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THU 300 Sayre
THU 300 Sayre
2015 AHA Guidelines for CPR and
ECC: Time for a Change
Michael Sayre, MD
University of Washington
Emergency Medicine
Disclosures
• Medtronic Foundation: Research Grant
• Physio‐Control: EMS Fellowship Program Support
AHA CPR & ECC Guidelines
Development Process in Past
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Goals
• Reduce inventory of science with much more
frequent “focused updates.”
• Adopt an internationally recognized,
transparent system for evaluating scientific
evidence.
• Encourage broad participation in the process
– Enhance quality of scientific reviews
– Speed development of revised guidelines
Grading of Recommendations
Assessment, Development, and
Evaluation (GRADE)
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GRADE
• Offers a transparent and structured process for
developing and presenting summaries of evidence,
including its quality, for systematic reviews and
recommendations in health care.
• Provides guideline developers with a comprehensive
and transparent framework for carrying out the steps
involved in developing recommendations.
• Use is appropriate and helpful irrespective of the
quality of the evidence: whether high or very low.
• Does not eliminate the inevitable need for judgments.
www.guidelinedevelopment.org
GRADE Uptake
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www.ILCOR.org/SEERS
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1/23/2015
Let’s Dive in…
DRAFTS
The information
provided is currently
in DRAFT format and
is NOT a FINAL
version.
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1/23/2015
Vasopressors for cardiac arrest
(1. Epi v Placebo)
The information provided is currently in DRAFT format and is NOT a
FINAL version
Consensus on Science:
For all four long term (critical) and short term (important) outcomes,
we found one underpowered trial that provided low quality evidence
comparing SDE to placebo (Jacobs, 2001, 1138). Among 534 subjects,
there was uncertain benefit or harm of SDE over placebo for the
critical outcomes of survival to discharge [RR 2.12, 95% CI 0.75‐6.02,
p=0.16] and good neurological outcome defined as CPC of 1‐2 [RR
1.73, 95% CI 0.59‐5.11, p=0.32]. However, patients who received SDE
had higher rates of the two important outcomes of survival to
admission [RR 1.95, 95% CI, 1.34‐2.84, p=0.0004] and ROSC in the
prehospital setting [RR 2.80, 95% CI 1.78‐4.41, p<0.00001] compared
to those who received placebo.
Vasopressors for cardiac arrest
(1. Epi v Placebo)
The information provided is currently in DRAFT format and is
NOT a FINAL version
Treatment Recommendation
Given the observed benefit in short term outcomes, we
suggest Standard Dose Epinephrine be administered to
patients in cardiac arrest (weak recommendation, low
quality).
Values and Preferences Statement:
In making this statement, we place value on the short‐term
outcomes of ROSC and survival to admission, and our
uncertainty about the absolute effect on survival and
neurological outcome.
Public Comments
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Dispatcher Instruction in CPR
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of survival, we have identified
very low to moderate quality evidence from three RCTs
(one reporting outcomes at one day, 30 days, and hospital
discharge [Svensson 2010, 434]; one to hospital
admission and hospital discharge [Hallstrom 2000, 190];
and one to hospital discharge only [Rea 2010, 423]). Hüpfl
[2010, 1552] meta‐analysed the three RCTs (moderate
quality) and found an absolute survival benefit of 2.4%
(95%CI 0.1%‐4.9%) in favour of continuous chest
compressions over traditional CPR [NNT 41; (95%CI 20‐
1,250); RR 1.22 (95%CI 1.01‐1.46)].
Dispatcher Instruction in CPR
Treatment Recommendation
We recommend that dispatchers should
provide CPR instructions to callers in order to
improve survival from OHCA. (serious
indirectness, strong recommendation,
moderate quality of evidence). We recommend
that dispatchers should provide CPR instructions
to callers in order to improve bystander CPR
rates (some indirectness, strong
recommendation, low to very low quality of
evidence).
