03 Chapter 3 Metodology

Project :
“HYDROLOGY STUDY AND DESIGN FOR 7 (SEVEN) RIVERS

RELOCATION OF JAKARTA-BANDUNG HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY”
Gedung B ITB, Jl. Ganeca No.15-B, Lb. Siliwangi,
Date |
Coblong, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132 HYDROLOGY REPORT P a g e |3-1
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1. METODOLOGY HYDROLOGY ANALYSIS

3.2.1.1. MEASURING CROSS-SECTION OF THE RIVER
The purpose of the survey is to obtain data hydrometric measurements and samples to get an idea
of the actual condition of hydrometric, and sediment in the study area.
3.2.1.2 RAINFALL ANALYZES

compute the average rainfall over a catchment area or basin, Arithmetic average method is the
simplest method of computing the average rainfall over a basin. As the name suggests, the result
is obtained by the division of the sum of rain depths recorded at different rain gauge stations of
the basin by the number of the stations, can be shown in formula below.
+ + + ⋯+ ∑
= =
Where :
, , = are the rainfall values obtained from n rain gauge station
= number of rain gauge station
Before distribution analysis, rainfall analysis must be check first, if data can be used or not by using
four methods:
1. The average percentage error, is used to test the probability density function and
cumulative density function.
2. Deviation, is used to test the probability density function and cumulative density
function.
3. Chi -Square, used to test the probability density function.
The Chi-square test assumes that the number of observations is large enough so that the chi-
square distribution provides a good approximation as the distribution of test statistic. The Chi-
squared statistic is defined as
( − )
=
Where
Oi = observed frequency
Ei = expected frequency
Project :
Date |
‘i’= number observations (1, 2, ……k)
Calculated by Ei = F(X2) – F(X1)
F = the CDF of the probability distribution being tested
n = sample data
The observed number of observation (k) in interval ‘i’ is computed from equation given below
=1+
4. Kolmogorof - Smirnov, is used to test the cumulative density function.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test is based on the empirical distribution function (ECDF). Given N
ordered data points Y1, Y2, ..., YN, the ECDF is defined as
()
=
Where :
n(i) = is the number of points less than Yi
Yi = are ordered from smallest to largest value.
This is a step function that increases by 1/N at the value of each ordered data point.
−1
= [ ( )− , − ( )]
Where:
F = is the theoretical cumulative distribution of the distribution being tested which must be a
continuous distribution
The hypothesis regarding the distributional form is rejected if the test statistic,
D= is greater than the critical value obtained from a table.
 Weibull probability calculated by the equation :

100
= %
( + 1)
where :
P = Probabilities (%)
m = Serial number of data series that have been compiled
n = amount of data
 Gumbel formula
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) from Gumbel distribution is:
Project :
Date |
F ( x )  exp  exp( y ) 
Where:
x
y

6
 S

  x  0.5772
For x = xT, so
  1 
yT  LnLn 
  F ( xT 
  Tr 
yT   Ln  Ln 
  Tr  1 
Gumbel formula prediction:
xT  x  K T S
6   Tr  
KT   0.5772  Ln  Ln  
    Tr  1  
where:
yN = reduced mean
SN = reduced deviation standard
 Log Normal 2 Parameter

X 
X 
Calculate mean: N
Calculate standar deviasi: S =

Project :
Date |
Calculate koefisien Skewnes: CS 


 log X  log X 
3
N  1 * N  2 * S 3
Calculate Rainfall: X T 
X  S * KT
 Log Pearson type III distribution

Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) from Log Pearson distribution:
c
 x   cx / 2
 f (x )   po  1   e
 a 
dx
which: 2 is varian ant (x) as gamma fungtion
Parameter-parameter statistik which needed log Pearson Tipe III distribution is:
For the formula:
Change rainfall data X1, X2, X3,.......Xn to LogX1, LogX2, LogX3,.......LogXn.
 log X 
log X 
Calculate mean: N
Calculate standar deviasi: Slog =


