AIRPORT OPERATIONS

SUBMITTED BY:
ALI ASAD (9881)

FAIZAN RAZA (9654)

AYAN JUNAID BUTT (9816)

MUNAZZA MALIK (63170)

SUFYAN MALIK (10669)

SUBMITTED TO:
MAAM SHAZA HASHAR

TABLE OF CONTENT

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................3

 BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM..............................................................4

 BAGGAGE RECEIVED AT THE AIRPORT AIRLINE COUNTER..........5

 WEIGHT LIMITS...........................................................................................6

 CARRING THINGS IN THE CABIN............................................................7

 BAGGAGE TARACKING AND TRACKING.............................................9

 HANDLING OF BAGGAGE TO AIRCRAFT............................................11

 PROCEDURE OF BAGGAGE DURING SECURITY CHECK.................12

 TRANSFERING OF BAGGAGE’S FROM AIRCRAFT TO ANOTHER. 12

 HANDLING OF LOST AND FOUND LUGGAGE....................................13

 IATA RULES REGARDING BAGGAGE MANAGEMENT.....................14

 Carry-on Baggage.........................................................................................14

 Checked Baggage..........................................................................................16

 THE PROCESS OF BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM...........................18

 CONCLUSION:............................................................................................20

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The report is submitting today is a result of collective effort. There are innumerous helping
hands behind who have guided us on our way. Writing this report appeared to be a great
experience to us. It added a lot to our knowledge. This report is one memorable experience in
student life.

Through words are inadequate in offering thanks to our teacher but we owe our profound
gratitude to Ma’am SHAZA HASHAR for stimulating our creative abilities by assigning this
project to us and her able guidance and useful suggestions.

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 BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM
A baggage handling system (BHS) is a type of conveyor system installed in airports that

transports checked luggage from ticket counters to areas where the bags can be loaded

onto airplanes.

A bag is entered into the baggage handling system when an airline agent, or self-check system,

assign the luggage a tag with a unique ten digit barcode. Airlines are also incorporating RFID

chips into the tags to track bags in real time and to reduce the number of mishandled bags. The

BHS will then scan and sort the bags by airline. Then a series of diverters along the conveyor

belt will direct the bags into the baggage handling area.

Although the primary function of a BHS is the transportation of bags, a typical BHS will serve

other functions involved in making sure that a bag gets to the correct location in the airport. In

addition to sortation, a BHS may also perform the following functions:

 Detection of bag jams.

 Volume regulation (to ensure that input points are controlled to avoid overloading

system).

 Load balancing (to evenly distribute bag volume between conveyor sub-systems).

 Bag counting.

 Bag tracking.

 Automatic Tag Reader (ATR) (Reads the tags on the luggage provided by the airlines.

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 BAGGAGE RECEIVED AT THE AIRPORT AIRLINE COUNTER
Airport counter check-in is the process in which the passenger, upon arrival at the airport, hands

over any baggage that they don’t want or are not allowed to carry inside the aircraft's cabin. Then

they are given a boarding pass before they proceed to board the aircraft. If possible, we

recommend using online check-in. it is much more convenient, and you can arrive at the airport

later.

Check-in is usually the first procedure for a passenger when arriving at an airport, as airline

regulation requires passengers to check in by certain times prior to the departure of a flight. This

duration spans from 15 minutes to 2 hours depending on the destination and airline. The required

time is sometimes written in the reservation, sometimes written somewhere in websites, and

sometimes only referred as "passengers should allow sufficient time for check-in”. At the time of

check-in, the passenger hands over baggage which is checked by the airport security and sealed.

Anything that is above the weight limit or which is not allowed to be carried by the passenger

himself to the aircraft cabin is usually handed over to the agent at the time of check-in. 

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Online check-in is the process in which passengers confirm their presence on a flight via the

Internet and typically print their own boarding passes. Depending on the carrier and the specific

flight, passengers may also enter details such as meal options and baggage quantities and select

their preferred seating.

This service is generally promoted by the airlines to passengers as being easier and faster

because it reduces the time a passenger would normally spend at an airport check-in counter. 

WEIGHT LIMITS
On aircraft, there are two types of baggage, which are treated differently: checked

baggage and hand/carry-on luggage. For both types, transportation companies have rules on the

weight and size. For checked baggage, stored in the aircraft hold, usually the weight is the

limiting factor. All checked items are generally weighed by the airline during check-in, and if

they exceed the limit, the passenger is informed by the airline. The International Air Transport

Association (IATA) has released recommendations for limits on checked baggage and carry-on

luggage. Some companies adhere to these recommendations, some adhere partially and some

don't adhere at all to them.

