,0012755 0,04215 23,72 1135,1 2796 1561 2,8851 6,0013
394

B ang 15 (tiep t h e o )

t P
( C) (bar) (m /kg) (m /kg) (kg/m~ ) (kJ/kg) (k J/kg) (k J/kg) (k J/kg. dd)(k J/kg.do)

265 50,87 0,0012886 0,03872 25,83 1160,2 2794 1631 2,9307 5,9657
270 55,05 0,0013023 0,03560 28.09 1185,3 2790 1605 2,9764 5,9297
275 59,49 0,0013168 0,03274 30,53 1210,7 2785 1574,2 3,0"? 3 5,8938

280 64,91 0,0013321 0,03013 33,19 1236,9 2780 1542,9 3,0681 5.8573
285 69,18 0,0013483 0,02774 36.05 1263.1 2773 1510,2 3,1146 ! 5.8205
290 74,45 0,0013655 0,02554 39,15 1290,0 2766 1476,3 3,1611 ! 5 7827
295 80,02 0,0013839 0,02351 42,53 1317,2 2758 1441,0 3,2079 5,7443
300 85,92 0,0014036 0,02164 46,21 1344,9 2749 1404,2 3,2548 5,7049
305 92,14 0,001425 0,01992 50,20 1373,1 2739 1365,6 3,3026; 5.6647

I
310 98,70 0,001447 0,01832 54,58 1402,1 2727 1325,2 3,3508 5.6233
315 105,61 0,001472 0,01683 59,42 1431,7 2714 1282,3 3,3996 5,5802
320 112,90 0,001499 0,01545 64,72 1462,1 2700 1237,8 3,4495 5,5353
325 120,57 0,001529 0,01417 70,57 1493,6 2684 1190,3 3,5002 5,4891

330 128,65 0,001562 0,01297 77,10 1526,1 2666 1139,6 3,5522 5,4412

335 137,14 0,001599 0,01184 84,46 1559,8 2646 1085,7 3 ,6056 I 5,3905

340 146,08 u,001639 0,01078 92,76 1594,7 2622 1027,0 3,6605 I 5,3361
345 155,48 0,001686 0,009771 102,34 1639 2595 963,5 3,7184 5,2769

350 165,37 0,001741 0,008803 113,6 1671 2565 893,5 3,7786 5,2117

355 175,77 0,001807 0,007869 127,1 1714 2527 813,0 3,8439 $ , 1385
360 186,74 0,001894 0,006943 144,0 1762 2481 719,3 3,9162 ' 5,0530
365 198,30 0,00202 0,00599 166,8 1817 2421 603,5 4,0009 4 I , 9463

370 210,53 0,00222 0,00493 203 1893 2331 438,4 4,1137 4),7951
374 225,22 0,00280 0,(' J347 288 2031,9 2147,0 114,7 4,3258, ,4I,0529
 395

Bang 16. Nr(roc r;ct, hei nrt6c Ac/n boa (theo cip su<it)

I• j••
1/ S ply
(bar) (rn /kg) ( m" /kg) (kg/ma ) (k J/kg) (k J/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.do) (k J/kg.d6)

0,010 6,92 0,0010001 129,9 0,00770 29,32 2513 2484 0.1054 8,975
0,0'. 5 13,038' 0,0010007 87,90 0,01138 54,75 2525 2470 0,1958 8,827
0,020 17,514 0,0010014 66,97 0,01493 73,52 2533 2459 0,2609 8.722
0,0?5 V1,094 '3,0"1002' 54,24 0,018'.3 88,50 2'39 2451 0,"124 6,642
1

0,030 24,097' 0,0010028 45,66 0,02190 101,04 2545 2444 0,3546 8,576

0,035 26,692' 0,0010035 39,48 0,02533 111,86 2550 2438 0,3908 8,521

0,040 28,979r 0,0010041 34,81 0,02873 121,42 2554 2433 0,4225 8,473
0,045 31,033 0,0010047 31,13 0,03211 130.00 2557 2427 0,4507 8,431

0,050 32,88 0,0010053 28,19 0,03547 137,83 2561 2423 0,4761 8,393
0,060 36,18 0,0010064 23,74 0,04212 151,50 2567 2415 0,5207 8,328
0,070 :39,03 0,0010075 20,53 0,04871 163,43 2572 2409 0,5591 8.274

0,080 41,54 0.0010085 18,10 0,05525 173,9 2576 2402 0.5927 8,227

0,090 43,79 0,0010094 16.20 0,06172 183,3 2580 2397 0,6225 8,186

0,10 45,84 0,0010103 14,68 0,06812 191,9 2584 2392 0.6492 8.149

0,1 1 •47,72 0,0010111 13,40 0,07462 199,7 2588 2388 0,6740 8,116

0,12 •49,45 0.0010119 12,35 0,08097 207,0 2591 2384 0.6966 8,085

0,13 '51,07 0,0010126 11,64 0,08726 213,8 2594 2380 0,7174 8,057

0,14 !52,58 0,0010133 10,69 0,09354 220.1 2596 2376 0,7368 8,031

0.15 S4,00 0,0010140 10,02 0,09980 226,1 2599 2373 0,7550 8,007
0,20 $0,08 0,0010171 7,647 0,1308 251,4 2609 2358 0,8321 7,907
0,25 54,99 0,0010199 6,202 0,1612 272,0 2618 2346 0,8934 7,830
0,30 F)9,12 0,0010222 5,226 0,1913 289,3 2625 2336 0,9441 7,769
0,40 7/5,88 0,0010264 3,994 0,2504 317,7 2636 2318 1,0261 7,670
0,50 $1.35 0,0010299 3,239 0,3087 340.6 2645 2304 1,0910 7,593

0,6 $5,95 0,0010330 2,732 0,3661 360,0 2653 2293 1,1453 7,531
0,7 R9,97 0,0010359 2,364 0,4230 376,8 2660 2283 1,1918 7,479
396

Bang 16 (tiep theo)

p t
(bar) ('C ) (m /kg) ( m /kg) (kg/m (k,J/kg) (k.J/kg) (k J/kg) (k J/kg.do) (k J/kg.d0)

0.8 93,52 0,0010385 2,087 0,4792 351,8 2665 2273 1,2330 7,434

0,9 96,72 0,0010409 1,869 0,5350 445,3 2670 2265 1,2696 7,394
1,00 99,64 0,0010432 1.694 0.5903 417,4 2675 2258 1,3026 7,360
102,32 0,0010452 1,550 0,6453 428.9 2679 2250 1,3327 7,328

1,2 104,81 0,0010472 1,429 0.69" 9 439,4 2683 2244 1,3606 7,298

1,3 107,14 0,0010492 1,325 0,7545 449,2 2687 2238 1,3866 7,271
1,4 109,33 0,0010510 1,236 0,8080 458.5 2690 2232 1,4109 7,246

1,5 111,38 0,0010527 1,159 0 8627 467,2 2693 2226 1,4336 7,223
1,6 113,32 0,0010543 1,091 1.9164 475.6 2696 2221 1,4550 7,202
1,7 115,17 0,0010559 1,031 0,9699 483,2 2699 2216 1,4752 7,182
1,8 116,94 0,0010575 0,9773 1,023 490,7 2702 2211 1,4943 7,163

1,9 118,62 0,0010591 0,9290 1,076 497,9 2704 2206 1,5126 7,145

2,0 120,23 0,0010605 0,8854 1,129 504,8 2707 2202 1,5302 7,127

2,1 121,78 0,0010619 O,E459 1,182 511,4 2709 2198 1,5470 7,111

2,2 123,27 0,0010633 0,&098 1,235 517,8 2711 2193 1,5630 7,096
2.3 124,71 0,0010646 0,7768 1,287 524,". 2713 2189 1,5783 7,081
2,4 126,09 0,0010659 0,7465 1,340 529,8 2715 2185 1,5929 ! *
7,067

2,5 127,43 0,0010672 0,7185 1,392 535,4 2717 2182 1,6071 7,053
2,6 128,73 0,0010685 0,6925 1,444 540,9 2719 2178 1,621 7,040
2,7 129,98 0,0010697 0.6684 1,496 546,2 2721 2175 1,634 7,027

2,8 131,20 0,0010709 0,6461 1,548 551,4 2 22 2171 1,647 7,015

2,9 132,39 0,0010721 0,6253 1,599 556,5 2724 2167 1,660 7,003

3,0 133.54 0,0010733 0.6057 1,651 561,4 2725 2164 1,672 6,922

3,1 134,66 0,0010744 0,5873 1,703 566,3 2727 2161 1,683 6,981

My 2 135,?5 0,0010754 0,5/01 1,754 571,1 2728 2157 6,971

3,3 136,82 0.0010765 0,5539 273u 2154 1,706 6,961
 397

Bang 16 (tiep theo)

P S ply

(bar) ('C I ( ma /kg) ( ma /kg) (kg/m ) (k J/kg) (k J/kg) (k J/kg) (kJ/kg.do) (kJ/kg.do)

3,4 137,66 0,0010776 0,5386 1,857 580,2 2731 2151 1,717 6,951

3,5 138,$8 0,0010786 0,5241 1,908 584,5 2732 2148 1,728 6,941

3,6 139,8? 0,0010797 0,5104 1,959 588,7 2734 2145 1,738 6,932
3,7 140,$"' 0,0010807 0 4975 ",010 592,8 273 5 2142 'i, ?48 6.923

3,8 141,/3 0,0010817 0,4852 2,061 596,8 2736 2139 1,758 6,914

3,9 142,/1 0,0010827 0,4735 2,»2 600,8 2737 2136 1,768 6,905

4,0 143,E2 0,0010836 0,4624 2,163 604,7 2738 2133 1,777 6,897
4,1 144 "1 0,0010845 0,4518 2,213 608,5 2740 2131 1,786 6.889

4,2 145,33 0,0010855 0,4416 2,264 612,3 2741 2129 1,795 6,881

4,3 146,2i 0,0010865 0,4319 2,315 616,1 2742 2126 1,804 6,873

4,4 1'47,03 0.00108?4 0,4227 2,366 619,8 2743 2123 1,812 6,865

4,5 147 cg 0,0010883 0,4139 2,416 623,4 2744 1221 1,821 6,857

5,0 151,8 0,0010927 0,3747 2,669 640,1 2749 2109 1,860 6,822

6,0 158,&3 0.0011007 0,3156 3,169 670,5 2757 2086 1,931 6,761

7,0 164,9i 0,0011081 0,2728 3,666 697,2 2764 2067 1,992 6.709

8,0 170,4) 0,00»149 0,2403 4,161 720,9 2769 2048 2.046 6,663

9,0 1 T5,3i 0,00» 213 0,2149 4,654 742,8 2774 2031 2,094 6,623

10 17 9,8) 0,00» 273 0,1946 5,139 2778 2015 2,138 6,587

» 18 4,0i 0,00» 331 0,1775 5,634 781,1 2781 2000 2,179 6,554

12 18 7,9i 0,00»385 0,1633 6,124 798.3 2785 1987 2,216 6,523

13 19 |1,6) 0,00» 438 0.1512 6,614 814,5 2787 1973 2,251 6,495

14 19.'5,0I 0.00»490 0,1408 7,103 830,0 2790 1960 2,284 6,469

15 19/8,23 0,00» 539 0,1317 7,593 844,6 2792 1947 2,314' 6,445

16 20>1,3) 0,00» 586 0,1238 8,080 858,3 2793 1935 2,344 6,422

17 20 4,3) 0,00» 632 0,»6? 8,569 871,6 2795 1923 2,371 6,400

18 20~7,1) 0,00» 678 0,»04 9,058 884,4 2796 1912 2,397 6,379
898

Bang 16 (tiep theo)

P S S
I•

(bar) ( C) ( m" /kg) (m /kg) (kg/m ) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (k J/kg) (k J/kg.dd) (k J/kg.dj)
19 209,78 0,0011722 0,1047 9,549 896,6 2798 1901 2,422 6,359
20 212,37 0,0011766 0,09958 10,041 908,5 2799 1891 2,447 6,340
21 214,84 0,0011809 0,09492 10,54 919,8 2800 1880 6,322

22 217,24 0,0011851 0.09068 11,03 930,9 2801 1870 2,492 6,305

23 219,55 0,0011892 0.08679 11,52 941,5 2801 1860 2,514 6,288
24 221.77 0,0011932 0,08324 12,01 951,8 2802 1850 2.534 6,272
25 223,93 0,0011972 0,07993 12,51 961,8 2802 1840 2,554 6.256
26 226,03 0,0012012 0,07688 13,01 971,7 2803 1831 2,573 6,242
27 228.06 0,0012050 0,07406 13,50 981,3 2803 1822 2.592 6,227

28 230,04 0,0012088 0,07141 14,00 990,4 2803 1813 2,611 6,213

29 231,96 0,0012126 0,06895 14,50 999,4 2803 1804 2,628 6,199

30 233,83 0,0012163 0,06665 15,00 1008,3 2804 1796 2,646 6,186

32 237,44 0,0012238 0,06246 16,01 1025,3 2803 1778 2,679 6,161

34 240,88 0,0012310 0,05875 17,02 1041,9 2803 1761 2,710 6,137

36 244,16 0,0012380 0,05543 18,04 1057,5 2802 1745 2,740 6,113

38 247,31 0,0012450 0,05246 19,06 1072,7 2802 1729 2,769 6,091

40 250,33 0,0012520 0.04977 20,09 1087,5 2801 1713 2,796 6,007
42 253,24 0.0012588 0,04732 21,13 1101,7 2800 1698 2,823 6,049