CPR Prior to Defibrillation
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of survival to hospital discharge with
favorable neurological outcome (define as CPC score of ≤ 2, MRS score
≤ 3), we identified low grade evidence (downgraded for inconsistency
and imprecision) from 4 RCTs (OR 0.95, 95% CI [0.786 to 1.15]). For the
critical outcome of survival to one year with good neurological
function (CPC ≤ 2), we identified low grade evidence (downgraded for
bias and imprecision) from a single trial (OR 1.18, 95% CI [0.522 to
2.667]). For the critical outcome of survival to hospital discharge, we
identified low grade evidence (downgraded for bias and imprecision)
from 4 RCTs (OR 1.095, 95% CI [0.695 to 1.725]). For the critical
outcome of survival to one year we identified low grade evidence
(downgraded for bias and imprecision) from 2 RCTs (OR 1.15, 95% CI
[0.625 to 2.115]). With respect to ROSC, we identified low grade
evidence (downgraded for bias and imprecision) from 4 RCTs (OR
1.193, 95% CI [0.871 to 1.634]).
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CPR Prior to Defibrillation
Treatment Recommendation
We suggest an initial period
of CPR for 30‐60 seconds
while the defibrillator is
being applied (weak
recommendation based on
low quality evidence).
Impedance Threshold Device +
Standard CPR (I) vs Standard CPR (C):
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of neurologically intact survival at
hospital discharge (assessed with Modified Rankin ≤ 3), there
was one RCT (Aufderheide 2011, 798) of high quality in 8718
out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests that was unable to
demonstrate a clinically significant benefit from the addition
of the ITD to standard CPR: RR 0.97 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.15).
For the critical outcome of survival to hospital discharge,
there was one RCT (Aufderheide 2011, 798) of high quality in
8718 out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests that was unable to
demonstrate a clinically significant benefit from the addition
of the ITD to standard CPR: RR 1 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.15).
Impedance Threshold Device + Active Compression
Decompression CPR (I) vs Standard CPR (C):
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of neurologically intact survival at 12 months
(assessed with CPC ≤ 2), there was one RCT (Frascone 2013, 1214) of very low
quality (downgraded for risk of bias and suspected publication bias) in 2738
out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests that was unable to demonstrate a clinically
significant benefit from the addition of the ITD to ACD CPR (when compared
with standard CPR): RR 1.34 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.85).
For the critical outcome of neurologically intact survival at hospital
discharge (assessed with CPC ≤ 2), there was one RCT (Frascone 2013, 1214,
which incorporated data published in Aufderheide 2011, 301) of very low
quality (downgraded for risk of bias, inconsistency, and suspected publication
bias) in 2738 out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests that was unable to demonstrate
a clinically significant benefit from the addition of the ITD to ACD CPR (when
compared with standard CPR): RR 1.28 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.69).
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Treatment Recommendation (DRAFT)
Impedance Threshold Device + Standard CPR (I) vs Standard CPR (C):
We recommend against routine use of ITD in addition to standard CPR (strong recommendation,
high quality of evidence). Values and preferences statement: In making this recommendation we
place a higher value on not allocating resources to an ineffective intervention over any yet to be
proven benefit for critical or important outcomes.
Impedance Threshold Device + Active Compression Decompression CPR (I) vs Active
Compression Decompression CPR (C):
We suggest against the routine use of ITD in addition to Active Compression‐Decompression CPR
(weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence). Values and preferences statement: In
making this recommendation we place a higher value on not allocating resources to an ineffective
intervention over any yet to be proven benefit for critical or important outcomes.
Impedance Threshold Device + Active Compression Decompression CPR (I) vs Standard CPR (C):
We suggest against the routine use of ITD with Active Compression‐Decompression CPR as an
alternative to standard CPR (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence). Values and
preferences statement: In making this recommendation we place a higher value on not allocating
resources to an intervention with equivocal benefit for critical or important outcomes.
Analysis of Rhythm during Chest
Compression
Consensus on Science
There are currently no human studies that address
the identified critical outcomes criteria of
neurologically intact survival, survival or ROSC or
the important outcomes criteria of CPR quality,
time to commencing CPR or time to first shock.
Treatment Recommendation
We suggest against the use of artifact‐filtering
algorithms for analysis of ECG rhythm during CPR
unless as part of a research programme.
