Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 1

Aim: To study the effect of transmission line parameters on the performance of

transmission line.

THEORY: Transmission line has four parameters namely resistance, inductance,

capacitance and conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of
magnetic and electric fields around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best
determined from the manufactures data, the inductances and capacitances can be
evaluated using the formula.

Parameters of transmission line

The performance of transmission line depends on the parameters of the line. The
transmission line has mainly four parameters, resistance, inductance, capacitance and

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shunt conductance. These parameters are uniformly distributed along the line. Hence, it is
also called the distributed parameter of the transmission line.

The inductance and resistance form series impedance whereas the capacitance and
conductance form the shunt admittance. Some critical parameters of transmission line are
explained below in detail

Line inductance – The current flow in the transmission line induces the magnetic
flux.When the current in the transmission line changes, the magnetic flux also varies due
to which emf induces in the circuit. The magnitude of inducing emf depends on the rate
of change of flux. Emf produces in the transmission line resist the flow of current in the
conductor, and this parameter is known as the inductance of the line.

Line capacitance – In the transmission lines, air acts as a dielectric medium. This
dielectric medium constitutes the capacitor between the conductors, which store the
electrical energy, or increase the capacitance of the line. The capacitance of the conductor
is defined as the present of charge per unit of potential difference.

Capacitance is negligible in short transmission lines whereas in long transmission; it is

the most important parameter. It affects the efficiency, voltage regulation, power factor
and stability of the system.

Shunt conductance – Air act as a dielectric medium between the conductors. When the
alternating voltage applies in a conductor, some current flow in the dielectric medium
because of dielectric imperfections. Such current is called leakage current. Leakage
current depends on the atmospheric condition and pollution like moisture and surface
deposits.

Shunt conductance is defined as the flow of leakage current between the conductors. It is
distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line. The symbol Y represented it,
and it is measured in Siemens.

Performance of transmission lines

The term performance includes the calculation of sending end voltage, sending end
current, sending end power factor, power loss in the lines, efficiency of transmission,
regulation and limits of power flows during steady state and transient conditions.

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Performance calculations are helpful in system planning. Some critical parameters are
explained below

Voltage regulation – Voltage regulation is defined as the change in the magnitude of the
voltage between the sending and receiving ends of the transmission line.

The efficiency of transmission lines – Efficiency of the transmission lines is defined as

the ratio of the input power to the output power.

Important points

• Admittance measures the capability of an electrical circuit or we can say it

measures the efficiency of a transmission line, to allows AC to flow through
them without any obstruction. It SI unit is Siemens and denoted by the symbol
Y.
• Impedance is the inverse of the admittance. Its measure the difficulty occurs in
the transmission line when the AC flow. It is measured in ohms and
represented by the symbol z.

FORMULAS:
Inductance:
The general formula:
L = 0.2 ln (Dm / Ds) mH / KM
Where, Dm = geometric mean distance (GMD)
Ds = geometric mean radius (GMR)

Single phase 2 wire system

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GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r' = 0.7788 r
Where,
r = radius of conductor

Three phase – symmetrical spacing

GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r'
Where, r = radius of conductor &
GMR = re-1/4 = r' = 0.7788 r

Capacitance:
A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a
transmission line is given by
C = 0.0556/ ln (Deq / r) μF/km
Where, GMD is the “Geometric mean distance” which is same as that defined for
inductance under various cases.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results

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Exercise 1:
A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 16 km long overhead line supplies 1000 kW at 11kV, 0·8 p.f.
lagging. The line resistance is 0·03 Ω per phase per km and line inductance is 0·7
mH per phase per km. Calculate the sending end voltage, voltage regulation and
efficiency of transmission.

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PROGRAM:

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Output of the program:

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Result:
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Thus the modeling of transmission line was done and the sending end parameter,
regulation& efficiency were determined and verified using MATLAB software.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the effect of transmission line parameters i.e. resistance,
inductance and capacitance on performance of transmission line. We calculated sending
end voltage, sending end current, sending end power factor, power loss in the lines,
efficiency of transmission, regulation and limits of power flows during steady state and
transient conditions. And also, Performed simulation using MATLAB software and
analyzed the calculated and simulation results. Calculations are helpful in system
planning.