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The recommendations for checked baggage are: advised maximum weight 23 kg (50.71 lbs),

weight limit 32 kg (70.55 lbs), advised maximum size 158 cm (62.2 in) length + width + height,

limit 203 cm (nearly 80 in). The limit of 23 kg is present because of similar limits in health and

safety regulations.

CARRING THINGS IN THE CABIN

 LIQUID MATERIAL:

All liquids must be in containers that are no bigger than 3.4 ounces or 100ml, and all containers

must fit in a clear, one quart sized zip top plastic bag. You are not allowed to use a bigger bags

for your liquids. Containers that are bigger than 3.4 ounces (100ml) are not allowed even if they

aren’t full.

 SHARP MATERIAL:

Since razors are sharp objects, they can cause confusion about whether or not you can pack them

in your carry-on. Straight razors and blades for safety razors are not allowed in carry-on luggage,

but disposable razors and electric razors are permitted and scissors that exceed four inches

(smaller scissors can be carried on).

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  FOOD:

In general, food is allowed in your carry-on. Foods that spread, like peanut butter, are considered

liquid, so you would only be allowed to have 3.4 ounces (100ml) of peanut butter, and the

container must fit in your liquids bag. 

 PERSONAL THINGS:

Always keep all of your identification in your carry-on. Even if you’re flying internationally so

you have your passport with you, don’t pack your driver’s license in your checked bag. Losing

any kind of ID is not fun, and if the airline misplaces your luggage, you might never see it again.

 ELECTRONICS:

Small portable electronic items that are smaller than a standard-size laptop, such as cell phones

and tablet devices are allowed in carrying bag.

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  MEDICATION:

All prescription and over-the-counter medications can be carried on board the aircraft in unspecified
quantities. 

BAGGAGE TARACKING AND TRACKING

Delivering passengers’ bags from A to B may sound simple, but we all know it’s easy for things

to go wrong. Passengers also spend a lot of time worrying that their bags will go astray. It’s no

surprise then that baggage management is a leading investment priority for airlines, airports and

ground handlers. Bag tags, also known as baggage tags, baggage checks or luggage tickets, have

traditionally been used by bus, train, and airline carriers to route checked luggage to its final

destination. The passenger stub is typically handed to the passenger or attached to the ticket

envelope:

 To aid the passenger in identifying their bag among similar bags at the destination.

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  The passenger is not removing someone else's bag from the baggage reclaim.

 The passenger and carrier to identify and trace a specific bag that has gone astray and was

not delivered at the destination. 

As passenger numbers increase, and the number of bags being brought into airport terminals

rises too, airports and their airline partners are faced with the challenge of handling more

passengers and bags within infrastructure that was never designed to cope with such volumes.

As passenger numbers increase, and the number of bags being brought into airport terminals

rises too, airports and their airline partners are faced with the challenge of handling more

passengers and bags within infrastructure that was never designed to cope with such volumes.

According to IATA, by 2036 7.8 billion people are expected to use air transport and while the

association has spoken of the need to address a potential “infrastructure crisis”, the industry is

actively embracing innovation to tackle the challenge. The weight of the luggage is also input to

the computer. Based on a codebook associated with the flight, date, weight, dimensions, type of

aircraft, the number of passengers booked for this flight and the weight and balance constraints,

the computer assigns the luggage to a specific container and a specific location within the

container. A special tag is issued by the computer. The tag denotes the container number and the

position within the container of the luggage. Each tag contains an antenna responding to a very

narrow band of frequencies. The antenna frequency of the tag is also input to the computer. If the

passenger does not board the aircraft, this information is used to remove the passenger's luggage

within a relatively short time.

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The route to end-to-end baggage tracking. Tracking is driving down the mishandling rate.

But bag tracking promises a better future for passengers. Machine Learning analysis of millions

of records. Baggage tracking technology enhances customer satisfaction. Real demand for real-

time services.

HANDLING OF BAGGAGE TO AIRCRAFT

Baggage to in airport baggage is handled from the check-in desk to the Unit Load Device (ULD)

via a Baggage Handling System. In about 15 minutes the baggage is automatically sorted, thanks

to some sensors that scan the bag tag attached to your luggage. In the meanwhile the baggage

undergo X-Ray and potentially other security checks. It finally gets to the dedicated "carousel"

(similar to the one where you retrieve your baggage). Here the operators put it in different ULD.

