Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) - Brightening Lives by Bridging Barriers

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Y
Pradhan ojana (PMUY):

Yojana
Brightening Liv
Brightening es by Bridging Barrier
Lives s
Barriers
“What will be the ease of living for a poor woman, who uses a stove to
cook food and spends her entire life in that smoke? According to me, her
ease of living is possible if I free her from that smoke…”1
– Narendra Damodardas Modi, Prime Minister of India
About 20 kilometers away from Ahmedabad, in Manipur village, Kaliben Thakor

(Kaliben) sat back happily with a smile on her face as her children enjoyed their
first home-cooked Dhokla, a popular Gujarati snack made with gram-flour. Kaliben
could prepare Dhokla, a special dish, as now she was cooking on a gas stove using
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), a clean fuel instead of the mud chulha (clay stove)
using traditional biomass fuels. The LPG connection which Kaliben had got through
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), had reduced the cooking time drastically.
Now, Kaliben had time enough to do much more than just prepare the mundane
meal comprising dal, curry and rotla (a type of bread) which alone took hours
every day to prepare for the whole family.2
1
Nitin Sethi and Aroon Deep, “PM’s plan for free gas connections is failing its objective – as government
had been warned it would”, https://scroll.in/article/865853/pms-plan-for-free-gas-connections-is-failing-
its-objective-as-government-had-been-warned-it-would, January 23rd 2018 (Accessed Date: November
20th 2018)
2
Rutam Vora, “Ujjwala lights up dreams”, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/
ujjwala-lights-up-dreams/article22733543.ece, February 12th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
This Case Study was written by Bala Bharathi Yelamanchi, Vandana Jayakumar and Syed Abdul Samad
under the guidance of Dr. Nagendra V. Chowdary, ET CASES. It is intended to be used as the basis for classroom
discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The
case study is based on primary and secondary research.
© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP), December 2018
No part of this publication may be copied, stored, transmitted, reproduced or distributed in any form or
medium whatsoever without the permission of the copyright owner.
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Brightening Lives by Bridging Barriers
Far away in Haripur village of the Khagaria district in Bihar, Ranju Devi (Ranju), a
tailor, lives with her husband, a carpenter, and their two children. Ranju has more
time for tailoring now and an opportunity to increase her income as she has done
away with her old biomass chulha and is using an LPG gas stove instead, after
taking an LPG connection through PMUY in June 2016.3 Cooking using LPG has
freed her time for income generating activities.
In a village in western Uttar Pradesh, Lakshmi never even thought that she would
have a bank account. However, an account has finally been opened in her name
and she is unable to repress her smile as she looks at her name written on the
passbook. While continuous household expenses do not allow her to save much,
the little amount of money in her account assures her of more economic security
than the currency notes which she tucks away in various corners of the house.
Lakshmi’s new account was opened under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
(PMJDY). While she may not be able to save much and deposit in her new account,
it is credited with subsidy amount every time she buys an LPG cylinder. While on
the one hand the PMUY has relieved Lakshmi from the hardships of cooking on a
clay stove which emanated suffocating smoke, on the other, it has enabled her to
have her own bank account.4
Parvati, who lives in the outskirts of Delhi, is happy cooking using LPG as it saves
time. With more time at her disposal, she is able to work as a domestic help in two
more houses and earn more money.5
In the Sonta village of Muzaffarnagar district, Surendari Devi is happy having taken
an LPG connection through PMUY. She no longer has to stand for long hours in a
kitchen full of smoke, particularly during summers, to cook food for the family.
Moreover, having substituted wood with LPG, she needn’t worry about the wood,
which is stored outdoors, getting damp during rains. Kavita, another PMUY
3
Nidhi Prabha Tewari, “Bihar’s Ujjwala story: a promising picture”, https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/
u1AMyvD9BAmgTiBvycsBPM/Bihars-Ujjwala-story-a-promising-picture.html, September 13th 2017
(Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)
4
Vivek Anand, “Two years of Ujjwala Yojana: Govt initiative has had an impact at ground level but teething
problems remain”, https://www.firstpost.com/india/two-years-of-ujjwala-yojana-govt-initiative-has-had-
an-impact-at-ground-level-but-teething-problems-remain-4484559.html, May 27th 2018 (Accessed Date:
November 20th 2018)
5
Richa Mishra, “The silent LPG revolution”, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/
the-silent-lpg-revolution/article22733539.ece, February 12th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 27th 2018)
4 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

