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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2018, pp. 187–204, Article ID: IJCIET_09_08_021
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=8
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

A REVIEW ON WIDER APPLICATION OF

SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
Sanjay Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Patna, India

Baboo Rai
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Patna, India

ABSTRACT
The CO2 emission amid the generation of concrete can be significantly reduced by
the partial substitution of Portland cement with Supplementary cementing materials
(SCMs) and consequently helps in producing a more reasonable and ecological
amicable concrete. Durability issues of normal cement concrete can be related with
the gravity of the atmosphere and the usage of unseemly high water/binder (w/b)
ratios. High-Performance Concrete (HPC) that has a w/b ratio in the range of 0.25 to
0.35 is usually more durable than ordinary concrete. By the incorporation of SCMs in
HPC durability of concrete is significantly enhanced, as the ingress of deleterious
chemicals is quite difficult and only superficial.The rate of hydration of Portland
cement supplanted with SCMs is enhanced due to the physical phenomena or chemical
reactions like nucleation effect and pozzolanic activity. The binary or ternary
composition of SiO2-Al2O3-CaO of SCMs at even large cement substitution ratios can
lead to astonishingly encouraging durability performance of concretes. Wider
application of additives in concrete is reported in the past as per their effect on the
properties of hardened and fresh concrete.This review paper includes literature
reviews related to HPC and effects of several mineral admixtures on properties of
such concrete.
Key words: High-Performance Concrete, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Ultra Fine Slag,
Durability.
Cite this Article: Sanjay Kumar and Baboo Rai, A Review on Wider Application of
Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Development of High-Performance
Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(8), 2018, pp.
187-204.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=8

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 Sanjay Kumar and Baboo Rai

1. INTRODUCTION
Conventional vibrated concrete (CVC) has various issues, for example, corrosion of steel
reinforcement and delicacy of concrete construction. Therefore, most structures made with
conventional concrete require yearly maintenance[1]. As of now, there is a basic requirement
for cutting edge elite building materials for foundation and repair [2].
In recent years, the use of High-performance Concrete (HPC) in structures increased
considerably. HPC is a relatively new product, and its properties are different from those of
ordinary concrete. In spite of researchers‘ growing interest in this promising material, only a
few national and international building codes address concretes with compressive strength
values greater than 60 MPa.
The two major constituents of Concrete are – cement paste and aggregates. It is a
composite material including possible supplementary cementitious materials consisting of
aggregates enclosed in cement paste matrix. the adhesion between the paste and aggregate
surface mainly influences the strength of concrete [3]. By enhancing the strength of the
cement paste it is conceivable to build concretes up to 120MPa compressive strength, which
can be made possible by choosing type and dosage of admixtures and through the choice of
water-content proportion [4].
The base extent of the quality of High Strength Concrete (HSC) depending chiefly on the
availability of unrefined materials from the industry varies with time and land region. In the
1950‘s, concrete delivered with a 30 MPa compressive strength were believed to be HSC are
presently seen as low quality. In the 1960‘s concretes with 40-50 MPa compressive strength
were viewed as HSC while in the 70‘s and the early 80's concrete with 60 MPa strength have
been developed and utilized as a part of viable structures. Despite the speedy progress in
concrete technology in ninety‘s, concrete with compressive strength higher than 40-60 MPa is
still regarded as HSC. In the ACI 318[5], ―HSC are those that accomplish cylinder
compressive strength of no less than 41 MPa at 28 days‖. In the FIP/CIB (1990) [6] HSC is
defined as ―concrete having a 28-day cylinder compressive strength of 60 MPa‖.
Notwithstanding, with the ongoing headway in solid innovation and the accessibility of
different kinds of mineral and compound admixtures, and an extraordinary water retarder,
concrete of up to 100 MPa compressive quality would now be able to be created economically
with a worthy level of inconstancy utilizing ordinary aggregates [6].The strength of the
concrete they use was modest by current standards; the Lignosulfonate based water reducers
were mostly used at that time. The tendency of this water reducer was to entrap or entrain air,
as well as to retard set. To overcome this industry Slag (S) and Fly Ash (FA) had been
introduced after ensuring the quality and consistency [7]. The range of high strength concrete
produced was 45-60 MPa. It was impossible to increase the compressive strength of concrete
beyond 60 MPa with the available water reducers. The available water reducers mainly
lignosulfonate based were not capable in reducing the water / binder only further. The high
compressive strength of concrete was achieved by decreasing water binder ration beyond 0.35
which created a rheological constraint, in other words, loss in slump. The concrete mix
because unworkable The high-quality FA reduced the water demand and compensated the
slump loss and allowing the water-binder ratio to reduce further [8].
The advent of superplasticizers (High range water reducer) further helped in reducing
water binder ratio [9]. HRWR were much more powerful then lignosulfonates in reducing
water binder ratio up to 0.3 and still getting a slump than 250mm [10]. After researchers
started to lower water binder ratio below 0.3 by increasing the dosage of HRWR[9]. The

