Medium through which messages

M I N D M A P bridge, always takes place over two or

more channels simultaneously

SIGNAL TO RECEIVER
There are gatekeepers, that allow some

May be auditory
messages to get from sender to receiver

communication that
impacts and defines Obstruction – one or more channels is
(hearing), visual

physiologically damaged (seeing), tactile

distorts THE message
the relationship.
takes place between
(touching), olfactory
Physical Noise

people who are in a (smelling) and gustatory

Physiological Noise
Channel (tasting)
some way “connected”, Psychological noise Messages

and interdependent Semantic noise

NATURE
–
NOISE
ELEMENTS Encoding: Refers to
Encoding

the act of producing

Decoding
messages: e.g.

verbal and nonverbal

CONTEXT
Source – Speaking or writing

Decoding: Reverse
interaction between two Receiver

(or sometimes more than

CHAPTER 1: Physical Dimension
and refers to the act

of understanding the
Temporal Dimension

message
two) interdependent Socio-Psychological

FOUNDATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL

Dimension
people.
Involves at least two
Cultural Dimension

persons

COMMUNICATION
Source: Formulates and

send message

RECEIVER

Role vs. personal

information TO LEARN

CHARACTERISTIC

DISTINGUISH
Societal vs.

AXIOMS/
IMPERSONAL TO RELATE
personal rules

PRINCIPLES
& PERSONAL

TO HELP

Predictive vs. TO INFLUENCE

Social vs.
explanatory data TO PLAY

personal messages NAMA: NOR ALIYA AUNIE BINTI MOHD NOOR

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ENCULTURATION
Culture consist of values,
beliefs, artifacts, and language;
ways of behaving and ways of
thinking; arts, laws, religion,
styles, attitudes.
The Relevance of Culture
1. Demographic Changes
2. Sensitivity to Cultural Differences
3. Economic and Political Interdependence
4. Spread of Technology
5. Culture specific Nature of Interpersonal
communication
It is necessary to understand culture as it influences if
you’re to understand how communication works and
master its skills.
It influences what you say to yourself and how you talk
with friends, lovers, and family.
It influences how you interact in a group.
It influences the topics you talk about and the strategies
you use in communicating information or persuading.
Success in interpersonal communication at your job and in
your social and personal life will depend on your
understanding & your ability to communicate effectively
with person who are culturally different.
HIGH AND LOW CONTEXT CULTURES
INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST
1. High context cultures
ORIENTATIONS
Much of the information in communication is in the context or in the person
ETHNIC IDENTITY 1. Individualist
for e.g., information that was shared through previous communication and
Members are responsible for
shared experience.
themselves and perhaps their
cultures spend lots of time getting to know one another interpersonally and
immediate family.
ACCULTURATION socially
2. Collectivist
2. Low context cultures
Members are responsible for the
Most of the information is explicitly stated in the verbal messages.
entire group.
Individualist culture as it place less emphasis on personal information and
more emphasis on verbalized, explicit explanation and on written contract in
CULTURE business transactions.
POWER DISTANCES
1. High Power Distance
Rely more on symbols of power.
2. Low Power Distance
Less on symbols of power, and less of a
problem is crated if you fail to use a
CHAPTER 2 respectful title.
CULTURAL HOW CULTURES
MASCULINE AND FEMININE CULTURES
BELIEFS AND CULTURE AND INTERPERSONAL
DIFFERS 1. Masculine Cultures
VALUES COMMUNICATION
Men are viewed as assertive, oriented to
material success and strong.
More likely to confront conflicts directly and
to competitively fight out any differences.
2. Feminine Cultures
Women are viewed as modest, focused on
THE AIM OF A the quality of life and tender.
Emphasize compromise and negotiation in
CULTURAL resolving conflicts.
INDULGENCE AND RESTRAINT LONG AND SHORT TERM
PERSPECTIVE 1. Indulgence ORIENTATION
HIGH AMBIGUITY TOLERANT AND LOW AMBIGUITY
focus on having fun and enjoying life. 1. Short term orientation
TOLERANT CULTURES
2. Restraint These cultures look more to the past and
1. High Ambiguity Tolerant Cultures
Members are more cynical, pessimistic and the present and members of this culture
People in these cultures readily tolerate
are less likely to remember positive spend their resources for the present and
individuals who don’t follow the same rules as
emotions. want quick results from their effort.
the cultural majority and may even encourage
2. Long term orientation
different approaches and perspectives.
Organization in short term orientation
NAMA: NOR ALIYA AUNIE BINTI MOHD NOOR 2. Low Ambiguity Tolerant Cultures
look to more immediate rewards.
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They see uncertainty as threatening and as
something that must be counteracted.
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NOR ALIYA AUNIE BINTI MOHD NOOR
2021105053
BA1182A Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Implicit Personality Theory Impression formation (person perception)
Perceptual accentuation consists of a variety of processes that you go INTERPERSONAL
Primacy-recency through in forming an impression of another PERCEPTION STAGES
Consistency person
Attribution of control STAGE ONE: STIMULATION
Selective exposure: You expose yourself to
people or messages that will confirm your
existing beliefs, contribute to your
IMPRESSION
FORMATION
objectives, or prove satisfying in some way
PROCESS
STAGE TWO: ORGANIZATION
1. Organization by Rules
Another rule is similarity things that are
SELF CONCEPT physically similar (they look a like) are
Other's image perceived as belonging together and forming
Social Comprisons a unit
SELF ESTEEM 2. Organization by Schemata
Attack Self-Destructive Beliefs
Cultural teaching
Self-Evaluation CHAPTER 3 Is a mental template that help you organize
the millions of items of information you come
Seek Out Nourishing People
PERCEPTION AND THE into contact with every day
Work on Projects That Will result in 3. Organization by Scripts
Success An organized body of information about some
Remind Yourself of Your Success
Secure Affirmation
SELF IN INTERPERSONAL action, event, or procedure
THE SELF STAGE THREE: INTERPRETATION-EVALUATION
COMMUNICATION Greatly influenced by your experiences,
needs, wants, values, etc.
Will be influenced by your rules, schemata,
scripts and even gender.
SELF AWARENESS STAGE FOUR: MEMORY
The Open Self All the perceptions and interpretation-
GROWING
Ask yourself about yourself
The Blind Self evaluation are put into memory
The Hidden Self PERCEPTION
Listen to others
Actively seek information
The Unknown Self STAGE FIVE: RECALL
about yourself Involves accessing the information you have
See your different selves
Is the process by which you become aware of
objects, events and especially people through
stored in memory
Increase your open self your sense sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing