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Peds Compression Depth
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcomes of “survival with good
neurological outcome” and “survival to hospital
discharge” we have identified very low quality
evidence (downgraded for indirectness and
imprecision) from one observational study, (Sutton
2014 1179) enrolling 89 cardiac arrest events,
showing those who received chest compression of
> 51 mm trended to better survival but did not
reach significance.
Peds Compression Depth
Treatment Recommendation
We suggest that in infants, rescuers should be
taught to compress the chest by at least one
third the anterior‐posterior dimension or
approximately 1½ inches (4 cm). In children,
rescuers should be taught to compress the chest
by at least one third the anterior‐posterior
dimension or approximately 2 inches (5 cm).
Mechanical Chest Compression
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of survival to hospital discharge with good
neurologic outcome (defined as CPC 1‐2 or mRS 0‐3), we have
identified moderate quality evidence from 3 RCTs enrolling 7582 OHCA
patients showing variable results (Hallstrom 2006 2620, Wik 2014 741,
Rubertsson 2013 53). One study (Hallstrom 2006 2620) (n=767)
demonstrated harm with the use of a load‐distributing band
mechanical chest compression device compared to manual chest
compressions (7.5% of patients in the control group versus 3.1% in the
intervention group, p=0.006). Two other RCTs (Wik 2014 741,
Rubertsson 2013 53) (n=6820), one using a load‐distributing band and
the other a LUCAS (Lund University Cardiac Arrest System), did not
demonstrate benefit or harm when compared with manual chest
compressions.
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Mechanical Chest Compression
Treatment Recommendation
We suggest mechanical chest compression devices should not be considered
the standard of care for cardiac arrest patients, but can be considered a
reasonable alternative to high quality manual chest compressions in some
settings (weak recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).
Values and preferences statement: In making this recommendation we place
value on data from a large, high‐quality RCT demonstrating equivalence
between high quality manual chest compressions and manual chest
compressions (Wik). Local considerations such as relative costs and resource
availability for maintenance of high quality manual chest compressions and
mechanical chest compression device implementation should guide decisions
around which mode of chest compression delivery is most appropriate. Also,
there may be scenarios not directly addressed in the literature reviewed to
support this treatment recommendation such as CPR in a moving ambulance,
in the angiography suite or during preparation for ECLS, where mechanical
chest compressions are more practical.
Advanced airway placement
(ETT vs SGA)
Consensus on Science
Supraglottic airways (SGAs: Combitube, LMA, laryngeal tube) versus
tracheal intubation
For the critical outcome of favourable neurological survival, we have
identified low quality evidence from one observational study of 5377
OHCAs showing no difference between tracheal intubation and
insertion of a SGA (adjusted OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.39 – 1.30) [Kajino 2011
R236], from one observational study of 281,522 OHCAs showing
higher rates of favourable neurological outcome between insertion of
a SGA and tracheal intubation (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.0 – 1.2) [Hasegawa
2013 257] and from two studies showing higher rates of favourable
neurological outcome between tracheal intubation and insertion of a
SGA (8701 OHCAs adjusted OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.10 – 1.88 [McMullan
2014 617]) and (10,455 OHCAs adjusted OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.04 – 1.89
[Wang 2012 1061]).
Advanced airway placement
(ETT vs SGA)
Treatment
Recommendation
We suggest using either
a supraglottic airway or
tracheal tube as the
initial advanced airway
management during
CPR (weak
recommendation, very
low quality evidence)
for out of hospital
cardiac arrest.
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Ventilation rate during continuous
chest compression
Consensus on Science
We did not identify any evidence to address the critical outcomes of
Survival with favorable neurological/functional outcome at discharge,
30 days, 60 days, 180 days and, or 1 year Survival at discharge, 30 days,
60 days, 180 days AND/OR 1 year.
We identified very low quality evidence (downgraded for very serious
risk of bias and indirectness, and serious inconsistency and
imprecision) from 10 animal studies [Sanders 2002 553, Aufderheide
2004 s345, Aufderheide 2004 1960, Yannopoulos 2004 75,
Yannopoulos 2006 1444, Hayes 2007 357, Cavus 2008 118, Hwang
2008 183, Gazmuri 2012 259, Kill 2014 e89] and 1 human non‐RCT
[Abella 2005 305] that does not enable us to estimate the effect of a
ventilation rate of 10 per minute compared to any other rate for the
important outcome of ROSC with confidence.