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 A Review on Wider Application of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Development of High-
Performance Concrete

applications of HSC all around the globe have increased due to these developments. High
strength concrete, an innovative concrete started gaining wider use after concrete producer
allowed the blending of additives in the proportioning [11].
―The concrete that was known as HSC in the late 1970s is now referred to as HPC
because it has been found to be much more than just stronger: it displays enhanced
performances in such areas as durability and abrasion resistance. Although widely used, the
expression ‗‗HPC‘‘ is very often criticized as being too vague, even as having no meaning
atall. Since there is no single best definition for the material known as HPC, it is preferable to
define it as a low water/binder concrete which receives an adequate water curing. It must be
emphasized that the development of HPC technology has shown us once more what Ferret
[12] expressed in his original formula for calculating the compressive strength of a concrete
mixture: concrete compressive strength is closely related to the compactness of the hardened
matrix [13].‖
The difference between fundamental microstructure level of the cement paste with 0.65
and 0.25 water/cement ratios is schematically represented in Fig. 1. On close examination, the
cement grains per unit volume were more for 0.25 w/c ratios than for a 0.65 w/c ratio cement
paste. The 0.65 w/c ratio cement paste exhibited less water per unit volume. A totally unique
sort of hydrated cement paste is formed due to this major difference in water to cement ratio.

Figure 1 Schematic Image of the Microstructure Cement Pastes having w/c Ratios of 0.65 and 0.25.
(P.C. Aitcin 2003)[14]

The high compressive quality of HSC offers numerous advantages over conventional
concrete and can be profitably utilized in compression members like piles and columns. This
further leads to lessening in section size and increments inaccessible floor space. HSC can
likewise be viably utilized as a part of structureswhere large in-plane compressive stresses
exist, for example,shells and arches, domes folded plates. The inalienable methods of creating
HSC produce a thick microstructure leading to lesspenetration of aggressive agents into the
concrete core from the environment and consequently improve the durability of the structure.
Various reports and model codes [6], [15], [16] have outlined overall advancement and
utilization of HSC to exhibit its flexibility and far-reaching application possibilities.
Creation of HSC could possibly require extraordinary materials, however, it
unquestionably requires materials of the most astounding quality and their ideal proportions
[17]. The generation of HSC places more stringent necessities on material choice that reliably
meets prerequisites for workability and strength development [15]. In any case, numerous
preliminary batches are frequently required to create the information that empowers the
analysts and experts to recognize ideal blend extents for HSC. Functional cases of mix
proportions of HSC utilized as a part of structures officially assembled can likewise be the

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 Sanjay Kumar and Baboo Rai

helpful data in accomplishing HSC. Nagataki and Sakai (1994)[18] outlined various
techniques for achieving HSC, and are displayed in Fig. 2.

Figure 2 Various techniques for achieving HSC[18]

2. APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN HPC

The most indispensable advancements in twentieth-century are the arrival of Concrete
admixtures in the construction industry. EN 934:2002 standard covers a colossal number of
substances which impact the hardened and fresh concrete properties. They can adjust
specifically or intricately the procedures happening in hardened concrete. The alleged water
retarders (chemical admixtures) assume a key part as functionality controlling operators and
consequently influence the durability and strength attributes of concrete [19], [20]. several
research papers [20]–[22] throw light on their physicochemical properties, classification, and
interaction with cement paste.
The more minimized and thick microstructure of the cement concrete matrix formed due
to lessened water content and subsequent application of these admixtures leads to improved
performance of concrete [20]. However at an early age hindering of hydration process
happens with the application of admixture. This may be attributed to marvels happening on
the surface of hydrating grains with the use of new generation of superplasticizers[20], [23].
The nucleation of hydration items and their crystallization is prompted due to the
disintegration of introductory anhydrous material in the fluid stage and makes the setting and
hardening of cement paste subservient[24].A general perspective of the procedures occurring
in hydrating cement paste can be obtained with the calorimetric technique[24]. The results can
be effortlessly clarified based on the information identifying with the model frameworks or to
the materials already very much analyzed. The supposed torpid period compares to the
underlying setting going before stage [20].