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Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 2

Aim:
To determine the bus admittance and impedance matrices for the given power system
network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

FORMATION OF Y BUS MATRIX

Bus admittance is often used in power system studies. In most of the power system
studies it is required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain power
system parameters depending upon the type of analysis.
Y-bus may be formed by inspection method only if there is no mutual coupling
between the lines. Every transmission line should be represented by - equivalent. Shunt
impedances are added to diagonal element corresponding to the buses at which these are
connected. The off diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of Tap
changing transformers is included while forming Y-bus matrix.

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FORMATION OF Z BUS MATRIX:
In bus impedance matrix the elements on the main diagonal are called driving point
impedance and the off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedance of the buses
or nodes. The bus impedance matrix is very useful in fault analysis.
The bus impedance matrix can be determined by two methods. In one method we
can form the bus admittance matrix and than taking its inverse to get the bus impedance
matrix. In another method the bus impedance matrix can be directly formed from the
reactance diagram and this method requires the knowledge of the modifications of
existing bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus or addition of a new line (or
impedance) between existing buses.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program.
Step 2: Enter the busdata Matrix in command window.
Step 3: Calculate the Formulae
Y=ybus(busdata)
Y= ybus(z)
Zbus = inv(Y)
Step 4: Format the Admittance Y bus Matrix.
Step 5: Format the Impedance Z bus Matrix.
Step 6: End the Program.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:
1. (i) Determine the Y bus matrix for the power system network shown in fig.
(ii) Check the results obtained in using MATLAB.

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2. (i) Determine Z bus matrix for the power system network shown in fig.
(ii) Check the results obtained using MATLAB.

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Program and simulation:

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Output of the program:

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Result:
Thus the bus Impedance and admittance matrix for the given system were determined and
verified using MATLAB.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the formation of Y-bus and Z-bus matrix using MATLAB
and simulink software. In cases where, the bus impedance matrix is also required, then it
cannot be formed by direct inspection of the given system diagram. However, the bus
admittance matrix determined by the rule of inspection following the steps explained
above, can be inverted to obtain the bus impedance matrix, since the two matrices are
inter-invertible.

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Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 3

Aim:
To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of power flow
model in complex form and a simple method of solving power flow problems
of small sized system using Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

The GAUSS – SEIDEL method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non-linear
load flow equations.
The non-linear load flow equation is given by

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ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2: Get the input Value
Step 3: Calculate the Y bus impedance Matrix
Step 4: Calculate P and Q by using formula,
P= Gen Mw- Load Mw;
Q= Gen MVA – Load MVA;
Step 5: Check the condition for the loop For i=2: bus and assume sum Yv =0
Step 6: Check the Condition of for loop
if for K=i:n bus and check if i=k and calculate
sum Yv= sum Yv + Ybus (i,k)*V(k)
Step 7: Check the condition for type
if type(i)==2,
Calculate Q(i) Q(i)=-imag (conj(V(i))*(sum Yv+ Ybus (i,i)*V(i));
Step 8: Check the condition for Q(i) by using if loop
If
Q(i)< Qmin(i)
Q(i)<=Qmin(i)
Else
Q(i)= Qmax(i)
Step 9: Check the Condition for type
V(i)=1/Ybus(i,i)*(P(i)-jQ(i)/Conj(V(i))-sum Yv);
Step 10: Iteration incremented
Step 11: Find the angle Value angle=180/Pi*angle(v)
Step 12: End the Program
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PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:
The figure shows the single line diagram of a simple 3 bus power system with
generator at bus-1. The magnitude at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05pu. The scheduled loads at
buses 2 and 3 are marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in p.u. The base
value is 100kVA. The line charging susceptances are neglected. Determine the phasor
values of the voltage at the load bus 2 and 3.
1) Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
2) Verify the result using MATLAB.

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Flow Chart:

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Program and simulation:

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Output of the program:

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Result:
Load flow solution for the given problem was solved using Gauss-Seidal method and
verified using MATLAB software.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the Gauss Seidel method for mathematical formulation of
power flow model in complex form and a simple method of solving power flow problems
of small sized system.

Gauss-Seidel (G-S) method is one of the simplest iterate method. Increase of number of
iterations directly with the increased number of buses.Slow rate of convergence and thus,
large number of iterations.

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Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 4

Aim:
To determine the power flow analysis using Newton – Raphson method
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which
approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous
equations using Taylor‟s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order
approximation.

