Example one

 Given:
– Load, P = 40 kN
– Pressure, q = 552 kPa
– E = 110Mpa
– Poisons ratio [v] = 0.5
 Find:
– σz , σr , σt and w @z= 152 mm & r= 152 mm
– First, we need to calculate the radius:

P 40 40000
q   a
A 2
a * 0.552
 152 mm
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 Example ….cont’d
z/a = 1 & r/a = 1
Hence, from the fig 5.2

z
x100  33
q
552
z
 x33  182 kPa
100
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 Example …….Cont’d
From the fig. 5.3 and 5.4,

From the fig.5.6, F= 0.8 and the deflection can be computed by the
following equation:-

Also determine the strains due to loading 152

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 Example……Cont’d
Strains due to loading can be calculated directly by
substituting stress values in strain equations.

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 Example two

E=25000

154
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 Example two….Cont’d

Vertical deflection due to circular loading (Foster and Ahlvin, 1954)

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 Example three

156
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 Exercise
The following figure shows a homogeneous half-space
subjected to two circular loads, each 10 inches in diameter
and center to center spacing of 20 inches. The pressure on
the circular area is 50psi. The half-space has elastic modulus
of 10,000psi and poisons ratio of 0.5. Determine the
stresses, strains and deflection at point A

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 Multi-Layer Systems
(Burmister 1958)
Assumptions:-
1. Each layer is homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic
material with an elastic modulus of E and a Poisson
ratio v
2. Material is weightless and infinite in lateral direction
3. Each layer has a finite thickness h, except that the
lowest layer is infinite in thickness
4. A uniform pressure q is applied on the surface over a
circular area of radius a
5. Satisfying continuity conditions (same vertical stress,
shear stress, vertical displacement, and radial
displacement at the layer interfaces)
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 Cont’d
2. Two-Layer Systems
Exists when full-depth asphalt pavement
construction in which a thick layer of hot-mix
asphalt is placed directly on the sub-grade.

The stresses in a two-layer system depends on the

modulus ratio E1/E2, and the thickness-radius ratio
h1/a

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 Cont’d
Distribution of vertical stresses under the centre of
a circular loaded area when the thickness h1 of
layer 1 is equal to the radius of contact area, or
h1 /a = 1 and a Poisson ratio of 0.5 for all layers.

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 Cont’d
The figure shows the effect of pavement thickness
and modulus ratio on the vertical stress, σc, at the
pavement sub-grade interface.

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 Cont’d
Surface and interface deflections have been used as
criteria of pavement design.
The surface deflection, w0, under a uniformly
circular loaded area is given in terms of the
deflection factor F2 as
qa
Deflection under a flexible Plate  1.5 F 2
E 2

qa
Deflection under a rigid Plate  1.18 F 2
E
2

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 Cont’d
The F2 value can be obtained from the following
figure:-

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 Cont’d
The interface deflection, W, between the two layers
is expressed in terms of the deflection factor F as:-

The deflection factor, F, is different from F2 and

provided in the following figure as a function of E1/E2,
h1/a and r/a

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 Cont’d
 For modulus ratio equals 10 and 25

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 Cont’d
For modulus ratio equals 50 and 100

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 Cont’d
Critical tensile strain:- The tensile strains at the
bottom of the asphalt layer have been used as a
design criterion to prevent fatigue cracking.
The critical tensile strain, e, at the bottom of the
first layer for a two-layer system can be determined
by :-

Where, Fe, is the strain factor that can be obtained from the
figure below as a function of E1/E2, h1/a .

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 Cont’d

Strain factor for single wheel

The critical tensile strain under dual wheels or dual-tandem wheels
is obtained from the same equation, but the strain factor needs to be
168
corrected!! 23-May-12 2:40 PM
Reading assignment [dual wheel & tandem]

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 Example on Vertical Stress
Determine the pavement thickness h1

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Example on surface deflections

171
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 Example on Interface deflection
 Determine the interface deflection, w

172
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 Example on critical strain

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 Three-layer System
Jones (1962) and Peattie (1962) subsequently
expanded these solutions to a much wider range of
solution parameters.

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 Cont’d
σz1 = Vertical stress at interface 1
σz2 = Vertical stress at interface 2
σr1 = Horizontal stress at the bottom of layer 1
σ’r1 = Horizontal stress at the top of layer 2
σr2 = Horizontal stress at the bottom of layer 2
σ’r2 = Horizontal stress at the top of layer 3

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 Parameters in Jones Tables
Stresses in a three layer system depend on the
following ratios:-

Jones (1962) presented a series of tables for

determining σz1, σz1 - σr1, σz2, σz2 - σr2.
23-May-12 2:40 PM 27
 Cont’d
His tables also include values of σz1 - σr1 and
σz2 – σ’r2.
But these can be readily obtained from those at
bottom of layer 1 and 2.
For continuity;

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 Computing Stresses from Jones Tables
Tables presented by Jones (1962) consist of
four values of K1 and K2 i.e. 0.2, 2, 20 and 200.
Therefore, interpolation of stress factors is
necessary for many problem solutions.
No extrapolation is allowed.

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 Cont’d
Four sets of stress factors i.e., ZZ1, ZZ2, ZZ1-RR1
and ZZ2-RR2, are shown. The product of contact
pressure and the stress factor gives the stress

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 Strains
Note that, on the axis of symmetry, tangential and
radial stresses are identical and the shear stress is
zero.
When Poisson ratio is 0.5 and σr = σt,

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 Cont’d
Jones table

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 Cont’d

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 Examples on three layer system
1. Given the three layer system shown in the following
figure with a = 122mm, q = 828kpa, h1 = 152mm,
h2 = 152mm, E1 = 2.8Gpa, E2 = 138Mpa and E3 =
69Mpa, determine all the stresses and strains at the
two interfaces on the axis of symmetry.

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 Cont’d
Solutions:-

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 Cont’d
From the Jones table,

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 Cont’d


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 Cont’d
The radial stress can be obtained from the following
formula:-

Note that, the negative sign indicates tensile stress

The vertical and radial strains can be calculated by applying
the following formula :-

23-May-12 2:40 PM 38
 Cont’d
Therefore, at the bottom of the first layer, the
vertical and the radial strain will be:-

Exercise: - similarly, compute the vertical and

the radial strains at the bottom of layer two and at
the top of layer three
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