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 A Review on Wider Application of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Development of High-
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The basic in the generation of the high-quality structural concrete is the application of
chemical admixtures [25]. A few researches [26], [27] have shown that utilization of
Chemical admixtures in Self-compacting concrete (SCC) expands the quality and enhance the
solidness and flowability. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an exceptionally liquid-solid
because of its superior fresh properties. Under the influence of gravity it flows into a uniform
level with the ability to compact itself without the requirement of vibration. Along these lines,
this sort of concrete is of extraordinary intrigue, particularly as per the sparing, specialized
and ecological purposes of view [20], [28].
The significant enhancement of the durability and concrete strength is the result of the
limited w/c (w/b) proportion within the sight of new generation chemical admixtures [25].
The enhanced workability, and further, reduced bleeding and segregation in freshly mixed
concrete is due to application of chemical admixtures [24]. Moreover, a more impermeable
concrete is achieved with diminishment in the proportion of water to cement, with a better
overall resistance to belligerent environments.

3. WIDER APPLICATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS

MATERIALS
Wider application of additives in concrete is reported in the past as per their effect on the
properties of hardened and fresh concrete. Further, the typical mixture proportions of HPC are
well known [29]–[31]. Usually, ASTM Type I cement is used in combination with
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) particularly, FA and silica fume.

3.1. Fly Ash

High-strength concrete, often called High-Performance Concrete has been used in many
structures that are sensitive to shrinkage cracking. Recently, investigators have found that the
strains due to drying shrinkage increase as the water-binder ratio become lower and they are
not dependent on the unit water content[32]. Autogenous shrinkage due to self-desiccation is
more likely with very low water-cement ratio concretes[33], [34].Normal Vibrating Concrete
(NVC) after addition of Fly Ash (FA) shows that the concrete had enhanced their compressive
strength due to the pozzolanic action of FA after 28 days. The ease in placing, consolidation
and finishing were also achieved. Low drying shrinkage was also recorded[35],however, a
reduction in early strength was also noticed. Theoretically, it was evident that properties of
concrete are related to the hydration of silicates, optimization of grain size distribution of all
in aggregates, use of supplementary cementitious materials and their optimum grain size
distribution. So replacement of cement by FA reduced the cement content in the mix, however
cementing efficiency of FA compensated the cementitious content in the mix[36].The
cementing efficiency of FA depends not only on its physical and chemical properties but also
on the age of concrete[37].
Calcium silicate is prime constituents responsible in strength development in concrete
hence it is critical that a much thick C-S-H gel is formed by Portland cement. Some form of
reactive silica is present in most SCMs which form calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) by
combining with lime in the presence of water. In case of FA addition, the formation of CSH is
delayed hence early strength gain is also delayed, however after 28 days the strength is
comparable with NVC, sometimes even more, [38].The finer the supplementary cementitious
material, the faster its reaction with lime.
As it was known that a large amount of lime is released during hydration Portland cement.
It contributes very little to the strength of hydrated cement paste and also it creates durability

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 Sanjay Kumar and Baboo Rai

problem to the concrete as it leached out easily by water. This also increases the porosity in
the concrete, it has positive feature also that it maintain a high pH, which protects the
reinforcing steel. After addition of FA that lime is utilized since the FA is slow in reaction due
to its particle size, the early gain of strength is not possible. So free or liberated lime, if mixed
with reactive pozzolan in appropriate proportion can be transformed into CSH as shown
through the sequence. Portland cement + pozzolan + water  C- S – H. Theoretically it
requires 30-40% pozzolan to consume all liberated free lime to complete the reaction but in
reality, the pozzolanic reaction is never completed.
As Mehta [39] showed, the addition of FA will, accelerate the reactions and forms smaller
CaOH crystals in the cement matrix. In most cases, for the precipitation of the hydration
products of the cementitious paste the number of nucleation sites increases by the addition of
FA in the cementitious paste. This is attributed to the chemical action of the pozzolanic
reactions which causes the refinement of CH grains as the curing time progresses. Berry
[40]also noticed that the unreacted FA particle may fill the voids and increase paste density.
As the FA content in the paste increases this effect is more pertinent.
FA possesses comparatively high potential activity as it consists of much-unfixed SiO2
and Al2O3. According to Cao et al (2000) [41] ―The main useful effect of FA in concrete
consists of three aspects, often called morphologic effect, pozzolanic effect, and micro-
aggregate effect. The morphologic effect states that there are many microbeads in FA working
as lubricating balls when incorporated in fresh concrete; hence it benefits the fluidity. The
micro-aggregate effect of FA states the microbeads in FA can disperse well in concrete and
combine firmly with gel produced in cement hydration, and thus promote concrete density.
The pozzolanic effect is the main effect of FA, which states that the unfixed SiO2 and Al2O3
in FA can be activated by Ca (OH)2 product of cement hydration and produce a more
hydrated gel‖.
In concrete with high volume FA the strength of concrete improves as the capillary in
concrete are completely filled due to the gel produced from the pozzolanic action. The
commitment of pozzolanic impact to strength can likewise be viewed as one part of cement
contribution while taking the cement hydration as a prerequisite.It ought to likewise be
brought up here that the above three effects of FA in certainty co-influence with each other,
however,centre around the different performance of concrete, individually. Since it is
troublesome and not important to recognize the beforehand specified three impacts, regularly
they are all in all called ―fly ash effect‖ or ―pozzolanic effect.‖