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 The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in
terms of real and imaginary part of bus voltages.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2: Declare the Variable gbus=6, ybus=6
Step 3: Read the Variable for bus, type , V, de, Pg, Qg, Pl, Ql, Qmin, Qmax
Step 4: To calculate P and Q
Step 5: Set for loop for i=1:nbus, for k=1:nbus then calculate P(i) & Q(i) End the Loop
Step 6: To check the Q limit Violation
(i) Set if iter<=7 && iter>2
(ii) Set for n=2: nbus Calculate Q(G), V(n) for Qmin or Qmax
(iii) End the Loop
Step 7: Change from specified Value
(i) Declare dPa= Psp-P dQa= Qsp- Q dQ= Zeros(npq,1)
(ii) Set if type(i)==3
(iii) End the Loop
Step 8: Find Derivative of Real power injections with angles for Jacobian J1
Step 9: Find Derivative of Reactive power injections with angles for J3
Step 10: Find Derivative of Reactive power injections with voltage for J4 & Real power
injections with angles for J2

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Step 11: Form Jacobian Matrix J= [J1 J2;J3 J4]
Step 12: Find line current flow & line Losses
Step 13: Display the output
Step 14: End the Program

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

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EXERCISE:

Flow Chart:

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Program and simulation:

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Output of the program:

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Result:
Load flow solution for the given problem was solved using Newton Raphson method and
verified using MATLAB software.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the Newton Raphson method for mathematical formulation
of power flow model in complex form and a simple method of solving power flow
problems of small sized system.

Newton's method for solving equations is significant because it is often one of the fastest
converging methods. In particular, if the function is convex near a root and at the initial
value, x_0, f(x_0) > 0, then it converges. Applying it to the derivative of a function, it can
be used for optimisation. Furthermore, using matrices, Newton's method generalises to
solving simultaneous equations and optimising functions of more than one variable.

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Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 5

AIM:
To determine the power flow analysis using Fast decoupled method

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

In any conventional Newton method, half of the elements of the Jacobean matrix
represent the weak coupling referred to above, and therefore may be ignored. Any such
approximation reduces the true quadratic convergence to geometric one, but there are
compensating computational benefits. A large number of decoupled algorithms have been
developed in the literature. However, only the most popular decoupled Newton version is
presented here.
In Eq. (6.67), the elements to be neglected are submatrices [N] and [J]. The resulting
decoupled linear Newton equations become

where it can be shown that

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Procedure:
Step 1: Assume a suitable solution for all buses except the slack bus. Let Vp =1+j0
for P=2,3,...................n and V=a+j0

Step2: Set the convergence criterion = ε0

Step3: Set iteration count K = 0

Step 4: Set bus count P = 2

Step 5: Calculate Pp and Qp using

Step 6: Compute the real and reactive power mismatches ΔPK and ΔQK. If the
mismatches Are with in desirable tolerance the iteration end

Step 7: Normalize the mismatches by dividing each entry by its respective bus voltage
magnitude ΔPK =ΔP 2K / V 2K

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Step 8: Solve for the voltage magnitude and the correction factors ΔVK and δK by using
the constant matrices B’ and B” which are extracted from the bus admittance matrix Y
Bus
[B’] δK = ΔPK
[B”]ΔQK = ΔQK

Step 9: Up date the voltage magnitude and angel vectors

δK+1 = δK +ΔδK
VK+1 = VK +ΔVK

Step 10: Check if all the buses are taken into account if yes go to next step otherwise
go to next step. Otherwise go to step 4

Step 11: Advance iteration count K = K+1 go to step 3

Step 12: Evaluate bus and load powers and print the results

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 PROCEDURE OF SIMULATION:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

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Flow Chart:

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Program and Simulation:

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Output of the program:

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Result:
Thus the power flow for the given problem was solved using Fast Decoupled NR method
and verified using MATLAB software.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the Fast Decoupled Raphson method for mathematical
formulation of power flow model in complex form and a simple method of solving power
flow equations.
The FDLF is simple, computationally efficient than NR method. And computation time
per iteration is less.

The size of Jacobian matrix is also reduced . The storage of Jacobian element and
traigulation is saved by a factor 4 in FDLF .

Due to reduced size of Jacobian matrix memory requirement is also reduced.