beneficiary from the Sonta village, is able to finish cooking in about an hour and
utilizes her free time to teach her children.6
Rajni Devi of Chatariya village in Darbhanga district of Bihar took an LPG connection
through PMUY in August 2017. Commenting on the recurrent conflicts about
biomass that happen in their neighborhoods, she says that, “My life is gone, but
why should my daughter and daughter-in-law go to others’ orchards to collect
fuel wood, they will be beaten up.”7
Another PMUY beneficiary, the wife of a laborer shares her feelings with tears in
her eyes, “We don’t have land nor a regular job. We are laborers, but this gas
connection makes us feel that we too matter in the progressing society and can
live with pride. I can see a bright future for my daughter.” 8
All these women are some of the beneficiaries of PMUY, a scheme launched in
2016 by Prime Minister Narendra Damodardas Modi (Modi) through the aegis of
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, to provide free LPG connections to rural
and urban poor. With the tag line of – Swacch Indhan, Behtar Jeevan – Mahilaon
ko mila samman (Clean Fuel, Better Life – Respect for Women) – the initiative was
aimed at empowering women by providing them access to clean cooking fuel
resulting in better health for the women and children and a pollution-free
environment.
After more than two years of its inception, the scheme was being hailed to be
successful as it had already achieved five crore9 new LPG connections by August
2018. Post launch of the scheme, India’s per capita LPG consumption had increased,
indicating widespread acceptance of LPG as the cooking fuel and likely switch
from conventional fuels. As on March 1st 2018, there were 22.11 crore LPG
consumers in the country, which has increased by 9.76 crore from the year
2014-2015.10 PMUY also marks a significant shift in governmental policy – from
6
Vivek Anand, “Two years of Ujjwala Yojana: Dalits in western UP laud benefits despite resentment against
Centre on other issues”, https://www.firstpost.com/india/two-years-of-ujjwala-yojana-dalits-in-western-
up-laud-benefits-despite-resentment-against-centre-on-other-issues-4481319.html, May 25th 2018
(Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
7
“Bihar’s Ujjwala story: a promising picture”, op.cit.
8
“Ujjwala lights up dreams”, op.cit.
9
“Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana achieves 5 core mark”, http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?
PRID=1541545, August 3rd 2018 (Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)
10
Naushad Alam, et al., “PRADHAN MANTRI UJJWALA YOJANA”, http://parliamentlibraryindia.nic.in/
writereaddata/Library/Reference%20Notes/Pradhan%20Mantri%20Ujjwala%20Yojana.pdf, July 2018
(Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)
© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 5

attempting to improve the quality of chulhas to attempting a complete shift away

from the chulhas. Observers opined that much more had to be done to ensure
women health and empowerment and better environment through PMUY.
NARENDRA MODI’S GOVERNMENT: POLIC

GOVERNMENT: Y INITIA
POLICY TIVES F
INITIATIVES OR
FOR
INCLUSIVE DEVEL
INCLUSIVE OPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
Ever since it assumed power on May 26th 2014 after winning 336 Lok Sabha Seats
out of 543 seats, the National Democratic Alliance’s (NDA) Government led by
Modi, announced a slew of schemes that contributed to the Indian economy’s
growth, financial inclusion, infrastructure development and empowerment of the
poor.
Since 2014, several new schemes have been launched and some of the old schemes
were restructured or extended seeking their progress. From uplifting of the
backward states to address the issue of malnutrition among women and children,
from hindering drug trafficking among the youth to setting up of solar plants in
the rural areas, Modi Government had taken care of all the weak areas of the
Indian economy through its schemes and programmes.
Apart from numerous other schemes, the Modi Government laid special emphasis
on its flagship schemes in five key areas including financial inclusion (Pradhan
Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana or PMJDY), sanitation (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan), clean
cooking fuel (Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana or PMUY), skills (Pradhan Mantri
Kaushal Vikas Yojana or PMKVY), and rural electrification (Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Gram Jyoti Yojana or DDUGJY).
Compiled from published sources

As the Modi Government nears the completion of its term, some political/economic
experts point out the unattained goals and unkept promises of the high-octane
publicity campaigns of these flagship welfare schemes during the four years of
the Modi Government. They termed them as misplaced and half-baked visions,
misleading numbers and goals, and ultimately portrayed them as key qualitative
failures that have compromised the future of the country in key areas.11
However, optimists, on the other hand, opined that Modi Government’s policies
have added an equality and inclusion-focused economic complement to the legal
framework, 70 years after Babasaheb Ambedkar had put in place the sine qua
non for a united India through the drafting of constitution with its principles of
inclusion and equality of all its citizens. Over the years, these principles were
side-lined by vested political and personal interests of caste, religion, region, etc.,
that retarded the economic growth and welfare of the country.
However, the Modi Government had implemented the inclusive growth agenda
through its people welfare schemes where everyone can benefit from the growing
economic pie. The schemes, under the Sabka Saath, SabkaVikas (Collective Efforts,
Inclusive Growth) umbrella, promoted economic security, equal opportunity and
human dignity, strengthening the sense of ownership by people.
Flagship Schemes of the Modi Government

Gov
For years, underprivileged Indians suffered from rain, drought, pestilence,
indebtedness and social expenditure. The welfare schemes provide a rudimentary
safety net to these economically vulnerable citizens. For instance, through the
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana and Atal Pension Yojana, insurance and
pension have become a reality for crores of poor Indians, especially the unorganized
sector workers. Farmers falling into debt traps with poor harvest, found succor
through comprehensive crop insurance.
The PMJDY, Modi’s flagship financial inclusion scheme, ensured access to financial
services such as banking, savings and deposit accounts, remittance, credit,
insurance and pension, in an affordable manner. As of May 2018, it created more
than 30 crore new bank accounts that unlocked the power of Direct Benefit
Transfers (DBT) of the government schemes to the account holders (Exhibit I),
11
“Four Years of Modi Government: Schemes: More Hype than Benefits”, https://peoplesdemocracy.in/
2018/0603_pd/four-years-modi-government-schemes-more-hype-benefits, November 25th 2018