 LogX  Log X 2
N 1
Calculate koefisien Skewness: C S 


 LogXi  LogXi 3
N  1 * N  2 * S log 3
Calculate logaritma rainfall: log X T  log X  Slog * KT
And the result of Frequency Analysis Are:
 Normal distribution
Project :
Date |
information:
XT = the amount of rainfall that occurs with the return period of T years
X = variat count average
Sx = standard deviation
k = frequency factor (Gauss reduction variable value)
 Pearson Type III

X 
X 
Calculate mean: N
Calculate standar deviasi: S =
Calculate koefisien Skewnes: CS 


 log X  log X 
3
N  1 * N  2 * S 3
Calculate Rainfall: X T 
X  S * KT
3.2.1.2 FLOOD ANALYSIS

Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most popular and widely used method for analyzing and deriving flood
hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. The term ‘Synthetic’ in synthetic unit
hydrograph (SUH) denotes the unit hydrograph (UH) derived from watershed characteristics rather
than from rainfall-runoff data
A. Nakayasu
The Nakayasu method was developed by applying a dimensionless unit hydrograph based on the
Horner and Flynt method for estimating design floods in several small urban watersheds, can be
calculated in formula below
C A Ro
Qp 
3,6 ( 0,3 T p  T0 , 3 )
Where :
Qp= flood peak discharge (m3/dt)
C= drainage coefficient
Ro= effective rainfall (mm)
Tp= grace period from the beginning of the rain until the flood peak (hours)
Project :
Date |
T0,3= the time required by a decrease in discharge, from the peak discharge to be 30% of peak
discharge (hours)
down
up
Figure 3.4 Nakayshu synthetic unit hydrograph
= + 0.8
. =∝.
Where:
.
= 0.21 for L=< 15 km
= 0.4 + 0.058 for L=> 15 km
Tr = effective rainfall period 1-5 hours
B. Snyder Method
C. Rational Mononobe Method

Project :
Date |
3.2. METODOLOGY OF HIDROMETRY SURVEY

3.3.1 Discharge Survey
In this discharge survey, the measurement procedure will use the standard ie SNI 03-2414-
1991. Streamflow discharge is defined as the volume rate of flow of water that includes any
substances dissolved or suspended in the water. Discharge is usually expressed in units of
cubic meter per second (m3/sec). With rare exception, stream discharge is not measured
directly, but is computed indirectly from velocity and water level (stage) measurements. If
the mean water velocity normal to the direction of flow (V) and the cross sectional area (A)
of water flow is known, then the discharge (Q) can be computed as formula below:
Q=VA
Discharge survey will be follow to SNI 032819-1992, here are step to measurement:
1. Select a Cross-section for velocity measurements. The following site characteristics