44 256,05 0,0012656 0,04508 22,18 1115,3 2798 1683 2,849 6,029

46 258,75 0,0012724 0,04305 23.23 1128,8 2797 1668 2,874 6,010
48 261,37 0,0012790 0,04118 24,29 1141,8 2796 1654 2,89E 5,991

50 263,91 0,0012857 0,03944 25,35 1154,4 2794 1640 2,921 5,973

55 269,94 0,0013021 0,03564 28,06 1184,9 2790 1604,6 2,97E 5,930
60 275,56 0,0013185 0,03243 30,84 1213,9 2785 1570,8 3,02 5,890
65 280,83 0,0013347 0,02973 33,64 1241,3 2779 1537,5 3,07f 5,851
70 285,80 0.0013510 0,02737 36,54 1267,4 2772 1504,9 3,12i 5,814
 399

B ang 16 (tiep t h e o )

l•
P j

(bar) ( C) ( m /kg) ( m /kg) (kg/m ) (kJ/kg) (k J/kg) (kJ/kg) (k J/kg.do) (k J/kg.do)

75 290.50 0,0013673 0,02532 39,49 1292,7 2766 1472,8 3,166 5,779

80 294,98 0,0013838 0,02352 42,52 1317,0 2758 1441,1 3,208 5,745

85 299,24 0,0014005 0,02192 45,62 1340.8 2751 1409,8 3,248 5,711

90 303,22 0,0014174 0,02048 48,83 1363.7 2743 1379,3 3,287 5,678

95 307.22 0,0014345 0,01919 52,11 1385,9 2734 1348,4 3,324
100 310,96 0,0014521 0,01803 55,46 1407,7 2725 1317,0 3,360 5,615
110 318,04 0,001489 0,01598 62,58 1450,2 2705 1255,0 3,430 5,553
120 324,63 0,001527 0,01426 70,13 1491.1 2685 1193,5 3.496 5,492

130 330,81 0,001567 0,01277 78,30 1531,5 2662 1130,8 3.561 5.432
140 336,63 0,001611 0,01149 87,03 1570,8 2638 1066,9 3,623 5,372
150 342.11 0,001658 0,01035 99,62 1610 2611 1001,1 3,684 5,310
'60 347,32 0,001710 0,009318 107,3 1650 2582 932,0 3,746 5,247

170 352,26 0,001768 0,008382 119,3 1690 2648 858.3 3,807 5,177

180 356,96 0,001837 0,007504 133.2 1732 2510 778,2 3,871 5,107

190 361,44 0,001921 0.00668 149,7 1776 2466 690 3,938 5,027

200 3'65,71 '),00204 0,00585 170,9 1827 2410 583 4,015 4.928

210 369,79 0,00221 0,00498 200,7 1888 2336 448 4,108 4,803

220 0,00273 0,00367 272,5 2016 2168 152 4,303 4.591

400

Bang 17. lVudc chu'u soi t,a hei quu nuit

p bar 1'C 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0,0010018 36,12 38,45 40,75 43,07 45,39 47,69 50,01 52,31
0,04 83,7 2574 2612 2650 2688 2726 2764 2803 2841
0,2964 8,537 8,651 8,762 8,867 8,966 9.060 9.15i3: :9,236

0,0010018 0,0010079 19,19 20,34 21,50 22,66 23,82 24,97 26,13

0,08 83,7 167,5 2612 2650 2688 2726 2764 2802 2841
0,2964 0,5715 8,331 8,441 8,546 8,645 8,740 8,83 0 8.917

0,0010018 0,0010079 15,35 16,27 17,20 18,13 19,06 19,98 20,90

I
0,10 83,7 167,5 2611 2649 2688 2726 2764 2802 I 2 8 41
0,2964 0,5715 8,227 8,337 8,442 8,542 8,636 8,727 l 8,814

0,0010018 0,0010079 12,79 13,55 14.33 15,10 15,87 16.64 17,42

0,12 83,7 167,5 2611 2649 2687 2725 2764 2802 2841
0,2964 0,5715 8,143 8,253 8,358 8,552 8,643 8,730

0,0010018 0,0010079 10,95 11,61 12,27 12,94 13,60 14,26 14,92

0,14 83,7 167,5 2611 2649 2687 2725 2763 2802 2840
0,2964 0,5715 8,071 8,181 8,287 8,386 8,481 8.572 8,659

0,0010018 0,0010079 9,573 10,160 10,740 11,320 11,899 12,478 13,057

0,16 83,7 167,5 2610 2649 2687 2725 2763 2802 2840
0,2964 0,5715 8,009 8,120 8,225 8,324 8,419 8,510 8,597

Q.0010018 0,0010079 0,00"i01 71 8,119 8,584 9,049 9,513 9.977 10,441

0,20 83,7 167,5 251,1 2648 2687 2725 2763 2801 2840
0,2964 0,5715 0,8307 8,015 8,120 8,220 8,315 8,406 8,493

0,0010018 0,0010079 0,0010171 5,400 5,713 6,025 6,335 6,645 6,955

0,30 83,7 167,5 251,1 2646 2685 2724 2762 2801 2839
0,2964 0,5715 0,8307 7.825 7,931 8,031 8,126 8,217 8,304

0,0010018 0,0010079 0,0010171 0,0010289 1,695 1,795 1,889 1,9S4 2,078

1.0 83,7 167,5 251,1 334,9 2676 2717 2757 2736 2835
0,2964 0,5715 0,8307 1,0748 7,361 7,465 7,562 7,654 7,743
 401

B ang 17 ( t i e p t h e o )

')h o 220 240 260 280 300 350 400 450 500 600
5I'.,63 56,93 59,24 61,56 63.87 66,18 71,06 77,73 85,31 89,28 100,84
2880 2918 2958 2997 3037 4077 3177 3280 3384 3490 3707
9,321 9.402 9,479 9,554 9,627 9,698 9,866 10,024 10,174 10,317 10,585

27,29 28. 44 29,60 30,75 31,90 33,06 35,94 38,84 41,72 44,61 50,38
2880 29' 8 2957 2997 3037 3077 3177 328A 3384 3490 3707
9,000 9,081 9.159 9,234 9,306 9,377 9,546 9,704 9,854 9,997 10,265

21,83 22, 7F. 23.68 24,60 25,53 26,46 28,76 31,08 33,39 35,70 40,32
2879 29' 8 2957 2997 3037 3077 3177 3280 3384 3490 3707
8,897 8,978 9.056 9,131 9,203 9,274 9,443 9,601 9,751 9,895 10,162

18,19 18,96 19,73 20,50 21,27 22,04 23,96 25,89 27,82 29,74 33,60
2897 2918 2957 2996 3036 3177 3177 3280 3384 3490 3707
8,813 8,894 8,972 9,047 9,119 9,190 9,359 9,517 9,667 9,810 10,78

15,58 16,24 16,90 17,56 18,22 18,88 20,53 22,18 29,83 25,49 28,79
2879 2918 2957 2997 3037 3077 3077 3280 3384 3490 3707
8,742 8.823 8,90C 8,975 9,048 9,119 9,288 9,446 9,596 9,739 10,007

13,635 14,213 14,790 > 5,367 15,943 16,52 17,96 19,41 20,85 22,29 25,18
2879 2918 2957 2997 3037 307T 3177 3280 3384 3490 3707
8,680 8.761 8,838 8,913 8,986 9,057 9,226 9,384 9,534 9,670 9,945

10,905 11,369 11,832 12,295 12,758 13,220 14,376 15,530 16,68 17,82 20,15
2897 2918 2957 2996 3036 3077 3177 3280 3384 3490 "707
8,576 H,657 8,735 8,610 8,883 8,954 9,123 9,281 9,431 9,575 9,842

7,246 1.573 7.882 8,191 8,500 8,809 9,580 10,351 11,121 11,891 13,430
2878 )917 2956 2996 3036 3075 3177 3280 3384 3490 3707
8,388 0.469 8,547 8,622 8,695 8,766 8,935 9,093 9,244 9,388 9,655

2,1~2 'I!.266 2,358 2.452 2,545 2,638 2,871 3,102 3,334 3,565 4 , 0 28
2875 2914 2954 2993 3033 3074 3175 3278 3382 3488 37K i
7,828 /,910 7,988 8,064 8,139 8,211 8,381 8,541 8,690 8 ,333 ~ ' ~ h97
402

Bang 17 (t i~p theo)

t'C 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

bar
0,0010018 0,0010079 0,001017 0,:301') 2890,0010434 1,491 1,572 1,650 1,729
1,2 83,9 167,5 251,1 334.9 419,0 2715 2755 2795 2834
0,2964 0,5715 0,8307 1,0748 1,3067 7,376 7.475 7,568 7,657

0,0010015 0,0010076 0,0010168 0,0010287 0,00104320,00106010,0010797 0,3167 0,3348

6,0 84,3 167,9 251,5 335,2 419,1 503,7 589,1 2759 2805
0,2964 0,5716 0,8302 1,0744 1,3062 1,5265 1,738 6,767 5,869

0,0010015 0,0010076 0,0010167 0,00102860,00104310,0010600 0,0010795 0,001102) 0.2473

8,0 84,5 168,1 251,7 335.3 419,2 503.8 589,1 675.3 2778
0.2962 0,5714 0,8300 1,0742 1.3060 1,5263 1,737 1,941 6,715

V- 0,0010014 0,0010075 0.00101660.00102850.0010430 0.0010598 0.0010794 0,001101) 0,1949

10 84,7 168,3 251,8 335.4 419,3 503,9 589,2 675,4 2778
0,2960 0,5712 0,8298 1,0740 1.3058 1,5261 1,737 1.941 6,588

0,0010013 0,0010074 0,0010165 0,0010284 0,0010429 0,0010597 0.0010793 0,001101j ,001127

12 84,9 168,5 251,9 335,5 419,4 504,0 589,3 675,5 763,2
0,2959 0,5711 0,8297 1,0738 1,3056 1,5259 1.737 1,940 2,138

0,0010012 0,0010073 0,0010164 0,0010282 0,0010427 0,0010596 0,0010792 0,001101i 0,0011271

14 85,1 168,7 252,1 335.7 419,6 504,2 589,5 675.7 763,2
0,2958 0,5710 0,8296 1,0736 1,3054 1,5257 1.736 1,940 2,137

0,0010011 0,0010072 0,00101630,00102820,00104260,0010595 0,0010790 0,001101j 0,001127

16 85,3 168,8 252,2 335,8 419,7 504,3 589,6 675,7 763,2
0,2958 0,5710 0,8296 1,0735 1,3052 1,5256 1,736 1,940 2,137

0,0010010 0,0010071 0,00101620,00102810,00104250,0010594 0,0010789 0,001100. ,001126

18 85,5 169,0 252,4 336,0 419,9 504,5 589,8 675,8 763,2
0,2957 0,5709 0,8295 1,0733 1,3050 1,5254 1,736 1,939, 2,136

0,0010009 0,00100700,00101610,00102800,00104240,0010593 0,0010787 0,001101I ,001126

20 85,7 169,2 252,6 336,2 420,1 504,7 589,9 675.9 763,2

0,2957 0,5708 0,8294 1,0731 1,3048 1,5252 1,736 1,939, 2,136
 40:3

B ang 17 (t ie p t h e o )

20D I 220 240 260 280 300 350 400 450 500 600
1,807 1.886 1,964 2,042 2,120 2,197 2.391 2,584 2,777 2.970 3,357
2874 2913 2953 2993 3033 3073 3174 3278 3382 3480 3705
7. 742 7.824 7.903 7,979 8,053 8,126 8.296 8.456 8,606 8,749 9,013

0.3520 0.3688 0,3855 0,4019 0,4181 0,4342 0,4741 0,5136 0.5528 0,5919 0,669
2849 ?891 999'l 30'. 7 3059 3l64 327C 3370 3483 3? ~",1
?9,5
6,963 i.051 7,135 7,215 7,292 7,366 7,541 7,704 7.857 8,001 8,266

0,2609 0.2739 0,2867 0,2993 8,3118 0,3240 0,3542 0,3842 0,4137 0,4432 0,5018
2839 2883 2926 2969 3011 3054 3160 3267 3373 3481 3699
6,905 6,991 7,073 7,151 7,226 7,404 ?.568 7.722 7,866 8,132

0,2060 0,2169 0,2274 0,2377 0,2478 0,2578 0,2822 0,3065 0,3303 0,3539 0.4010
2827 28?4 2918 2962 3005 3058 3156 3263 3370 3479 3698
6,692 6,788 6,877 6,961 7,040 7,116 7,296 7,461 7.615 7,761 8,027

0,1693 0,1788 0,1879 0,1967 0,2054 0,2139 0,2343 0.2547 0,2747 0,2944 0,333
2816 2865 2911 2955 2999 3042 3151 3260 3364 3477 3696
6,588 6,688 6,780 6,866 6,947 7,025 7,206 7,373 7.529 7,674 7,942

0,1429 0,1515 0,1596 0,1673 0,1748 0,1823 0,2001 0,2176 0,2349 0,2520 0,285
2803 2855 2902 2948 2992 3036 3147 3256 3365 3474 3695
6,497 6,602 6,697 6,784 6,867 6,945 7,130 7,299 7,455 7,601 7,870