Source: https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/spotlights/jan-dhan-yojna-inner-new.jpg
along with providing accidental insurance cover of INR 1 lakh, no minimum balance
requirement and a life cover of INR 30,000, payable on death of the beneficiary.
The Modi Government’s most ambitious scheme PMJDY, by far, had emerged as
one of the world’s largest12 financial inclusion programmes.
Exhibit I: PMJDY – Beneficiaries as on 09/05/2018 (in crore)
Bank Name/Type Number of Number of Number of Number of Deposits in Number of

Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Rural/Urban Total Accounts Rupay
at Rural/ at Urban Female Beneficiaries (In INR crore) Debit Cards
Semi-urban Metro Centre Beneficiaries Issued to
Centre Bank Bank Beneficiaries
Branches Branches
Public Sector Banks 13.73 11.80 13.38 25.53 65,218.25 19.20
Regional Rural Banks 4.28 0.79 2.78 5.07 13,717.03 3.68
Private Sector Banks 0.60 0.40 0.53 0.99 2,268.31 0.92
Grand Total 18.61 12.99 16.69 31.60 81,203.59 23.80
Source: “Four years of Modi government: Here’s how the key welfare schemes have performed”, https://www.moneycontrol.com/
news/india/four-years-of-modi-government-heres-how-key-welfare-scheme-have-performed-2576277.html, May 26th 2018 (Accessed
Date: November 24th 2018)
12
“Four years of Modi government: Here’s how the key welfare schemes have performed”, https://
www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/four-years-of-modi-government-heres-how-key-welfare-scheme-
have-performed-2576277.html, May 26th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 24th 2018)

Source: http://ste.india.com/sites/default/files/2014/10/02/279103-2-10-2014-modi-gh12-o.jpg
The next important step that the Modi Government took was to change the lives of
the vast numbers of Indians living in squalor, with its flagship sanitation campaign.
The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan metamorphosed the Indian’s approach to civic
responsibility. Cleanliness was not the municipality’s, the neighbor’s or the
sweeper’s responsibility alone, but had become everyone’s obligation. 7.2 crore
toilets in rural areas, 46 lakh individual toilets in urban areas, 3.1 lakh community
and public toilets that were built across the country, as of May 2018, along with
2,212 Open Defecation Free (ODF) cities are a testimony to a newfound self-esteem
for crores of underprivileged — especially women and children in India’s remotest
corners (Exhibit II). More than 60% of the rural households in all states are reported
to have toilets except Odisha (55%) and Bihar (55.1%). 13
On July 15th 2015, the World Youth Skills Day, Modi launched the ‘Skill India’ program
with an objective to train 50 crore14 Indians in different skills by 2022. The scheme
aimed to provide training and skill development for youth in a way that they get
employed and also foster an environment of entrepreneurship. Many institutes
and companies joined hands with the government to provide hands-on training to
the youth. For instance, Samsung signed a major deal in providing hands-on training
to Indian youth to improve their skills and provide employment at the same time.
13
“Four years of Modi government: Here’s how the key welfare schemes have performed”, op.cit.
14
“Celebrating World Youth Skills Day 2015 – Rajiv Pratap Rudy”, http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/
2015/07/celebrating-world-youth-skills-day-2015-rajiv-pratap-rudy-minister-of-state-ministry-for-skill-
development-and-entrepreneurship-independent-charge-parliamentary-affairs/, July 14th 2015 (Accessed

Exhibit II: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan – Achievements
Toilet Reported
726.34 45.49 24,11,319

Toilet Built (in lakh) % increase in HHs with Toilet Toilet Built
since 2nd Oct 2014 since 2nd Oct 2014 in 2018-19
386 1,62,899 3,67,259

No. of ODF Districts No. of ODF Gram Panchayats No. of ODF Villages
self Declared self Declared self Declared
Source: “Four years of Modi government: Here’s how the key welfare schemes have performed”, https://
www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/four-years-of-modi-government-heres-how-key-welfare-scheme-have-
performed-2576277.html, May 26th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 24th 2018)

Source: http://os.bivha.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/hhhdhd1.png
Another flagship initiative of the Modi Government was the Deen Dayal Upadhyay
Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) that aimed to provide continuous power supply to
rural India with a planned investment of INR 75,600 crore.15 This scheme was the
replacement of the existing Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana. As of
April 1st 2015, there were 18,452 unelectrified villages in the country, which were
then electrified through DDUGJY by April 2018. As part of the initiative, Modi
Government also launched an INR 16,320 crore Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har
Ghar Yojana or Saubhagya scheme to provide electricity connections to households
in rural and urban areas by December 2018. Of the set target of 3,80,23,012
households, the government had provided electricity connection to 61,89,812
households (14%) as of May 2018 (Exhibit III).
PMUY, the most ambitious public welfare scheme was launched to provide LPG
connections (cooking gas) to Below the Poverty Line (BPL) families in the country.
By May 2018, the LPG penetration in India had risen from 56% in 2014 to 80%.16
While the earlier household chores and process of preparation of meals (by using
firewood or cow dung) exposed BPL women to health and safety risks, the scheme
aimed to prevent the negative impacts of the same.
15
Vignesh Krishnan, “12 Important Schemes By Modi Government That You Must Know“, https://
www.ssbcrack.com/2016/06/12-important-schemes-by-modi-government-that-you-must.html
(Accessed Date: November 23rd 2018)
16
Nidhi Prabha Tiwari, “Ujjwala Revolution”, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ujjwala-revolution/
article24272555.ece, June 28th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)