3.2. Silica Fume

Slow strength gain was countered by the addition of another cementitious material silica fume
[42]. The use of Silica Fume (SF) not only increase the strength [43] but also the
impermeability of the concrete mix[44]. One day and three days compressive strength was
tested by Wong and Razak, 2005 [45] and found an increase of 10% to 15% with NVC.
Addition of silica fume also enhances the split tensile strength [46], flexural tensile strength
[47]. The gain in other mechanical properties converts NVC into better performing concrete.
According to a few authors [48]–[52], benefits acknowledged while using SF include:
1.For the same mix designparameters; Substantial increases in compressive strength of
concrete
2. For a specific target strength; Reduction in the required cement content; and
3. Durability enhancement of hardened concrete.

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 A Review on Wider Application of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Development of High-
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The mass of SF added in concretes is usually between 5 and 15% of the total mass of the
cementitious material, with 10% being a typical value. The actual dosage of super plasticizer
depends on the content of active solids in the liquid super plasticizer, the amount of water, the
rheological properties required, and the content and characteristics of the cementitious
materials. The value of the water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) is usually in the range of
0.25 to 0.35 [29]. Practically speaking, the mixture proportions differ, contingent upon the
properties of the individual ingredients and on the coveted properties of the concrete in
benefit.
The partial replacement of cement with Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM)
such as SF decreases the permeability by the formation of C-S-H gel in the concrete mix
which further put resistance against corrosion [53], [54]. SF is considered to produce low
permeability concrete because of its high pozzolanicity and extreme fineness [55].Moreover,
the incorporation of supplementary materials such as SF appeared to fill the spaces between
cement grains. this further leads to reduction in water permeability, penetration of chloride
ions, and, consequently, reduces the corrosion rate of reinforcements [56].
Calcium hydroxides produced by the hydration of ordinary Portland cement is consumed
by the oxides (SiO2) present in SF during the pozzolanic reaction which further results in
lowerporosity, permeability and bleeding. The pozzolanic reactionsalso leads to lower heat
liberation and strength development; lime-consuming activity; smaller pore size distribution.
SF due to its pozzolanic action improves the bond between the paste and aggregate. So its use
in high-performance concrete is widely accepted. The denseness in the concrete mix after
incorporation of SF at low water binder ratio is improved and subsequently the compressive,
flexural and split tensile strength is increased [47], [57]–[59]. Therefore it has been used as a
replacement material in the production of high-performance concrete. The same has been
observed during an extensive experimentalstudy over the water-binder ratios ranging from
0.26 to0.42 and SF to binder ratios from 0.0 to 0.3 [47].
The pozzolanic property of SF helps in the formation of C-S-H gel and as a result, there is
a significant improvement in impermeability. However, the other property such as workability
gets reduced [60]. A 15 to 20mm slump loss as compared toconventional concrete after
addition of 7.5% SF has been reported. The same has been reported by Ghafoori et.al[61].To
overcome this adverse effect of silica fume on freshmixture workability, researchers and
designers usually alter the mixture proportionof plain concrete (without SF) upon
theincorporation of SF[62].
In deciding whether or not to use SF, economic considerations have to be taken into
account, in addition to the technical benefits of using SFs, such as improved workability and
higher early strength. The optimum SF content for maximum compressive strength is
about10% by mass of cement. Sometimes an optimum content as high as 15% is
suggested[63]. The question arises, however, whether this optimum is constant for different
curing conditions and w/cm (water-binder ratios [w/b]), and finally, for different mechanical
characteristics of HPC.