0,0011555 0,1309 0.1382 0,1452 0,1519 0,1585 0,1743 0,1899 0,2091 0,2201 0.249
852,4 2844 2893 2940 2986 3030 3142 3253 3363 3472 3691
2.329 6,524 6,622 6,711 6.796 6,877 7,063 7,233 7,390 7,537 7,804

0,0011562 0,1149 0,1216 0.1280 0,1341 0,1401 0,1545 0,1683 0,1819 0,1953 0,2211
852,4 2833 2884 2932 2979 3025 3138 3249 3360 3470 3690
2,328 6,452 6,554 6,646 6,732 6,814 7,003 7,175 7,333 7,480 7,750

0,0011561 0,1021 0,1084 0,1143 0,1200 i3,1255 0,1384 0, I 511 0,1634 0,1755 0,199
852,4 2821 2875 2924 2972 3019 3134 3246 3357 3468 3690
2,328 6,385 6,491 6,585 6,674 6,757 6,949 7,122 7,282 7,429 7,701
 Bang 17 (tiep '.h."o)

P t'C 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 16C ~/ 80 1

bar
IP,0010004 0,0010065O,n:0157 0,00102750.00104190,0010587 0,0010782 0.0011004 0,0011258
30 186,7 170,1 253 5 337,0 420,9 50J,4 qp~'. r/ 676,4 763,7
0,2956 0,5707 0,8290 1,0726 1,3038 1,5244 1,735 :.938 2,134

U,001 00430,0010134 001G254 0,001C3980.0010564 0,001 i754 0.00109720,0011220

80 91,3 174,6 257,8 341,2 424,9 'i09.1 593,4 679,6 . 766,7
0,2943 0,5686 0,8960 1,0689 1,2996 1,5198 ' 73G 1,931 2, i2R

0,00099~80,00100380,00101290,00102490,00103930,0010559 0,0010749 G,O0109660,0011213

90 i 92,3 175,5 258,7 342,1 425,7 509,8 594,6 680,3 767,4
0,294'. 0,5681 G,8253 1,0682 1,2988 1,51/89 1,729 1,930 2,125

0 0009975O,OGiU031u,00101350,00102450.0010386O,GG105520,0010741 0,0010956O,G0112G'I
100 93.2 176,9 259,6 342,9 426,5 510,5 595.3 681.0 768,0
0,2939 0,5674 0,8247 1,0676 1,2982 1,5182 1,728 1.92C 2,123

0 0009535 0,0010024 0,00101160,0010236 0,0010379 0,0010544 0,0010732 0,0010946 0,0011189

120 95,1 178,2 i61,4 344,6 428,1 512,0 596,7 682,4 769,1
0,2935 0,5668 0,8236 1,2967 1,5165 1,727 1,927 2,121

rl.0009961 0,0010020 0,00101120,0010231 0,0010573 0,0010538 0,0010725 0,0010939 0,0'011182

130 96,0 179,0 262,2 345,4 428,9 512,7 597,4 683,0 769,7
0,2931 0,5664 0,8230 0,0655 1,2959 1,5156 1,726 1,926 2,119

0.0009957 0,00i 016 0,0010108O.r'010226 O,GG403680.0010533 0,0010719 0,0010932 Q,oi011174

140 96,9 179,9 263,0 34C,2 429,C 513.1 598.0 683,6 7/70,2
0,2930 0,5o60 0,8224 1,0648 1.2951 'l,5l48 1,724 1.925 2,118

0,0009948 0,00100070,00100990,0010217 0,00103590.001u522 o,oo1n7070,0010916g.g01115

160 98,9 181,7 264,7 347,9 431,2 524,9 599 4 684,9 7 (7 1 , 3
0,2925 0,5653 0,8212 1,0634 1,2937 1,51".1 1,7': 2 1 ,922 l 2 .11 6

0,009912 O,OGC99730,00100650,00101820,0010320G,OC10479O,OG10660 0.0010864IU,601'l 095

240 106,4 188,8 271,5 254,3 43/',2 52C,8 604,6 6 89,9 ;77 5 ,7
0,2911 0,5625 O,8169 1 0582 1,2881 1,5062 1,715 2,108

0,0009885 0,00099490.00100410,0010156"),0010293 0,001045C ,001062620 0"1082 G,QG1105C

' 441,9 1 • 'g ~
~300 i ' i !2,0
'

194 , 1 276,5 359,1 525,1 609,0 693,6

s u,2q02 l 0,5603 C. 81~4: 1,0545 1.283; J
i,5024 1,709 1,908 ! : 2 ,10I
 405

B ang 17 (ticp t h e o )
a

200 220 240 260 280 300 350 40G 450 500 600
O,OO115510,0011891 0,06826 0.07294 0,0772'j 0,08119 0,09051 0,09929 0,1078 0,1161 0,1325
852.6 943,5 2823 2832 2937 2988 3111 3229 3343 3456 3682
2.326 2,514 6,225 6,337 6,438 6,53U 6,735 6,916 7,080 7,231 7,506

0,00115Q40,0011833 0,001221 0,012689 0,0013257 0,0249 0,03003 0.034380,03821 ,04177'1.04844

855,0 945.1 i037,9 1134,4 1235,4 2784 2985 3135 3270 , 3397 3540
2.317 2,504 2,688 2.873 3.059 5788 6.126 6.358 6,552 6.722 :,019

0.0011496 0,0011822 0,00122070.00126690,00132460,0014016 ,02586 0.03001'~,03354 ,03680G.04285

8=;.5 945.2 1038.1 1134,2 1234,9 1344,3 2954 3114 3254 3386 3C31
2,316 2.502 2,686 2,870 3.056 3,249 6.033 6.280 6,481 6,656 69~

0,0011482 0 0011805 0,00121850,0012650 0.0013217 0,0013970 ,02247 0.02646 0,02979 .0,"2810,03837

856.0 945,G 1038.3 1134.1 1234.5 1342,2 2920 3093 3239 3372 3621
2,31~) 2.500 2,684 2. 868 3,053 3,244 5,940 6,207 6.416 6.596 6.901

0.0011!~22 0,00117880.00121640.0012612 0.0013164 0.0013886 .01726 ,021 13)C|,02414 .02681 0.03163

901,."; 946.6 1038.7 1133.9 1233,7 1344.0 2844 3049 3206 3347 3603
2,4G-'; 2,497 2,680 2,863 3,046 3,235 5,755 6.071 6,298 6.487 6,803

0,0011458 0,00117770.0012150i.'.",012593 0,0013137 ,0013847 ,01514 0,01905 0,02197 .02450 O.G2903

857.4 '346,9 1038.9 1133.8 1233,3 1339.0 2799 3026 3189 3334 3294
2,309 2,495 2,678 2.860 3.043 3.230 5.657 6,006 6,243 6.138 6,758

0,00114 48 0,00117660.00121360,0012575 G,0013111 .0013808I .01325 0.01726 0.020 0 .022520.02683

857.9 947,3 1039,1 1133,8 1232,9 1338,0 2750 3000 "1 72 33P1 3-';85
2,308 2 493 2.676 2,858 3,040 3,2."6 5,550 5,942 6.190 3 9I 6.716

0.00114:30 0,001174" l „"".12109O,OG)25390.001306'. ,0013735 ,00978 0.01429 0 01704 ,019300,02322

858,8 946,0 1036,5 1133. 7 1232,2 1336,2 2612 2945 3131 32 J4 3567
2,305 2,489 2.672 2,853 3,035 3,218 5,302 5,816 6,090 6.303 6,640

0,001 ~357 0,00116580,00120040,0012404 0,0012883 ,t.'.01 34750,001612 ,006760.00977 ,011740,01478

862,6 950,9 1041,3 1134,0 1230,3 1331,2 1625 2638 2971 3174 3493
2,295 2,477 2,657 2,835 3,01 l 3,190 3,684 5,236 5.723 5,999 6,394

0,00 13Q50,00115970,00119310,0012315! 0,0012764 ,00133110,0015560,00283 )0672 0,008690,01144

.|65,4 953,3 104i,9 1 134,7 1 2 2 9 , 0 1329,0 1608 2155 816 3073 3434
2,287 2,468 2,647 2 ,822 2 ,9 9 6 3 171 3,640 4,476 446 5,799 6.242
406

Bang 18. H ei t h ( iy / I g c in b//o b o a

Nhist dq
Ap suat Entanpi Nhijt Entropi The tich rie.ng
bao hoa
(p.at) (kcal/kg) hoa hdi (kcal/kg.dO) (m'. /kg)
( t,, C )
(r, kcal/kg)
Ibng I hdi I" l6ng s' hdl s" I6ng v' hci v"

0,0010 119,5 3,96 76,22 72,26 0,0113 0,1959 0.0000752 165,9

0,002 134,6 4,45 76,61 72,16 0,0132 0,1902 754 86,16
0,004 151,2 4,98 77,03 72,05 0,0145 0,1843 756 44,84
0,006 161,5 5,34 77,32 71,89 0,0152 0,1808 758 30,62
0,008 168,9 5,58 77,52 71,94 0,0158 0,1785 759 2".35
0,010 175,0 5.79 77,69 71,90 0.0'. 63 0,1767 0,0A00760 18.94

0,02 195,0 6,44 78,20 71,76 0,0178 0,1711 0,0000762 9,993

0,04 216,9 7,16 78,78 71,62 0,0193 0,1654 765 5,178
0,06 230,9 7,63 79,16 71,53 0,0202 0,1621 767 3,550
0,08 241;0 7,98 79,44 71,16 0.0208 0,1598 769 2.716
0,10 249,6 8,25 79,66 74,41 0,0213 0.1580 770 2,209
2,<v 277,3 9,16 80,38 71,22 0,0231 0.1525 0.000J774 1,163

0,30 294,4 9,73 80,84 71,11 0,0241 0,1494 0,0000776 0,7995

0,40 306.0 10,18 81,19 71,01 0,0249 0,1471 778 0.6140
05 318,8 10,55 81,49 70,94 0,0255 0,1453 780 0,5003
O,b 328,0 10,86 81,74 70,88 0,02" ) 0,1439 781 0,4234
0,7 335,9 11,12 81,94 70,82 0,0265 0,1428 782 0,3677
0,8 342,7 1 1,34 82,01 70,77 0,0269 0,1418 0,0000783 0,3253

0,9 349,2 11,56 82,29 70,73 0,0272 A,14AA 0.0000784 0,2922

1,0 355,0 11,76 82,45 70,69 0,0275 A.14AA 785 0,2655
1,2 365,3 12,11 82,63 70,62 0,0280 0,1386 784 0,2249

1,4 374,5 12,38 82,97 70,56 0,0285 0,1375 788 0, 1953

1,6 381,9 12,64 A3 14 7/) 50 0,02"..0 0,1366 0,0000789 0, 1730
1,8 389,3 12,90 83,35 70,45 0,0294 0,1357 0,0000790 0,1555
395,8 13,11 83,51 70,40 0,1297 349 791 0,1414
3
2
422,4 14,04 84,25 7(',21 0,0309 0,1320 795 0,09789
4 442,4 14,75 84,40 70,06 0,0319 0,1298 79A 0,07558

4 451,0 15,03 85,02 69,99 0,0323 0,1289 799 0,06801

5 458,9 15,30 85,22 69,93 0,0327 0,1282 0,0000801 0,06187
472,8 15,78 85,59 69 A1 0,0334 0,1270 0,0000803 0,05254
8
7
6 485,1 16,20 05,91 6S,71 0,0339 0,1258 805 0,04578
496,3 16,59 86,10 69,61 0,0344 0,1249 806 0,04065
9 506,3 16,94 86 47 69.53 0,0349 0 1241 808 0,03660
10 515,5 17,25 86,70 69 0,0353 A 1P.'44 0,0000809 0,03333
 407

Bang 19. EIe sr5 cld n nhi et ctia thep phu t h u oc nhi et do

Ten va mac thep A. w/m dry

0 nhiet dy C

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Thep cacbon
15 54,4 50,2 46,1 41,9 37,7 33,5

30 50,1 46,2 41,9 37,7 33,5 29,3

Thep crommolipden
'i2 MX; 1% Cr,0,5% Mo 37,7 35,6 33,5

Thep Cremnikenvonfram chiu nhiet 69:

13 —: '5;n Cr,13 ) 15 n Ni, 2,8"n W 15,5 18,1 21,2 22,0
Thep Crom khong gi
Fe - 1,1!% Co,12 —: 14% C; r0,5'o Mn 22,4 21,2 23,5 22,0

