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Status Report on the Terrestrial Mollusca of Jamaica

Article  in  Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia · March 2006

DOI: 10.1635/i0097-3157-155-1-117.1

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 ISSN 0097-3157

TPERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA

ROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 155: 117-161 117
MAY 2006

Status Report on the Terrestrial Mollusca of Jamaica

GARY ROSENBERG & IGOR V. MURATOV*

Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

Email: rosenberg@acnatsci.org; muratov@acnatsci.org
*Current affiliation: Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Russia

ABSTRACT.—A total of 562 species of snails and slugs are known from Jamaica, of which 505 (90%) are endemic. Both
sympatric and allopatric species diversity are high and the terrestrial mollusk fauna is as diverse as any in the world for the
size of the island. Although less than 15% of the original forest cover remains and deforestation continues, many snail
species survive in the secondary forest that covers more than 25% of the land area. Perhaps as much as 90% of the mollusk
fauna still exists, although some species have suffered great contractions of range. Tree snails of the genus Anoma
(Urocoptidae) are the most critically endangered and some are probably already extinct. Many Jamaican species have
naturally small ranges, so even with intensive sampling, establishing that a species is no longer extant is difficult, especially
if the type locality is no more precise than “Jamaica”. A few endemic species, particularly those adapted to dry conditions,
are expanding their ranges.
Eight taxa formerly considered synonyms or subspecies are confirmed as full species: Priotrochatella pulchra
(Helicinidae), Geomelania gracilis and G. magna (Truncatellidae), Leidyula trichroma (Veronicellidae), Aerotrochus
mcnabianus (Sagdidae) and Pleurodonte amabilis, P. catadupae and P. candescens (Pleurodontidae). Fourteen taxa are
synonymized: Choanopoma dislocata tentatively with Parachondria shepardiana (Annulariidae); Geomelania affinis with
G. jamaicensis, G. exilis with G. beardsleana, G. jarvisi with G. minor, and G. striosa pumila with G. striosa (Truncatellidae);
Varicella leucozonias striatella with V. leucozonias (Oleacinidae); Urocoptis lata with U. producta and Pupa lata tentatively
with U. sanguinea (Urocoptidae); Helix albicans with Stauroglypta anthoniana (Sagdidae); Helix lindsleyana tentatively
with Pleurodonte atavus, Helix soror var. latior with Pleurodonte peracutissima; Pleurodonte tridentina chittyana and P.
t. schroeteriana with P. tridentina (Pleurodontidae); and Dialeuca jacobensis with D. conspersula platystyla. Pleurodonte
carmelita (Férussac, 1821) is preoccupied by Helix carmelita Lichtenstein, 1794 and is replaced by Pleurodonte mora
(Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834). Bulimus macrospira is transferred to Sigmataxis (Oleacinidae), Helix brevis to Happiella
(Systrophiidae) and Helix alveus to Stauroglypta (Sagdidae). Gastrocopta polyptyx (Vertiginidae), Drymaeus rufescens
(Bulimulidae) and Lacteoluna selenina and Aerotrochus turbiniformis (Sagdidae) are rejected from the Jamaican fauna.
Ten introduced species are newly reported from Jamaica: Helicodiscus parallelus (Helicodiscidae), Paralaoma servilis
(Punctidae); Karolus consobrinus (Ferussaciidae), Beckianum beckianum (Subulinidae), Bulimulus diaphanus and Drymaeus
multilineatus (Bulimulidae), Zachrysia provisoria (Pleurodontidae), Huttonella bicolor (Streptaxidae), Happiella decolorata
(Systrophiidae), and Bradybaena similaris (Bradybaenidae).