3.3. Rice Husk Ash

One fifth of the 300 million metric tons of rice produced every year in the world[64]
generates an agrarian waste called Rice husk. Endeavours have been made to burn the husks
at a controlled temperature and atmosphere due to rising environmental concerns and the need
to moderate vitality and assets, [65], [66]. The ash so produced is utilized as a supplementary
cementing material. Preceding 1970, RHA was normally created by uncontrolled ignition, and

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 Sanjay Kumar and Baboo Rai

the ash so delivered had poor pozzolanic properties and was nearly crystalline. The impact of
pyroprocessing parameters on the pozzolanic reactivity of RHA are portrayed in the first of a
few papers published by Mehta in 1973. In view of his exploration, Pitt (1976)[67] planned
for controlled burning of rice husks in a fluidized-bed heater. By doing so, a highly reactive
RHA was obtained.
The effect of incineration conditions on the pozzolanic properties of the ash and a review
of physical and chemical characteristics of RHA is documented in a state-of-the-art report on
rice husk ash (RHA) published by Mehta‘O in 1992 [68]. The report also contains rundown of
the exploration discoveries from various nations on the usage of RHA as a supplementary
cementing material.
For quite a few years, a very receptive pozzolanic material (RHA) being utilized in
concrete production has been inquired about, particularly in developing nations. The
properties RHA change with the distinctions in burning conditions, geographic area, and
fineness [69]–[71].High silica content, up to 95%, in the form of amorphous silica are present
in highly reactive RHA [72]. Generally, the reactivity is also favoured by the porous structure
of the particles which forms a very large surface area. The high reactivity is also attributed to
the increase the fineness of the RHA [69]–[71], [73], [74]. The internal surface area of the
particles activates the pozzolanic effect in RHA‘s, despite that, Mehta [75]has considered that
the grinding of RHA to a high degree of fineness should be avoided. The particle size of RHA
in the 10–75 µm range exhibits satisfactory pozzolanic behaviour have been reported [76].
RHA if processed and utilized appropriately, offers comparable advantages like SF with
respect to the enhanced strength and durability of concrete [64], [66], [77]. RHA not only
enhances the concrete properties but also provides pecuniary and ecological benefits.
Understanding the complex advantages of RHA, it has been utilized effectively to deliver
HPC [77].
Very recently, Md. Safiuddin et al [78] produced various Self Compacting High-
Performance Concrete (SCHPC) using customary RHA as an SCM. The effects of RHA were
for the most part researched regarding the key hardened properties of concrete. He concluded
that the hardened properties of the concretes were logically enhanced with the expanded
substance of RHA in view of its microfilling and pozzolanic impacts, which enhance the
microstructure and pore structure of concrete in bulk paste matrix and transition zone.

3.4. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Blast furnace slag is a by-product in the manufacturing of pig iron. Approximately 300 kg of
slag is produced by per ton of pig iron manufactured. To form a glassy sand like granulated
material, the molten slag is rapidly chilled by quenching in water. The constituent elements of
the slag are lime, silica and alumina.The large-size granules are then grounded to at least
cement parcel size, which is named as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS).
By partially replacing cement with GGBS a mixture of low CaO/SiO2 (C/S) ratio and
CaO–SiO2–H2O (C–S–H) gel is produced due to the hydration product of Ca(OH)2which
consequently activates the slag hydration. This results in more capillary pores filled with low-
density C–S–H gel than normal Portland cement paste and consequently reduced the pore
sizes and cumulative pore volume [79]–[81].the modified microstructure of cementitious
paste shows The beneficial effects of GGBS in concrete. Tests on mortars containing GGBS
indicate that there is prominent reduction in permeability and penetration of chloride ions.