Transit baggage are usually kept in a different ULD so that they are the first to be unloaded from

the aircraft and can be quickly sorted, and re-directed to the correct connection flight.

 There are three different technologies to transfer baggage, here are some:

 Tilt trays where each baggage has its own tray and the tray is moved around.

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  Convey belts, similar to the one you see in most airports.

 Operators: The baggage are moved by hand by an operator and a dolly.

PROCEDURE OF BAGGAGE DURING SECURITY CHECK

 Show your air ticket to security personnel

 Liquids in hand baggage may only be carried in containers with a maximum capacity of

100ml, which must be kept inside a see-through, resalable 1-liter plastic bag. Place the

plastic bag in one of the baggage trays, to go through the scanner.

 Laptop computers, tablets, cameras or other electronic items must be removed from your

bag and placed in one of the trays.

 You must remove all coats and jackets, and empty your pockets of keys, cell phones,

coins etc. and place everything in one of the trays. Please also remove your belt if you are

wearing one.

 After your baggage and items have gone through the scanner, you will walk through the

metal detector frame. You may also then be subject to a manual inspection by a member

of security staff

TRANSFERING OF BAGGAGE’S FROM AIRCRAFT TO ANOTHER

In case of connecting flights in same airline or between partner airliners which allow baggage

transfer, the baggage is usually checked in for the duration of the journey i.e. from source to

destination. In case the time between interconnecting flight is short, someone (usually airline

agent) picks up the luggage from the aircraft and loads it into the connecting flight. If I

understand correctly, such cases are marked in their tags so as to allow for proper storage in

cargo hold (for easy retrieval).In case there is sufficient time between connecting flights, the

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agent (who has a list of baggage to be transferred) unloads the baggage and loads it into the

airport baggage control system, which then sorts it automatically into the correct aircraft. Having

the bags in ULD (unit load device) operates in the same way. Each bag bar code tag triggers the

opening/closing of a "door" on its way so, after a few branching it arrives into a "sorter" which

sends it into a particular container.

Of course, this assumes that there is no security checks involved in the middle (like in

international flights). In that case, the system is similar, but involves screening.

HANDLING OF LOST AND FOUND LUGGAGE

You may have noticed that airlines wrap a sticker with Barcode in your luggage handle. This

contains all the information regarding your ticket, flight route etc. Sometimes luggage does get

lost due to reasons such as

1. Improper Sticker Position

2. Handler carelessness

3. And a far-fetched possibility is any misdirection in belt system ( they are present in

huge airports handling ultra-high passenger traffic such as Dubai )

In case of missing luggage, luggage is checked through a computerized system that has certain

check points through with the luggage SHOULD have passed.

Thus they identify where the luggage has been misrouted.

Once located, the luggage is sent to the Desired Location through the airline's network ASAP.

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 IATA RULES REGARDING BAGGAGE MANAGEMENT

Airlines set the rules for how many bags you may check in and for possible related

charges. These rules can vary according to frequent flyer status, the product you have purchased

and the route upon which you fly. The following information will help you understand the rules

regarding checked and carry-on baggage and the role IATA plays in this area.

Carry-on Baggage

 WEIGHT AND SIZE

Carry-on baggage allowance can vary according to the airline, the cabin class you are traveling

in and even the size of the aircraft.  As a general guide, carry-on baggage should have maximum

length of 22 in (56 cm), width of 18 in (45 cm) and depth of 10 in (25 cm). These dimensions

include wheels, handles, side pockets, etc.

Some airlines also enforce weight limitations, typically starting at 5kg/11lbs.

To avoid additional charges, please check with your airline before you travel so that you are fully

aware of the carry-on baggage allowance included with your airfare.

If you are using different airlines throughout your journey, you should check their individual

websites for up to date information regarding carry-on baggage allowances.

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  SHARP OBJECTS

All knives, sharp objects or cutting implements of any kind and of any length, whether of metal

or other material, and some sporting goods must be checked in luggage. They cannot be carried

in the cabin baggage or on your person.

 LIQUIDS, AEROSOLS, GELS AND POWDERS

Security regulations limit the amount of liquids aerosols and gels permitted in carry-on baggage. 