Exhibit III: DDUGJY – Household Electrification Status (as of May 2018)
Electrified To be Electrified
19,22,03,000 3,18,33,200
Total Households 86% 14%
22,40,36,200
Source: “Four years of Modi government: Here’s how the key welfare schemes have performed”, https://
www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/four-years-of-modi-government-heres-how-key-welfare-scheme-have-
performed-2576277.html, May 26th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 24th 2018)
Impact of Flagship Devel

Dev opment Schemes
elopment
Since the launch of its first people’s welfare scheme in 2014, the Modi Government
has sought to ‘include’ all Indians — rural, urban, differently-abled, young and old
– into the ‘new’ Indian economy through a belief that economic progress and
opportunity can be inclusive and can overpower divisive political-economic agendas
to create a foundation of common interest.
Falling in line with these common interests, many more public welfare schemes
were launched that have impacted various sections of people in the country. “As
many as 22 crore17 families from 16,850 villages of 484 districts across the country
were benefited by the welfare schemes of the Modi government,” said BJP
President Amit Shah. He added, “There is not even a single person who has not
been getting the benefits of the seven schemes in these villages. With the efforts
of Narendra Modi government, we have been successful in connecting all the
houses of these villages with electricity. We have provided every house (sic) hold
17
“Modi government’s welfare schemes in its 4 years benefitted 22 crore poor families, says BJP chief
Amit Shah”, https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/modi-governments-welfare-schemes-in-its-
4-years-benefitted-22-crore-poor-families-says-bjp-chief-amit-shah/1181264/, May 25th 2018 (Accessed
Date: November 23rd 2018)

with gas connection and benefits of social security schemes. They were all given
LED lights and all the children below the age of two are vaccinated. The government
is now aiming to extend the benefit of these seven schemes (Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
Yojana, Saubhagya, Ujala scheme, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, Pradhan Mantri
Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana and Mission
Indradhanush) in new 45,000 villages in 115 districts soon.”18
Modi and his government garnered huge praise and acceptance of his work by the
general public, industrialists and critics alike. While he had received many
accolades and awards for his work during his tenure (2001 to 2014) as the Chief
Minister of the Indian state of Gujarat, his work as the Prime Minister of the country
has also won him numerous recognitions and awards (Exhibit IV).
Exhibit IV: Narendra Modi – Awards and Recognitions
1 2007 – Best Chief Minister in nationwide survey by India Today
2 2014 – Indian of the year award by CNN-IBN news network
3 2014, 2015, 2017 – Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in the World
4 2014, 2016 – Winner of Time magazine reader’s poll for Person of the Year
5 2014 – Forbes magazine ranked him 15th Most Powerful Person in the World; and as the 9th Most Powerful
Person in the World in 2015, 2016 and 2018
6 2015 – Ranked 5th on Fortune magazine’s World’s Greatest Leaders
7 April 3rd 2016 – Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud – Member Special Class – The highest civilian honour of Saudi Arabia
8 June 4th 2016 – State Order of Ghazi Amir Amanullah Khan – The highest civilian honour of Afghanistan
9 2016 – Wax Statue of Modi was unveiled at Madame Tussaud Wax Museum, London
10 2017 – Gallup International Association ranked him as 3rd Top Leader of the World
11 February 10th 2018 – Grand Collar of the State of Palestine – The highest civilian honour of Palestine for foreign
dignitaries
12 October 3rd 2018 – Received UN’s highest environmental award ‘Champions of the Earth Award’, for his pioneering
work in the international solar alliance and new areas of levels of cooperation on environmental action
13 October 24th 2018 – Received Seoul Peace Price for his dedication to improving international cooperation,
raising global economic growth, anti-corruption and social integration efforts
Compiled by the authors
18
“16,850 villages getting benefits of government’s flagship schemes: Shah”, https://www.business-
standard.com/article/news-ians/16-850-villages-getting-benefits-of-government-s-flagship-schemes-
shah-118052201391_1.html, May 22nd 2018 (Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)

Source: https://www.sayingtruth.com/important-schemes-by-the-government-of-india/
Apart from the flagship schemes in the five key areas, numerous other schemes
covering various fields that required development were taken up during these four
years (2014 – 2018). For instance, the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), was
launched with the aim to achieve ‘Housing For All’ (HFA) by 2022. “By the time the
Nation completes 75 years of Independence, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna will bring
a ‘pucca house’ for every family in urban cities with water connection, toilet facilities,
24x7 electricity supply and complete access,” Modi said in the joint session of
Parliament in June 2014. By 2018, 19,264 affordable houses were built across India.
Out of the set target to build 19.5 lakh houses in rural areas, over 7.3 lakh people
have received their first instalment to build a house.19
Many other schemes like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (for development of
rural roads), Start Up India (to encourage entrepreneurship), MUDRA Yojana (to
provide capital to MSMEs), National Health Protection Scheme (NHPS) (to provide
free health insurance to poor families), etc., have been designed to contribute to
the economic development of the country (Annexure I).
UJJWALA: BRIGHTENING LIVES BY BRIDGING BARRIERS

JJWALA:
In India, the usage of clean cooking gas had traditionally been confined to urban
and semi-urban areas. Gradually, it reached the middle class population in tier-II
cities and towns also. However, the poor in the rural and urban areas had limited
access to clean cooking fuel – LPG. Majority of them were unable to either afford
or access the clean fuel. There are about 24 crore households, of which about
10 crore do not have access to LPG. Consequently, women and children have to
toil hard and endure physical stress to collect firewood used for cooking.20
19
“Four years of Modi government: Here’s how the key welfare schemes have performed”, op.cit.
20
“About PMUY”, http://www.pmujjwalayojana.com/about.html (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)

