Wastewater Treatment

Infrastructure
SEWER DESIGN
Lesson Outcomes

 Able to discuss the design criteria of sewer pipe

 Able to design sewer pipe
Sewer Design - General Requirements

 Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guide.

Volume III Sewer Networks and
Pump Stations.
 Malaysian Standard MS 1228:1991
Code of Practice for Design and
Installation of Sewerage System
Flow Classification

 Dry Weather Flow, DWF aka sanitary flow aka Average Flow, Qave
 Flow of wastewater origins from domestic, commercial and industrial
only
 Total flow = Qave = qPE
 Where q is consumption of water per capita
 PE = Population Equivalent

 Wet Weather Flow, WWF aka Qpeak

 Flow of wastewater in DFW + inflow & infiltration flow
 Total flow = Qpeak = Peak Factor * Qave
-0.11
 Where Peak factor = 4.7 (PE/1000)
Flow Rate Estimations

Considerations when selecting the diameter and gradient

of a sewer are:
 To cater for peak flow
 To ensure that there will be a sufficient velocity during
each day to sufficiently cleanse the sewer of slime and
sediment
 To limit the velocity to avoid scouring of sewers
 An assumed consumption of water per capita, q is 225
liters
 Flow in ¾ or ½ depth in sewer pipe
Flow Rate
Estimations
 Flow in ¾ or ½ diameter of sewer
pipe i.e.
▪ Depth = ¾ of diameter of sewer
▪ Depth = ½ of diameter of sewer

Nevertheless any ratio less than 1 is

used for design
SEWER DESIGN
REQUIREMENT:
Gravity Sewer
Velocity at full,
Velocity
Design :
Manning
Equation
Typical
Manning
Coefficient
Hydraulic Element Chart

v=
velocity of
flow at
depth “d”
q=
Flowrate of
flow at
depth “d”
Structural Design of Sewers

The structural design of a buried sewer can be divided into the

following two categories:

a) Rigid pipe
b) Flexible pipe
Rigid Pipes

Pipes which are classified

as rigid are: VCP (Vetrified Clay Pipe)
 Vitrified clay pipe
 Reinforced concrete
pipe

RCP (Reinforce Concrete Pipe)

Flexible
pipe Socket
Spigot

 Ductile Iron Pipe (DI)

Spigot and Socket Ductile Iron Pipe (DI) Spigot and Ductile Iron Pipe (DI) Flange
Type Socket Type Type

 Ductile Iron Pipe (DI)

Flange Type
 HDPE Pipe
 Corrugated HDPE Pipe

Corrugated HDPE Pipe HDPE Pipe

Manhole

 Manholes should be
incorporated in the
sewer design for
maintaining, cleaning
and inspection
purpose
 Manholes shall be
constructed with pre-
cast concrete sections
surrounded by an in-
situ concrete surround
Manhole location

Manhole shall be provided for the following locations:

1. The starting - end of all gravity sewers
2. Every change in direction or alignment for sewers less than 600 mm
in diameter
3. Every change in gradient
4. Every junction of two or more sewers
5. Every change in size of sewer
6. The spacing between manholes < 100 m for sewers less than 1.0 m
in diameter.
7. For sewers with diameter > 1.0 meter, the spacing between
manholes shall not be more than 150 m.
Examples

A project development consisting of

530 units of houses, a 40 bed hospital,
a 5 service bay petrol station and a
day school capacity of 800 students.

1. Calculate the PE (population

Equivalent) for the above project.

2. Calculate the peak flow.

Solution

▪ 530 unit houses x 5 PE per unit = 2,650

▪ 40 bed hospital x 4 PE per bed = 160
▪ 5 service bay x 15 PE per bay = 75
▪ 800 student x 0.2 PE per student = 160
Total = 3,045 PE

▪ Qave = qPE = 225 lcd * 3045 = 685125 l/day

▪ Qpeak = Peak factor * Qave
-0.11
= 4.7 (PE/1000) x 685125 l/day
-0.11
= 4.7 (3045/1000) x 685125 l/day
= ???? m3/day
Example 2

A sewer having diameter of 0.5 m with a gradient of 0.0017 carry

sewage at 60% full. Determine the velocity and flowrate in the sewer.
Assume manning coefficient n as 0.015.
Solution

 The depth of flow is 60% of Diameter, thus its d = 60% * 0.5 = 0.3 m
𝑑 0.3𝑚
Ratio of = = 0.6
𝐷 0.5𝑚

 Refer to hydraulic element chart, when d/D = 0.6 thus

q/Qfull = 0.67
v/Vfull = 1.07
Hydraulic Element Chart
Solution

 Apply Manning Equation

1 2 1
V= 𝑅3 𝑠 2 (note: velocity at full)
𝑛
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
Hydraulic Radius, R =
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜋2 𝐷
Area of flow = =0.196 m2
4
Wetted perimeter = 𝜋𝐷 = 1.571 m
0.196
Hydraulic Radius, R = = 0.125 m
1.571
Solution
2 1
1
 Vfull = 𝑅3 𝑠 2
0.015
2 1
1
 Vfull = (0.125)3 (0.0017)2
0.015
 Vfull = 0.687 m/s

 Know that v/Vfull = 1.07 (from graph)

Thus v = 1.07 x 0.687 = 0.735 m/s

 Since Qfull = Vfull x Area

𝜋(0.5)2
Qfull = 0.687 x = 0.135 m3/s
4
Solution

 Know that q/Qfull = 0.67 (from graph)

Thus q = 0.67 x 0.135 = 0.09 m3/s
Excercise

 Design a cast iron sewer (n=0.013) flowing at 70% full from an area
which consist of 12500 houses and 200 units shop lot each with an
area of 900 m2. The sewer line fall at 1 m per 600 m.

Answer :
Qpeak = 0.5226 m3/s
D = 0.85 m
Vmax = 1.236 m/s