The International Civil Aviation Organization, the UN's aviation standard-setting body, has

defined guidelines that more and more governments are adopting. The current restrictions for

liquids, aerosols and gels from ICAO and in effect in most countries are that they must be in

containers 100ml or equivalent, placed in a transparent resalable plastic bag with max capacity 1-

litre.

At screening, these plastic bags should be presented apart from other carry-on items.

Medications, baby milk/foods, special dietary requirements are exempt.

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Some airports also require additional screening of powders in quantities greater than 355ml/12

ounces.

 MEDICAL SUPPLIES

If you require the use of medical syringes in flight, such as for insulin, you need documented

proof of the medical need and ensure that the material is professionally packed and labeled. If it

is not, the medication is likely to be removed at security screening.

 PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Recommend that you keep all your Portable Electronic Devices with you in carry-on baggage. 

Laptops, tablets and mobile phones may need to be presented separately at Security Checkpoints

for additional screening.

Checked Baggage

 WEIGHT, SIZE AND NUMBER

 IATA has guidelines for baggage but the number and weight of baggage allowed free of charge

can vary by airline, frequent flyer status, routing and fare. To avoid additional costs, please

check with your airline before you travel so that you are fully aware of the checked baggage

allowance included with your airfare.

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Each bag should weigh less than 23KG/50LBS. This is an international regulation set for the

health and safety of airport workers who have to lift hundreds of bags daily. If your bag weighs

more than this, you may be asked to repack, or have it labeled as "heavy luggage".

The maximum weight for one bag is 32KG/70LBS in the EU and the US. Some airlines impose

lower limits.

 IDENTIFICATION

Lost baggage is often the consequence of the baggage label having detached from the bag. To

allow identification of your bag in all situations, make sure to have your name, telephone number

and email address appear outside of your bag and a copy of your travel itinerary inside your bag.

When there is no other way to identify your luggage, the airline will have to break it open and

this identification piece will be crucial to returning your belongings.

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  VALUABLES

We recommend that you do not pack valuable items in checked baggage.

THE PROCESS OF BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM

Airline procedures and processes for carrying passengers’ baggage from their points of departure

to their final destinations. Airline baggage handling procedures and regulations help to ensure

that passengers’ baggage will accompany them on their flights and be at their destinations when

they arrive. Airline procedures also ensure that all items accepted as baggage meet safety and

security guidelines and regulations to protect passengers and airline personnel.

The baggage handling process begins when passengers present themselves to check in for their

flights. Much like the passengers themselves, who receive seat assignments and boarding passes,

baggage, is also checked in. At baggage check-in, either computerized or handwritten baggage or

destination tags are attached to each bag and a claim check is given the passenger. The baggage

tag specifies the passenger’s airline, flight, connecting cities (if any), and final destination.

Computerized tags may also display the passenger name, date, time, and reservation information.

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A baggage handling system (BHS) is a type of conveyor system installed in airports that

transports checked luggage from ticket counters to areas where the bags can be loaded

onto airplanes. A BHS also transports checked baggage coming from airplanes to baggage claims

or to an area where the bag can be loaded onto another airplane.

A bag is entered into the baggage handling system when an airline agent, or self-check system,

assign the luggage a tag with a unique ten digit barcode. Airlines are also incorporating RFID

(Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and

track tags attached to objects.) chips into the tags to track bags in real time and to reduce the

number of mishandled bags. The BHS will then scan and sort the bags by airline. Then a series of

diverters along the conveyor belt will direct the bags into the baggage handling area. It I the

automatic service to facilitate the passengers. This technology use at many airports it allows the

passengers to print bag tags and inject it by themselves and all the details are available on the bag

tag related to flights it creates a shorter time frame and provide convenience to the customers

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 CONCLUSION:
 In this project, an Automated Baggage Sorting and Handling system has been designed. The

designed is based on reading the bit tags on the baggage and diverting them to their destination

according to the bit tags on the top of the baggage. A small scale model of the project has also

been constructed and tested under different conditions. The test result was found as expected.

The model shows an efficient way of handling baggage. The designed system can easily be

implemented in any small to medium airport for sorting and handling baggage. This can certainly

saves time and human effort in sorting baggage in the terminal. The human error on misplacing

any baggage can also be eliminated. The management in baggage handling can be increased very

much. The similar kind of system can also be implemented in any packaging industries where a

large number of goods are packed in everyday and distribute to different locations.

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