for crosssection locations are critical for accurate discharge measurements (from
Rantz et al., 1982 unless otherwise cited):
 The site lies within a straight reach of stream and flowlines are parallel to each other.
Avoid sites directly below sharp bends.
 Flow is relatively uniform and free from eddies, slack water, and excessive
turbulence.
 The streambed is free from large obstructions, such as boulders and aquatic
vegetation.
 Water velocity is >0.5 ft/s.
 Water depths >0.5 ft are preferred but a minimum depth of >0.1 ft is required.
 The flow is perpendicular to the tagline at all points (SonTek/YSI, Inc., 2007)
2. Stretch a tape between the endpoints of your channel cross-section. Divide the
distance between the water’s edges by The vertical measurements (depth and
velocity) will be taken at the midpoint of each interval. Space the verticals so no
subsection has more than 10 percent of the total discharge.
3. Record the starting edge (LEW or REW) in the first cell under the “Station” column
(See Example Discharge Form). The actual location of the edge in relation to the
tagline should be recorded. For example, if the starting edge occurs at 2.5’ on the
tagline, the starting edge will be recorded as 2.5.
4. Record the starting edge depth in the first cell under the “Depth” column and the
velocity in the first cell under the “Velocity”, if these exist at the starting edge. If there
Project :
Date |
are no depth and velocity, record a 0 in these cells. The starting edge is considered
the first midpoint; the width for this record will be half an interval, since only half the
interval is in the stream.
5. Proceed to the first vertical at which velocity will be measured. Each subsequent
vertical (midpoint) can be found by adding the interval length to the current position
(e.g. 2.5, 3.4 [=2.5 + 0.9], 4.3 [=3.4+0.9], 5.2, 6.1, 7.0 etc). Record the depth,
velocity and interval width.
6. If using the 0.6 method, fill out only one row per vertical. If using the two-point
method, fill out two rows for each station and designate the measurement point in
parenthesis next to the station. For example, if the two-point method was used at
station 5, one row would contain the station name of “5 (0.2)” and the next row would
contain the station name of “5 (0.8)”. Record the depth and velocity for both points
in the appropriate cells.
7. Continue until you have completed the final velocity measurement. Record the ending
edge (LEW or REW) as well as the depth and velocity, if these exist.
Table 3.1 Stream Discharge Measurement Sheet
3.3.2 EQUIPMENT
A. Currentmeter
The most common approach to determining discharge is the so called conventional current-
meter method. The method is based on determining the mean streamflow velocity and flow
cross sectional area; the product of these variables determines the stream discharge. The
hydrographer measures stream depth and velocity at selected intervals across a stream's
cross section. The hydrographer may be wading, or supported by a cableway, bridge, ice
Project :
Date |
cover, or a boat. Depth and position measurements are made with simple surveying or
sounding equipment. A device known as a current meter
Current meters are classified according to their rotors. Vertical-axis rotors, which have cups
or vanes, operate in lower velocities than horizontal axis meters. Their bearings are also
protected from silty water. The rotor is also repairable in the field without impacting the
rating, and the single rotor serves for the entire range of velocities.
Horizontal-axis motor (OTT) C 31
Figure 3.5 Classified of Current Meter
3.3.3 TIME AND LOCATION

Result of discharge should be able to illustrate a discharge curve for the wet sectional that is
considered fixed, the total number of discharge measurements of at least 10 point spread
from the lowest to the highest and various depth velocity observations are made at points
distributed between the water surface and the streambed. Normally observations are taken
at 0.1 depth increments between 0.1 and 0.9 of the total depth. Observations are always
taken at 0.2, 0.6 and 0.8 of the depth to facilitate comparison with other velocity methods.
3.3.4 ANALYSIS DISCHRGE CALCULATION

Analysis of computing stream discharge using current meter velocity measurements,is basicly
the stream cross section is divided into rectangular subsections as shown in figure below :
Project :
Date |
Figure 3.6 Sketch of crosssectional to anlysis discharge
The discharge qi in section i-1 to i is computed from:
 Mean-section method:
 Mid-section method:
for i= 1,n+1, with:
for i= 1,n+1, with:
do = dn+1 = 0
The total discharge then follows from:
If the water levels at the beginning and at the end of the measurements are denoted
by h1 and h2 respectively, then the representative water level hQ is computed from:
if |h1 - h2 | < 0.05 by: hQ = ½ (h1 + h2 )

Project :
Date |
if |h1 - h2 | ³0.05 by:
To estimate the average velocity in a vertical in the cross-section from point

measurements vp at p * flow depth,
one-point method:
two-point method:
three-point method:
Figure 1 profile depth
The last term in the equation assumes an extrapolation of the velocity profile to the
bottom according to the power profile
Project :
Date |
slope-area method involves the use of theManning Equation, i.e.,
Where:
V = is the river velocity (or 'specific discharge'),
R = is the 'hydraulic radius' which is the cross-sectional area of the flow divided by
the wetted perimeter,
S = is approximated by the downstream slope on the river surface, and n is Manning's

roughness coefficient (which varies between 0.025 and 0.07 in natural channels).
3.4 METHODOLOGI SEDIMENT SURVEY