Thep Comniken khong gichong axit

18 n Cr,9 i'n Ni 16,0 17,5 19,2 20,8 22,3 23,8 25,5

408

Bang 20. He so dun nh iet ctia mot so I op kim p hu t h u oc nhiet ciao

k W/m dp

Ten hgp kim d nhi jt dq t ' C

20 100 200 300 400 500 600

Hgp kim nhom

92% Al, 8% Mg 102 106 123 148

80% Al, 20% Si 158 161 169 174

Dura

(94 9 6)% AI (3 • 5)% Cu, 0,5% Mg 159 165 181 194

Bong thau

90% Cu, 10% Zn 102 117 134 149 166 180 193

70% Cu, 30% Zn 106 109 110 114 116 120 121

67 /o Cu, 33% Zn 100 107 113 121 128 135 151

60% Cu, 40% Zn 106 120 137 152 169 186 200

Nicrom

90% Nl, 1 0% Cr 17,1 1 7.4 19,0 20,9 22,8 24,6

8 0% Nl, 20 % C f 12,2 12,8 13,8 1 5,6 17.2 19,0 22,6

Bong thanh nhom

95% Cu, 5% Al 82,6

Bong db

90% Cu, 10% Sn 41,8

75% Cu, 25% Sn 25.6

88% Cu, 10% Zn, 2% Sn 47.7

Hqp kim natri vdi kali

22% Na, 78'/o K 24,4 26,6

Hqp kim chi vdi bitmut

44% Pb, 55,5% Bi 9,65 10,9

 409

Bang 21. Th6 ng' so Uut lv c<ia cac toai Uut lie t' t lr,tting gap

Ten vat lieu p, kg/m' t,'C ~, W/m, do c.k J/kg do

Ldp c5ch nhiet b5ng cac la 0,0302 + 0,85, 10

nhorn mong co Idp khong khi
day 10 mm
Amian dh chebien:-Loai 3 340 0 ,087 + 0,24 10 t 0,816
- Loai 6 650 0 ,11 + 0,19, 10 t 0,816
Cac tr'ng arrtian 900 0 ,16+ 0 , 19. 10 t 0.816
Day amian 800 0. 13+0.15.10 0,816
Nhqa dudng 2120 0-:30 0 ,60 0,74 1,67
Be tong tron da van 2000 1,28 0,84
Be tong xi 1500 0,70 0,80
Bong det vai 80 30 0,042
Giay thuong 20 0,14 1,51
Thach cao (kho,dinh hinh) 1250 20 0.43 0,80 —: 0,92
Bat set 1600 —2000
: 20 0,9-:0,7 0,84
Bat set chiu lua 1845 450 1,04 1,09
Go:
Go thong ngang thd 546 0-:50 0,14 —:0,16 2.72
Go thong doc thd 20-:25 0,35 —: 0,72 2,72
Go dan 600 0,15 2,15
Than da:
Dung de tao khi 1420 20 - 100 3,6 —:4,0
- Loftithudng, cung 1200 —; 1350 20 0,24 —: 0,27
Bot then d5 730 30 ~150 0,12 —:0,13
Cac tong 20 0,14 —: 0,35 1,51
Gach.
- gach do lam b5ng may 1800 0,77 0,88
- gach do Ibm b5ng tay 1700 0,70 0,88
- gach silicat 1900 0,81 0,84
Da (da thuoc) 20 0,14 ~0,16
Than coc dang bot 449 100 0,191 1,21
Cau chn lo hdi:
- rrhieu thach cao 2000 — : 2700 100 0,7-:2,3
- rrhieu da voi 1000 —2500
: 100 8,15 ~2,3
nhieu silicat 300 + 1200 100 0,08 —: 0,23
Thach anh ket tinh:
- ngang true 0,72
410

B ang 21 (tiep t h e o )

Ten vat lieu p, kg/m' t,'C n., W/m. do c.k.J/kg do

- doc true 1,94

Muoi den 165 40 0,07 ~0,12
Bhng (nuoc da) 917 2.2 2,26
Vai gai 0,088
Ba phan 2000 50 0,9 0,88
Ba hoa 2800 3,5 0,92
Prafin (sap) 920 20 0,27
Cat song min, kho 152C 0 —: 160 0.30 —: 0,38 0.8
Cat song min, am 1650 20 1,13 2,09
Thuy tinh hQu cd 20 0,184
Cac manh go bac kho (lie) 148 —: 198 80 0.042 —: 0,053 1,76
Lie vun, cac rnau 4-5 mm 0 —:60 0,044 —: 0.058 . 1,76
Cao su:
- Loaithu'ong, cung 1200 0-100 0,157 —: 0,160 1.38
- Loai mern 20 0.13 —: 0,16 1,38
Du'ong cat 1600 0,58 1.26
LUu huynh ket tinh hinh thoi 21 0,28 3,762
Diep thach (da co dau) 94 1,49
Mica (ngang qua cac I mp) 2600 — : 3200 20 0,46 —:0,58
Thuy tinh:
- kinh 2550 0) 100 0,78 - 0,88 3,779
- thuy tinh thuong 2500 20 0,74 0,67
- lhm nhiet ke 2590 20 0,96
- thuy tinh thach anh 400 1,76
- nhu tren 800 2,40
- nhu tren 1200 3.05
Bong thuy tinh 154 -.206 88 0,051 ~ 0,059
SQ 2400 95 1,04 1,09
SQ 2400 055 1,96 1,09
Xenlulo 1400 30 0,21
100 0-:93 0,043 ~ 0,06
Ebonit 1200 20 0,157+0,17
Xi lo hei 1000 0 0,29 0,75
Xi lo cao dang hat 500 0 0,15 0,75
VOa trat tudng:
- Voi 1600 0,70 0,84
- Cat xi m8ng 1800 1,20 0,84
 411

B~ng 22. 7'heing so v(it I v c/ia khong kI~i Ic/~o (H = 760 mr.'Hg)

Cp i. 10' i< 10 10
=C 2 2 Pr
k /m k J/k do w/m do m /s Ns/ m m~ /s
-50 1,584 1,013 2,04 12,7 14,6 9,23 0,728
-40 1,515 1,013 2,12 1 3,3 15,2 10,04 0,728
-30 1,453 0,013 2,20 14,9 15,7 10,80 0,723
-20 1,395 1,009 2,28 (6,2 16,2 11,79 0,716
-10 1,342 1,009 . 2,36 17,4 16,7 12.43 0,712

1,293 1,005 2,44 18,8 17,2 13,28 0,707

10 1,247 1,005 2,51 20,0 17,6 14,16 0,705
20 1,205 1,005 2,59 21,4 18,1 15,06 0,703
30 1,165 1,005 2,7 22,9 18,6 16,00 0,701
40 1,128 1,005 2,76 24,3 19,1 16,69 0.699
50 1,093 1,005 2,83 25,7 19,6 17,95 0,698

60 1,060 1,005 2,90 27,6 20,1 18,97 0,696

70 1,029 1,005 2,96 28,6 20,6 20,02 0,694
80 1,000 1,005 3,05 30,2 21,1 21,09 0,692

9u 0,972 1,005 3,13 31,9 21,5 22,10 0,690

100 0,946 1,009 3,21 33,6 21,9 23,13 0,688
120 0.898 1,009 3,34 36,8 22,8 25,45 0,686
140 0,854 1,013 3,49 40,3 23.7 27,80 0,684
160 0,815 1,017 3,64 43,9 24,5 30,09 0,682
180 0,779 1,022 3,78 47,5 25,3 32,49 0,681
200 0,746 1,026 3,93 51,4 26,0 34,85 0,680

25u 0,674 1,038 4,27 61,0 27,4 40.61 0,680

300 0,615 1,047 4,60 71,6 29,7 48,33 0,680

350 0,566 1,059 4,91 81,9 31,4 55,46 0,680

400 0,524 1,068 5,21 93,1 33,0 63,09 0,680

500 0,456 1,093 5,74 115,3 36,2 79,38 0,687

600 0,404 1,114 6,22 138,3 39,1 96,89 0,699

700 0,362 1,135 6,71 163,4 41,8 115,4 0,706

800 0,329 1,156 7,18 188,8 44,3 134,8 0,713

9GO 0,301 1,172 7,63 216,2 46,7 155,1 0,717

1 OOC» 0,277 1,185 8,07 245,9 49,0 177,1 0,719

1 100(i 0,257 1,197 8,50 276,2 51,2 199,3 0,722

1200~ 0,239 1,210 9,15 316,5 63,5 233,7 0,724

412

Bang 23. Thong so Uat ly' cua khoi (p =76(> rnrnHg; P c o, -— 0,18

P$[,,o = 0,11; P N , = 0,76)

Cp X.10 a.10' u.10 v.iO

m2 /s Ns/m 2.
oQ kg/m ' kJ/kg dj w/m do mis

1,295 1,042 2,28 16 9 15,8 12,20 0,72

100 0,950 1,068 3,13 30,8 20,4 21,54 0,69

200 0,748 1,097 4,01 48,9 24,5 32,80 0,67

300 0,617 1,122 4,84 69,9 28,2 45,81 0.65

400 0,525 1,151 5,70 94,3 31,7 60,3e 0,64

500 0,457 1,185 6,56 121,1 34,8 76.3C 0,63

600 0,405 1,214 7,42 150,9 37,9 93,61 0,62

700 0,363 1,239 8,27 183,8 40,7 112,1 0,61

800 0,330 1,264 9,15 219,7 43,4 131,8 0,60

900 0,301 1,290 10,0 258,0 45,9 152,5 0,59

1 000 0,257 1,323 11,75 303.4 48.4 174,3 0,58

1 100 0,257 1,323 11,75 345,5 50,7 197,1 0,57

1 200 0,240 1,340 12,62 392,4 53,0 221,0 0,56

Hang 24. Thong so Uat ly' cue dau. may bi e'n ap

Cp p'0 v.10 ' a.10' P.10
P
Pr
oC kg/m k J/kgdo w/m, 'C Ns/m m /s m /s 1/ 'K

0,0 892,5 1,549 0,1123 692,8 70,5 8, 1.". 6,80 866

10 886,4 1,620 0,1115 335,5 P7,9 7.83 6.85 484

20 880,3 1,666 0,1106 198,2 22,5 7.56 o,90 298

30 874,2 1,729 0,1098 128,5 7,28 6,95 202

40 868,2 1,788 0,1090 89,4 1il,3 7,03 7,00

50 862,1 1,846 0,1082 65,3 7,5>' 6.80 7,05

60 856,0 1,905 0.1072 49,5 5,78 6,58 7,10 87,8

70 850,0 1,964 0,1064 38,6 4,54 6.36 7,15 71,3

843,9 2,026 0,1056 30,8 3.66 6.17 7,20 59.3

90 837,8 2,085 0,1047 25,4 3,03 6,00 7.25 50,5

100 831,8 2,',44 0,1038 21,3 2,56 5,83 7,30 43,9

11C 825,7 2,202 0,1030 18,i 2,20 5,67 7,35 38,8

120 813,6 2,261 0,1022 15,7 1,92 50 7,40 34,9
 413

Bkng 25. Thong s6 vently' cua narc,train du'ong bao boa

P P leap A..10 . p.10~ P.10 a.10'
Og kg/m' Pr
bar k J/kg k J/kg.'K W/m.'K N.s/m~ 1/'K N/m
1,013 999.9 0,00 4,212 55,1 13,1 1788 1,789 -0,63 766 13,67
10 1,013 999,7 42,04 4,191 57,4 13,7 1306 1,306 +0,70 741,6 9,52
20 1,013 998,2 83,91 4.183 59,9 14,3 1004 1,006 1,82 726,9 7,02
30 1,013 995,7 125,7 4,174 61,8 14,9 801,5 0,805 3,21 712,2 5,42
40 1,913 992,2 167,5 4,174 63,5 15,3 653,3 0,659 3,87 696,5 4,31
50 1,013 988,1 209,3 4,174 64,8 15,7 549,4 0,556 4,49 676,9 3,54
GO 1,013 983,2 251,1 41,79 65,9 16,0 469,9 ' 0,478 5,11 662,2 2,98
70 1,013 977,8 293,0 4,187 66,8 16,3 406,1 0,415 5,70 643,5 2,55
80 1,013 971,8 335,0 4,195 67,4 16,6 355,1 0,365 6,32 625,9 2,21
90 1,013 965,3 377,0 4,208 68,0 16,8 314,9 0,326 6,59 607,2 1,95
100 1,013 958,4 419,1 4,220 68,3 16,9 282,5 0,295 7,52 588,6 1,75
110 1,43 951,0 461,4 4,233 68,5 17,0 259,0 0,272 8,08 569,0 1,60
120 1,98 943,1 503,7 4,250 68,6 17,1 237,4 0,252 8,64 548,4 1,47
130 2,70 254,8 546,4 4,266 68,6 17,2 217,8 0,233 9,19 528,8 1,36
140 3,51 926,1 589,1 4,287 68,5 17,2 201,1 0,217 9,72 507,2 1,26
150 4,76 917,0 632,2 4,313 68,4 17,3 186,4 0,2203 10,3 486,6 1,17
160 6,18 907,0 675,4 4,346 68,3 17,3 173,6 0,191 10,7 466,0 1,10
170 7,92 897,3 719,3 4,380 67,9 17,3 162,8 0,181 11,3 443,4 1,05
180 10,03 886,9 763,3 4,417 67,4 17,2 153,0 0,173 11,9 422,8 1,00
190 12,55 876,0 807,8 4,459 67,0 17,1 144,2 0,165 12,6 400,2 0,96
200 15,55 863,0 852,5 4,505 66,3 17,0 136,4 0,158 13,3 376,7 0,93
210 19,08 852,8 897,7 4,555 65,5 16,9 130,5 0,153 14,1 354,1 0,91
220 23,20 840,3 943,7 4,614 64,5 16,6 124,6 0 • 149 14,8 331,6 0,89
230 27,98 827,3 990,2 4,681 63,7 16,4 119,7 0,145 15,9 310,0 0,88
240 33,48 813,6 1037,5 4,756 62,8 16,2 114,8 0,141 16,8 285,5 0,87
250 39,78 799,0 1085,7 4,844 61,8 15,9 109,9 0, 137 18.1 261,9 0,86
260 46,94 784.0 1135,1 4,949 60,5 15,6 105,9 1,135 19,7 237,4 0,87
270 55,05 767,9 1185,3 5,070 59,0 15,1 102,0 0,133 21,6 214,8 0,88
280 64,19 750,7 1236,8 5,230 57,4 14,6 98,1 0,131 23,7 191,3 0,90
290 74,45 732,3 1290,0 5,485 55,8 13,9 94,2 0,129 26,2 168,7 0,93
300 85,92 712,5 1344,9 5,736 54,0 13,2 91,2 0,128 29,2 144,2 0,97
310 98,70 691,1 1402,2 6,071 52,3 12,5 88,3 0,128 32,9 120,7 1,03
320 112.90 667,1 1462,1 6,574 50,6 11,5 85,3 0,128 38,2 98,10
330 128,65 640,2 1526,2 7,244 48,4 10,4 81,4 0,127 43,3 76,71 1,22
340 146,08 610,1 1594,8 8,165 45,7 9,17 77,5 0,127 53,4 56.70 1,39
350 165,37 574,4 1671,4 9,504 43,0 7,88 72,6 0,126 66,8 38,16 1,60
360 1 86.74 528,0 1761,5 15,984 39,5 5,36 66,7 0,126 109 20,21 2,35
370 210,53 450,5 1892,5 40,321 33,7 1,86 56,9 0,126 164 4,71 6,79
414

Bsng "6. Thong sn <'ut ly' c(iu Iraqi n/Cd c tr en 8/lo'ng buo hoa

p.10 v.10
1'C
bar k J/kg k J/kg kJ/kg dd W/m dq m /s Ns/m m "/s

100 1,013 0,598 2675,9 2256.8 2,135 2.372 18,58 11,79 20.02'.