INTRODUCTION high elevations, elfin cloud forest. This variety creates

In recent years Jamaica has been recognized as a hot
spot of biodiversity. It is one of 250 global high diver-
sity sites identified by the IUCN and appears on maps
of hot spots for plant diversity and bird endemism
(World Conservation Monitoring Center 1992, figs.
15.1, 15.2). Jamaica is one of four islands that com-
prise the Greater Antilles, along with Cuba, Hispaniola
and Puerto Rico. Its area is 11,580 km2 and greatest
length 235 km. Despite its small size, Jamaica has great
variety in geology, topography, soils, vegetation and
rainfall, ranging from coastal desert and dry limestone
forest with less than 800 mm annual rainfall to mon-
tane rainforest with up to 6500 mm rainfall, and, at
a number of biogeographic regions within the island,
and coupled with 15 million years of evolution in iso-
lation from other land masses, accounts for its diverse
and highly endemic biota.
Mollusks are among the best known of the terrestrial
invertebrates in Jamaica, but a comprehensive list of
the species has not been published in more than 100
years. Charles Baker Adams (1814-1853), the first in-
vestigator to study Jamaican land snails intensively,
estimated that the fauna contained 350-400 species
(1849d) and by 1851 had cataloged 353 species (ex-
cluding Truncatella, Melampus and Pedipes), mostly
described by himself (Adams, 1851c). Bland (1861)
118
reported 385 species, but omitted the species named
by Chitty (1857a, b), stating (p. 361)“they do not ap-
pear to have been adopted [by other workers]”. If he
had included the 83 names that Chitty introduced at
species rank in 1857, it would have raised his total for
Jamaica to 468. Subsequent estimates of diversity have
ranged from 400 to more than 500 species: Vendryes
(1899), 533; Simpson (1895), 464; Russell-Hunter
(1955), 450 ± 100; Goodfriend (1986a), 400-450; Kay
(1995:60), “over 500”. We demonstrate herein that the
highest previous estimates of terrestrial molluscan di-
versity in Jamaica are too low. More than 560 described
species of snails and slugs are currently known and
ongoing exploration continues to reveal new species.
The total number of species is likely to exceed 600,
with about 90% endemism.
A number of museums have strong collections of
Jamaican land mollusks. The Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology holds most of C. B. Adams’ primary type
material (Clench & Turner 1950a, Jacobson & Boss
1973), which was collected and named between 1844
and 1851. Adams rarely gave a locality more specific
than “Jamaica” when describing his new species. He
traded and sold specimens to a number of scientists
and collectors, so his type material can also be found
in various other institutions. After Adams died, Ed-
ward Chitty–who had supplied some of Adams’ mate-
rial–described a number of species between 1853 and
1857; most of his type material is preserved in the
Natural History Museum, London (Clench & Turner
1950b). The Academy of Natural Sciences in Phila-
delphia (ANSP) holds specimens of more than 80% of
the species known from Jamaica, including material
collected by Amos Peaslee Brown in 1910 (Pilsbry &
Brown 1910), Horace Burrington Baker in 1933 (Baker
1934a-b, 1935a-d), Glenn Goodfriend (1983) and our-
selves from 1986 to 2002. Baker was the first worker
to routinely record the altitude, latitude and longitude
of his sites and to preserve Jamaican mollusks in etha-
nol. In 1927 and 1928, Charles R. Orcutt collected Ja-
maican mollusks for the United States National Mu-
seum (Coan 1966). His material is mainly dead-col-
lected shells, often from along stream banks and often
with subfossil material mixed in. Goodfriend’s Jamai-
can collections, mostly made between 1976 and 1979,
were the first with locality data precise enough to al-
low particular sites to be relocated. Goodfriend’s alco-
hol-preserved material and his dry specimens of
Pleurodonte are held at ANSP, along with a copy of
his field notes.
Until our intensive surveys from 1999 to 2002,
many remote areas such as Dolphin Head in the west,
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
the central Cockpit Country, and the higher altitudes
of the Blue Mountains and the John Crow Mountains
in the east had been poorly sampled, whereas easily
accessible areas such as Montego Bay, Mandeville,
Bogwalk and Fern Gully had been sampled repeatedly.
Micromollusks (under 5 mm) had not been sampled in
many areas. Even now most peaks in the Blue Moun-
tains have never been sampled. Our field work, coupled
with examination of museum collections and review
of the literature, forms the basis of this report on the
status of the Jamaican terrestrial mollusks.
METHODS
Observations on the Jamaican fauna were made
during 12 collecting trips from 1986 to 2002, during
which more than 1000 sites were sampled. Intensive
collecting, including soil and leaf litter sampling, was
done at 607 sites between 1999 and 2002; station num-
bers for these sites have the prefix “JBS”, for Jamai-
can Biotic Survey <http://data.acnatsci.org/jamaica>.
In addition to mollusks, other invertebrates, particu-
larly millipedes, were collected as part of the survey.
The molluscan material is housed at the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP); not all of it
has yet been sorted. Sorting includes sifting soil and
leaf litter through nested sieves with mesh openings of
4 mm, 2 mm and 0.5 mm ((Hubbard Scientific Co.,
Northbrook, Illinois; #5, #10 and #35), with the 2 and
0.5 mm fractions being examined under a microscope.
Synoptic material has been and will continue to be
deposited at the Institute of Jamaica, Kingston. Most
of the species are illustrated in an online interactive
key (Rosenberg & Drumm 2004).
As material is identified and catalogued, data are
being made available through the website for ANSP’s
malacology collection <http://erato.acnatsci.org/
biodiversity_databases/snails.php>. Other collections
examined include the American Museum of Natural
History, New York (AMNH); Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge (MCZ); the United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C. (USNM); the
Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville
(FLMNH); the Natural History Museum, London
(BMNH); and the private collection of the late Glenn
Goodfriend.
All known literature on Jamaican terrestrial mol-
lusks was surveyed to generate a species-level classi-
fication and synonymy that summarizes the current
status of each nominal species. Many Jamaican taxa
have not been treated since the 1930s or earlier, so in
some cases the most recent status is uninformative,
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA
either infrasubspecific, a status no longer allowed by
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
or subspecific without geographical delimitation. To
deal with such problems consistently, we established a
set of conventions based on the most recent status.
1) Synonym or questionable synonym. Status ac-
cepted, unless morphology gave strong reason for dis-
agreement, in which case evaluated for subspecific or
specific status.
2) Infrasubspecific rank. Synonymized if clearly
based on size or color alone; treated as a questionable
synonym if based on shape or sculpture, unless mor-
phology gave strong reason for disagreement, in which
case evaluated for subspecific or specific status.
3) Subspecies. Synonymized if sympatric with and
intergrading to the nominotypical subspecies; ranked
as a full species if no intergrades observed; retained as
a subspecies if allopatric with intergrades to the nomi-
nate subspecies, or if information was insufficient to
reevaluate the status. Because of the complexity of the
taxonomy, subspecies in Neocyclotidae and Anoma
(Urocoptidae) were automatically listed as synonyms
of the nominotypical form.
4) Species. Status as full species was accepted,
except for names overlooked by subsequent revisors,
in which case evaluated based on examination of type
material if available or by interpretation of the origi-
nal description.
RESULTS
At present, the Jamaican terrestrial fauna contains
562 valid molluscan species, to which 928 available
names have been applied, as listed in the Appendix.
These species are distributed among 123 genera and
subgenera and 34 families (Table 1). Of the valid spe-
cies, 505 are endemic to Jamaica (Table 1), 10 are na-
tive but occur elsewhere, 25 are introduced by humans,
and 22 are of uncertain status (Table 2), i.e., cryptoge-
nic. We consider several species to be native because
of their occurrence as Pleistocene fossils in Jamaica.
Helicodiscus apex and Lamellaxis monodon were re-
ported as fossils by Goodfriend & Mitterer (1988),
Orthalicus undatus jamaicensis by Goodfriend (1986a)
and Vertigo gouldii, V. milium, Ptychopatula macneili
and Punctum vitreum by Paul & Donovan (2006). The
endemic species are distributed among 19 families and
86 genera and subgenera. Thirteen families (6 opercu-
late and 7 pulmonate) have three or more endemic spe-
cies and form the core of the fauna: Helicinidae,
Stoastomatidae, Proserpinidae, Neocyclotidae,
119
Annulariidae, Truncatellidae, Veronicellidae,
Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Urocoptidae, Sagdidae,
Pleurodontidae and Xanthonychidae.
Distributional revisions
Our surveys revealed several introduced species
not previously reported from Jamaica (Rosenberg &
Muratov 2001), all in cultivated or otherwise disturbed
areas: Helicodiscus parallelus (Helicodiscidae) in the
Blue Mountains north of Kingston; Karolus
consobrinus (Ferussaciidae), widespread; Beckianum
beckianum (Subulinidae), scattered occurrences;
Bulimulus diaphanus (Bulimulidae), widespread, es-
pecially in areas disturbed by cattle; Drymaeus
multilineatus (Bulimulidae), in southeast
Westmoreland; Zachrysia provisoria (Pleurodontidae),
in the Rio Cobre Gorge, St. Catherine; Huttonella bi-
color (Streptaxidae), scattered occurrences; and
Happiella decolorata (Systrophiidae), scattered occur-
rences, usually in association with bamboo. The last
of these is the same species reported from Barbados as
Happiella cf. decolorata by Chase and Robinson
(2001); its discovery in Jamaica confirms it as a synan-
thropic species and leads us to remove the “cf.” from
its designation. Bradybaena similaris (Bradybaenidae)
has been intercepted with produce from Jamaica by
the United States Department of Agriculture (David
Robinson, pers. comm.), but the source population
within Jamaica has not been located. Paralaoma
servilis (Punctidae) has been collected in St. Thomas
Parish (Natalie Blake pers. comm.).
Geostilbia aperta (Swainson, 1840)
(Ferussaciidae) was first reported from Jamaica by
Bland (1861, p. 356, as Achatina gundlachi, a syn-
onym). Pilsbry’s report (1908) is based on the same
specimens, ANSP 3753, from Bland via the A. D.
Brown collection. There have been no subsequent re-
ports of the species in Jamaica, but its presence can
now be confirmed based on specimens from Lowden
Hill, St. Thomas (Natalie Blake, pers. comm.) and from
our station JBS 2 in the Caymanas area of St. Andrew
Parish.
Gastrocopta polyptyx (Vertiginidae), Drymaeus
rufescens (Bulimulidae) and Lacteoluna selenina and
Aerotrochus turbiniformis (Sagdidae) are rejected from
the Jamaican fauna. The species know as A.
turbiniformis in Jamaica is referred to A.
subpyramidalis. Reasons for these changes are given
in the systematics section following the discussion.
120
Systematic revisions
The following substantive changes are introduced,
with details given in the systematics section following
the discussion. Eight taxa formerly considered syn-
onyms or subspecies are confirmed as full species:
Priotrochatella pulchra (Helicinidae), Geomelania
gracilis and G. magna (Truncatellidae), Leidyula
trichroma (Veronicellidae), Aerotrochus mcnabianus
(Sagdidae) and Pleurodonte amabilis, P. catadupae and
P. candescens (Pleurodontidae). Fourteen taxa are syn-
onymized: Choanopoma dislocata tentatively with
Parachondria shepardiana (Annulariidae);
Geomelania affinis with G. jamaicensis, G. exilis with
G. beardsleana, G. jarvisi with G. minor, and G. striosa
pumila with G. striosa (Truncatellidae); Varicella
leuzozonias striatella with V. leucozonias
(Oleacinidae); Urocoptis lata with U. producta and
Pupa lata tentatively with U. sanguinea (Urocoptidae);
Helix albicans with Stauroglypta anthoniana
(Sagdidae); Helix lindsleyana tentatively with
Pleurodonte atavus, Helix soror var. latior with
Pleurodonte peracutissima; Pleurodonte tridentina
chittyana and P. t. schroeteriana with P. tridentina
(Pleurodontidae); and Dialeuca jacobensis with D.
conspersula platystyla (Xanthonychidae). Pleurodonte
carmelita (Férussac, 1821) is preoccupied by Helix
carmelita Lichtenstein, 1794 and is replaced by Pleuro-
donte mora (Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834), the next avail-
able name. Bulimus macrospira is transferred to
Sigmataxis (Oleacinidae), Helix brevis is transferred
to Happiella (Systrophiidae) and Helix alveus to
Stauroglypta (Sagdidae).
DISCUSSION
Diversity
At 562 species, the diversity of Jamaica terres-
trial mollusks is considerably higher than the 431 na-
tive species in the United States east of the Missis-
sippi River (Hubricht 1985), although Jamaica has
0.6% the land area (11,580 vs 1,996,000 km2). Taking
area into account, the native diversity of Jamaica is
comparable to that of the most diverse known island
faunas, Lord Howe Island, Rapa, and Oahu (Figure 1).
Although a number of families of Jamaican snails
are quite diverse (Table 1), they generally are not
oversplit. The exceptions are the Stoastomatidae and
the Neocyclotidae. These differ from the other fami-
lies in that they have not been revised since the major-
ity of their species were named. Most of the
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
stoastomatids were named by Chitty (1857b); species
are minute, and most have been illustrated only re-
cently, by Rosenberg & Drumm (2004). Most Jamai-
can neocyclotids were named by Chitty (1857a) and
by Bartsch (1942), who made no allowance for indi-
vidual, ecological, or sexual variation (Solem 1956).
Excluding stoastomatids and neocyclotids, 53% of
names for Jamaican operculate species are valid at the
species level, as are 54% in the major endemic pulmo-
nate families (Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Urocoptidae,
Sagdidae, Pleurodontidae and Xanthonychidae). If
similar synonymy ratios apply to the 82 names of
Stoastomatidae and 85 names of Neocyclotidae, their
diversities would decrease from the 75 and 68 species
currently recognized to around 45 species each. This
would still leave the number of valid species in Ja-
maica over 500.
Even if revision of the stoastomatids and
neocyclotids were to reduce the number of valid spe-
cies in those groups, the overall trend for the fauna
will surely be an increase in the number of species rec-
ognized. Currently we know of several dozen
undescribed species from Jamaica and this number will
continue to increase as the hundreds of remaining bags
of leaf litter from our surveys are screened for
micromollusks (< 5 mm). Even in well-known groups,
cryptic species might be found by anatomical and
molecular genetic studies. We therefore predict that
the total number of Recent terrestrial mollusk species
that will eventually be recognised in the Jamaican fauna
will exceed 600.
Despite the diversity of the Jamaican fauna, little
quantitative research has been done on diversity at spe-
cific sites within Jamaica. Adams (1849d: 46) noted
“In the parish of Manchester, a region four miles long
and one mile wide contains 100 species....” Simpson
(1894: 112) reported “in a narrow limestone gorge of
the Rio Cobre near Bogwalk in the talus under a ledge
some two rods long we found no less than forty-five
species, all living....” Pilsbry and Brown (1910) re-
ported 110 species from the Mandeville area of
Manchester Parish. Baker (1934a-b, 1935a-d) docu-
mented 270 species that he collected in Jamaica in
1933. Solem (1984:11) reported 29 species in one liter
of debris from 0.36 m2 in Jamaica. Rosenberg &
Muratov (in prep.) report 91 species from a single hect-
are at Cracken Run, near Auchtembeddie on the east-
ern side of the Cockpit Country. The high diversity
does not extend to the cave fauna, which although well
documented in Jamaica, does not include any obligate
cave dwelling mollusks (Peck 1992).
In addition to high sympatric diversity, Jamaican
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA
Figure 1. Species area curve for Jamaica compared to Pacific islands with elevation greater than 300
m, showing that Jamaica is as species rich for its area as Lord Howe Island, Rapa, and Oahu. Pacific
data from Cowie (1995, 1996).
snails have high allopatric diversity and many species
have small ranges (Goodfriend and Mitterer 1988;
Goodfriend 1989). Average range is not as small as
the average of 50 km2 or less postulated by Solem
(1984) for worldwide land snails, but is probably less
than 500 km2. Although we have sampled more than
1000 sites, many species are still known from only a
single site. For example, Geomelania greyana has been
found only at Creighton Hall, near Little Yallah’s Hill,
St. Thomas Parish, and Apoma diminuta has been found
only at Good Hope, near Flamstead, St. Andrew Par-
ish. Some species are locally abundant, but very re-
stricted in range. For example, Parachondria armata
was easily found on the south and western faces of
Long Mountain, which is heavily disturbed, bordering
suburban Kingston on the east; it does not occur, even
as dead shells on the north and east faces of the same
mountain, nor anywhere else in Jamaica. The combi-
nation of high sympatric and high allopatric diversity
makes Jamaica unique in that from scales from one
square meter to the whole island, it has as many spe-
cies of terrestrial mollusks as any place in the world.
121
Biogeography
Jamaica’s allopatric diversity suggests recogni-
tion of several biogeographic areas. Six regions are
discussed informally (Figure 2), pending a more rig-
orous analysis when more of our material has been
sorted and identified. These are listed in order from
highest rainfall to lowest, and also least to greatest sea-
sonality. Raw (1985) noted as much as elevenfold dif-
ference in annual rainfall within 30 km, from Bull Bay
on the dry southeast coast to Bowden Pen in the Blue
Mountains.
a) The John Crow Mountains, a small (25 x 10
km), primarily limestone area at the eastern end of Ja-
maica. Figures for maximum average annual rainfall
range from 4080 mm (Taylor 1957) to 5080 mm
(Asprey & Robbins 1953), 6100 mm (Brown &
Heineman 1972) and even 6500 mm (Donovan &
Veltkamp 1994). There are rarely months with less than
100 mm of rain (Asprey & Robbins 1953). The John
Crow limestone rainforest fauna is isolated from the
faunas of central and western Jamaica by dry corri-
dors along the north and south coast and the non-lime-
122
Figure 2. Map of Jamaica showing parishes and informal biogeographic regions. Regions are
Western, Central, North Coast, South Coast, Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains.
Boundaries are approximate.
stone soils of the Blue Mountains to the west. Charac-
teristic species include Proserpina bidentata, Annularia
pisum, Geomelania striosa, Meiophysema
lamelliferum, and Pleurodonte ingens.
b) The Blue Mountains include the highest and
most rugged terrain in Jamaica. They have been up-
lifted as much as 1000 m since middle Pliocene
(Steineck 1974), which presumably has increased oro-
graphic rainfall. The limestone cap has eroded off, ex-
posing shale, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Char-
acteristic species include Alcadia affinis, Hyalosagda
similis, and Pleurodonte mora. Other species are shared
with the John Crow Mountains, such as Pleurodonte
chemnitziana, Varicella leucozonias and Pleurodonte
valida. At high elevations in the Blue Mountains, dif-
ferent faunal elements appear, including an undescribed
radiation of Punctidae. Blue Mountain Peak, the high-
est point in Jamaica at 2252 m, had not been sampled
for mollusks prior to our survey in March, 2002: 9 of
15 species collected are apparently undescribed. Oc-
casional winter frosts are recorded on Blue Mountain
Peak (Raw 1985), so the appearance of a distinctive
fauna at high altitude is not surprising.
c) Central Karst, a limestone area with rainforest,
which has the highest diversity of land snails in Ja-
maica. Rainforest on limestone also correlates with the
highest diversity in Queensland, Australia (Stanisic
1997). Karst is best developed in the Cockpit Country,
which has extremely rugged topography with numer-
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
ous caves and caverns. There is often rock rubble with
good drainage and a neutral to alkaline pH extending
10-100 cm or more in a layer above solid limestone.
The depressions contain mainly eroded bauxite soil and
can have impeded drainage and acid pH (Asprey &
Robbins 1953). Depressions are frequently flooded and
lack a crevice system, whereas the hill tops are prone
to desiccation by radiation. Also, the rock-crevice sys-
tem has lower and less variable temperature and higher
and less variable humidity than the forest floor and so
protects invertebrates from desiccation (Diesel & Horst
1995). The karst areas thus have ecotonal gradients of
pH and moisture, which presumably increase site di-
versity by increasing the number of microhabitats.
Characteristic species include Annularia fimbriatula,
Geomelania minor, Pleurodonte bainbridgii,
Eutrochatella pulchella, Sagda grandis, and Apoma
chemnitziana.
d) Western, a largely limestone area, with the
Dolphin Head region and the Negril Hills possibly once
isolated as separate islands. Characteristic species in-
clude Priotrochatella pulchra, Geomelania
jamaicensis, Thelidomus cognata, Pleurodonte
picturata and P. tridentina. The western fauna grades
into the central karst fauna, with which it shares spe-
cies like Colobostylus humphreysianus and
Eurycratera jamaicensis.
e) North Coast, a dry limestone area with coastal
terraces. Characteristic species include Eutrochatella
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA
costata, Colobostylus bronnii, Geoscala robertsi and
Pleurodonte bronni.
f) South Coast, a dry limestone region with some
areas averaging minimum rainfall of around 750 mm
per year (Asprey & Robbins 1953). Characteristic spe-
cies include Parachondria fecunda, Colobostylus in-
terruptus, Geomelania greyana, Apoma agnesiana,
Urocoptis brevis, Varicella dominicensis and
Pleurodonte invalida, many of which have very re-
stricted ranges. Some parts of the south coast (e.g.,
Portland Point and the Hellshire Hills) were isolated
as islands during higher sea level stands but are now
joined to the mainland by alluvial plains (Lynn & Grant
1940).
Ecology
Jamaican snail species show considerable ecologi-
cal diversity. Most are ground dwellers, but some live
primarily on rocks (Annularia, Eutrochatella,
Priotrochatella, Apoma, Geoscala, Microceramus,
Urocoptis) and some are primarily arboreal (Anoma,
Lucidella, Helicina, Dialeuca, Drymaeus, Orthalicus,
Thelidomus). Even among ground dwellers there are
various habitat preferences: Carychium, Geomelania,
Zaphysema, and Poteria are found most often among
leaf litter or the interface of leaf litter and soil; Sagda
and Proserpina generally shelter under rocks. Some
taxa (e.g., Parachondria) that shelter on the ground
during the day forage at night and after hard rains on
vegetation. Conversely, Thelidomus shelter in trees
during the day and forage on the ground at night. Preda-
tory snails (Oleacinidae and Spiraxidae) are quite di-
verse, with as many as fourteen native species recorded
at a single site (Baker 1935c). Oleacinids have been
observed feeding on Eutrochatella and Carychium and
the eggs of Pleurodonte.
In Jamaica many non-molluscan species use the
dead shells of snails. Sesarma jarvisi, an endemic
grapsid crab, broods its eggs and young only in dead
snail shells (mainly Pleurodonte) in rock crevices, car-
rying water into the shells to create an optimum mi-
crohabitat (Diesel & Horst 1995). Diesel & Horst
(1995) also found many other invertebrates in snail
shells, including onychophorans, thysanurans, collem-
bolans, chilopods, diplopods and their brood chambers,
pseudoscorpions, scorpions, spiders, isopods, hemi-
pteran nymphs, dipteran larvae, ant nests, and the eggs
of solitary bees. In addition, 17 species of rotifers have
been found in rainwater in dead Pleurodonte shells; 5
of these are known only in that habitat in Jamaica, al-
though they are not endemic species (Koste et al. 1993).
123
Threats to the fauna
Deforestation
Deforestation takes many forms in Jamaica. Roll-
ing hills and any remaining level areas are at risk for
conversion to agricultural fields, pastures, and human
habitation. Most land suitable for large-scale agricul-
tural development has long since been cleared, but in-
dividual land owners continue to encroach on forested
areas, clearing small plots even in haystack karst areas
and planting on slopes as steep as 40 degrees. Land is
cleared deep within forests to hide marijuana crops and
selective logging and charcoal burning are also sub-
sistence activities. Cutting of saplings for yam poles
removes millions of young trees from forests every
year, slowing regeneration. When sugar-cane fields are
burned to remove leaves prior to harvest, fire often
escapes into nearby forest. Quarrying for limestone and
bauxite threatens forests even on steep slopes, as do
housing developments around Kingston and Montego
Bay. Road-widening projects destroy habitat particu-
larly along the north coast highway, most heavily trav-
eled by tourists. Detailed statistics on land cover and
use and trends therein are given by Headley (2001).
Natural vegetation types in Jamaica range from
desert with less than 800 mm annual rainfall to mon-
tane rainforest with up to 6500 mm annual rainfall,
and elfin mist forest at high elevations in the John Crow
and Blue Mountains (maximum elevation 2252 m). The
climax vegetation of Jamaica was almost entirely
woody (Adams 1972), but by 1950, only 18% of the
island remained forested and 47% was in agricultural
use (Asprey & Robbins 1953). Since the end of the
colonial period in 1958, many plantations have been
abandoned, so secondary growth is well established in
many areas. Currently forest and other woodlands cover
about 45% of the island, of which natural forest is 29%,
ruinate forest 63%, and plantations 8% <http://
www.nepa.gov.jm/policies/neap/forestry.htm>.
(“Ruinate” is a particularly apt Jamaican term for aban-
doned cleared land that has reverted to scrub or for-
est.) Thus 13% of Jamaica is primary forest and 28%
is secondary forest. Primary forest refers to areas
thought never to have been clearcut and that are largely
undisturbed. Almost any point in Jamaica is near
enough to a trail or road that it can be reached on foot
within a day by a skilled local woodsman, so except
possibly for the steepest slopes high in the Blue Moun-
tains, there is no truly virgin forest remaining. Lewis
& Swabey (1945:54) stated:
124
[on] softer geological formations...the shales and clays of
the Black Grounds of Trelawny, the uplands of Clarendon,
the Bull Head Range, we find that of the rich forests, standing
even within living memory, nothing remains. Over wide
areas even the crops have gone--bananas, ginger, yams--
leaving bare rolling uplands, with a little coarse grass and
low fern--no home for our woodland birds and other animals.
This is also true to a certain extent in the Blue Mountains,
although there are still large areas of forest on the higher
portions of the range. The lower slopes, however, have lost
their forest cover and the wild life of this region has suffered
severe set-backs.
Another discouraging quotation comes from Proc-
tor (1953:80):
The cockpit country is itself fast losing its densely-forested
character because of extensive cutting. Although there are
few roads (and these bad), the woodcutters have access to
most of the remote fastnesses by means of a network of trails,
over which they carry heavy hand-sawn boards balanced on
their heads, for miles. With the larger trees being cut,
the...flora is suffering modifications due to changes in
amount of light and moisture.
Although these quotations date from half a cen-
tury ago, the situation today is not quite as dire as one
might expect. Except for the north coast, each biogeo-
graphic region has at least one remaining area of pri-
mary forest. These include rainforests along the main
ridge of the John Crow Mountains, the more remote
areas of the Blue Mountains, the heart of the Cockpit
Country, the Dolphin Head area in the west, and dry
coastal forest in the Hellshire Hills in the south. The
first two of these areas are part of the Blue and John
Crow Mountains National Park (79,666 ha) and the
others have been proposed as national parks or con-
servation areas.
In addition to the larger areas of good forest, small
patches are scattered through many of the limestone
areas. Lewis & Swabey’s observations (1945:54) still
hold true today: “...in the limestone country of the cen-
tral and western parishes...the natural vegetation has
in many places been saved. The stony hills and hill-
sides, which are so characteristic of these parishes, are
unsuitable for grazing or cultivation and afford valu-
able sanctuary for wildlife.” Diesel and Horst (1995)
found that endemic grapsid crabs inhabit man-made
stone walls in abandoned plantations overgrown by
secondary forest. Similarly, endemic snails are often
found in areas of secondary growth and even in plan-
tations, so long as leaf litter is allowed to accumulate
(personal observation). All forested areas are never-
theless under threat because of growing population,
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
and continued efforts must be dedicated to conserving
the biota.
Introduced species
Before European colonization, Jamaica was home
to only two species of native land mammals (exclud-
ing bats), the hutia, Geocapromys brownii, which is
endangered, and a monkey, Xenothrix mcgregori which
is extinct. Neither is a likely predator on snails;
Geocapromys is herbivorous (Anderson et al. 1983)
and Xenothrix is thought to have been frugivorous
(MacPhee & Horovitz 2004). Many mammal species,
domestic and wild, have since been introduced to Ja-
maica. Cattle have a directly deleterious effect on
snails, trampling and fouling the habitat, and only a
few native snails can coexist with them. Goats and fe-
ral pigs have less effect than cattle, but contribute to
degradation of forest. Introduced rats and mongoose
presumably eat native snails: small middens of pre-