PRADHAN MANTRI
UJJWALA YOJANA
Source: https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana
Particularly, rural women use conventional fuels such as firewood, coal, lignite,
dung-cakes, etc., for cooking. However, burning of these fuels emanates smoke
which results in high level of household pollution, adversely affecting the health of
women and children who are mostly at home.
According to a report from WHO, the smoke emanating from burning of unclean
fuels equals to burning 400 cigarettes in an hour.21 In light of this problem and to
make underprivileged women feel more empowered, PMUY was introduced which
benefitted crores of women belonging to the poorest households.
PMUY was launched by Modi on May 1st 201622 in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh followed by
its pan-India implementation. The scheme initially aimed to provide five crore LPG
connections to BPL families with a support of INR 1,600 per connection in the
ensuing three years (FY2016-2019).23 INR 8,000 crore was allocated for project
implementation.24 PMUY was implemented by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural
Gas through its Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs). Indian Oil Corporation Limited
(IOCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) and Hindustan Petroleum
21
Sandra Ortellado, “Clean household energy can save people’s lives”, http://www.who.int/features/2014/
clean-household-energy/en/, March 2014 (Accessed Date: November 24th 2018)
22
“PM Narendra Modi to interact with PMUY beneficiaries through NaMo App”, https://
www.financialexpress.com/economy/pm-narendra-modi-to-interact-with-pmuy-beneficiaries-through-
namo-app/1183358/, May 28th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 24th 2018)
23
Aman Sharma, “Aadhaar made must for free LPG connections too”, https://
economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/aadhaar-made-must-for-free-lpg-connections-
too/articleshow/57525862.cms, March 8th 2017 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
24
“Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: Achieves 5 Crore Mark”, op.cit.

Source: http://www.pmujjwalayojana.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-english.jpg

Corporation Limited (HPCL), which distribute LPG through their network of

distributors across the country, were assigned the task of implementing PMUY.
They reciprocated by collectively planning investments worth INR 30,000 crore to
address the expected growth in the market.25
It was estimated that PMUY would generate around one lakh additional employment
opportunities as well as INR 10,000 crore worth business opportunity in the course
of three years. The scheme was also likely to give a fillip to the ‘Make in India’
campaign, as all the manufacturers of cylinders, gas stoves, regulators, and gas
hoses are domestic players.26 Brief modalities and allocation process of PMUY
are explained in the Exhibits V and VI.
Exhibit V: Brief Modalities of PMUY
• The connection will be issued to women member of BPL household who suffers from at least one
deprivation as per Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011 (Rural) data.
• Preference to be given to SC/ST BPL families and the states having lower LPG coverage than the National
average as of January 1st 2016.
• Cash assistance of INR 1,600 per connection will be provided by the government for each new connection
and shall comprise of following :
• Security deposit of 14.2 kg/5 kg cylinder
• Security deposit of pressure regulator
• Suraksha Hose (1.2 M)
• Installation/demonstration charges payable to distributor
• Cost of issue of DGCC booklet
• While the connection charges of INR 1,600 will be reimbursed by the Government of India, OMCs would
provide the option of EMI to interested beneficiaries towards the cost of stove and first supply of gas.
OMCS will recover the EMI from the subsidy amount payable to consumer for each refill.
Source: “A new beginning of life with clean fuel”, https://indane.co.in/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana.php (Accessed Date:
November 22nd 2018)
25
Priya Sreenivasan, “Rural penetration of Ujjwala improves, remote areas still remain a problem”, https:/
/www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/rural-penetration-of-ujjwala-improves-remote-areas-still-
remain-a-problem-59803, March 1st 2018 (Accessed Date: November 27th 2018)
26
“About PMUY”, op.cit.

Exhibit VI: Implementation Modalities of PMUY
• A woman of the BPL household, which does not have access to LPG connection, may apply for a new LPG
connection (in the prescribed format) to the LPG distributor.
• While submitting the application form, the woman will submit details, like Address, Jandhan/ Bank Account
and Aadhar number (if the Aadhar number is not available, steps would be taken in coordination with UIDAI
for issue of Aadhar number to the woman of BPL household).
• The LPG Field officials will match the application against SECC – 2011 database and, after ascertaining their
BPL status, enter the details (name, address, etc.) into a dedicated OMC Web portal through a login/ password
given by the OMCs.
• OMCs will undertake electronically the de-duplication exercise and other measures for due diligence for a
new LPG connection.
• The connection shall be issued by the OMC to the eligible beneficiaries (after completion of various stages
listed above).
• While the connection charges would be borne by the government, the OMCs would provide an option for
the new consumer to opt for EMIs, if she so desires, to cover the cost of a cooking stove and first refill. The
EMI amount may be recovered by the OMCs from the subsidy amount due to the consumer on each refill.
• OMCs will also organize Melas at various locations for release of connections to BPL families. This will be
done in the presence of public representatives and distinguished personalities of the area.
• The scheme will cover BPL families under all forms of distributorship and for various sizes of cylinders (like
14.2 kg, 5 kg, etc.) depending on the field situation.
• Benefits under PMUY have been extended to people of all Hilly States including NE States by treating them
as ‘Priority States’.
Compiled by the authors from: “Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana”, http://vikaspedia.in/energy/policy-support/pradhan-mantri-