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 A Review on Wider Application of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Development of High-
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The decision to use the slag clearly depends on its availability at an economic price. It
appears that slag performs well in HPC. Up to now, slag has always been used in conjunction
with SF to make HPC up to 75MPa and has never been used for HPC>75 up to 150MPa.Since
slag and FA are not as reactive as Portland cement; hence one day or 3days compressive
strength gain is not reported till date. In conjunction with SF, the slag can be used. The heat of
hydration produced by the slag due to its composition is less than Portland cement, whereas
cementing efficiency is almost the same. The advantages of GGBFS are
1. Reduction in heat of hydration
2. Enhancement of pore structures.
3. Reduction in porousness.
It makes concrete more cohesive. The bleeding which appears after addition of
dispensable solid in the mix can be arrested by the use of GGBFS. Selection of dosage is
confirmed after the evaluation of fresh concrete and hardened concrete properties. Available
literature indicates its use up to 30%. For HPC with GGFBS at w/b of 0.30, compressive
strength reaches the highest value at the optimum replacement of 15% [82].Concrete
containing 40% slag with 450 kg/m3 cement exhibits greater strength (83.8 Mpa) than that of
control normal PCC Concrete [83].It has been observed that Weight sorptivity slightly
increases by replacing 50% of OPC with GGBS yet effective porosity is smaller than for OPC
concrete. The same effect has also been observed in case of SF concrete. The gain in strength
of concrete with GGBS at early ages is less but continues to gain strength over a long period
as the grain size of GGBS is less than ordinary Portland cement[84].

3.5. Alccofines or Ultrafine Slag

Now a day another mineral admixture Alccofine, micro-fine mineral additive for concrete and
mortars, is in use. Alccofine or ultrafine slag is a revolutionary material, used as a substitute
to Micro Silica / SFs. Alccofine with a built-in high tech content is a new generation of
supplementary cementitious material (SCM). It is low calcium silicate-based mineral additive.
Its pozzolanic reactivity results in the enhanced hydration process. It also improves the
packing density of the paste component. It enhances the rate of strength gain in concrete
mixes with high pozzolanic materials contents like FA, GGBS and SF.
Regardless of its high fineness, Alccofine at the 5 to 15 percent dosage range of normal
OPC it does not increase water demand. In fact, there is improvement in concrete slump
because of the thick pressing of cementitious material, as it brings about hydrated cement
matrix to include very small pores[85].
In view of high glass content got through the procedure of controlled granulation
Alccofine is an exceptionally handled item as it is a material with high reactivity. The crude
materials are made essential out of low calcium silicates[86]. Uniform particle size
distribution (PSD) is possible due to the processing with other select ingredients. The
computed blain value, around 12000cm2/gm, based on PSD shows that it is truly ultra-fine.
Because of its one of a kind science and ultra-fine molecule estimate, Alccofine for a given
workability, provides reduced water demand, as per requirement of concrete performance.
Alccofine can likewise be utilized as a high range water reducer to enhance compressive
quality or as a super usefulness help to enhance stream. On the off chance that the benefits of
Alccofine are seen in the solid blend outline, the underlying rate of quality advancement is
observed to be expanded. Strength test estimating the water penetrability demonstrates
preferable outcomes with Alccofine blend over in OPC. On account of chloride porousness
Alccofine with OPC, the outcomes demonstrate less penetrability.

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3.6. HPC Based on Binary and Ternary Binder

Despite the fact that there is a general pattern to utilize SCMs in blended cement in most
elevated conceivable amounts, the most extreme measurements in concrete blends varies case
by case [87]–[89]. This is identified with the constrained capacity of different pozzolans to be
joined into the mixes as genuine reciprocals of Portland cement [88], [90], [91]. Tasteful
specialized parameters of the delivered solid present the fundamental standard in that regard.
A very progressive group of binders are ternary binders. In sense of this paper, they are
binders with some synergistic effect which affects especially early strengths. This effect arises
as a result of calcium carbonate (from ground limestone L) and alumina (from supplementary
cementitious materials) reaction during cement hydration [92]: The presence of limestone
stabilizes the ettringite by forming mono- or hemicarboaluminate hydrates instead of
monosulphate hydrate. There is subsequent decrease in porosity and an increase in strength as
the volume of hydrates increases. Additional aluminates can be provided by the other active
admixture, which will amplify the impact of the limestone by lowering the sulphoaluminate
ratio.
The source of alumina can be FA, GGBFS), metakaolin (MK) and other burned clays.
This means that a combination of ground limestone (L) and MK or FA can bring positive
effect not only to early and 28-days strengths but also to durability - especially frost resistance
and alkali-silica reaction [93]. HPC and UHPC need a high amount of fine particles. The
binding putty contains only a small amount of water and a sufficient volume of the putty is
necessary for good workability.
The early gain in strength is hampered by the augmentations having low surface zone and
reactivity. The early strengths of concrete are enhanced by utilizing a blend of typical and
profoundly responsive augmentations, for example FA and SF, respectively [94].Various
reports exhibited that the consolidated utilization of SF and FA brought about upgrades in
compressive strength [94]–[96], pore size distribution [94], chloride permeability [96], [97],
alkali-silica reactions [97], [98]and sulfate resistance [97]. Shannag [99] concluded that the
strength attributes, slump, and elastic modulus of concretes increases for certain natural
pozzolan-SF combinations, more than natural pozzolan or SF alone. Mixing S and SF
synergizes the focal points of these two admixtures with the goal that the overall strength are
improved while the fresh concrete mixture keeps a good workability [100]. It was discovered
that the ternary blends of PC, SF and FA or S can increase the ASR resistance [98] and
chloride resistance [101] of concrete.
For developing concrete, with the compressive quality well underneath 100 MPa most
pozzolans (aside from SF) are being utilized fundamentally, and their sum in the planned
concrete blends is once in a while higher than 20% of the mass of the mixed folio. The
replacement level higher than 20% was discovered viable just for pozzolans containing higher
CaO content, for example, GGBS or FA with high calcium content. For instance, the
streamlining of GGBS amount in normal strength concrete mixtures analyzed by Oner and
Akyuz [102] with the additional pozzolan up to 110% of bond weight displayed the ideal
estimation of 55%. The compressive strength of concrete ranged from 23.5 to 41.8 MPa
(according to cement dosage) with 50% of GGBS. Bilimet et al [103] likewise contemplated
the compressive quality of cement with GGBS and achieved comparative outcomes. Cements
with up to 40% substitution level demonstrated a change in compressive quality which, be
that as it may, diminished over 60%.
The exploratory program by Oner et al [102] also contemplated the probability of FA
utilization. Different blends with15% up to 58% FA replacement of cement content and