dated snail shells can often be found in sheltered spots
among rocks. Similar impacts have been observed in
other island faunas, for example New Zealand (Meads
et al. 1984). To our knowledge predation on snails by
introduced species has not been directly observed in
Jamaica, so the effect on the fauna is difficult to gauge.
A number of snail species have been introduced,
but they do not seem to invade native forest, and so
are unlikely to out-compete native snails in undisturbed
areas. As yet, no carnivorous snails have been intro-
duced to Jamaica. Since the fauna has evolved with an
array of native molluscivorous species, it may not prove
as vulnerable to such introduction as the snail faunas
of Pacific Islands have been. The snail parasite
Angiostrongylus cantonensis was first reported in Ja-
maica in 2000 and has spread to native species (Lindo
et al. 2002), but the effect on snail populations is un-
known.
Naturalized introduced plants in general seem to
have had little effect on Jamaican snails. Logwood
savannahs harbor few snail species, typically only 3
or 4 per site, perhaps because they are associated with
cattle, or perhaps because they do not provide consis-
tent shade. Stands of Caribbean pine also have few
snail species, presumably because the needles are acidic
and do not form good leaf litter. There appear to be no
obligate relationships of Jamaican snails with particu-
lar plant species, and it is not unusual to find a variety
of native snails living in areas with many introduced
broad-leaf plant species. Overall, deforestation and the
accompanying drying out of the landscape are much
more a threat to the native fauna than introduction of
plant species.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA
Expanding ranges
As deforestation continues, many introduced spe-
cies of snails are expanding their ranges. A few en-
demic species, generally those from the dry north and
south coasts, are also expanding their ranges. These
include Colobostylus bronnii, Pleurodonte bronni,
Pleurodonte sloaneana, Microceramus gossei,
Hemitrochus graminicola and Orthalicus undatus
jamaicensis. Presumably the dry corridors along road
and the clear cuts along powerlines are primary routes
for the spread of these species. Thelidomus aspera does
not prefer dry areas, but instead thrives in orchards
and plantations. Succineids and most veronicellids also
are associated with disturbance. Some other native in-
vertebrates also take advantage of disturbance. For
example, the onychophoran Plicatoperipatus
jamaicensis is more common where forest has been
recently clear cut” Havel et al. (1989:227).
Extinction
Many species of Jamaican snails have suffered
severe contraction of their ranges. This can be inferred
from the assemblages of long dead shells that can be
collected in crevices and on ledges at many sites. The
former fauna typically has many species no longer
extant at a site, generally those more dependent on
moisture. Eurycratera jamaicensis (Pleurodontidae),
the largest endemic snail in Jamaica, used to range
through all limestone areas west of the Blue Moun-
tains except dry coastal zones. Dead shells have been
found at hundreds of sites, but live animals have been
found only at Dolphin Head (Hanover Parish), the
Cockpit Country, Shooters Hill (Manchester Parish)
and the Mount Diablo area (border of St. Ann and St.
Catherine parishes) mostly in primary forest. Two other
large bodied species, Pleurodonte bainbridgii
(Pleurodontidae) and Zaphysema macmurrayi, have
suffered similar contraction of range and have been
found alive only in the Cockpit Country, although their
original ranges were not as wide as that of E.
jamaicensis. We have not yet found a live adult of Z.
macmurrayi; Gloyne (1872) reported that live individu-
als were very rare. Both E. jamaicensis and P.
bainbridgii have wide apertures and generally shelter
hanging from the underside of large rocks and the roofs
of fissures; neither is known to produce an epiphragm.
In contrast, a related species, Pleurodonte lucerna,
which has healthy populations throughout its range, is
often found loose in leaf litter in secondary forest with
epiphragm in place. Eurycratera jamaicensis and P.
bainbridgii are apparently more dependent on mois-
ture than P. lucerna and so more susceptible to the ef-
125
fects of deforestation.
Also susceptible to extinction are species that live
exposed on limestone rock faces, Priotrochatella and
Eutrochatella (Helicinidae) and Apoma and
Mychostoma (Urocoptidae). Species in these genera
depend on forest cover for shade as they do not take
shelter during the day, although they may aestivate
under rocks during the dry season. When trees are cut
down, these species must crawl to shelter to survive.
Some Eutrochatella and Apoma species apparently are
able to do this, as they are often found in secondary
forest (e.g., E. pulchella and A. chemnitzianum).
Eutrochatella tankervillii and Priotrochatella are found
mainly in primary forest. Mychostoma alba is relatively
widespread, but may prove to be a complex of spe-
cies, in which case some populations are threatened.
We did not find Apoma diminuta alive and little prom-
ising habitat remains in the only area where it has been
recorded. Apoma are clausiliiform with foot small in
relation to shell size, making them slow moving.
Priotrochatella are xenophoriform, a shape that also
impedes movement. Despite their relative immobility,
these species can move between patches of habitat. We
have found Priotrochatella pulchra alive in leaf litter
and Apoma alive several feet up on trees, despite their
preference for limestone. With deforestation, however,
the pace of habitat change exceeds the ability of some
species respond.
Tree snails of the genus Anoma (Urocoptidae) are
the most critically endangered among the Jamaican en-
demic snails. The twenty species have arrays of colors
reminiscent of the Hawaiian Achatinella and they may
be equally endangered. We have found fewer than a
dozen specimens alive, representing only three or four
species, and only a couple of other species in fresh
dead condition. We have found them only in forested
areas, usually on leaves of various trees, but once aes-
tivating under a rock. We have not found even dead
material of half the Anoma species. Gloyne (1872) re-
ported Anoma living in allspice plantations, but we have
not had opportunity to search this habitat. Allspice
(Pimenta dioica) originated in Jamaica, so plantations
may hold some hope for survival of the species, but
closed broadleaf forest is the preferred habitat.
In Jamaica, proving that rare species are extinct
is difficult, because many small patches of good habi-
tat remain. Many species were described without lo-
cality other than “Jamaica”, many have naturally small
geographic ranges, and many have ranges shrunk by
habitat loss. Before declaring a particular species ex-
tinct, intensive searches targeting its known range and
likely habitat must be performed. As an example,
126
Colobostylus interruptus is known only from Long and
Dallas Mountains east of Kingston, an area of about
24 km2. The geological setting, limestone with lots of
unconsolidated rubble, makes it likely that those two
mountains represent the species’ total original range:
there is alluvium to the west, non-limestone areas to
the north and northeast; massive limestone with virtu-
ally no loose rubble to the east, and ocean to the south.
Gloyne (1872: 38) stated, “This species appears almost
extinct. I found a great number of examples dead and
worn on Long Mountain, but neither my friend, Mr.
Vendryes, nor myself, have ever been able to collect
even one alive. Perhaps its disappearance may be at-
tributed to the greater dryness of the climate in these
last years?” Jarvis (1903), said “Living specimens of
this species are very rare, and only occasionally found
on Dallas Mountain, but weather-beaten shells are very
abundant...” No live material is among that collected
by H. B. Baker in 1933. No original forest remains in
this area, although there is much secondary growth,
particularly on the northern slopes. This seems, there-
fore, like a species for which little hope is left.
If our 1999-2002 survey had placed sites at ran-
dom, probably only one would have been within the
Long/Dallas Mountain area (607 sites/11,580 km2 = 1
site/19 km2), and our chances of finding Colobostylus
interruptus alive would have been minimal. Since we
preferentially sampled forested areas and areas of geo-
logical interest, our original study design would have
justified three sites. In an attempt to find C. interrup-
tus and another area endemic, Parachondria armata
(discussed earlier), we placed six additional sites on
Long and Dallas Mountains in March 2002, for a total
of nine. Long dead shells of C. interruptus were found
at every site, shells with remnants of color at a few
sites, and fresh dead shells with operculum in place at
only one site, JBS576 on the east side of Dallas Moun-
tain opposite Dallas Castle. If we have the opportunity
to return to this site at night after rain during the rainy
season, we will likely find the species alive. A similar
or much greater level of effort would have to be de-
voted to every candidate species to determine its sta-
tus. To perform such surveys, it may be possible to
enlist the help of local environmental groups, of which
there are a growing number in Jamaica.
Jamaica is comparable to the Hawaiian islands as
a site of endemic radiation and diversification of land
snails. Thirteen families have endemic radiations, some
of which include endemic genera. Unlike Hawaii and
other oceanic islands in the Pacific, most of the spe-
cies are still extant. Even among Jamaican birds and
reptiles, only a few species are extinct, and one sup-
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
posedly extinct species, the Jamaican Iguana was found
alive in 1990 in the Hellshire Hills. We estimate that
perhaps as much as 90% of the terrestrial molluscan
fauna still survives, although many species have un-
dergone great reduction in geographic range. Perhaps
the majority of species have part of their ranges in pri-
mary forest, that, if protected, should ensure the long
term survival of the species. Areas outside the current
and proposed parks are under extreme threat of defor-
estation, yet they harbor many species of restricted
geographic range that do not occur in the conservation
areas. Because the fauna is largely extant, no better
place exists anywhere in the world for studies of land
snail evolution and speciation.
SYSTEMATICS
In compiling the list of Jamaican species presented
in the Appendix, we have avoided taxonomic innova-
tions, but it has not always been possible to do so. For
example, the former subgenera of Hyalosagda have
now all been raised to full genera, but not all species
in the former subgenera have previously been cited in
the new combinations. We have not flagged such new
combinations in the list, but other nomenclatural
changes are detailed below. A summary of the major
changes is given in the results section. Most of the taxa
treated below are illustrated in an interactive key by
Rosenberg & Drumm (2004).
Helicinidae
Priotrochatella pulchra (C. B. Adams, 1851a).
Adams described this as a variety of P. josephinae, but
noted that it was “quite distinct”. Clench & Jacobson
(1970) synonymized it with P. josephinae on the basis
of unlocalized mixed lots. We recognize it as a full
species. Priotrochatella pulchra is restricted to west-
ern Jamaica, primarily in the Dolphin Head area; it
reaches a larger size and has weaker spiral sculpture
and more prominent peripheral sculpture than
Priotrochella josephinae, which is restricted to St.
Thomas Parish in eastern Jamaica. Both species live
on limestone outcrops in forested areas. A third popu-
lation of Priotrochatella, possibly representing an
undescribed species occurs in the remote karst area in
southwestern St. Ann.
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA
Annulariidae
Choanopoma dislocata Gray, 1850. Not treated
since Vendryes (1899); placed here as a questionable
synonym of Parachondria shepardiana (C. B. Adams,
1850b) based on the original description.
Truncatellidae
Geomelania affinis C. B. Adams, 1850b. Treated
as a full species by Clench & Turner (1948), but as
shown by Sykes (1905) and Dean (1933), it is a syn-
onym of G. jamaicensis. Geomelania cumingi, which
Clench & Turner synonymized with G. affinis, is a
synonym of G. magna (see below).
Geomelania exilis C. B. Adams, 1850b. Adams
(1851b: 160) noted that G. exilis was unique in the
Chitty collection. Examination of the holotype at
BMNH shows that it is a specimen of G. beardsleana
(C. B. Adams, 1849a). Adams did not compare G. exilis
to his G. beardsleana, which he named as a Cylindrella;
the original descriptions are quite similar.
Geomelania gracilis C. B. Adams, 1850b. Syn-
onymized with G. jamaicensis by Clench & Turner
(1948), but differs from it in having sharp rather than
obtuse ribs that are less opisthocline but somewhat
more arcuate, a more acute spire angle, and less con-
vex whorls. Geomelania media is transferred from the
synonymy of G. jamaicensis to that of G. gracilis. Most
specimens of G. gracilis lack data more precise than
Jamaica. At the only precise locality, Anchovy Gully,
St. James (ANSP 165857) it is sympatric with the north-
ern population of Geomelania magna (see below). It
is possible that it will prove to intergrade with this
population when more material is available, but at
present, the sharper more arcuate ribs distinguish it,
and we recognize it as a valid species.
Geomelania jarvisi Sykes, 1905. Named as a full
species, but intergrades with G. minor in sympatry. The
doubled lip emphasized by Sykes is not a consistent
feature even within a population, so we synonymize it
with G. minor.
Geomelania magna C. B. Adams, 1850b. Clench
& Turner (1948) synonymized this species with G.
jamaicensis but it differs from that taxon in having
more ribs per whorl, a smaller spire angle, less convex
whorls and a larger maximum size. Geomelania
jamaicensis occurs in Westmoreland and Hanover; G.
127
magna is allopatric to it, occurring to the east in west-
ern St. James and St. Elizabeth parishes. Geomelania
fortis, G. peilei, and G. procera are transferred from
the synonymy of G. jamaicensis to that of G. magna.
The northern and southern populations of G. magna
show some differentiation, the northern specimens
being more slender and straight-sided. If further study
should prove the northern population to be
subspecifically or specifically distinct, G. procera is
the oldest name for it, with G. peilei a likely synonym.
We did not find living individuals of either population
during our survey.
Geomelania striosa pumila (H. B. Baker, 1935a).
Named as a subspecies, but occurs in sympatry with
the nominotypical subspecies and proves to be the male
form. The species is sexually dimorphic as are most
Geomelania, with males smaller.
Veronicellidae
Leidyula trichroma (H. B. Baker, 1935a). Baker
named this as a subspecies of L. kraussi, but noted that
it “is so very distinct that I suspect it to be a new spe-
cies”. Thomé (1989) tentatively treated it as a full spe-
cies, pending discovery of adult material. In our sur-
vey, L. trichroma was restricted to areas of primary
and old secondary forest in the Cockpit Country,
whereas L. kraussi was generally found in disturbed
areas. The three banded pattern of L. trichroma distin-
guishes it readily from L. kraussi, as does its mucus,
which is sticky rather than slippery, and we recognize
it as a full species. Leidyula trichroma was sometimes
found sheltering in bromeliads and sometimes under
large limestone rocks. A species with color pattern simi-
lar to L. trichroma was found in the Dolphin Head area,
but preliminary molecular data (D. G. Robinson, pers.
comm.) indicate that it may be distinct.
Vertiginidae
Gastrocopta polyptyx Pilsbry, 1916. Pilsbry (1916
in 1916-1918) named this species on the basis of lots
from St. Thomas, Jamaica, and Bermuda, but noted
that the latter two localities were doubtful as the mate-
rial was not from the original collectors and the spe-
cies had not been found “in the very large amount of
material collected in these islands in recent years.” The
supposed Jamaican lot that Pilsbry examined is actu-
ally from St. Thomas (ANSP 3808, ex A. D. Brown
Collection). It had originally been identified as
“V[ertigo] Jamaicensis Ad.” which may explain why
128
Pilsbry took it for Jamaican. It is unlikely that the lo-
cality refers to St. Thomas Parish, Jamaica: Brown
obtained the specimens from Thomas Bland, who re-
ported Pupa jamaicensis from the island of St. Tho-
mas in 1861 (p. 359). Pupa jamaicensis is now con-
sidered a synonym of Gastrocopta pellucida a close
relative of G. polyptyx. As there are no authentic records
of G. polyptyx from Jamaica, we exclude it from the
fauna.
Bulimulidae
Drymaeus rufescens (Gray, 1825) and Drymaeus
erubescens (Pfeiffer, 1847). Drymaeus erubescens was
described without locality; it was first reported from
Jamaica by C. B. Adams (1849c). Pilsbry (1930) noted
that the species had not recently been collected in Ja-
maica, but accepted it as Jamaican on the strength of
two records in the ANSP collection and the Jamaican
type locality of Drymaeus rufescens (Gray, 1825),
which he considered a senior synonym of D.
erubescens. One of the ANSP specimens (25845), as
Pilsbry noted, says on the original label “probably from
Honduras”, the other (ANSP 3553) is actually a slen-
der juvenile specimen of the Jamaican endemic,
Drymaeus immaculatus. If one supposes that C. B.
Adams’s 1849 record was based upon pale, slender
specimens of Bulimulus guadalupensis, a common
species conspicuously absent from his list, then there
are no records of this species from Jamaica subsequent
to 1825. We therefore consider the type locality of
Drymaeus rufescens to be erroneous and exclude the
species from the Jamaican fauna. The only authentic
locality for the species is Old Providence Island (Isla
de Providencia, Colombia).
Oleacinidae
Varicella griffithii (C. B. Adams, 1845). Origi-
nally spelled “griffithsii”, but emended to “griffithii”
by Adams (1851a). The latter spelling is in prevailing
use and is here accepted as the correct original spell-
ing under ICZN Article 33.3.1.
Varicella leucozonias striatella Pilsbry, 1907.
Named as a variety by Pilsbry (1907 in 1907-1908),
but H. B. Baker (1941) recognized it as a subspecies.
It intergrades with the nominotypical species in sym-
patry and so is synonymized.
Sigmataxis macrospira (C. B. Adams, 1851).
Placed in Spiraxis by Pilsbry (1907: 31), who stated
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
that its systematic position was uncertain. Pilsbry did
not examine any specimens of this species; there are
none at ANSP; he noted that the type material was not
in the Adams collection at Amherst but probably in
the Chitty collection as Pfeiffer (1859) had redescribed
the species from material at the British Museum. We
were unable to locate type material of this species at
BMNH on recent visits (by Rosenberg, February and
December 2005). Based on the original description, it
is unlikely that this species is a spiraxid. It is 17 mm
(Pfeiffer 1859), larger than members of any spiraxid
genus except Pseudosubulina (size ranges given by
Schileyko 2000), and has scattered stripes of dark
brown, a coloration not otherwise known among Ja-
maican spiraxids. Size and coloration are both consis-
tent with Jamaican oleacinids; and the “nearly straight
columella” and “distant striae” lead us to place the spe-
cies in Sigmataxis.
Urocoptidae
Mychostoma Albers, 1850. The type species of
this genus is Helix subula Férussac, 1832 by subse-
quent designation of Martens (1860). Pilsbry (1903 in
1902-1904) demonstrated that Helix subula is a conti-
nental species of Brachypodella that subsequent au-
thors had misidentified as a Jamaican species. No ge-
neric name is available for the Jamaican species usu-
ally placed in Mychostoma. A new name is not intro-
duced here, since we think this group of species may
prove to be paraphyletic to Apoma. Pending resolu-
tion of relationships, we maintain use of the name
Mychostoma since it is not confusing, although it is
incorrect.
Spirostemma intermedium (Sowerby II, 1875).
This is a primary homonym of Cylindrella intermedia
C. B. Adams, 1849a. If further study of Spirostemma
confirms that this is a good species, a replacement name
will be needed.
Urocoptis lata (C. B. Adams, 1850a). Preoccu-
pied by Pupa lata C. B. Adams, 1849b, a Urocoptis
(see below). Urocoptis producta (C. B. Adams, 1851b)
is the next available name.
Pupa lata C. B. Adams, 1849b. Pilsbry (1926)
doubtfully classified this as a Columella (Vertiginidae),
but it proves to be the protoconch of a Urocoptis, prob-
ably Urocoptis sanguinea (Pfeiffer, 1845c).
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA
Systrophiidae
Happiella brevis (C. B. Adams, 1849b). This spe-
cies has apparently not been treated in the last 100
years. Named as a Helix, it was placed in Sagda
(Hyalosagda) by Tryon (1887), but it does not fit com-
fortably in any sagdid genus. It is consistent with
Happiella (Systrophiidae) as defined by Ramirez
(1993), but does not correspond to any species of
systrophiid in the ANSP collection. Another systrophiid
from Jamaica, Happiella decolorata reported herein,
is an introduced species, but H. brevis is apparently
endemic, occurring as a fossil in the Red Hills Road
Cave (Paul & Donovan, in press).
Sagdidae
Aerotrochus mcnabianus (Chitty, 1853). This
name has usually be placed in the synonymy of A.
turbiniformis (Pfeiffer, 1839) from Cuba, for example,
by Tryon (1887) and Richardson (1986), but Pfeiffer
himself did not consider them synonyms (1876, p. 82).
Pfeiffer’s species, according to the original descrip-
tion, has proportions of 4.5 : 7 mm (width 64% of
height). Chitty’s species differs in being higher spired,
with shell height approximately equal to shell width;
it is endemic to Jamaica.
Aerotrochus subpyramidalis (C. B. Adams, 1845).
This name has also been placed in the synonymy of A.
turbiniformis (Pfeiffer, 1839), originally by Adams
himself (1851c, p. 185). Baker (1935d) recognized A.
subpyramidalis as a valid species. Pfeiffer’s species is
quite similar, but as the type locality is Cuba, and as
all other Jamaican sagdids are endemic to Jamaica, the
species are maintained as distinct for the present.
Corneosagda rufula (Pfeiffer, 1850). Introduced
in the genus Helix and classified as a Lacteoluna by
Richardson (1986). The anatomy is not known but the
shell characters indicate placement in Corneosagda:
peripheral keel (more pronounced in juveniles),
strongly developed periostracum and periostracal
fringes, and low radial riblets. This species is related
to Corneosagda immunda (C. B. Adams, 1849b) and
C. ptychodes (Pfeiffer, 1846), which were placed in
Corneosagda by Muratov & Schileyko (in Schileyko,
1998b) when they named the genus.
Hyalosagda haldemaniana (Pfeiffer, 1845b). Usu-
ally treated as a senior synonym of Hyalosagda
arboreoides (C. B. Adams, 1845), but Adams’ name
129
has several months priority (January vs. October) ac-
cording to C. B. Adams (1851c, p. 186).
Hyalosagda similis ambigua (C. B. Adams,
1849b). In the original description, Adams said “Hav-
ing but one specimen, I do not regard the species as
fully established”. He considered it intermediate be-
tween H. similis (C. B. Adams, 1849b) and H.
arboreoides (C. B. Adams, 1845) but with a deeper
suture than either. Pilsbry (1894, p. 64 in 1893-1896)
treated H. ambigua as a valid species, distinguishing it
as smaller than H. haldemaniana (Pfeiffer, 1845b) (a
synonym of H. arboreoides): 9-10 mm versus 11-12
mm. Adams’ single specimen, however, was “0.46
inch” (11.7 mm) so Pilsbry’s concept of the species
was not correct.
Baker (1935d) treated H. ambigua as a subspe-
cies of H. similis. Specimens he identified as H. similis
ambigua (ANSP 168547) are intermediate between
those he identified as H. arboreoides (C. B. Adams,
1845) and H. similis (C. B. Adams, 1849) in umbilical
width. None of the specimens match the description
of H. ambigua, as the sutures are not more impressed
than in H. similis or H. arboreoides. The lectotype of
H. ambigua designated by Jacobson & Boss (1973, pl.
74, fig. 1, 2) is stated to be 16.2 mm. As this does not
match the measurements of Adams’ unique specimen,
the lectotype designation is invalid. Helix ambigua
should probably be considered a nomen dubium be-
cause the type material is not known to exist, and no
other specimens have been reported that match the
original description, however, we list it as a tentative
synonym of H. similis so that the name will not be
overlooked.
Lacteoluna selenina (Gould, 1848). This species
was first reported from Jamaica by Gloyne (1872), as
Helix vortex Pfeiffer, 1839 (non Linnaeus, 1758), a spe-
cies described from Cuba and generally regarded as a
synonym of L. selenina, which was described from
Georgia and Florida. Tryon’s (1887) Jamaican record
is based on ANSP 28286, from his collection; we have
not positively identified the specimens but they are not
conspecific with L. selenina from Florida. In the ab-
sence of confirmed specimens from Jamaica, we ex-
clude the species from the fauna.
Stauroglypta alveus (C. B. Adams, 1850a). Placed
in the genus Hojeda by Richardson (1986), apparently
because the previous treatment of this species by Tryon
(1887) classified it as a Microphysa, which is now con-
sidered a synonym of Hojeda. The species that Tryon
130
treated under Microphysa are now placed in several
different genera. We classify Adams’ species as
Stauroglypta alveus as it has greatest similarity to
Stauroglypta spreta among Jamaican sagdids. The
specimens we have examined (ANSP 820) are some-
what worn but show traces of the diagonal threads that
characterize Stauroglypta conchologically.
Helix albicans Pfeiffer, 1850. Apparently not
treated since Vendryes (1899); placed here as a ques-
tionable synonym of Stauroglypta anthoniana (C. B.
Adams, 1849b) based on the original description.
Pleurodontidae
Pleurodonte amabilis (C. B. Adams, 1850c).
Adams described this as a full species but subsequently
placed it as a variety of P. cara (Adams 1851b). The
lectotype selected by Jacobson & Boss (1973, ANSP
9013) is invalid. There is no evidence that it is part of
the original material studied by Adams, having come
from the Swift Collection, nor does it match the origi-
nal description, being too high spired. The supposed
lectotype is a specimen of P. catadupae (see below); a
supposed paralectotype in the same lot is P. cara. A
specimen in the Chitty collection (BMNH 54.4.3.30),
labeled Helix cara var. amabilis, exactly matches the
measurements given by C. B. Adams in the original
description (Figures 3-5). It is here designated the lec-
totype of that species to end confusion about its iden-
tity.
Specimens exactly matching the original descrip-
tion of Pleurodonte amabilis have been found in the
central Cockpit Country and the species is here recog-
nized as valid. Pleurodonte amabilis differs from P.
cara in that the reflected aperture covers less than half
of the umbilicus rather than most or all of it, the outer
two apertural teeth are distinct rather than merged at
the base, the labrum meets the body whorl below the
peripheral keel rather than exactly at it, and white
flammules mark where the periostracum is loose be-
cause of underlying grooves on the shell, dorsally and
ventrally. This last feature serves also to distinguish P.
amabilis from P. catadupae.
Pleurodonte candescens (C. B. Adams, 1850a).
Helix candescens was considered a variety of
Pleurodonte invalida by Pfeiffer (1853) and Pilsbry
(1889 in 1889-1890), but apparently neither of them
saw Adams’ type material. Examination of the lecto-
type (MCZ 155775, designated by Jacobson & Boss
1973) proves P. candescens to be an older name for P.
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
simson (Pfeiffer, 1852), which was treated as a sub-
species of P. invalida by Baker (1935d). No intergrades
occur, so we recognize P. candescens as a full species.
It differs from P. invalida in having the outermost of
the four apertural teeth shaped like a rounded trapezoid
(Figure 6) rather than being sharply triangular (Figure
7), and in reaching a greater maximum size. The spe-
cies are apparently allopatric, although they have
broader ranges than illustrated by Jarvis (1902b).
Pleurodonte candescens is found in Trelawny, St. Ann,
St. Mary and northern St. Catherine parishes; P.
invalida is found along the south coast from Portland
and St. Thomas through St. Elizabeth parishes.
With the recognition of P. candescens as distinct
from P. invalida, a question arises as to the position of
P. invalida consanguinea, another subspecies recog-
nized by Baker, and its two synonyms, Helix
consanguinea vars. carinata and imperforata. The den-
tition of H. consanguinea and H. carinata places them
with P. candescens, but they are generally flatter and
more broadly umbilicate, and appear to be allopatric
in distribution. As shown in the Appendix, both names
are preoccupied, so they are listed as doubtful syn-
onyms of P. candescens and the question of the status
of these populations is left for future study.
Pleurodonte carmelita (Férussac, 1821). The
original combination is Helix carmelita which is pre-
occupied by Helix carmelita Lichtenstein, 1794. Gei-
ger (2003) called Lichtenstein’s taxon a nomen dubium,
a conclusion that we second. Unfortunately, Férussac’s
name does not have enough usage to qualify for rever-
sal of precedence (ICZN Article 23.9). The next avail-
able name, Helix mora Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834 was
first synonymized with H. carmelita by Pfeiffer (1846,
p. 73). Subsequent authors such as Pilsbry (1889 in
1889-90, p. 99), have supported this synonymy al-
though the species was described without locality.
Griffith & Pidgeon’s illustration of Helix mora
(pl. 36, fig. 1) was likely based on material at BMNH;
a footnote on p. 595 says, “Most of the inedited shells
figured in this work are from the collection of the Brit-
ish Museum”, and the name is attributed in the plate
caption to [John Edward] Gray, who worked there. One
of us (Rosenberg) examined two lots containing five
specimens of Pleurodonte carmelita of appropriate
vintage from BMNH, but none of the labels demon-
strated a connection to Griffith & Pidgeon, and none
of the specimens were a convincing match for the il-
lustration. The type material of Helix mora is thus re-
garded as lost. The description says only “Chestnut
brown, edge of lips white” (p. 597), which is consis-
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 131

