ENGINEERING MANUAL SECTION 2.1.3 Guidelines on the Load Capacity of Pile Foundations 1, The pile should have an ultimate foundation capacity in compression Ry, to resist the maximum resultant compression force obtained from the critical combination of applied loads, such that: (@) Ry 2F,x (Dead Load + Imposed Loads + Negative Skin Friction); and (b) Ry, 2 F, x (Dead Load + Imposed Loads + Wind Load) where F, = 2.0 and F, = 1.6, if Ry, is determined by strength of soil/rock and verified by driving performance; and F, = 3.0 and F, = 2.4, if Ry is determined by strength of soil/rock only, 2. The pile should have an ultimate foundation capacity in tension Ry to resist the maximum resultant tension force obtained from the critical combination of applied loads, such that: (@ Ry2F,.x (Uplift Force due to Imposed Loads including Buoyancy - Minimum Dead Load); and (©) Ry 2F)x (Uplift Force due to Wind Load and Imposed loads including Buoyancy - Minimum Dead Load) where F, = 2.0 and F, = 1.6, if Ry is determined by strength of soil/rock and verified by pull-out test; and F, = 3.0 and F, = 2.4 if Ry is determined by strength of soil/rock only. The buoyancy should be the floatation based on high groundwater table or recurring floods. In the absence of tests, the frictional resistance of a pile under tension may be taken as 50% of the frictional resistance in compression. 3. The allowable load capacity of a pile unit should not be greater than the structural strength of the pile determined in accordance with the appropriate limitations of design stresses. Ref.: SED/A/21 First issued June 1990 This revision February 1996