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 A Review on Wider Application of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Development of High-
Performance Concrete

shifting measure of cement dosage were analyzed. The compressive quality diminished
beyond the ideal substitution level of 40%. At long last, they achieved maximum compressive
quality of concrete with 42% of cement supplanted by FA (according to the cement dosage).
For 45% FA replacement of cement content, Cao et al[41]achieved the most astounding
cement compressive quality of 55.4 MPa following 28 days. Hannesson et al analysed the
properties of self-compacting concrete and contemplated the impact of FA and Sup to 100%
cement replacement. As per their investigation the ideal measure of slag, and additionally of
FA powder (both C and F Classes), was around 40%. The reference self-compacting concrete
achieved 80 MPa during the exploratory program. The most extreme compressive quality of
85 MPa following 28 days was demonstrated by concrete with slag and the one containing FA
came to 87 MPa.
Most of the researchers [104]–[107] produced HSCs with ternary binders exclusively
using SF as it helped in achieving a higher packing density apart from filling well the
intergranular space to. For instance, for the cement: SF: MK ratio of 75:8:17,Borosnyói[108]
achieved compressive strength after 28 days, of 91 MPa as the best result. Further, based on
ternary cement with the Portland cement: FA: RHA and Portland cement: FA: SF ratio of
7:2:1. Le et al[107] proposed, several concrete mixtures and achieved 120 MPa compressive
strength as the best result after 28 days. Moreover, a very substantial synergy was achieved
[109]when the Portland cement-FA-spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) binder with a
7:2:1 ratio was used . Approximately 20% improvement in compressive strength, with 97
MPa as the best value after 28 days, was reported due to the application of FCC as compared
with the 7:3:0 and 10:0:0 binders.
The effects of SCMs on the rheological and mechanical properties of SCC and high-
performance cement grout have been evaluated by several researchers[110]–[112]. The
rheological behaviour of SCC containing SF, S, and FA was evaluated. for the mixtures
containing binary cement (SF), ternary cement (SF and FA), and quaternary cement (SF, FA,
and S)lower plastic viscosity values was reported than corresponding plain SCC mixtures
[112]. Instead of numerous benefits of SCMs in SCC, they may likewise debilitate SCC
properties in comparison to the conventional SCC. For example, SF may impede the required
workability in fresh concrete but early strength significantly increments and permeability
recognizably lessens. In contrast, enhanced workability is observed by inclusion of Slag but
early strength generally decreases. Combinations of SCMs have found huge significance in
construction industry recently due to these contrary impacts [110].
The impacts of SCMs on the rheological characteristics of cement grouts were tried and
the conclusion was the partial replacement of cement with FA and S expanded the plastic
viscosity in comparison to that of the reference grout made without any SCMs, in spite of the
fact that, SF decreased the plastic viscosity perceptibly [111]. In another study, the
compressive strength of cement grouts, with the addition of high amounts of class F fly ash
and GGBFS, was investigated by Fonseca et al. [113]. The authors have concluded that high
volume FA and FA-GGBFS substitution of Portland cement (PC) is a reasonable option to
make grout masonry construction more economical and sustainable. The grouts made with up
to 55% FA and up to 85% FA-GGBFS achieved desirable grout compressive strength that
could essentially be compared to conventional masonry grout. Also, the authors have reported
that ternary blended (FA and S) grout mixes accomplished higher extreme compressive
qualities than those of binary blends (FA) and PC grout mixes.