Ventilation rate during continuous
chest compression
Treatment
Recommendation
We suggest a ventilation
rate of 10 breaths per
minute in adults with
cardiac arrest with a secure
airway receiving continuous
chest compressions (weak
recommendation, very low
quality evidence).
Induced Hypothermia
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of “survival with good neurological outcome,” we
have identified moderate quality evidence from one randomized control trial
(RCT) [1] and one pseudorandomized trial [2] enrolling 275 and 77 patients,
demonstrating a benefit in patients with out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)
with ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) as an
initial rhythm. In these studies, cooling to 32‐34°C compared to no
temperature management was associated with a risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio
(OR) for good neurologic outcome at 6 months and hospital discharge of 1.4
(95% CI 1.08‐1.81) and 2.65 (95% CI 1.02‐6.88), respectively. For the critical
outcome of “survival,” moderate quality evidence in the larger study
demonstrates benefit in patients treated with induced hypothermia (RR for
180‐day mortality 0.74, 95% CI 0.58‐0.95),[1] while the other study found no
significant difference (51% vs 68% hospital mortality, p=0.145).[2]
[1] The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group, Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve
the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med; 346:549‐56; 2002.
[2] Bernard SA et al, Treatment of comatose survivors of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest with induced
hypothermia. N Engl J Med; 346:557‐63; 2002.
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Induced Hypothermia
Consensus on Science
Is there evidence for an ideal temperature (I) when using
targeted temperature management?
For the critical outcomes of “survival” and “survival with
good neurologic outcome,” we found high quality
evidence from one RCT including 939 patients. This study
compared cooling to 33°C compared to tight temperature
control at 36°C in adult patients with OHCA of any initial
rhythm except unwitnessed asystole, and found no benefit
(HR for mortality at end of trial 1.06, 95% CI 0.89‐1.28; RR
for death or poor neurologic outcome at 6 months 1.02,
95% CI 0.88‐1.16).[6]
[6] Nielsen N et al, Targeted temperature management at 33 C vs. 36 C after
cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med; 369: 2197‐206; 2013.
Induced Hypothermia
Treatment Recommendation
We recommend that adults who achieve ROSC after OHCA, with VT
or VF as an initial cardiac arrest rhythm, be treated with targeted
temperature management (strong recommendation, moderate
evidence). Based on the current evidence, neither 32‐34°C nor 36°C
appears to be superior in OHCA patients with ROSC. We therefore
recommend targeted temperature management maintain a core
temperature at either 32‐34 or 36°C, although this may not apply to
certain subpopulations including patients with longer no‐flow times
or more severe neurologic injury. We suggest targeted temperature
management for adults with OHCA and nonshockable initial
rhythms, and IHCA with any initial rhythm.
Values and Preferences Statement: Based on weaker, indirect
evidence extrapolated from studies in VT or VF OHCA, and in the
absence of other effective therapies, we believe that targeted
temperature management may benefit these patients as well.
Induced Hypothermia (timing)
Consensus on Science
Pre‐hospital induction of therapeutic hypothermia (I) vs induction of therapeutic hypothermia after arrival
to the hospital (C):
For the critical outcome of “survival with good neurological outcome,” we have identified moderate
quality evidence from five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling a total of 1,867 patients with out of
hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), demonstrating no benefit. In these studies, initiation of induced
hypothermia in the pre‐hospital environment compared to after hospital arrival was associated with a risk
ratio (RR) of 0.96 (95% CI 0.85, 1.09). In order to assess the risk of potential harm related to initiation of
induced hypothermia in the pre‐hospital setting, we identified moderate quality evidence from five RCTs
which reported the incidence of the important outcome “pulmonary edema.” In these studies, the
initiation of pre‐hospital hypothermia was associated with a RR 1.29 (95% 1.12, 1.49) for the complication
of pulmonary edema. For the critical outcome of “re‐arrest,” we identified moderate quality evidence
from four RCTs which demonstrated an increased risk for re‐arrest among patients who received pre‐
hospital induced hypothermia (RR 1.23 [1.02 to 1.48].