110 1,43 0,286 2691,4 2230,0 2,177 2,489 13;83 12,46 15,07'

120 1,90 1,121 2706,5 2202,8 2,206 2,593 10,50 12,85 11,46

130 2,70 1,496 2720,7 2174,3 2,257 2,686 7,792 13,24 8,85

140 3,61 1,966 2734,1 2145,0 2,315 2.791 6,130 13,54 6,89

150 4,76 2,547 2746,7 2114,3 2,395 2,884 4,728 13,93 5,47

160 6,18 3,258 2758,0 2082,6 2,479 3,012 3,722 14,32 4,39

170 7,92 4,122 2768,9 2049,5 2,583 3,128 2,939 14,72 3,57

180 10,03 5,157 2778.5 2015,2 2,709 3,268 2,339 15,11 2.93

190 12,55 6,397 2786,4 1978,8 2,856 3,419 1,872 15.60 2,44

200 15,55 7,662 2793,1 1940,7 3,023 3,547 1,492 15,99 2,03

210 19,08 9,588 2798,2 1900,5 3,199 3.722 1,214 16,38 1,71

220 23.20 11.62 2801,5 1857,8 3,408 3,896 0,983 16,87 1,45

230 27,98 13,99 2803,2 1813,0 3,634 4,094 0,806 1'7,36 1,24

240 33,48 16,76 2803,2 1765,6 3,881 4,291 0,658 17,76 1,06

250 39,78 19,88 2801,1 1715,8 4,158 4,512 0,544 18,25 0,913

260 46,94 23,72 2796,5 1661,4 4,468 4,802 0,453 18,84 0,794

270 55,05 28,09 2789,8 1604,4 4,815 5 • 106 0,378 19,32 0,688

280 64,19 33,19 2779,7 1542,9 5,234 5,489 0,317 19,91 0,600

290 74,45 39,15 2766,4 1476,3 5,694 5,827 0,261 20,60 0,526

300 85,92 46,21 2749,2 1407,3 6,280 6,268 0,261 21,29 0,461

310 98,70 54,58 2727,4 1325,2 7,118 6,838 0,176 21,98 0,403

320 112,90 64,72 2700,2 1238,1 8,206 7,513 0,141 2P.,86 0,353

330 128,65 77,10 2665,9 1139,7 9,881 8,257 0,108 23,94 0,310

340 146,08 92,76 2621,9 1027,1 12,35 9,304 0,0811 25,21 0,272

350 165,37 113,6 2564,5 893,1 16,24 10,70 0,0580 26,58 0,234

360 186,74 144,0 2481,2 719,7 23,03 12,79 0,0396 29,14 0,202

370 210,53 203,0 2330,9 438,4 56,52 17,10 0,0150 33,75 0,116
 415

Bh,ng 27: Turin SO l 'Cit~l C ua i o n ,

t C ax10 px10 vx10 c '0 Px10'
P P
'C kg/m' Pr
kPa k J/kg k J/(kg'K) m /s Pa's m /s N/m 1/K
-77,9 4,321 0,550 6,502 57,1
-70 10,885 725,3 1464,5 4.338 0,550 6,295 4,737 0,653 54.,9 15,6 3,73
-60 21,869 713,8 1440,3 4,371 0,552 6,374 3,805 0,533 51.4 16,1 3,01
-50 40,894 702.0 1414,3 4 40g 0,552 6,426 3,236 0,461 48.2 16.9 2,58
-40 71,785 690,0 1387,1 4,438 0,551 6,481 2,854 0,414 44,8 17,7 2,30
-30 119,54 677 1358,6 4,467 0,549 6,257 2,550 0,376 41,7 18,3 2,07
-20 190.25 665.0 1328,5 4 5ng 0,544 6,534 2,275 0,342 38,4 19,3 1,88
-10 2gn 87 652,0 1296.2 4,555 0.537 6,519 2,059 0,316 35,3 20,2 1,74
429.43 638.6 1262,3 4 5g7 0,525 6,432 1,873 0,293 32,4 21,1 1.64
10 614.98 624.7 1225,9 4,647 0 50g 6,316 1,687 0,270 29,3 22,5 1,54
20 857.20 610,3 1187,4 4,710 0,494 6,190 1,520 0,249 26.4 23,9 1,45
30 1166,5 595,2 1145,5 4,798 0 475 5,982 1,373 0,230 23,4 25,7 1,38
40 1554,4 579,5 1100,3 4,899 0,455 5,779 1,255 0,216 20,6 27.9 1,34
50 2032.6 562,8 1052,1 5,020 0,433 5,513 1,138 0,202 17,8 30,3 13,2
60 2614.5
544,0 996,5 5,150 0,411 5,276 1,030 0,189 14,9 33,2 1,29
70 3311,7
524,8 940,4 5,317 0,922 0,176 36,8
80 4144.3
504.2 874,2 5.531 0,824 0,163 42,3
90 5123.0
481.6 800,1 0.735 0.153
10U 6263,5 456.3 715,5 6,201 0,637 0,140
132,4 242,0 0,265 0,109

88: TIlUn 80 U gf l Cll g Il ail 660 A OQ XH1 ( R 7 1 7 )

Cp A,x10 ax10 pxlo 6 vx10
Pr
oc k J/(kg'K) W/(m'K) m'/h Pa s m /s
—70 10,885 0,121 1,51 12,64 7,002 63,12
-60 21,869 0,213 2,14 59 7,17 7,335 34,46 0,98
—50 40,894 0,381 2,18 1,67 4,32 7,649 20,07 1,01
-40 71,785 0,645 2,26 1 76 2,71 8,002 12,41 1,04
-30 119,54 1,038 2,39 1,76 1,78 8,355 8,04 1,07
-20 190,25 1,604 2,47 1,97 1,20 8,689 5,42 1,10
-10 290,87 2,390 2,60 2,07 0,85 9 1n1 3,81 1,14
0 429,43 3.452 2,72 2,21 0 61 9,561 2,77 1,18
10 614,98 4,859 2,89 2,37 A 45 g,gn5 2 A4 1,21
20 857,20 6,694 3,06 2,55 0,33 10,44 1,56 1,25
30 1166,5 9,034 3,31 2,74 0,25 11,31 1,28 1,34
40 1554,4 12,005 3,56 2,99 0,20 11,76 0,98 1,40
50 2032,6 15,75 3,85 3,35 13,06 nA~ 1,50
60 2614,5 20,35 4,19 14,93 0,73
70 3311,7 26,36 4,61 (17,13) (0,65)
80 4144,3 33,90 5,40 (20,33) (0,68)
90 5123,0 43,60 5,69 —3
100 6263,5 56,10 6 36 —3
110 7,29 —5
120 8,42 —0
130 10,59
132,4 26,11 0,11
416

Bang 29: Throng

s6'odt ly cua Mng R128 trang thai bao hoa
t P P Cp axl 0 px10 vx10 ax10s P x1©4
Pr
0C kPa kg/m' k J/kg k J/(kg'K) m'K mals Pa's ma/s N/m 1/k
-80 6,164 1626 185,83 0,833 0,1076 0,794 7,70 0,474 24,1 16,3 5,96
-70 12,26 1600 182,10 0,844 0,1039 0,769 6,31 0,394 22,6 16,7 5,12
-60 22,62 1574 178,29 0,858 0,1003 0,743 5,43 0,345 21,1 17,3 4,64
-50 39,19 1546 174,35 0,870 0,0966 0,718 4,69 0,303 19,6 17,8 4,22
-40 64,30 1518 170,26 0,884 0,0929 0,692 4,075 0,268 18,1 18,4 3,ee
-30 100,6 1489 166,00 0,900 0,0893 0,666 3,60 0,242 16,7 19,4 3,63
-20 151,3 1459 161,58 0,915 0,0856 0,641 3,164 0,217 15,2 20,5 3,38
-10 219,6 1428 156,92 0,930 0,0820 0,617 2,77 0,194 13,8 21,8 3,14
0 309,1 1396 152,06 0,944 0,0783 0,594 2,446 0,175 12,4 23,3 2,95
10 423,5 1362 146,92 0,960 0,0746 0,571 2,19 0,161 11,0 25,6 2,82
20 566,9 1327 141,46 0,979 0,0710 0,546 1,98 0,149 9,7 27,0 2,73
30 743,5 1291 135,64 1,000 0,0673 0,521 1,77 0,137 8,4 29,4 2,63
40 957,7 1252 129,32 1,028 0,0637 0,495 1,59 0,127 7,1 32,6 2,57
50 1214 1210 122,40 1,064 0,0600 0,466 1,43 0,118 5,8 36,4 2,54
60 1519 1165 114,65 1,108 0,0563 0,436 1,29 0,111 4,6 40,9 2,54
70 1877 1115 105,78 1,172 0,0527 0,403 1,13 0,101 3,5 48,2 2,52
80 2295 1058 95,27 1,271 0,0490 0,364 1,024 0,096 2,4 58,5 2,64

Bang 30: Thong sd ventLy' cua hei R12 6 trang thai bao hoa

t P cp Xx10 ax10 px10' vx10

P Pr
'C kPa kg/m' k J/kg k J/(kg'K) m'K mals Pa's ma/s
-eo 6,16 0,4668 185,83 0,456 0,558 0,262 9,71 20,80 0,79
-70 12,26 0,8857 182,10 0,469 0,593 0,143 10,18 11,50 0,80
-60 22,62 1,566 178,29 0,486 0,628 0,0825 10,41 6,65 0,81
-50 39,19 2,608 174,35 0,498 0,663 0,0510 10,74 4,12 0,81
-40 64,30 4,131 170,26 0,519 0,698 0,0326 10,99 2,66 0,82
-30 100,6 6,268 166,00 0,536 0,733 0,0218 11,28 1,80 0,82
-20 151,3 9,169 161,58 0,577 0,779 0,0152 11,64 1,27 0,84
-10 219,6 13,00 156,92 0,582 0,837 0,0111 11,96 0,92 0,83
0 309,1 17,96 152,06 0,603 0,896 0,00827 12,39 0,69 0,83
10 423,5 24,28 146,92 0,636 0,977 0,00633 12,87 0,53 0,84
20 566,9 32,20 141,46 0,670 1,070 0,00496 13,52 0,42 0,85
30 743,5 42,08 135,64 0,712 1,175 0,00392 14,31 0,34 0,87
40 957,7 54,34 129,32 0,741 1,268 0,00315 14,67 0,27 0,86
50 1214 69,58 122,40 0.787 1,384 0,00253 15,31 0,22 0,87
60 1519 88,63 114,65 0,850 1.535 0,00204 16,84 0,19 0.93
 417