Figures 3-7. Pleurodonte species. 3-5. Lectotype of Pleurodonte amabilis, BMNH, 54.4.3.30, 26.7
mm. 6. Lectotype of Pleurodonte candescens, MCZ 155775, 20.0 mm, showing trapezoidal outer tooth.
7. Pleurodonte invalida, ANSP 763, 19.9 mm., showing triangular outer tooth

tent with P. carmelita, but hardly diagnostic. The il-
lustration, a ventral view only, is consistent with P.
carmelita in size and more importantly in the distinc-
tive ridge of callus around the inner peristome. Among
Jamaican pleurodontids, this ridge occurs only in some
fully adult specimens of P. carmelita. We thus accept
Pleurodonte mora as the valid name for this taxon.
Pleurodonte catadupae (H. B. Baker, 1935c).
Baker named this as a subspecies of P. cara, but no
intergrades occur, so we recognize it as a full species.
Pleurodonte catadupae differs from P. cara in that the
outer two apertural teeth are distinct rather than merged
at the base; if there are two inner teeth, they are closer
together than in P. cara; the labrum meets the body
whorl below the peripheral keel rather than exactly at
it, the apertural lip is brown rather than usually white,
and the whorls are bordered by a spiral brown band
both dorsally and ventrally that does not reach the pe-
ripheral keel, rather than being monochromatic or grad-
ing gradually from darker at the keel to lighter cen-
trally. P. catadupae has been found only in St. James
Parish on the western side of the Cockpit Country, P.
amabilis only in Trelawny Parish in the central Cock-
pit Country, and P. cara only in Manchester Parish
south of the Cockpit Country.
132
Helix (Lucerna) lindsleyana Vendryes, 1899. This
name was introduced by Vendryes (1899) in a list and
partial key to Jamaican species of land and freshwater
shells; there is no illustration or locality and only a
brief description. Vendryes attributed the name to
Chitty, but we can find no evidence that Chitty intro-
duced the name; it is not listed by Clench & Turner
(1950b). Helix lindsleyana is one of the last four spe-
cies in a section of the key treating what are now clas-
sified as Pleurodonte.
Helix lindsleyana is described by “Outer two teeth
scarcely or not at all united at base” but this phrase
might also have been intended to apply to some or all
of the three succeeding species, as Vendryes’ key was
not dichotomous in structure. Each of the other three
species, Helix pallescens, H. atavus and H. picturata
has additional descriptive phrases added. This arrange-
ment may be interpreted as a differential diagnosis, so
we consider the name Helix lindsleyana to be avail-
able. Other characteristics of the species based on its
position in the key are 3-4 apertural teeth, globose body
whorl, and lack of a furrow above the periphery be-
hind the aperture.
We have not been able to trace type material of
Helix lindsleyana; it may be in the Vendryes collec-
tion at the Institute of Jamaica in Kingston. Jarvis
(1902b) also attributed the name to Chitty and showed
distribution coextensive with Helix atavus, both being
restricted to Western Westmoreland. We have not been
able to locate Jarvis’s specimens; he may have been
working from information communicated by Vendryes,
whose help he acknowledged in a related paper (Jarvis
1902a). Pleurodonte pallescens does not occur in
Westmoreland (it is apparently a Cockpit endemic) and
P. picturata has the outer two teeth somewhat united
at the base. This leaves the most likely identity for Helix
lindsleyana as being a form of P. atavus, so we tenta-
tively synonymize it with that species, although it is
possible that it will turn out to be a form of P. picturata
if type material is ever discovered. No other species of
Pleurodonte are consistent with the characteristics de-
tailed by Vendryes.
Helix soror var. latior Deshayes, 1851. This name
was introduced in a plate caption and apparently has
not been treated by any subsequent author. Pfeiffer
(1853) listed the figure on which the name was based
under Helix peracutissima C. B. Adams, 1845, a place-
ment with which we concur. Helix latior is thus a syn-
onym of Pleurodonte peracutissima.
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
Pleurodonte tridentina chittyana (C. B. Adams,
1849a) and P. t. schroeteriana (Pfeiffer, 1845a). Both
were described as species, but treated as subspecies of
P. tridentina by Baker (1935d). They intergrade in sym-
patry with the nominotypical subspecies, and are here
synonymized with it.
Xanthonychidae
Helix jacobensis C. B. Adams, 1851b. Listed as a
valid species by several authors, but known to them
only from the original description. The type material
is lost according to Jacobson and Boss (1973). We con-
sider a synonym of Dialeuca conspersula platystyla
Pfeiffer, 1850, based on the original description and a
comparison with a specimen identified as Helix
jacobensis in the Chitty collection at BMNH
(54.3.18.587). Adams did not compare his taxon to
Pfeiffer’s, which was ascribed with doubt to the
Molucca Islands.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Glenn
Goodfriend, who passed away on 15 October 2002.
He was always supportive of our work on the Jamai-
can fauna and willing to share his knowledge.
At the University of the West Indies, Eric
Garraway and Catherine Murphy provided invaluable
logistic and moral support. His graduate students,
Lauren Munroe and Natalie Blake, joined us for se-
lected field work, and along with Sarah Watson and
David Drumm, assisted with sorting and identifying
the samples in Philadelphia. Many other faculty and
staff at the University aided us in various ways: Ralph
Robinson, Byron Wilson, Peter Vogel, Ian Brown,
Simon Mitchell, Dunbar Steel, and George Proctor
(who told us stories of Henry Pilsbry when we first
met him botanizing in Barbecue Bottom). At the Insti-
tute of Jamaica, Elaine Fischer, Tracy Commock, and
Elizabeth Morrison encouraged our interest in the fauna
and in their collections. Elaine Donaldson willingly
assisted with permits at NRCA (now NEPA). Tommy
Allen, Jason Bond, Peter Clarke, Paul “Herlitz” Davis,
Rohan Esty, Tom Grace, Davile “Raymond” Holmes,
Sam James, Mark Kitson, Susan Koenig, Michael
“Claude” Lewis, Leon Linton, Sylvia Macia, Marcia
Mundle, Michael Norris, Daniel Perez-Gelabert,
Dwight Pryce, Mike Robinson, Granville Spence,
Menocal Stevenson, Christoph Schubart, Michael
Schwartz, Ann Sutton, Marius van der Merwe, Jason
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA
Weintraub, and Clinton West all assisted us in the field,
in various capacities of guides, assistants, colleagues
and friends. John Taylor and Kathie Way (BMNH),
Fred Thompson and Roger Portell (FLMNH), Paula
Mikkelsen and Jay Cordeiro (AMNH), Kenneth J. Boss
and Adam Baldinger (MCZ), and M. G. Harasweych,
Raye Germon and Paul Greenhall (USNM) readily
loaned specimens or allowed us access to collections
under their care. G. T. Watters commented on the no-
menclature of Annulariidae. David Robinson willingly
advised on the identification of introduced species. Dan
Otte and Paul Callomon helped with preparation of
the figures. C. R. C. Paul and an anonymous reviewer
provided valuable comments on the manuscript. This
research was supported NSF Grants DEB-9870233 and
DEB-9408089 to Gary Rosenberg. Any opinions, find-
ings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed
in this material are those of the authors and do not nec-
essarily reflect the views of the National Science Foun-
dation.
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TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 139

Table 1. Diversity and endemism of Jamaican terrestrial mollusks.