STAGE ONE: Receiving
Begins with hearing, the
process of receiving the
messages the speaker sends.
STAGE TWO: Understanding
Is the stage at which you learn
what the speaker means
STAGE THREE: Remembering
What you remember is not
what was said but what you
remember said.
THE PROCESS OF LISTENING
STAGE FOUR: Evaluating
Consists of judging the message
in some away.
STAGE FIVE: Responding
Responses you make while the
is talking ( back-channeling
cues)
Responses you make after the
speaker has stopped talking
(expressing empathy)
EMPHATIC AND OBJECTIVE LISTENING
Emphatic listening is understanding
TO RELATE TO INFLUENCE TO PLAY what a person means and what a
person us felling, you need to listen.
(POV).
Objective listening is go beyond
empathy and measure meanings and
feelings against some objective
TO LEARN TO HELP reality.
NONJUDGMENTAL AND CRITICAL
LISTENING
THE PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF LISTENING Nonjudgmental listening is listen with
an open mind with a view toward
understanding.
Critical listening is listen critically
with a view toward making some kind
of evaluation or judgment.
CHAPTER4:
LISTENING IN INTERPERSONAL
STYLE OF LISTENING
COMMUNICATION
SURFACE AND DEPTH LISTENING
Listening is the absorption of the meanings of Surface listening is a literal reading
words and sentences by the brain.
Listening leads to the understanding of facts and of the words and sentences.
ideas. Depth listening is listening dimension
It requires concentration.
involves the extent to which you
focus to the ideas or infromation.
ACTIVE AND INACTIVE LISTENING
PET ( Parent Effectinveness Training)
technique; it is a process of sending back
NAMA: NOR ALIYA AUNIE BINTI MOHD NOOR to the speaker what you as a listener
think the speaker meant-both in content
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and in feelings.
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