E'ang 31: Tl i<ing so I eit Iv c t ia l r in g R22 o t r u n g t h ai b uo hoa

I n V
l ax10 px10 vx10 < xi C P.10
O
C kPa kg/m' k J/kg k J/(kg'I'; j n'K m /s Pa's m /s N/m 1/K
—80 1Q,34 1513 257,43 1,Q83 0.1385 8,45 24,8 12,9
-70 ZQ.45 1430 251,46 1.087 0,1334 8.25 23,2 14,1
-60 37,52 1465 245,42 1,091 Q,1283 8.03 4.14 2.83 21,5 15,3 3.25
-5G 64.59 1438 239,26 1,Q97 Q,1232 7.81 3.78 2,63 19,9 16,8 3,37
-40 105,4 1411 232.92 1.105 Q,1181 7.57 3.49 2.47 18.2 18,4 3,26
-30 164,1 1381 226.32 1,116 0,1130 7.33 3 24 2,34 16,6 20,1 3,20
ZQ 1351 219.4Q 1,13Q 0,1079 7.07 3.02 224 150 22.1 3.16
—10 3c5 'P 1318 212.Q8 1.,148 Q,1028 6,79 2,83 2,15 13,3 24.1 3,16
4 J8.3 1284 2Q4,28 1.171 Q,Q977 6,50 2.67 2.08 1 1,7 ;i 6„ 3
10 gn
1249 195.92 1.199 Q.Q926 6,19 2,53 2.02 1 0,2 , 29,1 3,27
2C 909.7 1213 186,89 1,232 0,0875 5.86 2.40 1,98 87 32 7 3,38
30 1190.8 1174 17/,Q6 1,27Q 0.0824 5,52 2,29 1,95 7,2 37.7 3,53
40 1531,5 1133 166,22 1,319 0,0772 2.15 1,94 5,8 44,9 3,74
50 1939,5 1085 154,03 1.395 0,0714 4,72 2,10 1.94. 4,5 55,0 4,10
60 2423,6 1032 139,94 1.526 Q.Q646 4.12 3.3 69,6
70 2994 969,9 123.QQ 1,720 0,0565 3.20 2,1
80 3o62 894,4 101.48

Bang 32: Tli,ong so oat Ly ccia hei R22 6 t r a ng t h ai b ao hoa

t Cp A,xlC ax10 px10 vx10
P P
Pr
'C kPa kg/m' k J/kg k.J/(kg K) N/(m'K) m /s F m /s
— 100 1,99 0,1196 269,29 0.502 0,698 1,162 7,630 63,8 0,55
—80 10.34 0,5612 257,43 0,519 0,791 0,2716 8,59 15,3 0,56
—60 37,52 1,865 245,42 0,540 0,849 0,0843 9,59 5,14 0,61
-50 64,59 3,094 239,26 0,553 0,884 0,05166 9,99 3,23 0,62
-40 105,4 4,885 232,92 0,569 0,930 0,03346 10,50 2,15 0,64
-30 164,1 7,402 226,32 0,586 0,965 0,02255 10,88 1,47 0,66
—20 245,6 10',821 219,40 0,603 1,000 0,01532 11,25 1,04 0,68
— 10 355,2 15,366 212,08 0,620 1,035 0,01086 11,72 0,763 0,70
498,3 21,286 204,28 0,641 1,070 0,007842 11,98 0,563 0,72
10 681,1 28,885 195,92 0,670 1,105 0,00571 12,25 0,242 0,74
20 909,7 38 550 186,89 0,708 1,140 0,004177 12,68 0,329 0,79
30 1190,8 50,761 177,06 0,754 1,175 0,00307 12,84 0,253 0,82
40 1531,5 66,225 166,22 0,804 1,210 0,00227 13,18 0,199 0,88
50 1939,5 85,984 154,03 0,858
60 2423,6 111,657 139,94 1.279 13,96 0,125
418

Bang 33. Do den btLc xu toan phcin dinb m t i'c cua Uat lieu

Ten vat li eu tC
Nhom nh5n 50 500 0.04 -. 0.06
Nhdm co be mht nham 20-:50 0,06 + 0,07
Bong do nhan 50 0,1
Bong do nham 50 + 150 0,55
Vonfram 200 0,05
Vonfram 600 + 1000 0,1 + 0,16
Vonfram 1500 ~ 2200 0,24 ~ 0,31
Sat:
- dijn phan, dupe dlnh bong can than 175 ~ 225 0,025 ~ 0,064
- hen, dupe danh bong can than 40 + 250 0,28
- dupe d5nh bong 425 + 1020 0,144 + 0.377
- s5t tarn chua gia cong 925 + 1115 0,87 + 0,95
Thep:
-th6p tarn dude mAi nhan 940 + 1100 0,52 + 0,61

- bi oxy hoa d 600'C 200 —: 600 0,79

- bi oxy hoa be mat xu xi 40 ~370 0,94 . 0,97
Gang:
- duqc danh bong 200 0,21
- dupe tien 830 + 990 0,60 + 0,70
- bi oxy hoa d 600'C 200 ~ 600 0,64 + 0,78

- xu xi, bi oxy hoa nhidu 40 + 250 0,96

Vang dupe danh bdng can than 225 + 625 0,018 —: 0,035
Bong thau:
- dupe d5nh bdng chn than,thanh phon khdi l uring
73,2% Cu, 26,7% Zn 245 + 355 0,028 —: 0,031
- duroc dht mbng vdi be m8t tu nhi0n 22 0,06
- bimd duc 50 ~ 350 0,22
- bioxy hda khiddt ning dudi 600'C 200 ~ 600 0,61 + 0,59

Bong:
- dihn phon, dupe d5nh bdng can than 80 0.01 8
- dupe dknh bourg 115 0,023
- bi dot ning lien tuc vh bi phu mot ldp oxy dhy 25 0,78
- bioxy hda khidot ning dudi 600'C 200 ~ 600 0,57. 0 , 55

Bach kim tinh khiet dupe danh b6ng 225 ~ 625 0,054+ 0,105

Clc che pharntu bach kim:

- ski manh 25 + 1230 0,03E ~ 0,192
- day 225 + 1735 0,073+ 0,182
 419

B ang 33 (tiep t h e o )
Ten vat lieu
Thuy ngan tinh khiet 0,100 0,09 —: 0,12
Bac nguyen chit dude danh bong 200 — 600 0,02 + 0,03
Crom 38 —: 538 0,08 . 0,26
Cac vit lieu chiu Iua, each nhiet, xay dqng
Cac tong amian 24 0,96
Gach samot 1100 0,75
Gach do be mat xuxi 20 0,93
Su co trang men 20 0,92
Voi vua trat xu xi 10 i90 0,91
Cac loai vat lieu khac
Than da da chon rua (do tro 0,9%) 125 —: 625 0,81 i 0 , 7 9
Nude 0 + 100 0,95 + 0,963
Be mit kim loai bi danh Udt 20 0,980
Sdn den bong phu tren be mat thep 25 . 0,875
Son den khong bong 40 i 9 5 0,96 —: 0,90
Cac loai son dau mau sac khac nhau 100 0,92 —: 0,96
Sdn kim nhu(nhom) tren thep tarn khong nhhn bong 20 0,39
Cao su mern da tinhche, miu xam 24 0,859
Cao su cu'ng da dude mii bong 23 0,945
Thuy tinh 250 i 10 00 0,87+ 0,72
Xi lo hdi 0 -. 100 0,97 i 0 , 9 3

Xi lo hdi 200+ 500 0,89 . 0,70

Xi lo hdi 600 i 12 00 0,76 i 0 , 7
Xilo hdi 1400 + 1800 0,69 -. 0,67
Sit trang men mau tring 20 0,9
Muoi den (rno hong) co hat > 0,075mm 40 - 360 0,945
Muoi den tren thuy tinh nude 20 i 2 0 0 0,66
Muoi den tren be mi t cung 50 i 1 0 0 0 0,96
Thach cao 20 0,903
420

Bang 3.4: Tinh chut nh i et out ly' c pu d«ng dich n i irfc rnuoi Au ( ' I

Khdi Ndny Nhigt Nhi)t

Itrgng dye do dd
Pr
ridny 8 ifdng dung gx10 v~10 a x104
15'C dhc tn dich t
(kg/m~) (%) O ('C) (kJ/kg'K) (W/m'K) (N.s/m') (m /s) (m-/h)
C
20 3,843 0,593 10,79 1,06 5,31 6,95
7 10 3,835 0,576 14,12 1,34 5,16 9,4
1050 -4,4
(7.5)' 0 3,827 0,559 18,73 1,78 5,02 12,7
-4 3,818 0,556 21,57 2,06 5,00 14,8
20 3,679 0,593 11,47 1,06 5,33 7,2
10 3,648 0,570 15,20 1,41 5,15 9,9
11
1080 -75 0 3,676 0,556 20,20 1,87 5,08 13,4
(12,3) -5 3,672 0,549 24,42 2:26 4,98 16,4
-7,5 3,672 0,545 26,48 2,45 4,96 17,8
20 3,609 0,593 12,26 1,12 5,40 7,4
10 3,601 0.568 16,18 1,47 5,15 10,3
13,6
1100 -9,8 0 3,583 0,554 21 48 1,95 5,07 13,0
(15,7)
-5 3,548 0,457 26,09 2,37 5,00 17,0
-9,8 3,580 0,540 34,32 3,13 4,94 22,9
20 3,534 0,573 13,14 1,20 5,21 8,3
10 3,525 0,569 17,26 1,57 5,18 10,9
16,2 0 3,513 0,552 22,26 2,02 5,07 15,1
1120 -12,2
(19,3) -5 3,509 0,544 28,34 2,58 5,00 18,6
-10 3,504 0,535 34,91 3,18 4 93 23.2'
-12,2 3,500 0,533 42 17 3,84 4,90 28,2
20 3,462 0,582 14,32 1,26 5,32 8,5
10 3,454 0,566 18,53 1,63 5,17 11,4
18,8 0 3,442 0,555 25,60 2,25 5,05 16,1
1140 -15,1
(23,1) -5 3,433 0,542 31,19 2,74 5,00 19,8
-10 3,429 0,533 38,74 3,40 4 92 24,8
-15 3,425 0,525 47,76 4,19 4,86 31,0
20 3,395 0,579 15,49 1,33 5,27 9,1
10 3,383 0,563 20,10 1,73 517 12,1
0 3,375 0,547 28 24 2,44 5,03 1 7,5
21,2 -5
1160 -18,2 3,366 0,538 34,42 2,96 4 96 21,5
(26,9) -10 3,362 0,530 43,05 3,70 4,90 27,1
-15 3,358 0,522 52,76 4,55 4,85 33,9
-18 3,354 0,518 60,80 5,24 4,80 39,4
20 3,345 0,565 16,67 1,42 5,30 9,6
10 3,337 0,549 21,77 1,84 5,03 13,1
0 3,324 0,544 30,40 2,59 5,02 18,6
23,1
1175 -21,2 -5 3,320 0,536 3? 46 3,20 4,95 23,3
(30,1)
-10 3,312 0,528 47,07 4 02 4,89 29,5
-15 3,308 0,520 57,47 4,90 4 83 36,5
-21 3,303 0,514 77,47 6,60 4,77 50,0
 421

B~rig 35 Vc it l i c r i e ach n h i , et n trii

kcal
Vat li eu each nhiet p kg/ m R kg/ cm~
m.h.do
Mop xop Polystirol 30 0.035 1,5
Mop xop Polyuretan 40 0,030 1,5
Mop xop Polyclovinyl 65 0,028 17,0
Mop xnp eboxi 18 0,028 1,5
Mop xripPhenol rezol 50 0,035
Tam nhu'a to ong 45 0,045
Mop xrjp lam tu nhu'a phoocmaldehyt 10-: 15 0,02 —: 0,025 2,5

1)ang 36. Hant bien dieri Bctxen loai mot cap kh o ng Ua cap mot

1o(x) 1,(xj lo(x) lt(x)

1,0000 0,0000 3,0 4,881 3,953
1,0025 0,0501 3,1 5,294 4,326
0,2 1,0100 0,1005 3,2 5,747 4,734
0,3 1,0226 0,1517 3,3 6,243 5,181
04 1,0404 0.2040 3,4 6,785 5.670
0,5 1,0635 0,2579 3,5 7,378 6,206
0,6 1,0920 0,3137 3,6 8,028 6,793
0,7 1,1263 0,3719 3,7 8,739 7,436
0,8 1,1665 0.4329 3,8 9,517 8,410
0,9' 1,2130 0.4971 3,9 10,369 8,913
1,0 1,2661 0.5652 4,0 11,30 9,76
1,1 1,3262 0,6375 4,1 12,32 10,69
1,2 1,3937 0,7147 4,2 13,44 11,71
1,3 1,4693 0,7973 4,3 14,67 12,82
1,4 1,5534 0,8861 4,4 16,01 14,05
1,5 1,6467 0,9817 4,5 17,48 15,39
1,6 1,7500 1,0848 4,6 19,09 16,86
1,7 1,8640 l 1963 4,7 20,86 18,48
1,8 1,9896 1,3172 4,8 22,79 20,25
1,9 2,1277 ',4482 4,9 24,91 22,20
2,0 2,280 1,591 5,0 27,24 24,34
2,1 2,446 1,746 5,1 29,79 26,68
2.2 2,629 1,914 5,2 32,58 29,25
2.3 2,830 2,098 5,3 35,65 32,08
2,4 3,049 2,298 5,4 39,01 35,18
2,5 3,290 2,517 5,5 42,70 38,59
2,6 3,553 2,755 5,6 46,74 42,33
2,7 3,842 3,G16 5,7 51,17 46,44
2,8 4,517 3,301 5,8 56,04 50,95
2,9 4,503 3,613 5,9 61,38 55,90
422

Bang 37. Hunt bien dietic Betxen loai oui ccip lcltong Uu ccip ntot

Ko(x) K<(x) Ko(x) K>(x)