ujjwala-yojana (Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)
Under the scheme, an adult woman beneficiary of a BPL family will be given
deposit-free LPG connection by the government. Beneficiaries are identified
through Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC) List-2011 and in cases where names
are not covered under SECC list, beneficiaries are identified from seven categories
which includes SC/ST households, beneficiaries of PMAY (Gramin), Antyodaya Anna
Yojana, Most Backward Classes, Forest Dwellers, Resident of Islands/River Islands
and Tea Garden & Ex-tea Garden Tribes.27
27
“Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: Government achieves 5 crore Free LPG Connections Target”, https://
currentaffairs.gktoday.in/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-government-achieves-5-crore-free-lpg-
connections-target-08201857834.html, August 4th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 24th 2018)


Total cost of the new connection of INR 1,600 for security deposit (14.2 kg cylinder
and pressure regulator), the cost of suraksha hose pipe, DGCC book, installation
and administrative charges would be borne by the government on one-time basis.
Beneficiaries would have to bear the cost of the stove of around INR 1,600.28 Those
who can’t afford are provided with an option to avail EMI facility provided by the
OMCs. OMCs in turn recover the loan amount from the subsidy payable to the
consumer for each refill. After the loan is recovered, subsidy amount for refills
would be deposited directly into beneficiaries’ bank accounts through DBT which
ensures transparency in the system.
In the first 8 months of implementing the scheme, 1.5 crore LPG connections were
released to BPL women (Exhibit VII).
Exhibit VII: PMUY – Achieving 1.5 crore Connections
Source: “Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana – 1.5 Crore Connections Released In 8 Months”, https://imp.center/gov/
pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-1-5-crore-lpg-connections/ (Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)
28
Anurodh Giri and Arshi Aadi, “Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: A demand-side diagnostic study of LPG
refills”, http://www.microsave.net/files/pdf/Pradhan_Mantri_Ujjwala_Yojana_A_demand_side_
diagnostic.pdf, August 2018 (Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)

By the end of the first year, the scheme witnessed huge success by overachieving
the target of 1.5 crore and distributing 2.2 crore LPG connections in total
(Exhibit VIII). Underscoring the demand surge created by PMUY, in early 2017,
India became the second largest domestic LPG consumer in the world, with most
of the supply coming in from the Middle East.29
Exhibit VIII: One Year of PMUY
Source: “A new beginning of life with clean fuel”, https://indane.co.in/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana.php (Accessed

Date: November 22nd 2018
29
“Rural penetration of Ujjwala improves, remote areas still remain a problem”, op.cit.

Since the time of its implementation, the government reimbursed INR 4,751 crore
to OMCs for release of LPG connections under PMUY.30 As of November 26th 2018,
5.8 crore LPG connections were released under PMUY (Annexure II). Modi said,
“Till 2014, 13 crore families got LPG connection. This means, for over six decades
the figure stood at 13 crore. It was mostly the rich people who got LPG connections.
In the last 4 years, 10 crore new connections have been added and the poor
benefited.”31 This number also included five crore free LPG connections issued to
poor women of which 45% beneficiaries were dalits and tribals which also resulted
in a ‘big social transformation’.32 As of December 2018, almost 90% of the Indian
households used clean cooking fuel, a sharp jump from 56.2% in April 2015. There
were a total of 29 lakh commercial and 24.9 crore domestic LPG connections, of
which 22.9 crore were subsidized.33
In 2018, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) revised the target to 8
crore connections with an additional allocation of INR 4,800 crore, to be achieved
by 2020.34
Other Relat ed Schemes

Related
The Government of India launched a few other schemes to give a boost to the LPG
sector. Through its PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh) scheme, the government
started transferring gas subsidy directly to beneficiaries’ accounts.
Over a year before the launch of PMUY, in March 2015, Modi appealed to the
middle-class and affluent consumers through ‘GiveItUp’ campaign to give up their
subsidies in favor of the underprivileged women (Exhibit IX). As a consequence,
over 1.3 crore people have foregone their LPG subsidies.35
30
“PRADHAN MANTRI UJJWALA YOJANA”, op.cit.
31
“Ujjwala Yojna has led to social transformation”, https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/
ujjwala-yojna-has-led-to-social-transformation/article24011422.ece, May 28th 2018 (Accessed Date:
November 22nd 2018)
32
Ibid.
33
Sanjeev Choudhary, “Almost 90% of Indan Households Now Use Cleaner Cooking Gas”, The Economic
Times, December 4th 2018
34
35
Kundan Pandey, et al., “Ujjwala scheme: Are cleaner cooking fuels affordable and accessible?”, https://
www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/india/india-steps-on-the-gas-58502, February 3rd 2018 (Accessed Date:
November 22nd 2018)

Exhibit IX: GiveItUp Campaign
Source: http://www.twenty22.in/2015/07/direct-cash-transfers-to-cut-lpg.html
Sunita Narain, Director General, Centre for Science and Environment, said, “We
have what I call an Indian style of socialism where the rich benefit from the subsidies
allocated in the name of the poor. The cost incurred for LPG in a middle-class
household is negligible whereas it can account for almost 10 per cent of the total
spending in a house below the poverty line. The Ujjwala scheme should be

applauded for attempting to correct this historic injustice and for once, subsidize
the poor, especially women, who are disproportionately affected by the issue.”36
PMUY: HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND EMPO