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Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 6

Aim:
To study and analyze three phase symmetrical fault. to compute the fault level, post-fault
voltages and currents for different types of symmetrical faults.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

Symmetrical faults

In such types of faults, all the phases are short-circuited to each other and often to earth.
Such fault is balanced in the sense that the systems remain symmetrical, or we can say
the lines displaced by an equal angle (i.e. 120° in three phase line). It is the most severe

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type of fault involving largest current, but it occurs rarely. For this reason balanced short-
circuit calculation is performed to determine these large currents.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:

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Program and simulation:

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OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM:

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Result:
Fault problem solution for the given problem was solved and verified using using
MATLAB software.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the fault analysis of symmetrical faults using MATLAB
software.

The analysis of symmetrical fault includes the determination of voltage at any point in the
network, the value of current in the network branch, and the value of reactance necessary
to limit the fault current to the desired level.

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Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 7

Aim:
To study and analyze three phase Line to Line fault. to compute the fault level, post-fault
voltages and currents for different types of faults.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

Unsymmetrical faults

Unsymmetrical faults involve only one or two phases. In unsymmetrical faults the three
phase lines become unbalanced. Such types of faults occur between line-to-ground or
between lines. An unsymmetrical series fault is between phases or between phase-to-
ground, whereas unsymmetrical shunt fault is an unbalanced in the line impedances.
Shunt fault in the three phase system can be classified as;

• Single line-to-ground fault (LG).

• Line-to-line fault (LL).
• Double Line-to-ground fault (LLG).
• Three-phase short circuit fault (LLL).
• Three-phase-to-ground fault (LLLG).

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In single line-to-ground fault, one conductor comes in contact with the ground or the
neutral conductor. A line-to-line fault occurs when two conductors are short circuited. A
double line-to-ground fault occurs when two conductors fall on the ground or come in
contact with the neutral conductor.

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EXERCISE:

The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in figure. The neutral of each
generator is grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100MVA
base. The generators are running on no load at their rated voltage and rated frequency
with their emfs in
phase.
Determine the fault current for the following faults.
a) A line to line fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

Verify the result using MATLAB program.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

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Program and simulation:

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OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM:

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Result:
Fault problem solution for the given problem was solved and verified using using
MATLAB software.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the fault analysis of line to line faults using MATLAB
software.

A line to line fault or unsymmetrical fault occurs when two conductors are short
circuited. In the figure shown below shows a three phase system with a line-to-line fault
phases b and c. The fault impedance is assumed to be Zf. The LL fault is placed between
lines b and c so that the fault be symmetrical with respect to the reference phase a which
is un-faulted.

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Name: Rahul Hanumant Gade

Enrollment no. BE20S03F003

Class: TY EEP Btech

Subject: Lab Power Systems-II

Experiment 8

Aim:
To study and analyze three phase Line to Ground fault to compute the fault level, post-
fault voltages and currents for different types of faults.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY:

Unsymmetrical faults

Unsymmetrical faults involve only one or two phases. In unsymmetrical faults the three
phase lines become unbalanced. Such types of faults occur between line-to-ground or
between lines. An unsymmetrical series fault is between phases or between phase-to-
ground, whereas unsymmetrical shunt fault is an unbalanced in the line impedances.
Shunt fault in the three phase system can be classified as;

• Single line-to-ground fault (LG).

• Line-to-line fault (LL).
• Double Line-to-ground fault (LLG).
• Three-phase short circuit fault (LLL).
• Three-phase-to-ground fault (LLLG).

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In single line-to-ground fault, one conductor comes in contact with the ground or the
neutral conductor. A line-to-line fault occurs when two conductors are short circuited. A

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double line-to-ground fault occurs when two conductors fall on the ground or come in
contact with the neutral conductor.

EXERCISE:

The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in figure. The neutral of each
generator is grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100MVA
base. The generators are running on no load at their rated voltage and rated frequency
with their emfs in
phase.
Determine the fault current for the following faults.
a) A single line to ground fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 per unit.

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Verify the result using MATLAB program.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

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Program and simulation:

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OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM:

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Result:
Fault problem solution for the given problem was solved and verified using using
MATLAB software.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we studied the fault analysis of Line to Ground faults using MATLAB
software.

Generally, a single line-to-ground fault on a transmission line occurs when one

conductor drops to the ground or comes in contact with the neutral conductor. Such types
of failures may occur in power system due to many reasons like high-speed wind, falling
off a tree, lightning, etc.

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