Family Valid Total Percent Number Percent Genera/

Species names Valid Endemic Endemic Subgenera

Helicinidae 40 74 54 40 100 11
Proserpinidae 4 8 50 4 100 2
Stoastomatidae 75 82 91 75 100 4
Neocyclotidae 68 85 80 68 100 10
Annulariidae 65 120 54 65 100 9
Truncatellidae 17 36 47 17 100 4
Operculates 269 405 66 269 100 40

Carychiidae 1 3 33 1 100 1
Veronicellidae 9 17 53 3 33 4
Succineidae 4 4 100 1 25 1
Lauriidae 1 3 33 0 0 1
Pupillidae 3 6 50 0 0 2
Vertiginidae 9 12 75 0 0 4
Strobilopsidae 1 2 50 0 0 1
Helicodiscidae 2 2 100 0 0 2
Punctidae 2 2 100 0 0 2
Ferussaciidae 3 4 75 0 0 2
Subulinidae 10 17 63 1 10 7
Spiraxidae 7 13 54 7 100 5
Oleacinidae 57 92 62 57 100 7
Bulimulidae 4 5 80 1 25 2
Strophocheilidae 1 1 100 0 0 1
Orthalicidae 1 1 100 0 0 1
Urocoptidae 73 153 48 72 99 10
Thysanophoridae 2 2 100 1 50 1
Sagdidae 56 80 70 56 100 12
Streptaxidae 1 1 100 0 0 1
Systrophiidae 3 3 100 1 33 2
Polygyridae 1 1 100 0 0 1
Pleurodontidae 31 78 40 30 97 4
Bradybaenidae 1 1 100 0 0 1
Xanthonychidae 5 13 38 5 100 2
Agriolimacidae 1 1 100 0 0 1
Euconulidae 1 3 33 0 0 1
Zonitidae 3 3 100 0 0 3
Pulmonates 293 523 56 236 81 83
Total 562 928 61 505 90 123
140
Table 2. Distribution of non-endemic species of terrestrial mollusks from Jamaica. Of total of 57 species,
10 are native (N), 25 introduced by humans (I), and 22 are of unknown status (?).
Family Species
Veronicellidae Diplosolenodes occidentalis
Leidyula floridana
Leidyula kraussii
Sarasinula plebeia
Veronicella davisi
Veronicella sloanei
Succineidae Succinea angustior
Succinea latior
Succinea sagra
Lauriidae Lauria cylindracea
Pupillidae Ptychopatula dioscoricola
Ptychopatula macneilli
Pupoides albilabris
Vertiginidae Bothriopupa tenuidens
Gastrocopta contracta
Gastrocopta pellucida
Gastrocopta rupicola
Gastrocopta servilis
Sterkia antillensis
Vertigo gouldii
Vertigo milium
Vertigo ovata
Strobilopsidae Strobilops hubbardi
Helicodiscidae Helicodiscus apex
Helicodiscus parallelus
Punctidae Paralaoma servilis
Punctum vitreum
Ferussaciidae Geostilbia aperta
Karolus consobrinus
Karolus iota
Subulinidae Allopeas gracile
Allopeas micrum
Beckianum beckianum
Lamellaxis monodon
Lamellaxis pallidus
Lamellaxis striosus
Leptinaria unilamellata
Opeas hannense
Subulina octona
Bulimulidae Bulimulus diaphanus
Bulimulus guadalupensis
Drymaeus multilineatus
Strophocheilidae Megalobulimus oblongus
Orthalicidae Orthalicus undatus
Urocoptidae Microceramus gossei
Thysanophoridae Thysanophora plagioptycha
Streptaxidae Huttonella bicolor
Systrophiidae Happiella decolorata
Miradiscops opal
Polygyridae Praticolella griseola
Pleurodontidae Zachrysia provisoria
Bradybaenidae Bradybaena similaris
Agriolimacidae Deroceras laeve
Euconulidae Guppya gundlachi
Zonitidae Hawaiia minuscula
Striatura meridionalis
Zonitoides arboreus
G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV
Status Non-Jamaican occurrence
I Neotropical
? Caribbean Basin, Florida
N Caribbean
I Pantropical
? Cuba
N West Indies, Bermuda
? Cuba
? Grand Cayman
? Cuba
I Europe
? Neotropical
N Neotropical
? West Indies
? Caribbean Basin
I North America, West Indies
? SE USA, Caribbean Basin
? SE USA, West Indies
? Caribbean Basin
? Caribbean Basin
N North America, West Indies
N North America, Greater Antilles
? North America, West Indies
? North America, West Indies
N Cuba
I North America
I Worldwide
N North America
I Caribbean Basin
I Caribbean Basin
N Grand Cayman
I Pantropical
? Pantropical
I Pantropical
N Puerto Rico
? West Indies
? Cuba
I Neotropical
I Pantropical
I Pantropical
I West Indies
I West Indies
I Pantropical
I Neotropical
N Grand Cayman
? West Indies
? SE US, Caribbean Basin
I Pantropical
I Caribbean Basin
? Caribbean Basin
I Neotropical
I Neotropical
I Pantropical
I Worldwide
? Neotropical
I Worldwide
? North America, West Indies
I Worldwide
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 141

APPENDIX: RECENT TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS OF JAMAICA

This list gives the current classification of all named terrestrial molluscan species known from Jamaica.
Undescribed, unidentified, misidentified and extralimital species are excluded, as are species known as fossils
only. An asterisk indicates that the name is represented by Jamaican specimens in the malacology collection at
ANSP. Subspecies are not numbered separately, but are listed at the same level of indent as species (e.g., num-
bers 2 and 10). A plus sign (+) before a name indicates that it is a synonym or possible synonym (+?) of the name
in the numbered heading. Synonymies exclude names not applied to the Jamaican fauna. The original genus is
given in square brackets if it differs from the current genus.

NERITOPSINA

HELICINIDAE

Classification from Wagner (1907-11), Baker (1922, 1934a, b, 1940), Boss & Jacobson (1974a, b), Clench &
Jacobson (1970) and Richling (2004).

1. Alcadia (Alcadia) citrinolabris (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helicina]*

+ Helicina albolabris C. B. Adams, 1849*
2. Alcadia (Alcadia) major major (Gray, 1824) [Helicina]*
Alcadia (Alcadia) major gossei (Pfeiffer, 1849) [Helicina]
3. Alcadia (Alcadia) maxima (Sowerby II, 1842) [Helicina]*
+ Helicina maxima var. citrina C. B. Adams, 1851*
4. Alcadia (Alcadia) nobilis (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helicina]*

5. Alcadia (?Hjalmarsona) affinis (C. B. Adams, 1846) [Helicina]*

+? Helicina gloynei Bland, 1872*
6. Alcadia (?Hjalmarsona) dubiosa (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helicina]*
+ Helicina dubiosa var. intermedia C. B. Adams, 1850
7. Alcadia (?Hjalmarsona) erythrozona Dean, 1931
8. Alcadia (?Hjalmarsona) megastoma (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helicina]*
9. Alcadia (?Hjalmarsona) solitaria (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helicina]*
+ Helicina guildingiana Pfeiffer, 1849
10. Alcadia (Palliata) brownii brownii (Gray, 1824) [Helicina]*
Alcadia (Palliata) brownii labiosa (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helicina]*
Alcadia (Palliata) brownii palliata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helicina]*
11. Alcadia (Palliata) consanguinea (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helicina]*
+ Helicina soror C. B. Adams, 1851
12. Alcadia (Palliata) hirsuta (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helicina]*
13. Alcadia (Palliata) hollandi (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helicina]*
14. Alcadia (Palliata) macilenta (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helicina]*
15. Alcadia (Palliata) microstoma (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helicina]*
16. Alcadia (Palliata) pusilla (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helicina]*
+ Alcadia pusilla var. intermedia Pilsbry, 1909 [non C. B. Adams, 1850]*
17. Alcadia (s.l.) aurantia (Gray, 1824) [Helicina]*
+ Helicina pyrrhostoma Menke, 1828
18. Alcadia (s.l.) jamaicensis (Sowerby II, 1842) [Helicina]*
+ Helicina ampliata fuscocallosa Wagner, 1907*
19. Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) chittyana (Pfeiffer, 1858) [Trochatella]*
20. Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) nobilis nobilis (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Trochatella]*
Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) nobilis retreatensis H. B. Baker, 1934*
142 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

21. Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) pulchella pulchella (Gray, 1824) [Helicina]*

+ Trochatella grayana Pfeiffer, 1849*
+? Trochatella pulchella var. labiosa Chitty, 1853
Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) pulchella cathartensis H. B. Baker, 1934*
Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) pulchella cavearum H. B. Baker, 1934*
Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) pulchella multicarinata (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Trochatella]*
Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) pulchella scitula (Wood, 1828) [Helicina]*
22. Eutrochatella (Eutrochatella) tankervillii (Gray, 1824) [Helicina]*
23. Eutrochatella (Excavata) costata (Gray, 1824) [Helicina]*
24. Helicina ampliata C. B. Adams, 1850*
25. Helicina neritella neritella Lamarck, 1801*
+ Pitonnillus muricinus Montfort, 1810
+ Helicina neritella reducta Wagner, 1910
+? Helicina subovalis Sowerby II, 1866
+ Helicina variabilis Guilding, 1841
Helicina neritella diplocheila Wagner, 1906*
+ Helicina neritella var. angulata C. B. Adams, 1851* [non Sowerby II, 1842]
26. Lucidella (Lucidella) aureola aureola (Gray, 1824) [Helix]*
+ Lucidella aureola var. interrupta Simpson, 1895
Lucidella aureola montegoensis Brown, 1913*
27. Lucidella (Lucidella) granulosa granulosa C. B. Adams, 1850*
Lucidella (Lucidella) granulosa undulata Pfeiffer, 1862*
28. Lucidella (Lucidella) inaequalis (Pfeiffer, 1859) [Helicina]*
29. Lucidella (Lucidella) kobelti Wagner, 1910
30. Lucidella (Perenna) foxi Pilsbry, 1899*
31. Lucidella (Perenna) lineata (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helicina]*
32. Lucidella (Perenna) nana Pfeiffer, 1857*
+ Helicina tridens Sowerby II, 1866
+? Lucidella trochiformis Pilsbry, 1899*
33. Lucidella (Perenna) persculpta Pilsbry and Brown, 1912*
34. Lucidella (Perenna) yallahsensis Pilsbry and Brown, 1912*
35. Lucidella (Poenia) adamsiana adamsiana (Pfeiffer, 1849) [Helicina]*
Lucidella (Poenia) adamsiana sublaevis H. B. Baker, 1934*
36. Lucidella (Poenia) coronula (Pfeiffer, 1862) [Helicina]*
37. Lucidella (Poenia) depressa Gray, 1824*
+? Helicina leana C. B. Adams, 1845
Lucidella (Poenia) depressa valida (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helicina]*
38. Priotrochatella josephinae (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helicina]*
39. Priotrochatella pulchra (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Trochatella]*
40. Stoastomops adamsi H. B. Baker, 1934*
+ Helicina tenuis C. B. Adams, 1849 [non Pfeiffer, 1849]

PROSERPINIDAE

Classification follows Thompson (1980).

41. Proserpina (Despoenella) bidentata C. B. Adams, 1850*

42. Proserpina (Despoenella) pisum C. B. Adams, 1850*
43. Proserpina (Proserpina) linguifera (Jonas, 1839) [Helicina]*
+ Helicina allognata Jonas, 1846
+ Proserpina pulchra C. B. Adams, 1850*
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 143

44. Proserpina (Proserpina) nitida Sowerby II, 1839*

+ Proserpina nitida var. planulata C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Helix proserpina Pfeiffer, 1845

STOASTOMATIDAE

Classification follows Chitty (1857b) as modified by Baker (1934a, b) and Boss (1972).

45. Fadyenia albersiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]*

46. Fadyenia alderiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
47. Fadyenia anthoniana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]*
48. Fadyenia arthuriana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
49. Fadyenia bairdiana (Chitty, 1857) [Blandia]
+ Blandia bairdiana minor Chitty, 1857
50. Fadyenia baquieana Chitty, 1857*
+ Metcalfeia mitchelliana Chitty, 1857*
+ Metcalfeia sutherlandiana Chitty, 1857
51. Fadyenia barroniana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]
52. Fadyenia blandiana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
53. Fadyenia boissieriana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
54. Fadyenia bowerbankiana Chitty, 1857
55. Fadyenia bridgesiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
56. Fadyenia carpenteriana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]
57. Fadyenia chittyana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
58. Fadyenia cumingiana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
59. Fadyenia denisoniana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]*
60. Fadyenia dohrniana (Chitty, 1857) [Metcalfeia]
61. Fadyenia dysoniana (Chitty, 1857) [Wilkinsonaea]*
62. Fadyenia fadyeniana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]
63. Fadyenia fischeriana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
64. Fadyenia fortuneana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]*
65. Fadyenia gaskoiniana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]*
66. Fadyenia gouldiana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
67. Fadyenia grayana Chitty, 1857*
68. Fadyenia grevilleana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]*
69. Fadyenia gutiereziana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
70. Fadyenia hanleyana (Chitty, 1857) [Wilkinsonaea]
71. Fadyenia henryana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
72. Fadyenia hollandiana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]*
+ Wilkinsonaea bensoniana Chitty, 1857
+ Blandia hilliana Chitty, 1857*
73. Fadyenia jeffreysiana (Chitty, 1857) [Blandia]
74. Fadyenia layardiana (Chitty, 1857) [Metcalfeia]*
75. Fadyenia leana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
76. Fadyenia lindsleyana lindsleyana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
Fadyenia lindsleyana jayana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
77. Fadyenia loweana (Chitty, 1857) [Blandia]
78. Fadyenia lukisiana (Chitty, 1857) [Blandia]
79. Fadyenia macandrewiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lewisia]
80. Fadyenia macgillivrayana (Chitty, 1857) [Blandia]
81. Fadyenia metcalfeiana (Chitty, 1857) [Metcalfeia]
82. Fadyenia morchiana (Chitty, 1857) [Metcalfeia]
144 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

83. Fadyenia moricandiana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]*

84. Fadyenia moussoniana (Chitty, 1857) [Wilkinsona
85. Fadyenia newcombiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
86. Fadyenia oweniana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
87. Fadyenia petitiana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]*
88. Fadyenia pickeringiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]*
89. Fadyenia poeyana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
90. Fadyenia polyblankiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
91. Fadyenia redfieldiana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Stoastoma]*
92. Fadyenia reeveana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]*
93. Fadyenia riiseana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
94. Fadyenia salleana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
95. Fadyenia shuttleworthiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
96. Fadyenia sinclairiana (Chitty, 1857) [Metcalfeia]
97. Fadyenia stevensiana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]
98. Fadyenia stokesiana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]
99. Fadyenia stricklandiana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]
100. Fadyenia swiftiana (Chitty, 1857) [Metcalfeia]
101. Fadyenia tappaniana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]
102. Fadyenia tayloriana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]*
103. Fadyenia trailliana (Chitty, 1857) [Blandia]
104. Fadyenia troscheliana (Chitty, 1857) [Blandia]
105. Fadyenia verreauxiana (Chitty, 1857) [Metcalfeia]
106. Fadyenia wollastoniana (Chitty, 1857) [Lindsleya]
107. Fadyenia woodwardiana (Chitty, 1857) [Lewisia]
108. Lewisia philippiana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]
109. Stoastoma livesayanum Chitty, 1857*
110. Stoastoma pfeifferianum C. B. Adams, 1849*
111. Stoastoma pisum C. B. Adams, 1849*
112. Wilkinsonaea abbottiana Chitty, 1857
113. Wilkinsonaea adamsiana (Chitty, 1857) [Petitia]*
114. Wilkinsonaea agassiziana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]
115. Wilkinsonaea greenwoodiana Chitty, 1857
116. Wilkinsonaea jardineiana Chitty, 1857
117. Wilkinsonaea laidlawiana Chitty, 1857
118. Wilkinsonaea schomburghkiana Chitty, 1857
119. Wilkinsonaea vilkinsoniae (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Stoastoma]*
+ Wilkinsonaea wilkinsonaeana Chitty, 1857

ARCHITAENIOGLOSSA

NEOCYCLOTIDAE

Classification follows Bartsch (1942) as modified by Baker (1943b) and Morrison (1955).