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Induced Hypothermia (timing)
Treatment Recommendation
We recommend against pre‐hospital
induction of hypothermia for OHCA
(strong recommendation, moderate
quality of evidence) with cold saline
given the current evidence does not
demonstrate survival benefit or
favorable neurologic outcome and one
large study utilizing cold intravenous
fluid suggests possible increased risk of
harm related to pre‐hospital initiation of
induced hypothermia. We suggest
against pre‐hospital cooling in general
given the lack of evidence of efficacy in
the face of the need for additional
resource allocation.
First Aid Use of Tourniquet
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of “mortality”, low quality evidence
from two human studies with a comparison group (evidence
downgraded for risk of bias) enrolling 355 patients showing no
difference where 4% (3/71) of patients who had a tourniquet
applied died compared to 4% (10/284) of patients who did
not have a tourniquet applied (RR 1.2 (0.34 – 4.25)) (Beekley
2008, s28; Passos 2014, 573) and very low quality evidence six
human case series studies (evidence downgraded for risk of
bias) enrolling 808 patients, where 10% (82/808) of those
patients who had tourniquet applied died (Brodie 2007, 74;
King 2012, 33; Kragh 2011, 590; Kragh 2012, 1362; Lakstein
2002, s221; Tien 2008, 174).
Use of Tourniquet
Treatment Recommendation
We suggest a tourniquet be used when standard
first aid hemorrhage control cannot control
bleeding by first aid providers (weak
recommendation, low quality of evidence).
Values and preferences statement: In making this
recommendation, we place increased value on the
benefits of hemostasis, which outweigh the risks.
The cost of the intervention is moderate.
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PCI after ROSC without ST‐elevation
Consensus on Science:
For the important outcome of “survival to hospital
discharge” we have identified very low quality
evidence (downgraded for risk of bias) from 2
observational studies enrolling 513 patients
showing benefit (OR 0.51 95% CI 0.35 – 0.73).
For the important outcome of “neurologically intact
survival” we have identified very low quality
evidence (downgraded for risk of bias) from 2
observational studies enrolling 513 patients
showing benefit (OR 0.51 95% CI 0.35 – 0.74).
PCI after ROSC without ST‐elevation
Treatment Recommendation
We suggest emergent cath
lab evaluation in comparison
to cardiac catheterization
later in the hospital stay or no
catheterization for adult
patients who are
experiencing ROSC after
cardiac arrest without
evidence of ST‐elevation on
ECG (weak recommendation,
very low quality of
evidence).
Real‐Time Feedback for CPR Quality
Consensus on Science
For the critical outcome of “survival to hospital discharge”
we identified moderate quality evidence from one cluster
randomised [Hostler 2011 p342] representing 1586 patients
and very low evidence from four observational studies in
adults [Abella 2007 p54; Bobrow 2013 p47; Kramer‐Johansen
2006 p283; Sainio 2013 p50] and one observational study in
children [Sutton 2014 p70] representing 1192 patients. All
studies were downgraded due to risk of bias. The randomised
trial found no difference in the number of patients who
achieved survival to hospital discharge (control 44.7% vs
44.3%, p=0.962). No studies showed a statistically significant
difference in survival to hospital discharge with the use of
CPR feedback. Effect of CPR feedback on survival to hospital
discharge ranged from ‐0.9 to +5.2.
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Real‐Time Feedback for CPR Quality
Treatment Recommendation
Within the focused scope of this question, we suggest against
routine implementation of CPR feedback devices in systems
in which they are currently not used (weak recommendation,
very low quality of evidence). In systems currently using CPR
feedback devices we suggest the devices may continue to be
used that there is no evidence suggesting significant harm
(weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence).
Values and preferences statement: In making this
recommendation, we place a higher value on resource
allocation and cost effectiveness than widespread
implementation of a technology with uncertain effectiveness.
Be Heard!
Visit www.ILCOR.org/SEERS to contribute!
Questions: sayrem@uw.edu
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