HEALTH, WERMENT OUT
EMPOWERMENT COMES
OUTC
In-keeping with its tag line of Swacch Indhan, Behtar Jeevan –Mahilaon ko mila
samman (Clean Fuel: Better Life – Respect to Women), the planned outcomes of
the scheme were three fold – health, environment and empowerment.
Health
Globally, a large majority of people are dependent on solid biomass fuel as the
primary source of energy for cooking. These fuels contribute to outdoor and indoor
air pollution. Statistics indicate that the adverse health effects of indoor air pollution
are much higher than those of outdoor air pollution. It is opined that the degradation
of indoor air quality by harmful chemicals can be up to 10 times worse than outdoor
air pollution.37 Enclosed areas tend to build potential pollutants more than open
spaces.
In India, air pollution kills more people than any other risk factor. It is estimated
that there are 15 lakh to 20 lakh premature deaths annually due to air pollution.
While outdoor air pollution is a much discussed and debated topic, indoor air
pollution resulting from chulhas contributes significantly to the problem of air
pollution in India. It is argued that indoor and outdoor air pollution are interlinked.
In India, about 20 crore38 households, including over 80% of the rural population,
relies on traditional fuels like firewood, crop residue, cow dung and lignite for
cooking, which leads to indoor air pollution. The smoke from these fuels contains
black carbon and Particulate Matter (PM2.5) which adversely affect the health of
those inhaling these fumes. Mostly, it’s the women and children who are vulnerable
to these adverse health effects as they spend most of their time in the close vicinity
of the kitchen.39
These fumes may result in health problems such as acute lower respiratory
infections in children under five, ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive
36
37
“Background Note”, http://lpgconference-ujjwalacatalystofsocialchange2.com/background-note/
38
“Insights into Editorial: Ujjwala revolution”, http://www.insightsonindia.com/2018/07/04/insights-into-
editorial-ujjwala-revolution/, July 4th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
39
Simi Thambi, “Access to Clean Cooking for Rural Women: Food for Thought”, http://niti.gov.in/content/
access-clean-cooking-rural-women-food-thought, 2017 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)

pulmonary diseases, lung cancer in adults, risk of low birth weight, neonatal
mortality, asthma, cataract, tuberculosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women
in rural India complain of breathing and respiratory problems and irritable eyes
due to this indoor air pollution. Statistics related to the negative health impact of
indoor air pollution are alarming (Exhibit X).
Exhibit X: Statistics on the Negative Health Impact of

Indoor Air Pollution in India
• As per WHO estimates, in India nearly five lakh people die every year because of indoor air
pollution.40
• About 75 crore people, women and girls in particular, are vulnerable to Household Air Pollution
(HAP) from the use of solid fuels such as biomass, dung cakes and coal for cooking.41
• According to a report from the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, HAP is the second leading risk
factor contributing to India’s disease burden.42
• According to the WHO, solid fuel use is responsible for about 13% of all mortality and morbidity
in India (measured as Disability-Adjusted Life Years), and causes about 40% of all pulmonary
disorders, nearly 30% of cataract incidences, and over 20% each of ischemic heart disease, lung
cancer and lower respiratory infection.43
• In 2015, the greatest number of deaths due to pollution occurred in India. Of these, 1.24 lakh
premature deaths could be attributed to indoor air pollution. The statistics were unique to BPL
households and mainly true for rural India due to the usage of traditional energy sources for
household needs, cooking in particular.44
• In 2016, the International Energy Agency estimated that of the global total of 35 lakh premature
annual deaths from HAP, India alone accounted for 10 lakh.45
• In 2017, around 25.2 lakh Indians died due to pollution, of which 25% were caused due to the
household pollution resulting from the burning of biomass Chulha.46
40
“Access to Clean Cooking for Rural Women: Food for Thought”, op.cit.
41
“Insights into Editorial: Ujjwala revolution”, op.cit.
42
Ibid.
43
Ibid.
44
Kavya Bajaj, “The women of Ujjwala”, http://www.teriin.org/article/women-ujjwala, August 3rd 2018
45
“The silent LPG revolution”, op.cit.
46
“Film on Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana to premiere on National Geographic”, https://www.indiatoday.in/
pti-feed/story/film-on-pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-to-premiere-on-national-geographic-1231854-
2018-05-11, May 11th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)

Source: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/dr-anil-k-rajvanshi/the-government-is-not-looking-at-practical-cost-effective-
solutions-to-end-indoor-pollution-in-rural-homes_a_23262825/
Traditionally, in Indian patriarchal households, which is the case in most of the

rural households, preparing food for the whole family as well as other household
duties are the responsibility of women. They not only have to cook food, they also
have the responsibility of procuring the means for cooking. Women have to walk
long distances daily to collect firewood while men go out to work and earn a living.
The daily drudgery of walking long distances and carrying firewood, long hours of
cooking in smoke filled kitchens, along with other household chores such as
washing, cleaning and taking care of children and the elderly, exerts tremendous
physical pressure on women, leaving very little time for rest, recreation or any
other activity like pursuing education or generating income. Lack of education
further limits the income generating possibilities.47 Also, the daily task of collecting
firewood exposes them to dangers such as injury, snake bites, backaches, attacks
and harassment. As per the Economic Survey, “the amount of time spent on
collecting firewood in India suggests that on an average, women spend around
374 hours every year for collection of firewood.”48
Health Impact As ses