0,0 2.2 0,089 0.108

0,1 2,447 9,854 2,3 0,078 0,0942

0,2 1,753 4,776 2,4 0,071 0,0832

0,3 1,373 3,056 2,5 0.062 0,0739

0,4 1 •115 2,184 2,6 0.055 0.0660

0,5 0,924 1,656 2,7 0,049 0.0581

0,6 0.775 1,303 2,8 0,044 0.0503

0,7 0,661 1,050 2,9 0,039 0,0456

0,8 0,565 0,862 3,0 0.0347 0.0402

0,9 0,487 0,717 3,1 0.0309 0,0356

1,0 0,421 0,602 3.2 0,0283 0.0314

0,366 0,509 3,3 0,0251 0,0283

1,2 0,318 0,435 3,4 0,0220 0,0251

1,3 0,278 0.372 3,5 0,0196 0,0222

1,4 0,244 0,320 3,6 0,0173 0,0204

1,5 0,214 0,278 3,7 0,0157 0,0173

1,6 0,188 0,241 3,8 0,0141 C,0157

1,7 0,165 0,209 3,9 0,0126 C,0141

1,8 0,146 0,183 4,0 0,0112 C.0125

1,9 0,129 0,160 4,5 0,0064 0 00708

2,0 0,1 14 0,140 0,0037 0 00404

2,1 0,100 0,122

 B~ng 38. Ef6 in.:io n1,u Ua hypecl)otic

shx chx thx

0.0 1,00 1,00 0,000 1,000 0,000

0.1 0,90 0,100 1,005 0,100

0.2 1,22 0,82 0,201 1,020 Q 1c7

03 1,34 Q 74 0,305 1,G45 0,291

1,49 0,67 0,411 1,081 0,380

1,64 0,61 0,521 1,128 0.4e2
1,82 0,55 0,637 1,186 0,537

2,00 0,50 0,759 1,255 0.604

08 2.22 0,45 0,888 1,337 0,664

0.9 0 41 1,027 1,433 0,716
1,0 2,72 0,37 1,175 1,543 0,762
3,00 0,33 1,336 1,668 0,810
1,2 3,32 0,30 1,510 1,811 0,834
1,3 3,70 0,27 1,698 1,971 0,862
1.4 4,06 0,25 1,904 2,151 0,885
1,5 4,50 0,22 2,129 2,352 0,905
1,6 i,95 0,20 2,376 2,577 0,922
1,7 4,55 0,18 2,646 2,828 0,935
1,8 6,05 0,17 2,942 3,108 Q,947
1,9 6,63 0',15 3,268 3,418 0,95e
2,0 7,39 0,14 3,627 3,762 0,964
2,1 0,'2 0,12 4,022 4,144 0,971
2,2 9,0 0,11 4,457 4,568 0,976
2.3 9,98 0,10 4,937 5,037 0,980
2,4 11,0 0,091 5,466 5,557 0,984
2,5 12,3 0,083 6,050 6,132 0,987
2,6 13,5 0,074 6,695 5,769 0,989

2, / 14,8 0,067 7,406 7,474 0,991

2,8 16,4 0,061 8,192 8.253 0,993
2.'9 18,2 0,050 9,060 9,115 0,~94
3,iQ 20.1 0,005 0,016 10,068 O~QOS
'424

Bang 39. Bcinc> t!!it . ' o ! g i ! ? a 'C th6 nh 'F (. a n g ' ! bye I@i,

Nhi@ d~ Nhijt dp Nhi4t dq

V nay F 'F C hay F 'C 'C C hay F

-40 0 -40 -40,0 —

23,3 -10 +14,0 —6,7 +20 +68,0

-39,4 -39 — 8,2 -22,8 t15,8 -6,1 +21 +69,8

-38,9 -38 -36,4 -22,2 +17,6 -5,6 +22 +71,6

-38,3 -37 -34,6 -21,7 +19,4 -5,0 +23 +73,~

-37,8 -36 -32,8 -21,1 +21.2 +24 +75.2

-37,2 —35 -31,0 -20,6 +23,0 -3.9 +25 +77,0

-36,7 -34 -29,2 -20,0 +24,8 -3.3 +26 +78,8

-36,1 -33 -27,4 — 19,4 +26,6 +27 +80,6

-35,6 -25,6 -18,9 +28.4 -2,2 +28 +82,4

-'35,0 -31 -23,6 — 18,3 +30.2 -1,7 +29 +84,2

-34,4 —30 -22,0 -17,8 +0 +32,0 +30 +86,0

-33,9 -29 -20,2 -17,2 +1 +33,8 -0,6 +31 +87,8

33 $3 -28 -18,4 -16,7 +2 +35,6 +0,0 +32 +89,6

-32,8 -2 / -16,6 -16,1 +3 +37,4 +0,6 +33 +91,4

-32,2 -26 -14,8 -15,6 +39.2 +1,1 +34 +93,2

-31,7 -25 -13,0 -15,0 +41.0 +1,7 +35 +95,0

-31,1 -24 -11,2 -14,4 +6 +42.8 +2,2 +36 +96,8

-30,6 -23 -9,4 -13,9 +7 +44,5 +2,8 +37 +98,6

-30,0 —22 -7,6 -13,3 +46,4 +3,3 +38 +100,4

-29,4 -21 -5,8 -12,8 +9 +48,2 +3,9 +39 +102,2

-28, ~ -20 -4,0 -12;2 +10 +56,0 +4,4 +40 +104,0

-28,3 -19 -2,2 -11,7 +11 +51.8 +5.0 +41 +105,8

-27,8 -18 -0,4 -11,1 +12 +53,6 +5,6 +42 +107,6

-27,2 +1,4 -10,6 +13 ~55,4 +6,1 +43 +109,4

-26,7 -16 +3,2 -10,0 +14 +57,2 +6,7 +44 +111,2

-26,1 — 15 +5,0 94 +15 +59,0 +7,2 +45 +1 '. 2,0

-25,6 +6,8 -8,9 +16 +60,8 +7,8 +46 +114,C

-25,0 -13 +8,6 -8,3 +17 +62,6 +8,3 +47 +116,6

-24,4 -12 +10,4 -7,8 +18 +64,4 +8,9 *118,4

-23,9 +12,2 -7,2 +19 +66,2 +9,4 ~49 +120,2

 425

Bang 39 (t iep t h e o )

Nhijt dp N hijt d 4 N hijt d p

C hay F F ' C hay F 'C C hay F 'F

+10,0 +50 +122,0 +26,7 +„"n +176,0 +43,3 +110 +230,0

+10,6 +51 +123,8 +21,2 +81 +177,8 +43.9 +111 +231,8

+11,1 +52 t125,6 +27,8 +82 +179,6 +44,4 +112 +233,6

+11,7 +53 +127,4 +28,3 +83 +182,4 +45,0 +113 +235,4

+ 12.2 +54 +129,2 i28,9 +84 +183,2 +45,6 +114 +237,2

+ 12.8 +55 +131,0 +29,4 +85 +185,0 +46,1 +115 +239,0

+13,3 +55 +132,8 +30,0 +86 +186,8 +46,7 +116 +240,8

+ 13.9 w57 +134.6 +30.6 +87 +188,6 t 47 ,2 t117 +242,6

+14.4 +58 +136,4 t31,1 +88 ~190,4 +47,8 +118 +244,4

+15,0 +59 +138,2 +31,7 +89 +192,2 i48,3 +119 +246,2

+15,6 +60 + 140,0 +32,2 +90 +194,0 i48,~ +120 +248,0

+16,1 +61 +141,8 i32,8 +91 +195,8 +49,4 +121 +249,8

+16,7 I 143,6 t33,3 +92 +197,6 +50,0 +122 +251,6

+17,2 +63 +145,4 +33,9 +93 +199,4 +50,6 +123 +253,4

+17,8 +64 +147,2 +34,3 +94 +201,2 +51,1 +124 +255,2

+18,3 +65 +149,0 +35.0 +95 +203,0 +51,7 +125 +257,0

+18,9 +66 +150,8 +35,6 +96 +204,8 +52,2 +126 +258,8

+19,4 +67 +152,6 +36,1 +97 +206,6 +52,8 +127 +260,6

+20,0 +68 t154 ,4 +36,7 +98 +208,4 + 53.3 +128 +262,4

+69 +156,2 +37,2 +99 +210,2 +53,9 +129 +264,2

+21,1 +70 +158,0 +37,8 +100 +212,0 +54,4 +130 +266,0

+21,7 +71 +159,8 +38,3 +101 +213,8 +55,0 +131 +267,8

+22,2 +72 +161,6 +38,9 +102 +215,6 +55,6 +132 +269,6

+22,8 +73 +163,4 +39,4 +103 +217,4 +56,1 +133 +271,4

+23,3 ~74 +165,2 +40,0 ~104 +219,2 +56,7 +134 +273,2

+23,9 +75 +167,0 +40,6 +105 +221,0 +57,2 +135 +275,0

+24,4 +76 +168,8 +41,1 +106 +222,8 +57,8 +136 +276,8

-t 25,0 +77 +170,6 +41,7 +107 i 224,6 +58,3 +137 +2.".,6

+25,6 +78 +172,4 +42,2 +108 +226,4 +56,9 +138 +280,4

+26,1 +79 t174,2 +42,8 +228,2 +59.4 +139 +282,2

42G

B ang 39 ( t ie p t h e o )

Nhijt dq Nhijt dp Nhiyt dp

(l
C hay F C hay F C hay F F

+60.0 +140 +284,0 +76,7 +170 +338,0 +93,3 +200 +392,0

+60,6 +141 +285,8 +77,2 +171 +339.8 +93,9 +201 +393,8

+61,1 +142 +287,6 +77,8 +172 +341,6 +94,4 +202 i395,6

+61,7 +143 +289,4 +78,3 +173 +343,4 +95,0 +203 +397,4

+62,2 +144 +291,2 +78,9 +174 +345,2 i95,6 +204 +399,2

+62,8 +145 +293,0 +79,4 +175 +347,0 :-96, 1 +20' +401.0

+63,3 +146 +294.8 +80,0 +176 +348,8 +96,7 +206 +402,8

+63.9 +147 +296,6 +80,6 +177 +350,6 +97,2 +207 ~ .404.6

+64,4 +148 +298,4 +81,1 +178 +352.4 +97,8 +208 +406,4

+65,0 +149 +300,2 +81,7 +179 +354,2 +98,3 +209 +408,2

+65,6 +150 +302.0 +82,2 +180 +356,0 +98,9 +210 +410,0

+66,1 +151 +303,8 +82,8 +181 +357,8 +99,4 + 211 +4 11, 8

+66,7 +152 +305,6 +83,3 +182 +358,6 +100,0 +212 +413,6

+67,2 +153 +307,4 +83,9 +183 +361,4 +100,6 +213 +415,4

+67,8 +154 +309,2 +84,4 +184 +363,2 +101,1 +214 +417,2

+68,3 +155 +311,0 +85,0 +185 +365,0 +101,7 +215 +419,0

+68,9 +156 +312,8 +85,6 i 186 +366,8 +102,2 +216 +420,8

+69,4 +157 +314,6 +86,1 +187 +308,6 +102,8 +217 +422,6

+70,0 +158 +316,4 +86,7 +188 +370,4 +103,3 +218 +424,4

+70,6 +159 +318,2 +87,2 +189 +372,2 +103,9 +219 +426,2

+71,1 +160 +320,0 +87,8 +190 +374,0 +104,4 +220 +428,0

+71,7 +161 +321,8 +88,3 +191 +375,8 +105,0 + 221 , + 4 2 9,8

+72,2 +162 +323,6 +88,9 +192 +377,6 +105,6 +222 +431,6

+72,8 +163 +325,4 +89,4 +193 +379,4 +106,1 I.223 +433,4

+73,3 +164 +327,2 +90,0 +194 +381,2 +106,7 + 224 + 4 35, 2

+73,9 +165 +329,0 +90,6 +195 +383,0 +107,2 +225 +431',0

+74,4 +166 +330, 8 +91,1 +196 +384,8 +107,8 + 226 + 4 38, 8

+75 +167 +332,6 +91,7 +197 +386,6 +108,3 + 227 + 44 0, 6

+75,6 +168 +334,4 +92,2 +198 +388,4 +108,9 +228 + 442 , t

+76,1 + i69 +336,2 +92,8 +199 +390 2 +109,4 + 229 + 444 , 2

 4'~7

B ang 39 (tiep t h e o )

Nhiet dp fJhijt dq Nhiyt dq

'C C hay F -'F hay F C hay F

+110,0 i230 +446,0 +121,1 +250 +482,0 +137,8 +280 +536,0

+110,6 +231 +447,8 +121,7 +251 +483,8 +138,9 +282 +539,6

+111,1 +232 +449.6 +122,2 +252 +485.6 +140,0 +284 +543,2

+111.7 +233 +451,4 +122,8 +253 +487,4 +141,1 +286 +546,8

+112,2 +234 +453.2 +123.3 +254 +489,2 +142.2 +288 +550,4

+112,8 +235 +455,0 +123,9 +255 +491,0 +143,3 +290 +554.0

+113,3 +236 +456.8 +124,4 +256 +492,8 +144,4 +292 +557,6

+113,9 +237 +458,6 +125,0 +257 +494,6 +145,6 +294 +561,2

+114,4 +238 +460,4 +125,6 +258 +496 4 +146.7 +296 +564,8

+115.0 +239 +462,2 +126,1 +259 +498,2 +147,8 +298 +568,4

+115 6 +240 +464,0 +126.7 +260 +500,0

+116.1 +241 +465,8 +127,8 +262 +503,6

+116,7 +242 +467,6 I 128,9 +264 +507,2

+117,2 +243 +469,4 +130,0 +266 +510,8

+117,8 +244 +471,2 +131,1 +268 +514,4

+118.3 +245 +473,0 +132,2 +270 +518,0

+118.9 +246 +474,8 +133,3 +272 +521,6

+119,4 +247 +476,6 +134,4 +274 +525,2

+120,0 +248 +478,4 +135,6 +276 +528,8

+120,6 tP49 +480,P +138,6 +278 +532,4

Cach dung:
+ Giu sci' nhijt h e 'c hi 7 0'C, mun'n do'i ra F t h i l i c m n hcl sau:

Tra cot "C hoac F" o gia tri +70 sau do dong ngang sang cot F se
du'oc la +1.58.0 F. .