120. Cycladamsia bairdiana (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]

121. Cycladamsia rubra (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
+ Cyclotus pretiosus Chitty, 1857
122. Cycladamsia rudisplanusque (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
123. Cycladamsia seminuda (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclotus deburghaeanus Chitty, 1857
+ Aperostoma (Cycladamsia) seminudum humile Bartsch 1942
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 145

+ Aperostoma (Cycladamsia) seminudum scabratum Bartsch, 1942*

124. Cyclobakeria nana (Bartsch, 1942) [Poteria]
125. Cyclobakeria notatior (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
126. Cyclobakeria novaespei (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
127. Cyclobakeria tryoniana (Pilsbry & Brown, 1910) [Aperostoma]
128. Cyclobakeria welchi (Bartsch, 1942) [Poteria]
+ Poteria (Cyclobakeria) welchi taylori Bartsch, 1942
129. Cyclochittya balnearis (Bartsch, 1942) [Poteria]
130. Cyclochittya chittyi (Bartsch, 1942) [Poteria]*
131. Cyclochittya dentistigmata (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
132. Cyclochittya magister (Bartsch, 1942) [Poteria]*
+ Cyclotus corrugatus Chitty, 1857 [non Menke, 1829]
133. Cyclochittya yallahsensis (Bartsch, 1942) [Poteria]
134. Cyclojamaicia bondi (Vanatta, 1936) [Poteria]*
135. Cyclojamaicia suturalis (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
136. Cyclopilsbrya asperula (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
137. Cyclopilsbrya beswicki (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
138. Cyclopilsbrya caribaea (Clench & Aguayo, 1935) [Poteria]*
+ Cyclostoma corrugatum Sowerby I, 1843 [non Menke 1829]*
139. Cyclopilsbrya glenburniensis Bartsch, 1942
140. Cyclopilsbrya hendersoni Bartsch, 1942*
141. Cyclopilsbrya jugosa (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclotus jugosus var. parva Chitty, 1857*
142. Cyclopilsbrya rufilabris (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
143. Cyclopilsbrya rupisfontis (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
144. Cyclopilsbrya striosa (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
145. Cyclopilsbrya westmorelandensis (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
+ Neocyclotus (Plectocyclotus) varians thielei Kobelt 1912
146. Cyclovendreysia dubiosa (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
147. Incerticyclus perpallidus (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]
148. Poteria (Bartschivindex) adamsi (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]
149. Poteria (Bartschivindex) campeachyi H. B. Baker, 1934*
+ Ptychocochlis campeachyi petricola Bartsch, 1942
150. Poteria (Bartschivindex) clappi (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]
151. Poteria (Bartschivindex) corrugata (Menke, 1829) [Cyclostoma]
+ Cyclotus portlandensis Chitty, 1857*
152. Poteria (Bartschivindex) corrugatior (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
153. Poteria (Bartschivindex) daltei Morrison, 1955
+ Ptychocochlis welchi Bartsch, 1942
154. Poteria (Bartschivindex) gemma (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
155. Poteria (Bartschivindex) gossei (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]
156. Poteria (Bartschivindex) hendersoni (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]
157. Poteria (Bartschivindex) lacteofluviale (Pilsbry & Brown, 1910) [Aperostoma]*
158. Poteria (Bartschivindex) magna (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
+ Neocyclotus (Plectocyclotus) varians knobbei Kobelt, 1912
159. Poteria (Bartschivindex) manchesterensis (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]*
160. Poteria (Bartschivindex) marianna (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]*
161. Poteria (Bartschivindex) martensi (Kobelt, 1912) [Neocyclotus]*
162. Poteria (Bartschivindex) minor (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
163. Poteria (Bartschivindex) montegoensis (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]*
164. Poteria (Bartschivindex) orcutti (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]
165. Poteria (Bartschivindex) savannensis (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]
146 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

166. Poteria (Bartschivindex) senex (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]

167. Poteria (Bartschivindex) shawae (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]
168. Poteria (Bartschivindex) subglobosa (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]*
169. Poteria (Bartschivindex) subrugosa (Sowerby I, 1850) [Cyclostoma]
170. Poteria (Bartschivindex) taylori (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]*
+ Poteria clarendonensis Morrison, 1955
171. Poteria (Bartschivindex) varians (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
172. Poteria (Bartschivindex) vendryesi (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]*
173. Poteria (Bartschivindex) zigzag (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
174. Poteria (Poteria) burringtoni Bartsch, 1942*
175. Poteria (Poteria) corrugatissima (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
176. Poteria (Poteria) crassa (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]
177. Poteria (Poteria) imitator Bartsch, 1942*
178. Poteria (Poteria) inutilis (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
179. Poteria (Poteria) jamaicensis (Dillwyn, 1823) [Turbo]
+ Turbo jamaicensis Wood, 1828*
180. Poteria (Poteria) lineata (Gray, 1850) [Cyclotus]
+ Cyclotus cycloatus Chitty, 1857*
+ Cyclostoma jamaicense Sowerby I, 1843 [non Dillwyn, 1823]
181. Poteria (Poteria) nodosa (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
182. Poteria (Poteria) notata (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]*
183. Poteria (Poteria) novussaltus (Chitty, 1857) [Cyclotus]
184. Poteria (Poteria) pallescens (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
185. Poteria (Poteria) plana Bartsch, 1942*
186. Poteria (Poteria) simpsoni (Bartsch, 1942) [Ptychocochlis]*
187. Rugicyclotus perplexus (Bartsch, 1942) [Incerticyclus]

CAENOGASTROPODA

ANNULARIIDAE

Classification follows Henderson & Bartsch (1920) with some modifications by Baker (1934b, 1935a), omit-
ting subfamilies.

188. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) grayana (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Cyclostoma]*

+ Adamsiella grayana var. aureolabris Simpson in Henderson, 1894*
+ Cyclostoma grayana C. B. Adams, 1847
+ Cyclostoma obscurum Sowerby I, 1843 [non Draparnaud, 1805]
+ Adamsiella grayana var. pallida Gloyne, 1875
+ Cyclostoma serriferum C. B. Adams, 1849
189. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) irrorata Gloyne, 1875*
190. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) jarvisi Henderson, 1901
191. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) longicollis (Pfeiffer, 1855) [Cyclostoma]
192. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) mirabilis (Wood, 1828) [Turbo]*
+? Cyclostoma decussatulum C. B. Adams, 1849
193. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) miranda (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
194. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) monstrosa (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+? Cyclostoma intermedium C. B. Adams, 1849
195. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) moribunda (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
196. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) pearmanaeana (Chitty, 1853) [Cyclostoma]*
197. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) pulchrior (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma binneyanum Pfeiffer, 1846
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 147

198. Adamsiella (Adamsiella) variabilis variabilis (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*

+ Cyclostoma articulatum Sowerby I, 1843 [non Gray, 1836]*
+ Cyclostoma concentricum C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Cyclostoma mutatum C. B. Adams, 1851*
Adamsiella (Adamsiella) variabilis granosa (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma granosum var. aberrans C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Cyclostoma nodulosum C. B. Adams, 1850
199. Adamsiella (Adamsiellops) ignilabris (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma ignilabre var. albilabre C. B. Adams, 1851
200. Annularia (Annularia) chittyi (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
201. Annularia (Annularia) fimbriatula fimbriatula (Sowerby I, 1825) [Cyclostoma]*
Annularia (Annularia) fimbriatula albinodata (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
Annularia (Annularia) fimbriatula docens (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
202. Annularia (Annularia) hilliana hilliana (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Cyclostoma]*
Annularia (Annularia) hilliana aculeosa (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma hillianum var. leporilabre C. B. Adams, 1851*
Annularia (Annularia) hilliana amanda (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]
203. Annularia (Annularia) lima lima (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma lima Pfeiffer, 1846
Annularia (Annularia) lima blandiana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
204. Annularia (Annularia) lincina (Linnaeus, 1758) [Turbo]*
+ Turbo compressus Wood, 1828
+ Annularia fimbriata Schumacher, 1817
+ Cyclostoma lincinella Lamarck, 1822*
205. Annularia (Annularia) mitis (Pfeiffer, 1854) [Cyclostoma]*
206. Annularia (Annularia) pisum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma virgineum C. B. Adams, 1850
207. Annularia (Annularia) pulchra (Wood, 1828) [Turbo]*
208. Annularia (Annularia) retrorsa (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cyclostoma]*
209. Annularia (Annularia) scabricula scabricula (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
Annularia (Annularia) scabricula amabilis (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
210. Annularia (Annularia) spinulosa (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
211. Annularia (Annularia) triploploma (H. B. Baker, 1934) [Choanopoma]*
212. Annularia (Jamaicia) anomala (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cyclostoma*]
213. Annularia (Jamaicia) moussoniana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
214. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) albus albus (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
Colobostylus (Colobostylus) albus fuscus (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
215. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) bronnii (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma bronnii Pfeiffer, 1846
+ Cyclostoma fuscolineatum C. B. Adams, 1845*
216. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) chevalieri (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma chevalieri var. album C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Cyclostoma chevalieri var. virgatum C. B. Adams, 1851
217. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) humphreysianus (Pfeiffer, 1846a) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma humphreyanum Pfeiffer, 1846b
+ Cyclostoma pictum Sowerby I, 1843 [non Pfeiffer, 1839]
218. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) jayanus (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma histrio Pfeiffer, 1853
+ Cyclostoma jayanum var. nigrilabre C. B. Adams, 1850
+ Cyclostoma jayanum var. rufilabre C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cyclostoma solidum C. B. Adams, 1849 [non Menke, 1830]*
219. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) lamellosus (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
148 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

220. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) negrilensis (H. B. Baker, 1934) [Choanopoma]*

221. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) nuttii (Pilsbry, 1903) [Colobostylus]*
222. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) sagittifer (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
223. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) tectilabris (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]
224. Colobostylus (Colobostylus) thysanoraphe (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
225. Colobostylus (Tudorops) banksianus (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma hyacinthum C. B. Adams, 1849*
226. Colobostylus (Tudorops) interruptus (Lamarck, 1822) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma ambiguum Delessert, 1841 [non Lamarck, 1822]
227. Colobostylus (Tudorops) redfieldianus redfieldianus (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
Colobostylus (Tudorops) redfieldianus magnitesta (H. B. Baker, 1934) [Choanopoma]*
228. Colobostylus (Tudorops) tenuistriatus (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
229. Colobostylus (Tudorops) xanthostoma (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma xanthostoma var. albilabre C. B. Adams, 1851
230. Colobostylus (Tudorops) yallahensis (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
231. Parachondria (Parachondrella) adamsi (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma crenulatum Sowerby I, 1843 [non Potiez and Michaud, 1838]
232. Parachondria (Parachondrella) armata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
233. Parachondria (Parachondrella) aurora (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
234. Parachondria (Parachondrella) columna (Wood, 1828) [Turbo]*
+ Cyclostoma quinquefasciatum C. B. Adams, 1849
235. Parachondria (Parachondrella) crenulosa (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
236. Parachondria (Parachondrella) fecunda (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma fecundum var. distinctum C. B. Adams, 1849
237. Parachondria (Parachondrella) maritima (C. B. Adams, 1846) [Cyclostoma]*
238. Parachondria (Parachondrella) mutica (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
239. Parachondria (Parachondrella) papyracea (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma papyraceum var. abbreviatum C. B. Adams, 1851
240. Parachondria (Parachondrella) pauperata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
241. Parachondria (Parachondrella) sericina sericina (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]
Parachondria (Parachondrella) sericina retreatensis (H. B. Baker, 1934) [Chondrompoma]*
242. Parachondria (Parachondria) barklyana (Chitty, 1853) [Cyclostoma]*
243. Parachondria (Parachondria) fascia fascia (Wood, 1828) [Turbo]
Parachondria (Parachondria) fascia augustae (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma nitens C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Cyclostoma augustae var. rufilabre C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Cyclostoma augustae var. testudineum C. B. Adams, 1851*
Parachondria (Parachondria) fascia proxima (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
244. Parachondria (Parachondria) griffithiana (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cyclostoma]*
245. Parachondria (Parachondria) mordax (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
246. Parachondria (Parachondria) simulans (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
247. Parachondria (Parachondria) tappaniana (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
248. Parachondria (Parachondrops) avena (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Rhytidopoma fraterminor Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
249. Parachondria (Parachondrops) campbellii (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cyclostoma]*
250. Parachondria (Parachondrops) sauliae (Sowerby I, 1843) [Cyclostoma]*
251. Parachondria (Parachondrops) shepardiana (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cyclostoma]*
+? Choanopoma dislocatus Gray, 1850
252. Parachondria (Parachondrops) wilkinsonii (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cyclostoma]*
+ Cyclostoma modestum C. B. Adams, 1849
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 149

TRUNCATELLIDAE

Generic classification based on Clench & Turner (1948); specific classification based on Rosenberg & Muratov
(in prep.).

253. Geomelania (Chittia) sinuosa Chitty, 1853*

254. Geomelania (Geomelania) gracilis C. B. Adams, 1850
+ Geomelania media C. B. Adams, 1850
255. Geomelania (Geomelania) hilliana C. B. Adams, 1851*
256. Geomelania (Geomelania) inornata Chitty, 1853*
257. Geomelania (Geomelania) jamaicensis Pfeiffer, 1845*
+ Geomelania affinis C. B. Adams, 1850*
+ Geomelania expansa C. B. Adams, 1849*
258. Geomelania magna magna C. B. Adams, 1850
+ Geomelania cumingi Dean, 1933
+ Geomelania fortis C. B. Adams, 1850
+? Geomelania procera C. B. Adams, 1850
+? Geomelania peilei Dean, 1933*
259. Geomelania (Geomelania) minor C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Geomelania jarvisi Sykes, 1905*
+ Geomelania minor densecostata H. B. Baker, 1935*
+ Geomelania vicina C. B. Adams, 1850*
260. Geomelania (Geomelania) pauperata C. B. Adams, 1850
261. Geomelania (Geomelania) pyramidata C. B. Adams, 1851
262. Geomelania (Geomelania) typica C. B. Adams, 1850*
+ Geomelania conica C. B. Adams, 1850
+ Geomelania minor Pfeiffer, 1850 [non C. B. Adams, 1849]
+ Geomelania gracilis var. parva C. B. Adams, 1850
+ Geomelania typica var. pygmaea C. B. Adams, 1850
263. Geomelania (Merrilliana) beardsleana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
+ Geomelania (Merrilliana) exilis C. B. Adams, 1850
264. Geomelania (Merrilliana) costulosa C. B. Adams, 1850*
265. Geomelania (Merrilliana) elegans C. B. Adams, 1849*
266. Geomelania (Merrilliana) parvula Pilsbry & Brown, 1912*
+ Geomelania parva Chitty, 1853 [non C. B. Adams, 1850]
+ Geomelania parvulina Clench & Turner, 1948
267. Geomelania (Merrilliana) pygmaea (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Cylindrella]*
+ Geomelania (Merrilliana) microglypta Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
268. Geomelania (Merrilliana) striosa C. B. Adams, 1850*
+ Geomelania striosa pumila H. B. Baker, 1935*
269. Geomelania (Scalatella) greyana (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cylindrella]*

PULMONATA

CARYCHIIDAE

270. Carychium jardineanum (Chitty, 1853) [Pupa]*

+ Pupa exilis C. B. Adams, 1849 [non C. exile H. C. Lea, 1842]*
+ Carychium exile var. jamaicense Pilsbry, 1891*
150 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

VERONICELLIDAE

Classification follows Thomé (1988, 1989).

271. Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Guilding, 1824) [Onchidium]

+? Vaginula nesiotis Simroth, 1914*
272. Leidyula dissimilis (Cockerell, 1892) [Veronicella]
+ Veronicella leptothali H. B. Baker, 1935*
273. Leidyula floridana (Leidy, 1851) [Vaginulus]*
274. Leidyula goodfriendi Thome, 1993*
275. Leidyula kraussii (Férussac, 1823) [Vaginulus]*
+ Veronicella jamaicensis Cockerell, 1892
276. Leidyula trichroma (H. B. Baker, 1935) [Veronicella]*

277. Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868) [Vaginulus]

+? Sarasinula dubia (Semper, 1885) [Vaginula]
278. Veronicella davisi Thomé, Santos & Pedott, 1996*
279. Veronicella sloanei (Cuvier, 1817) [Vaginulus]*
+ Veronicella sloanii var. coffeae Cockerell 1893
+ Vaginulus laevis Blainville, 1817
+ Vaginulus schivelyae Pilsbry, 1890
+ Veronicella virgata Cockerell, 1892

SUCCINEIDAE

280. Succinea angustior C. B. Adams, 1849*

281. Succinea contorta C. B. Adams, 1845*
282. Succinea latior C. B. Adams, 1849*
283. Succinea sagra d’Orbigny, 1841*

LAURIIDAE

We follow Bank et al. (2001) in ranking Lauriidae as a family.

284. Lauria cylindracea (da Costa, 1778) [Turbo]

+ Pupa grevillei Chitty, 1853*
+ Helix anconostoma Lowe, 1831*

PUPILLIDAE

We follow Schileyko (1998a) in recognizing Ptychopatula as a full genus.

285. Ptychopatula dioscoricola (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*

+ Pupisoma insigne Pilsbry, 1920
286. Ptychopatula macneilli (Clapp, 1918) [Thysanophora]
+ Pupisoma minor (Pilsbry, 1920)*
287. Pupoides albilabris (C. B. Adams, 1841) [Pupa]*
+ Bulimus nitidulus Pfeiffer, 1839 [non Beck, 1837]*
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 151

VERTIGINIDAE

We follow Bank et al. (2001) in ranking Vertiginidae as a family.

288. Bothriopupa tenuidens (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Pupa]*

289. Gastrocopta contracta (Say, 1822) [Pupa]*
290. Gastrocopta pellucida (Pfeiffer, 1841) [Pupa]*
+ Pupa jamaicensis C. B. Adams, 1849*
291. Gastrocopta rupicola (Say, 1821) [Pupa]*
+ Pupa marginalba Pfeiffer, 1840*
292. Gastrocopta servilis (Gould, 1843) [Pupa]*
293. Sterkia antillensis Pilsbry, 1920*
294. Vertigo gouldii (Binney, 1843) [Pupa]*
295. Vertigo milium (Gould, 1840) [Pupa]*
296. Vertigo ovata Say, 1822
+ Pupa hexodon C. B. Adams, 1849

STROBILOPSIDAE

297. Strobilops (Discostrobilops) hubbardi (A. D. Brown, 1861) [Helix]*

+ Helix vendryesiana Gloyne, 1871*

HELICODISCIDAE

298. Helicodiscus (Hebetodiscus) apex (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*

299. Helicodiscus (Helicodiscus) parallelus (Say, 1821) [Planorbis]*

PUNCTIDAE

300. Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) [Helix]

301. Punctum vitreum H. B. Baker 1930

FERUSSACIIDAE

Generic classification follows Schilekyo (1999b).

302. Geostilbia aperta (Swainson, 1840) [Achatina]

+ Achatina gundlachi Pfeiffer, 1850*
303. Karolus consobrinus (d’Orbigny, 1841) [Achatina]*
304. Karolus iota (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Achatina]*

SUBULINIDAE

Classification from Pilsbry (1906-1907), Baker (1935c), Robinson (1999) and Schilekyo (1999b).

305. Allopeas gracile (Hutton, 1834) [Bulimus]*

+ Bulimus hortensis C. B. Adams, 1851*
306. Allopeas micra (d’Orbigny, 1835) [Helix]*
+ Bulimus octonoides C. B. Adams, 1845*
307. Beckianum beckianum (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Bulimus]*1
308. Lamellaxis monodon (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Bulimus]*
+ Leptinaria opalescens Shuttleworth, 1854
152 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

309. Lamellaxis pallidus (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Bulimus]*

310. Lamellaxis striosus (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*
+ Subulina abdita Poey, 1857*

311. Leptinaria unilamellata (d’Orbigny, 1837) [Bulimus]

+ Achatina lamellata Potiez and Michaud, 1838*

312. Leptopeas robertsi (Pilsbry, 1907) [Leptinaria]*

313. Opeas hannense (Rang, 1831) [Helix]*

+ Helix goodalli Müller, 1822 [non Férussac, 1821]
+ Bulimus pumilum Pfeiffer, 1840*

314. Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789) [Bulimus]*

SPIRAXIDAE

Classification from Pilsbry (1907-1908), Baker (1935c, 1939) and Schileyko (2000).

315. Micromena problematica (Pilsbry, 1907) [Pseudosubulina]*

+ Bulimus minimus C. B. Adams, 1849 [non Bruguière, 1789]*

316. Spiraxis (Dignaxis) mirabilis (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Bulimus]*

317. Spiraxis (Euspiraxis) adamsianus Pfeiffer, 1852*

+ Bulimus anomalus C. B. Adams, 1849 [non Pfeiffer, 1846]*
+ Spiraxis contorta Chitty, 1853
+ Ravenia hollandi Henderson, 1898*
318. Spiraxis (Euspiraxis) costulosus C. B. Adams, 1850*
319. Spiraxis (Euspiraxis) parvulus (Chitty, 1853) [Achatina]

320. Spiraxis (Repressaxis) terebella (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Bulimus]*

+ Bulimus confertus Pfeiffer, 1856*
+ Bulimus striatella C. B. Adams, 1845 [non Beck, 1839]

321. Spiraxis (Spiraxis) inusitatus (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*

OLEACINIDAE

Classification follows Pilsbry (1907-1908), Baker (1935a, c; 1941) and Schileyko (2000).

322. Costavarix adamsianus (Chitty, 1853) [Achatina]*

323. Costavarix chittyanus (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]*
324. Costavarix costulatus (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Achatina]*
+ Achatina adamsii Pfeiffer, 1846
+ Varicella (Pichardiella) costulata var. fimbriatula Pilsbry, 1907
+ Varicella (Pichardiella) costulata var. longa Pilsbry, 1907*
+ Varicella (Pichardiella) costulata var. multistriata Pilsbry, 1907
+ Varicella (Pichardiella) costulata var. pallidula Pilsbry, 1907*
+ Varicella (Pichardiella) costulata var. striatapex Pilsbry, 1907
325. Costavarix davidensis (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]
326. Costavarix gossei (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Achatina]*
+? Achatina gracilior C. B. Adams, 1850*
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 153

327. Costavarix lioderma (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]*

328. Costavarix mandevillensis (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]*
329. Costavarix osculans (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Achatina]*
330. Euvaricella angiostoma (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*
+ Achatina gayana C. B. Adams, 1850
+ Achatina ingallsiana C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Achatina unicolor C. B. Adams, 1849
331. Euvaricella arcuata arcuata (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Glandina]*
Euvaricella arcuata paradisi (H. B. Baker, 1935) [Varicella]*
332. Euvaricella biplicatula biplicatula (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]*
Euvaricella biplicatula dissimilis (Pilsbry, 1909) [Varicella]*
+ Achatina similis C. B. Adams, 1850 [non Boissy, 1848]*
Euvaricella biplicatula longior (Pilsbry, 1909) [Varicella]
+ Varicella (Varicella) similis var. longa Pilsbry, 1907 [p. 106 non p. 68]
333. Euvaricella castanea (H. B. Baker, 1935) [Varicella]*
334. Euvaricella clappi (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]*
335. Euvaricella cochlidium (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]*
336. Euvaricella levis (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*
337. Euvaricella longispira (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Achatina]*
338. Euvaricella nemorensis (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*
339. Euvaricella nitida (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Achatina]*
340. Euvaricella pellucens (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Achatina]*
341. Euvaricella phillipsii (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Achatina]*
+ Glandina phillipsi Pfeiffer, 1845
342. Euvaricella similaris Pilsbry, 1907*
+ Varicella (Varicella) similaris var. mandevillensis Pilsbry, 1907* [p. 107, non p. 70]
+ Varicella similaris sloaneana Pilsbry, 1909*
343. Euvaricella solitaria (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Achatina]
344. Euvaricella spina (Pilsbry, 1907) [Varicella]*
345. Euvaricella taylori (Vendryes, 1901) [Glandina]
346. Euvaricella venusta (Pfeiffer, 1841) [Cochlicopa]*

347. Sigmataxis annae (Pilsbry, 1907) [Spiraxis]*

348. Sigmataxis brevis (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Spiraxis]
349. Sigmataxis calus (Pilsbry, 1907) [Spiraxis]
350. Sigmataxis cylindricus (H. B. Baker, 1935) [Varicella]*
351. Sigmataxis laeviusculus (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Bulimus]*
+ Achatina aberrans Pfeiffer, 1846*
+ Spiraxis aberrans C. B. Adams, 1850*
+ Spiraxis aberrans var. unicolor C. B. Adams, 1851
352. Sigmataxis macrospira (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Bulimus]
353. Sigmataxis micans (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*
354. Sigmataxis nitidiuscula (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Bulimus]
355. Sigmataxis parallelus (Pilsbry, 1907) [Spiraxis]*
356. Sigmataxis pauperculus pauperculus (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Bulimus]*
Sigmataxis pauperculus tumens (H. B. Baker, 1935) [Varicella]*
357. Sigmataxis perplexus (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Achatina]*
358. Sigmataxis perstriatus (Pilsbry, 1907) [Spiraxis]*
359. Sigmataxis procerus (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Bulimus]*
+? Bulimus clava Reeve, 1849
+ Bulimus impressus Reeve, 1849
+ Bulimus jamaicensis Reeve, 1849
154 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

360. Sigmataxis subaquila (H. B. Baker, 1935) [Varicella]*

361. Varicella (Varicella) deflorescens (Vendryes, 1901) [Glandina]
362. Varicella (Varicella) dominicensis (Gmelin, 1791) [Bulla]*
363. Varicella (Varicella) leucozonias (Gmelin, 1791) [Voluta]*
+ Achatina albolineatus Lamarck, 1822
+ Varicella (Varicella) leucozonias var. striatella Pilsbry, 1907*
364. Varicella (Varicellaria) griffithii griffithii (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Achatina]*
+ Glandina griffithi Pfeiffer, 1845
Varicella (Varicellaria) griffithii chittyi Pilsbry 1907*
Varicella (Varicellaria) griffithii ischna Pilsbry, 1907*
365. Varicella (Varicellaria) jamaicensis (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Glandina]*
366. Varicella (Varicellaria) ligata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*
367. Varicella (Varicellaria) necrodes H. B. Baker, 1935*
+ Achatina procera C. B. Adams, 1849 [non C. B. Adams, 1845]*
368. Varicella (Varicellaria) philippiana (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Achatina]*
+ Achatina elegans C. B. Adams, 1849*
369. Varicella (Varicellaria) subdola H. B. Baker, 1935*
370. Varicella (Varicellina) curvilabris (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Glandina]*
371. Varicella (Varicellina) vicina vicina (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Achatina]*
Varicella (Varicellina) vicina portlandensis H. B. Baker, 1935*
372. Varicella (Varicellula) blandiana blandiana (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Achatina]*
Varicella (Varicellula) blandiana subaequa H. B. Baker, 1935*
373. Varicella (Varicellula) costulosa (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Achatina]*
374. Varicella (Varicellula) propinqua (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Achatina]*
375. Varicella (Varicellula) proxima (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Achatina]*
376. Varicella (Varicellula) puella (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Achatina]*
377. Varicella (Varicellula) rapax Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
378. Varicella (Varicellula) tenera tenera (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Achatina]*
Varicella (Varicellula) tenera roperi Pilsbry, 1907*

BULIMULIDAE

Classification follows Breure (1979).

379. Bulimulus diaphanus (Pfeiffer, 1855) [Bulimus]*

380. Bulimulus guadalupensis (Bruguière, 1789) [Bulimus]*
+ Helix exilis Gmelin, 1791*
381. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) immaculatus (Reeve, 1850) [Bulimus]*
382. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) multilineatus (Say, 1825) [Bulimus]*

STROPHOCHEILIDAE

383. Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller, 1774) [Helix]*

ORTHALICIDAE

384. Orthalicus undatus jamaicensis (Pilsbry, 1899) [Oxystyla]*

TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 155

UROCOPTIDAE

Classification from Pilsbry (1902-1904), Sykes (1904), Baker (1935c, d), Paul (1982, 1983) and Schileyko
(1999a), omitting subfamilies.

385. Anoma adamsi Pilsbry 1903*

386. Anoma alboanfractus (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. bicolor Chitty, 1853
+ Cylindrella paivana Pfeiffer, 1863*
387. Anoma dohrniana (Pfeiffer, 1871) [Cylindrella]
388. Anoma flexuosa (Pfeiffer, 1866) [Cylindrella]
+ Pupa fusiformis C. B. Adams, 1845 [non Deshayes 1833]*
389. Anoma fuscolabris (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
+ Anoma fuscolabris var. pilsbryi Sykes, 1904
390. Anoma gossei (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Cylindrella]*
+ Macroceramus (Anoma) pfeifferi Martens, 1860
391. Anoma gracilis (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
392. Anoma integra (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]
393. Anoma jarvisi Pilsbry, 1903*
394. Anoma levis (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
+ Anoma levis var. balteata Pilsbry, 1903*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. bicincta C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. concinna C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. unicincta C. B. Adams, 1851*
395. Anoma nigrescens (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
+? Bulimus maugeri Wood, 1828 [has priority if synonym is correct]
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. crassa C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Anoma nigrescens var. leucostoma Pilsbry, 1903*
+ Anoma nigrescens levior H. B. Baker, 1935*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. quadricolor Chitty, 1853*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. rufilabris C. B. Adams, 1851*
396. Anoma nitens (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
+ Anoma nitens var. simpsoni Pilsbry, 1903*
397. Anoma prunicolor (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]
398. Anoma pulchella (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
399. Anoma pulla (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
400. Anoma radiata (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
401. Anoma sinuata (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
402. Anoma solida (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella blandiana Pfeiffer, 1854
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. conica C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. striatula C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. unicolor C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. valida C. B. Adams, 1851*
403. Anoma splendens (Pfeiffer, 1841) [Pupa]*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. albida C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. citrina C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Torquilla hornbeckii Villa, 1841
+ Anoma splendens medinae H. B. Baker, 1935*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. rosealabris Chitty, 1853*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. tricolor C. B. Adams, 1851 [non Pfeiffer, 1847]*
156 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

404. Anoma striata (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*

+ Cylindrella maugeri var. corpulenta C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. fusca C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella macrostoma Pfeiffer, 1857*
405. Anoma tesselata (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. cinerea C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella zebrina Pfeiffer, 1854*
406. Anoma tricolor (Pfeiffer, 1847) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella maugeri var. raphinina Chitty, 1853
407. Apoma agnesianum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
408. Apoma chemnitzianum (Férussac, 1821) [Helix]*
+ Cylindrella cumingi C. B. Adams, 1845*
+ Apoma elongata Beck, 1837*
409. Apoma diminutum (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]
+ Brachypodella (Mychostoma) diminuta Pilsbry, 1903*
410. Apoma gracile (Wood, 1828) [Turbo]*
411. Bactrocoptis hollandi (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella augustae C. B. Adams, 1850*
412. Bactrocoptis hydrophana (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]
413. Bactrocoptis pupaeformis (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cylindrella]*
414. Bactrocoptis rosea (Pfeiffer, 1844) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella montana C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Cylindrella striata Chitty, 1853 [non C. B. Adams, 1851]*
415. Geoscala costulata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
+ Brachypodella (Geoscala) costulata savlamari H. B. Baker, 1935*
416. Geoscala robertsi (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
417. Geoscala seminuda (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Cylindrella]*
418. Microceramus gossei (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Bulimus]*
+ Cylindrella hydeana C. B. Adams, 1849*
419. Mychostoma alabastrinum (Pfeiffer, 1845) [Cylindrella]
420. Mychostoma album (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
+ Brachypodella (Mychostoma) alba var. eos Pilsbry, 1903*
+ Brachypodella (Mychostoma) alba var. minima Pilsbry, 1903*
+ Brachypodella (Mychostoma) alba var. occidentalis Pilsbry, 1903*
+ Brachypodella (Mychostoma) alba var. striata Pilsbry, 1903*
+ Cylindrella alba var. striatula C. B. Adams, 1849*
421. Mychostoma pearmanaeanum (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
422. Simplicervix humilis (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cylindrella]
423. Simplicervix inornata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella asperata Sowerby II, 1875
424. Simplicervix simplex (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]
425. Spirostemma abnorme (Vendryes, 1901) [Cylindrella]*
426. Spirostemma altum (Sowerby II, 1875) [Cylindrella]
427. Spirostemma bellevuense Pilsbry, 1903*
+ Cylindrella (Anoma) propinqua Vendryes, 1901 [non Arango, 1882]
428. Spirostemma carinatum (Pfeiffer, 1854) [Cylindrella]
429. Spirostemma cognatum (Vendryes, 1901) [Cylindrella]*
430. Spirostemma dunkeri (Pfeiffer, 1845) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella cylindrus C. B. Adams, 1845 [non Dillwyn, 1817]
+ Cylindrella dunkeriana Pfeiffer, 1848
+ Cylindrella rubra C. B. Adams, 1849*
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 157