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 Sanjay Kumar and Baboo Rai

The hindrance of pores and voids by the activity of the finer grains (physical or filler
effect) and changes in pore structure created by the decrease in the grain size caused by the
pozzolanic effect (PE) are the most imperative impacts in the cementitious paste
microstructure. A small number of available literatures put a figure on these two effects.
According to Isaia‘s [114], [115] studies, ―when a less reactive pozzolan is employed in
ternary mixtures together with another one more reactive such as SF or rice husk ash, there is
a synergy between these pozzolans, thus the obtained result is higher than those verified in the
respective binary mixtures; this result is called the synergic effect. This FA effect may be
explained by its physical effect because it is related to the cement grain deflocculation
provided by FA which is higher than that provided by SF or rice husk ash particles. This
higher deflocculation increases the specific cement surface contacting water, being enhanced
by the electro kinetic potential (zeta potential) between the particles. These mechanisms
propitiate more quantity of nucleation sites to begin the hydration reactions, and the final
result would be a higher amount of hydrated products and, consequently, higher calcium
hydroxide consumption, pozzolanic activity and, finally, unitary strength gain (per mass unit
of Portland cement in the mixture) or the enhancement of other variables linked with
durability. The physical action enhances the chemical one, and the concrete global
performance is increased‖.
For delivering HPC, it is very much perceived that the utilization of SCM for example,
SF, GGBS, RHA and FA, are fundamental. These materials enhance the durability and
strength attributes of concrete when used as mineral admixtures in HPC.
Nonetheless, in most cases, both the early age and long-term strengths was found to
decrease by using high volumes of SCMs [116]. In some cases, the decrease in early strength
was compensated by adding SF [97], [117]–[119] while endeavouring to keep up/improve the
durability attributes related with high volume replacements levels of Portland cement with
SCMs. Concretes with these cementitious materials are utilized broadly all through the world.
Power, gas, oil and nuclear industries are a portion of the real clients. The applications of such
concretes are expanding with the progression of time because of their unrivalled basic
execution, ecological agreeableness and low effect on vitality usage[120].The utilization of
HPC in concrete structures has expanded as of late [121].
Different previous studies [95], [122], utilized different types of SCMs, aggregates, curing
and testing conditions for preparing HPC concrete. The comparison of the performance of
such concrete produced by different researchers with respect to strength and durability is
difficult to generalize for any given application and is beyond the scope of this review. In any
case, a nearby examination of distributed information demonstrate that the HPC can be made
with any blend of cement and mineral, such as SF, GGBS, RHA and FA,MK, ultra fine
Sand/or fillers, such as limestone powder.

4. CONCLUDING STATEMENT
Going through the published literature it can be very well established that HPC can be
prepared through a careful proportioning of its ingredients. The physical and chemical
properties of individual ingredients and their compatibility with each other are the key
elements in achieving a gain in compressive strength of the concrete mix or the gain in an
initial slump.
Binary, ternary and quaternary systems are progressively used to exploit the synergy of
different mineral components to enhance properties of concrete in the fresh and solidified
states, and to manufactureHPC more cost-effective and environment friendly.

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 A Review on Wider Application of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on the Development of High-
Performance Concrete

To enhance the adoption of these materials in codes, there is a need for developing a
database of mechanical properties of HPC to be established by experimental work and
thorough statistical analysis.
Although much work has been done on minimizing cement, there still exist plenty of
scopes that need to be investigated further. A means to meet this growing demand is by using
a high amount of SCMs in HPC. The performance of these materials is largely dependent on
their physical and chemical characteristics. It is generally accepted that the SCMs with high
silica and alumina, abundant amorphous content in phase composition and similar or finer
particles size than cement grains lead to better pozzolanic reactivity. Although these SCMs
are widely used in normal concrete, it is necessary to give a suggestion on the optimum
proportions of these materials in HPC.

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