+ Neu nhij t hi ch i 12 0 ' F, m uon do'i ra C t h i l a m n h u ' s a u :

T ra cot "C hoac F" o gia tr i + 120 sau do dong ngang sang ben t ra i c o t
"C se c!u'oc la +48.9 C.
 C ic do t h i t h i i . t b i t r ao « i ' i n h i e t

Qv

0,8
R=4.0-3,0 2.0 1,5 1,0 0,8 0.6-0,4 0.>
Q,7

0.6

0.5
0 0 , 1 0 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 7 0, 8 0 , 9 1.0
Hinh l . c « = f ( P . R )
V
1.0

0.8
4,0 3,0 1:5 1 0'0,8'0.6 0.4'0.2
07

0.6

05
0 0 , 1 0 . 2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0.6 0,7 0,8 0 9 1 , 0

Hi nb 2. c „ = f( P. R)

1.0

0,9

0.8 R=4.0 3,02 5 1,0 O,8 O,6 O,4 0,2

0„7

0.6
0,5
0 0 , 1 0 , 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0. 5 0, 6 0, 7 0,8 0, 9 1 ,0

H inh 3. c „ = f(P.R)

0.9

0.8 R=4,0 3.0 2 0 1,5 1.0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0

0,7

0.6

0.5
0 0 . 1 0 , 2 0 . 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0. 6 0, 7 0, 8 0. 9 1 . 0

Hinh 4. c,« = f(P. R)

1,0
0,9
I
0.8
=4,0 3 2.0 1 008 0 6-0,4 0,2
0.7
t".
0,6
0,5
0 Q . t 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 , 4 0 . 5 0. 6 0, 7 0 , 8 0 . 9 1 , 0

Hinh 5 . e ~t = f(P . R )
 100 lnp

80 80
o, QQ
«0 «0
0
0.S0 0'
cP0 00
60 sp o.«
0.»
CT 100
ao

~Q 40 ~ 4o
c©
z Z

20 20

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

a) LUu ddng song song cung chieu b) Luu dong song song ngupc chi4u

100 100
0 0

0' 0
80 80
0»
«0
0
o-» 0
100
60 100 60

4p ~ 4o
Z X
20 20

1 2 3 4 5

c) 1 vb bpc chum dng 2,4,6...pass d) 2 vd bpc chum 6ng 4,8,12...pass

100 100
0 0,25
4
0,50
'2
80 80
0.75
~0
0 0~0 1;33
00 2
60 60
C7
)Chat long Ionh
0Q 4p Chit Ibng r 40 chit lbng
ning xylo trt)n
z r
20 20
chit Ibng
khpng xylo trt)n

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

e) Chky ckt nhau vdl 2 ch5t long xao tron A hay ckt nhau vdi mht chat Ihng xao train
va mot ch5t Ibng con lyi khbng xylo train
FIi,nh 6. H ie«slid t c.ac dang TBTBN
430

'a
o 3cf 4 , ~cs' o o
o o o o Ch o ci cf o cs cf C o
'Q~ 4I
' IIO c
o ~S I((0 W
0

ply 40
SO
fO
)(0
Ol O 0
-IO
I '-ZO
NL -90
-i6

o o

0
h
CJ
CI
O
bC

Al
Cal
tK
D

O II
~ cn
©. oa
Ol ~
O

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BAN('- 0<".N VI DO LtfONG

1. Gia toc:
lfti s = 0, 3 048 nu's'
1 m/s = 3,2808 f<I s
2. Diqn tich:
1 in = 5,4516 cm = 6.4516x10' m

929 cm~ 0.0929 m

1m = 10,764 ft
3. Khoi lNdng rieng:
1 lb/in = 2 7,680 kg/ c m = 2 7.680x10 k g / m s

1 lb/ft = 16,019 kp/m'

1 kg/m = 0,06243 lh/ft

1 slug/ft = 515,3C kg'm
1 lb mol/ft = 16,019 kpmol/m
1 kg mol/m = 0,06243 Ir.-mol! ft

4. SN khuech ta n (n hiqt, chat, dqng ld'dn. >'):

1 ft- 0 ,0929 n: / s

1ft /s 0 ,2581cm / s = 6,2581x10 m /s

1 m /s 1 0,7639 ft / s
1 cm / s 3 ,8745 ft / s
5. Nin g lafdng, nhi jt l u ' d n g, cong:
1 w. s 1 N. tn = 10'erg

1 Btu 1055,04 j = 252 cal = 7 7 8 , 161 ft

1 Btu/h 0,2931 w == 3,93x10 hp
1 cal 3,968 Btu
1 hp 745,7 w
1 w.h 3,413 Htu
1 Kwh 3113 Btu
6. Mat dj d on g dlgn l
1 Btu/h. ft 3,1537 w/m'
1 w/m I'.3i'/09 Btu!h. ft
 437

Wang sua' ph a t n h ii t:
1 Bt,uI'h. ft.' 1 0.;l5 M/ ni ' = h,9 k c al / h . r n '
1 iv/ 1I1 0,096fi B t r i /h. f t "
8. H e ski truyen n h ie t :
'2-
1 Btu/h. ft 5,677 iV/ Ill C

1 w/nr' " C 0,1761 Btu/h. ft

9. Chieu dai:
10 crri 1 0 '" D :

1 inm 1 0' m m 10" m

rn 2,54 crn
0.3048 rrr
1m '3.280S ft
1 mile 1609,34 m = 5180 ft
10. Khoi lu'dng:
1 oz 28,35 g
1 .lb 16 oz 453,6 g
1 k< 2,2046 Ib
15,432 grairr~
1 ising 32,1739 lb
1 ttorr (metric) 1000 k 2205 lb
1 torr (shor t ) 2000 lb

1 t.orr (1011g) 2240 Ib

11. Ap suat, lu'c:
1 I'V 1 kg.ni/ s = 0,22481
7,2333 poundals = 10 dyn
1 llbr 32,174 ft..lb/s = 4,4482 N

32,1793 poundals
1 )lb/in (1 psi) = 6894 76
1 I br,'ft 4 7,880 N / n i
1 b>ar 1 0' N/ i n

1at 14,696 lbr ! ! n -' = 2 116,2 lbr i f t

0,9807 bar = 7 3 5 ,5 w mH g = 1 0 m H 2 0
12. Nhiet dung ruin g.
1 Btu/ lh"P 1 kcal/kg."(, ' = 4186,69 j/kg. 1'C
13- Toc do :

1 ft/s 0,3048 m/s

1 a2s 3,2G48 ft/s
1 mile/h 1 ,4667 ft/s = 0 ,4 47 0 4 m / s
1 4. Su'c cang be m a t :
1 ibf/ft 14,5937 N/rn
1 N/m 0,068529 lft
15. Nhiqt dq:
1,8 ('K — 273 ) + 32

("F — 32) + 273

l,8
~Ti'C) 1,83T ("F)
1 6. Hj-; so dan nh i j t :
1 Btu/h.ft.'F 1,'(303 w /m ' C

1 w/m.'C 0,5779 Btu/h.ft'F

1 kcal/m.h."C 1,163 w/m. C
1 7. The t i c h :
1 in 16,387 cm'
1 cm 0,06102 Ln
0,0283168 m = 2 8 , 3 16 8 l i t
1m 35,315 ft
1 gal (Us) 3,7854 lit = 3,78 5 4 x 1 0 m = 0, 336 8 ft
 39

T ai lieu tham k h a o

1, O.M. Rabinovich
Cac bcii tcip eh<)» loc t'c»hzet lcy thucit
Nha xuat b='n Che tao m,"'.y, Mo..cow 1!)6!),
2. B.A. Drujkol
Ccic b6i t ape'zon loc Uz.»hiet dong hoc kg~thuat Ua truyen n'lziet
Nha xuat ban Dpi hoc, Moscow 1968
3. B.A. Kiril in
Cac bai trip chon limni Ue»lziet dong hoc ky thucit
Nha xuht ban Ning lu'qng, Moscow 1957.
4. E. Krasnoshchekob, A. SLzkoznel
Problenzs in heat transfer
Mir Publishers, Moscow 1977.
5. V.V. Nashchokin
Engineering therneodynanzics and heat transfer
Mir Publishers, Moscow 1968.
6. K.F. Pavlov, P.G. Roznankob, A.A. Noskov.
E xanzple a nd. p r o ble»is t o t h e c o u r s e of u n i t o p e r a t i on s o f
chenzical e»gi »eezi ng.
Mir Publishers, Moscow 197~.
7. 1VI. Mikheyev, I.M. Mi k heyeva
Fundanzentals of heat transfer
Energy Publishers, Moscow 197'3.
8. J.P. Holm;zn.
Heat transfer
Interna'.ionaltextbook company, New York .".0
0'3.
9. AVilliam L. H aberman, Jaznes E. A. John
Engineering thernzodynamics mitjz he.zt trars fer.
Allyn azzd Bacon, Boston 1992.
440

10. Cordon. Van Wylen, Richarn. )onntag, Claus Borgnakke

F;Indarr. entals of classicc l theI zoodyna
mics
.John W. ley R: Sons, New York 1994
11. Donald R. Pitts, Leighton E. Sissom.
SCHALJM'S solved prvblerns series
1000 solved problems in He at t) ansfer
Mc Graw Hill, Inc Tokyo 1991.
12. Peter E. Liley
SCFIAUM'S solved probletns sei'ies
2000 solved problems in Mechanical engineering thermodynamics.
Mc Oraw Hill book company, New York 2001.
13. Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro.
Fundamentais of engi neeri ng thermodynamics
John Wiley Ez. Sons, Inc New York 2000.
14. Willi am W. Bathie
Fund znrental of gas Aurbi n es
Jol.n Wiley 5 S o ns, Inc New York 1984.
15. William M. Koys, A. L. London.
Compact heat exchan gers
Mc Graw Hil l book company, London 1984.
16. Jan F. Kreider, Ari Rabl
Heati ng and Coo li ng of Building.
Design for efficiency
Mc Graw Hil l I n t e r n a t i onal editions, Singapore 1994.
17. A.F. Mills
Basic heat ancI mass trnnsfrr
IRWIN, Chicago 1995.
18. Roy J. Dossat
Principles of Refrigeration
Toppan company, Ltd Tokyo 2002.
19. Carrier air conditioning company.
Handbook of air conditi oning system design
M" i"-raw Hill Ro k company, New York 1965.
20. Shan K. Wang
Handbook of ~:. c-nditioning and refried'
eri.t'.nn

Mc Graw Hil!, Ir c New York 2002.

 441

21. ASHRAE HANDBOOK

Published by the An~erican society ofheating, r'efr'igerating
and air conditi oning engineer s, Inc Atla nta 1 993.
22. Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles.
Therneodynarnics an Engineering approach
Mc Graw-Hill, Inc - New York 2003.
23. Du'ong The'Danh, Bao Vin Thuyen
Truyen nhiet hoc
Cao ding gizmo
duc xuat ban xa, Trung Quo'c, Bkc Kinh 2000.
24. Ha Thuy Linh
Bai tap chon ve Nhietdong lu'
c hoc ky thuat
Nha xui't ban Bai hoc Giao thong Tay An, Trung Qu6c 2GGG.
25. Hoang Binh Tin.
Truyen nhiet va ti nh t o an th ie't bi trao do'i nhiet
Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat Tp.HCM 2001.
26. ]iohng Binh Tin, Tran Quang Nha, Bui Hki, Nguyen Houri Vkn.
Bai tap Nhiet ky thudt
Nha xua't ban Bai hoc va THCN, Ha Noj 1971.
27. Train Thanh Ky
Afay lanh
Nhh xuat ban Gizmoduc, 1994.
28. Vuong Bo Tuyen
)t'ai tap Truydn nhiet
Cao ding gizmo
d uc xua't ban xa BAc Kinh 1965.
29. Doi Oa Sinh
Truyen nhiet hoc
Cao ding gizmo
duc xuAt ban xa, Trung Quoc 1999.
B AI TAP NHIET BONG HOC KY THUA T
VA TRUYEN NHIET
Hoang Binh Tin, Bui Hai

NHA XUAT BAN

BAI HOC QUOC GIA TP HO CHI MINH
KP 6, P. Linh Trung, Q. Thu BCfc, TPHCM
So 3 Cong trttong Quoc te, Q.3, TPHCM
BT: 38239172, 38239170
Fax: 38239172; Email: vnuhp@vnuhcm.edu.vn
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