In this work the procedures for survey of sediment collection will use the standard ie SNI 3414:2008
Sediment is transported by flowing water in different ways. The sediment grains may be moved by
saltation, rolling or sliding on or near the bed or may be swept away from it and kept in suspension.
The type of movement experienced by the grains depends upon their physical characteristics (size and
form of particles, specific weight, etc.) and upon the grain-size composition of the sediment, as well
as upon flow velocities and depths. The different phases of sediment transportation generally occur
simultaneously in natural streams, and there is no sharp line of demarcation between them. For
convenience, sediment discharge is divided into three categories: wash load suspended-sediment and
bed-material discharge. The latter consists of grains sliding, rolling or saltating on or near the bed.The
schematic of sediment transport is as follows:
Moving as
Bed Load
sediment load
Besed on transport
Resource
Moved as
Wash Load
Suspended load
Figure 3.7 Schematic sediment transport
A. WASH LOAD
Wash load is composed of very fine sediment particles moving almost as fast as the water. The wash
load discharge is obtained by multiplying the sediment concentration with the flow velocity taken at
Project :
Date |
the sampling point. Wash load sampling is not discussed in this paper, as it is usually not relevant for
morphological studies in sand-bed rivers.
.
B. SEDIMEN LAYANG
Particulate sediment that is carried in the body of the flow Suspended load moves at the same velocity
as the flow. A small particle (e.g. clay and fine silt), with a large relative surface area, is held in
suspension more easily because of the electrostatic attraction between the unsatisfied charges on
grain's surface and the water molecules. This force, tending to keep the particle in the flow, is large
compared to the weight of the particle. The quantity and quality of the load is defined in terms of
competence and capacity. Competence is the large size clast that a stream can carry, whereas capacity
is the volume of sediment carried. Competence (caliber) is a function of velocity and slope whereas
capacity is a function of velocity and discharge
C. SEDIMEN DASAR
That portion of the sediment load that is transported along the bed by sliding, rolling or hopping o
bedload moves at velocities slower than the flow and spends most of its time on or near the stream
bed o mechanisms of grain motion: traction (rolling and sliding): frictional drag and lift forces exerted
by the flow and slope saltation (hopping) grains are temporarily suspended by fluid vortices or by
ballistic impact and then released Grain movement may be continuous or intermittent depending on
the flow regime.
Figure 3.8 Distribution Vertical Sediment
Figure 3.9 Sediment Transport based on size

Project :
Date |
3.4.1 EQUIPMENT
A. SUSPENDED LOAD
This sampler is used to measure suspended sediment transport in rivers and other water courses, from
the surface down to 0.2 D, 0,6 D and 0,8 D (D is depth of river) above the river bottom. The sediment
containing water flows through a bottle shaped sampler. The shape of this sampling body induces a
low pressure at the rear face in such a way, that the water enters the nozzle of the sampler with almost
the same velocity as the undisturbed flow. The sharp decrease of the velocity in the wide sampling
chambers causes the sediment material to settle there. The sampler can be used in two ways:
a. Suspended on a cable for all depths from the surface to 0.5 - 1 m above the bottom. A tail fin
keeps the nozzle in up-stream direction.
b. Standing in a frame on the bottom for distances of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm from the bottom.
The set comprises a sampler, the frame, a number of nozzles and measuring glasses. Because
of the flow-through principle a large volume of water is sampled.
The USD-49 depth-integrating sampler is a depth integrating sampler. The sampler is lowered at a
uniform rate from the water surface to the streambed, instantly reversed, and then raised again to
the water surface. The sampler continues to take its sample throughout the time of submergence. At
least one sample should be taken at each vertical selected in the cross-section of the stream. A clean
bottle is used for each sample. The USD-49 sampler has a cast bronze streamlined body in which a
round or square bottle sample container is enclosed. The head of the sampler is hinged to permit
access to the sample container.
Figure 3.10 D-49 Sediment Sampler
D. VAN VEEN GRAB

Van Veen Grab Sampler is a tool used for sampling sediments in lakes or rivers that are
weakly flowed with soft (shallow) water bases.
Figure 3.11 Van Veen Grab Sampler