431. Spirostemma elatius (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*

432. Spirostemma intermedium (Sowerby II, 1875) [Cylindrella, non C. B. Adams, 1849]
433. Spirostemma inusitatum (Vendryes, 1901) [Cylindrella]*
434. Spirostemma ipswichense Pilsbry, 1903*
435. Spirostemma mandevillense Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
436. Spirostemma princeps (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
437. Spirostemma pusillum (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cylindrella]*
438. Spirostemma simile (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
439. Spirostemma tenellum tenellum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
Spirostemma tenellum tenerum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
440. Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) amethystina (Chitty, 1855) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella amethystina var. cerina Chitty, 1855 [non C. B. Adams, 1849]
441. Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) instabilis (Vendryes, 1901) [Cylindrella]
442. Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) megacheila (Chitty, 1855) [Cylindrella]*
443. Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) producta (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella lata C. B. Adams, 1850 [non C. B. Adams, 1849]*
+ Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) lata var. antonionis Pilsbry, 1902*
+ Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) lata var. ischnostele Pilsbry, 1902*
+ Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) lata var. manchionealensis Pilsbry, 1902*
444. Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) sanguinea (Pfeiffer, 1845) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella carnea C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Cylindrella carnea var. cerina C. B. Adams, 1849*
+? Pupa lata C. B. Adams, 1849
+ Urocoptis (Spirocoptis) sanguinea var. meridionalis Pilsbry, 1902*
+ Cylindrella (Thaumasia) sanguinea var. perplexa Vendryes, 1901
+ Pupa rosea C. B. Adams, 1846 [non Pfeiffer, 1844]
445. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) ambigua (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
+ Urocoptis (Urocoptis) ambigua var. elizabethensis Pilsbry & Jarvis, 1903*
+ Cylindrella rosea var. fortis C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Cylindrella rosea var. magna C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Cylindrella rosea var. major C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Urocoptis ambigua medinae H. B. Baker, 1935*
446. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) aspera (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
447. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) baquieana (Chitty, 1855) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella adamsiana Chitty, 1853 (Oct.) [non Pfeiffer, 1853 (June)]
+ Urocoptis (Urocoptis) baquieana pudica Pilsbry & Jarvis, 1903*
448. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) brevis (Pfeiffer, 1841) [Cylindrella]*
+ Cylindrella abbreviata Deshayes, 1851*
+ Cylindrella columna C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Pupa obesa densestriata C. B. Adams, 1845*
+ Cylindrella columna var. intermedia C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Pupa obesa C. B. Adams, 1845*
449. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) cylindrus (Dillwyn, 1817) [Turbo]*
+ Pupa rubella C. B. Adams, 1845
+? Cylindrella violacea Swainson, 1822*
450. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) dubia (Chitty, 1853) [Cylindrella]*
451. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) gravesii (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Cylindrella]*
452. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) hendersoni Pilsbry, 1902
453. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) nobilior (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Pupa]*
+ Cylindrella binneyana Pfeiffer, 1845
+? Cylindrella transaperta Sowerby II, 1875
158 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

454. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) ovata (Deshayes, 1851) [Cylindrella]

+ Urocoptis (Urocoptis) ovata var. sanctaeannae Pilsbry, 1902*
455. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) procera (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Cylindrella]*
456. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) transparens (Pfeiffer, 1866) [Cylindrella]*
457. Urocoptis (Urocoptis) zonata (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Cylindrella]*

THYSANOPHORIDAE

458. Thysanophora fuscula (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*

459. Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shuttleworth, 1854) [Helix]

SAGDIDAE

Classification follows Baker (1935b, d, 1950), Richardson (1986), Goodfriend (1986b), and Schileyko (1998b).

460. Aerotrochus mcnabianus (Chitty, 1853) [Helix]*

+ Helix macnabiana Reeve, 1854
461. Aerotrochus perdepressa perdepressa (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
+ Helix depressa C. B. Adams, 1845*
Aerotrochus perdepressa brevior (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helix]*
462. Aerotrochus subpyramidalis (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*

463. Corneosagda immunda (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*

464. Corneosagda ptychodes (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Helix]*
465. Corneosagda rufula (Pfeiffer, 1850) [Helix]*

466. Hyalosagda arboreoides (C. B. Adams, 1845) (Jan.) [Helix]*

+ Helix haldemaniana Pfeiffer, 1845 (Oct.)*
467. Hyalosagda hollandi (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
468. Hyalosagda osculans (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
469. Hyalosagda similis (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
+? Helix ambigua C. B. Adams, 1849*
470. Hyalosagda simplex (Pilsbry & Brown, 1910) [Sagda]*
+? Helix osculans var. delaminata C. B. Adams, 1851*

471. Meiophysema lamelliferum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*

472. Microsagda angustispira (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*

473. Microsagda epistyliulum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
474. Microsagda inconspicua (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*

475. Proserpinula discoidea (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Proserpina]*

+ Helix proserpinula Pfeiffer, 1851*
476. Proserpinula infortunata (Bland, 1854) [Helix]*
+ Helix opalina C. B. Adams, 1845 [non Sowerby I, 1841]*
+ Helix margarita Pfeiffer, 1845 [non Montagu, 1808]*
477. Proserpinula margaritella Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*

478. Sagda adamsiana Pilsbry & Brown, 1912*

479. Sagda alligans (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 159

480. Sagda alveare (Pfeiffer, 1862) [Helix]*

481. Sagda anodon Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
482. Sagda bondi Vanatta, 1936*
483. Sagda centralis Goodfriend, 1986*
484. Sagda connectens connectens (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
Sagda connectens catadupae H. B. Baker, 1935*
485. Sagda cookiana (Gmelin, 1791) [Helix]*
+ Sagda australis Beck, 1837
+ Epistylia conica Swainson, 1840
486. Sagda delaminata (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helix]*
487. Sagda epistyloides (Férussac, 1821) [Helix]*
+ Sagda alveolata Beck, 1837
488. Sagda foremaniana (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
489. Sagda grandis Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
490. Sagda jayana (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*
491. Sagda kingswoodi H. B. Baker, 1935*
492. Sagda maxima maxima Simpson, 1895*
Sagda maxima jacobensis H. B. Baker, 1935*
493. Sagda minor (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helix]*
494. Sagda montegoensis Pilsbry & Brown, 1911*
495. Sagda occidentalis H. B. Baker, 1935*
496. Sagda pila (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
497. Sagda spei spei Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
Sagda spei portlandensis H. B. Baker, 1935*
498. Sagda spiculosa (Pfeiffer, 1859) [Helix]*
499. Sagda torrefacta (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
500. Sagda triptycha (Pfeiffer, 1859) [Helix]*

501. Stauroglypta alveus (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*

502. Stauroglypta anthoniana (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
+? Helix albicans Pfeiffer, 1850
+ Helix (Hyalina) invasa Pfeiffer, 1855*
+ Helix pellucida C. B. Adams, 1845 [non Gould, 1843]*
+? Helix vitrina Pfeiffer, 1848 [non Wagner, 1827]
503. Stauroglypta peraffinis (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*
504. Stauroglypta spreta (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helix]*
+ Helix spreta var. errans C. B. Adams, 1851

505. Strialuna haplotrema H. B. Baker, 1935*

506. Strialuna sincera (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*
+ Helix diminuta C. B. Adams, 1849*

507. Trifaux triodon (H. B. Baker, 1935) [Volvidens]*

508. Vilitas omissa (Pilsbry, 1926) [Thysanophora]*

509. Zaphysema buddianum (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helix]*

+ Zaphysema buddiana avus Pilsbry & Brown, 1910*
510. Zaphysema columellatum (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
511. Zaphysema macmurrayi (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
512. Zaphysema mundum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
513. Zaphysema olivaceum H. B. Baker, 1935*
160 G. ROSENBERG AND I. V. MURATOV

514. Zaphysema tenerrimum (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*

+ Helix tenerrima Pfeiffer, 1845
515. Zaphysema tunicatum (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
+ Helix tumida Pfeiffer, 1846 [non Gmelin, 1791]*

STREPTAXIDAE

516. Huttonella bicolor (Hutton, 1834) [Pupa]*

SYSTROPHIIDAE

517. Happiella brevis (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*

518. Happiella decolorata (Drouët, 1859) [Zonites]*

519. Miradiscops opal (Pilsbry, 1920) [Pseudohyalina]*

POLYGYRIDAE

520. Praticolella griseola (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Helix]*

PLEURODONTIDAE

Classification follows Pilsbry (1889-1890), Baker (1935d) and Goodfriend (1983). Pleurodontidae is recog-
nized as a family, rather than a subfamily of Camaenidae following Bouchet et al. (2005).

521. Eurycratera jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1791) [Helix]*

+ Helix (Thelidomus) jamaicensis var. cornea Simpson in Henderson, 1894
+ Helix pulla Gmelin, 1791

522. Pleurodonte adamsiana Clapp, 1901

523. Pleurodonte amabilis (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
524. Pleurodonte anomala (Pfeiffer, 1849) [Helix]*
+ Helix anomala var. convexa C. B. Adams, 1851 [non Link, 1807]*
525. Pleurodonte atavus (Pfeiffer, 1859) [Helix]*
+? Helix (Lucerna) lindsleyana Vendryes, 1899
526. Pleurodonte bainbridgii (Pfeiffer, 1845) [Helix]*
+ Helix bainbridgei var. pretiosa C. B. Adams, 1851 [non Albers, 1850]*
+ Helix spengleriana Pfeiffer, 1847*
527. Pleurodonte bronni (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Helix]*
528. Pleurodonte candescens C. B. Adams, 1850 [Helix]*
+? Helix consanguinea C. B. Adams, 1851 [non Férussac & Deshayes, 1850]*
+? Helix consanguinea var. carinata C. B. Adams, 1851 [non Link, 1807]
+ Helix consanguinea var. imperforata C. B. Adams, 1851 [non Helix ingens var. imperforata
C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Helix simson (Pfeiffer, 1852)*
529. Pleurodonte cara (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUCA OF JAMAICA 161

530. Pleurodonte catadupae H. B. Baker, 1935*

+ Helix cara var. media C. B. Adams, 1851 [non Gmelin, 1791]*
531. Pleurodonte chemnitziana (Pfeiffer, 1845) [Helix]*
+ Helix fluctuata C. B. Adams, 1849*
532. Pleurodonte ingens (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
+ Helix ingens var. imperforata C. B. Adams, 1851*
+ Helix ingens var. indigna C. B. Adams, 1851*
533. Pleurodonte invalida (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
534. Pleurodonte lucerna (Müller, 1774) [Helix]*
+? Helix abnormis Pfeiffer, 1855
+ Helix (Carocolla) acuta Lamarck, 1816*
+ Caracolla acutissima Lamarck, 1822*
+ Helix fuscolabris C. B. Adams, 1850*
+? Helix (Lucerna) acuta var. goniasmos Pilsbry, 1889*
+? Helix heteroclites Lamarck, 1822
+ Helix julia Férussac, 1821*
+ Helix (Helicodonta) lamarckii Férussac, 1821*
+ Helix (Pleurodonte) acuta var. nannodonta Pilsbry, 1889*
+ Helix nobilis C. B. Adams, 1850*
+ Helix (Lucerna) acuta var. oxytenes Pilsbry, 1889*
+ Helix patina C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Helix rhynchaena A. D. Brown, 1870
+ Pleurodonte acuta semperfluens Pilsbry & Brown, 1912*
535. Pleurodonte mora Gray in Griffith, 1834 [Helix]*
+ Helix carmelita (Férussac, 1821) [ non Lichtenstein, 1794]*
+ Helix redfieldiana C. B. Adams, 1850
536. Pleurodonte okeniana (Pfeiffer, 1845) [Helix]*
+ Helix fortis C. B. Adams, 1850*
537. Pleurodonte pallescens (C. B. Adams, 1851) [Helix]*
+ Helix pallescens Pfeiffer, 1859*
538. Pleurodonte peracutissima (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*
+ Helix soror var. latior Deshayes, 1851
+ Helix martiniana Pfeiffer, 1845
+ Helix (Pleurodonta) straminea Albers, 1850*
539. Pleurodonte picturata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
540. Pleurodonte sinuata (Müller, 1774) [Helix]*
+ Helix propenuda C. B. Adams, 1850*
+ Helix sinuosa Gmelin, 1791
541. Pleurodonte sloaneana (Pfeiffer, 1868) [Helix]*
+ Helix (Lucerna) vendryesi Cockerell, 1892*
542. Pleurodonte soror (Férussac, 1821) [Helix]*
+ Pleurodonte (Pleurodonte) soror var. peracuta Vendryes, 1902
+ Caracolla quadridentata Menke, 1829
543. Pleurodonte strangulata (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
544. Pleurodonte subacuta (Pfeiffer, 1867) [Helix]*
545. Pleurodonte sublucerna (Pilsbry, 1889) [Helix]*
546. Pleurodonte tridentina (Férussac, 1832) [Helix]*
+ Helix chittyana var. bicolor C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Helix browneana Pfeiffer, 1862*
 ISSN
C 0097-3157
MYCOTA
PROCEEDINGS
HANGES TO OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 156: 401 401
JUNE 2007

ERRATUM

Rosenberg, G. 2006. Status Report on the Terrestrial Mollusca of Jamaica. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia 155: 117-161.

Due to a production error, the concluding page of the taxon list in the appendix to this paper was omitted. It is
provided below. Also, the running heading gave the date of publication as April 2005, but it was May 2006.

546. Pleurodonte tridentina (Férussac, 1832) [Helix]*

+ Helix chittyana var. bicolor C. B. Adams, 1851
+ Helix browneana Pfeiffer, 1862*
+ Helix chittyana C. B. Adams, 1849*
+ Helix schroeteriana Pfeiffer, 1845*
+ Helix (Lucerna) tridentina var. subsloaneana Pilsbry, 1889*
+ Helix swainsoniana C. B. Adams, 1851
547. Pleurodonte vacillans Vendryes, 1902
548. Pleurodonte valida (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
549. Thelidomus aspera (Férussac, 1821) [Helix]*
+ Helix granosa Wood, 1828
550. Thelidomus cognata (Férussac, 1821) [Helix]*
551. Zachrysia provisoria (Pfeiffer, 1858) [Helix]*
BRADYBAENIDAE
552. Bradybaena similaris (Rang, 1831) [Helix]*
XANTHONYCHIDAE
Classification from Pilsbry (1889-1890) and Baker (1935d, 1943a).
553. Dialeuca blandiana (C. B. Adams, 1850) [Helix]*
554. Dialeuca conspersula conspersula (Pfeiffer, 1846) [Helix]*
+? Helix virginea C. B. Adams, 1849
Dialeuca conspersula fuscocincta (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
Dialeuca conspersula negrilensis (H. B. Baker 1935) [Cepolis]*
Dialeuca conspersula platystyla (Pfeiffer, 1850) [Helix]*
+ Helix jacobensis C. B. Adams, 1851*
555. Dialeuca nemoraloides (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*
+ Helix nemoraloides Pfeiffer, 1845
556. Dialeuca subconica (C. B. Adams, 1845) [Helix]*
+ Helix gossei Pfeiffer, 1846*
+ Helix pulchrior C. B. Adams, 1851*
557. Hemitrochus graminicola (C. B. Adams, 1849) [Helix]*
AGRIOLIMACIDAE
558. Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774) [Limax]*
EUCONULIDAE
559. Guppya gundlachi (Pfeiffer, 1840) [Helix]*
+ Guppya orosciana Martens, 1892
+ Helix simulans C. B. Adams, 1849*
ZONITIDAE
560. Hawaiia miniscula (A. Binney, 1840) [Helix]*
561. Striatura meridionalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss, 1906) [Vitrea]*
562. Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1819) [Helix]*

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