Project :
Date |
3.4.2 SEDIMENT SAMPLING

The core of the Survey is to collect the Suspended and Bed Load
Sampling of Suspended Load Sampling of Bed Load
Figure 3.12 Sediment Sampling
This sediment picking is based on the 5 largest debits in the river, as for the sample result of the sampling can
be seen in the following picture
Figure 3.13 Sample of sediment in Purwakarta

Project :
Date |
Figure 3.14 Sampel of sediment in Bandung
3.4. SAMPLE MAINTENANCE

Samples that have been taken from the field certainly can not be directly sent to the laboratory, especially at
the beginning of the sample taking from October to November because there is a temporary closure of the
accredited laboratory, so that impact on the next month. With these problems it is necessary to do a sample
treatment in accordance with SNI 03-7016-2004 one of which is selected by the cooling process at a temperature
of 4 C.
Sample storage is done by storing the sample in a box that is cooled (ice) or inserted into the refrigerator, as for
the condition of the field where the bottle and clear plastic causes the sample to be easily exposed to UV rays
then the sample is wrapped by black plastic, here is an illustration of one sample storage before sent to
laboratory
Figure 3.15 Sample Saving

03 Chapter 3 Metodology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

03 Chapter 3 Metodology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

03 Chapter 3 Metodology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project :

“HYDROLOGY STUDY AND DESIGN FOR 7 (SEVEN) RIVERS

3.1. METODOLOGY HYDROLOGY ANALYSIS

3.2.1.2 RAINFALL ANALYZES

, , = are the rainfall values obtained from n rain gauge station

= number of rain gauge station

‘i’= number observations (1, 2, ……k)

Calculated by Ei = F(X2) – F(X1)

F = the CDF of the probability distribution being tested

4. Kolmogorof - Smirnov, is used to test the cumulative density function.

n(i) = is the number of points less than Yi

Yi = are ordered from smallest to largest value.

D= is greater than the critical value obtained from a table.

 Weibull probability calculated by the equation :

SN = reduced deviation standard

 Log Normal 2 Parameter

Calculate standar deviasi: S =

Calculate koefisien Skewnes: CS 

 Log Pearson type III distribution

which: 2 is varian ant (x) as gamma fungtion

For the formula:

Change rainfall data X1, X2, X3,.......Xn to LogX1, LogX2, LogX3,.......LogXn.

Calculate standar deviasi: Slog =

Calculate koefisien Skewness: C S 

Calculate logaritma rainfall: log X T  log X  Slog * KT

And the result of Frequency Analysis Are:

X = variat count average

k = frequency factor (Gauss reduction variable value)

 Pearson Type III

Calculate koefisien Skewnes: CS 

3.2.1.2 FLOOD ANALYSIS

Figure 3.4 Nakayshu synthetic unit hydrograph

= 0.4 + 0.058 for L=> 15 km

Tr = effective rainfall period 1-5 hours

C. Rational Mononobe Method

3.2. METODOLOGY OF HIDROMETRY SURVEY

1. Select a Cross-section for velocity measurements. The following site characteristics

Table 3.1 Stream Discharge Measurement Sheet

Horizontal-axis motor (OTT) C 31

Figure 3.5 Classified of Current Meter

3.3.3 TIME AND LOCATION

3.3.4 ANALYSIS DISCHRGE CALCULATION

Figure 3.6 Sketch of crosssectional to anlysis discharge

The discharge qi in section i-1 to i is computed from:

for i= 1,n+1, with:

for i= 1,n+1, with:

The total discharge then follows from:

if |h1 - h2 | < 0.05 by: hQ = ½ (h1 + h2 )

if |h1 - h2 | ³0.05 by:

To estimate the average velocity in a vertical in the cross-section from point

Figure 1 profile depth

slope-area method involves the use of theManning Equation, i.e.,

V = is the river velocity (or 'specific discharge'),

S = is approximated by the downstream slope on the river surface, and n is Manning's

3.4 METHODOLOGI SEDIMENT SURVEY

Figure 3.7 Schematic sediment transport

Figure 3.8 Distribution Vertical Sediment