Asses sment
sessment
In September 2018, Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP), a charitable organization,

conducted an impact assessment survey in the Thane district of Maharashtra
(covering both urban and rural areas), on about 800 PMUY beneficiaries. Most of
the survey respondents were women from different castes and communities as
the main focus of the scheme was women. The survey results highlighted the
problems arising due to cooking on clay chulha using traditional biomass fuels
47
“Background Note”, op.cit.
48
“The silent LPG revolution”, op.cit.

and how the onset of PMUY has helped overcome those problems (Exhibit XI). It is
suggested that PMUY could also help families increase their savings as their health
related expenses reduced.
Exhibit XI: Health Impact Assessment – Survey Findings
PRE-PMUY
Prevalence of conventional cooking fuels

• 61% of the respondents used chulha and firewood for cooking
• 28% of the respondents used kerosene
• 11% of the respondents used dry leaves
Health Issues
• 60% of the respondents faced eye problems while cooking
• 28% of the respondents faced breathing problems
• 2% of the respondents faced asthma
POST-PMUY
LPG as a cooking fuel

• 97% of the respondents said that LPG was a better, beneficial and easy cooking fuel than the
conventional fuels
• 77% of the respondents said that it helped in improving personal and family health
• 24% said that it was financially beneficial
Time Saving Using LPG through PMUY

• 98% of the respondents said that LPG saved a lot of time
• 83% said they use their time in other household works
• 29% used their time to earn extra income
• 36% spend it to take care of their family
• 13% use for entertainment
Compiled by the authors from “Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)”, 2018, Survey
conducted by RMP, Mumbai
According to another survey conducted in 12 districts of eastern, central and

western Uttar Pradesh, by MicroSave, a financial consulting firm, the respondents
reported saving 1-2 hours daily by cooking on gas stoves. The women reported
that in the absence of smoke their utensils and houses were cleaner. Health
problems in women like burning sensation in the eyes, coughing and headaches

had also reduced.49 Most importantly, the use of LPG had enabled a ‘me time’ for
women.50
Environment
Environment
Use of traditional biomass fuels creates environmental problems such as
deforestation, air pollution, and climate change. By enabling reduction of indoor
air pollution, PMUY was aimed at significantly contributing to a cleaner environment
within the beneficiary households in particular and the overall environment in
general (Exhibit XII).
Exhibit XII: Environmental Impact of PMUY
Helps maintain forest cover
The use of LPG discourgaes the

cutting down of trees for
firewod
Benefits of
using LPG
Reduction in global warming Reduces Air Pollution
CO2 emissions from the use of LPG being a clean cooking fuel
LPG are lower than those from reduces indoor air pollution
conventional fuels and results in smokeless
kitchens and villages
Prepared by the authors
49
Surabhi Twesh Mishra, “Modi govt’s Ujjwala scheme leaves women healthier, happier”, https://
www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/modi-govts-ujjwala-scheme-leaves-women-healthier-
happier/article9685035.ece, February 12th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
50
“Background Note”, op.cit.

Experts opine that air pollution and global warming are some of the main issues
with respect to the environment. Fuel selection can play a significant role in the
efforts towards reducing global warming. As against the use of coal, LPG can be a
better fuel alternative as the carbon footprint of LPG is 50% lower than that of coal
and it can help reduce CO2 emissions. LPG is argued to be one of the cleanest
conventional fuels available. It is non-toxic, and does not affect water, soil and
underground aquifers, thereby contributing to the overall wellbeing of
communities.51 LPG emanates the minimum Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions as
compared to all the fossil fuels. Harmful elements such as Sulphur and Nitrogen
and other PM are found in very less amount in LPG. Using LPG as the cooking fuel
can help in reducing GHG emissions by up to 70%.52
The extent of environment conservation that can be achieved by not using firewood
as the source of cooking fuel could be gauged with the onset of PMUY in Nagaland.
It was estimated that about 10,000 trees were saved from being cut down for fuel
every month in a 16,000 sq km area in the state.53
Empowerment
Empow
Need ffor
or Women W
Women elf
Welfar
elfare Schemes
are
India was recognized as an important emerging market economy by early 2000s.

Since 2015, India has often been touted as the fastest growing economy of the
world.54 However, as per 2016 McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) analysis, India’s
Gender Parity Score or GPS (measures each country’s gender parity on a scale of
0.00 to 1.00) of 0.48 was amongst the lowest in the world (Exhibit XIII). Observers
opine that the score reveals dismal state of gender parity and the dire need for
measures to be taken to reduce the gap.
51
“What are the environmental benefits of cooking with LPG?”, https://www.wlpga.org/cfl-faq/what-are-
the-environmental-benefits-of-cooking-with-lpg/, June 12th 2017 (Accessed Date: November 28th 2018)
52
“Benefits of LPG for Cooking”, https://www.supergas.com/lpg-for-Home/benefits-lpg-cooking, (Accessed
53
“Ujjwala Yojana makes life easier for women living in remote areas of Nagaland”, http://
www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=353999, October 13th 2018 (Accessed Date: November
27th 2018)
54
Eric Bellman, “India Passes China to Become Fastest-Growing Economy”, https://blogs.wsj.com/
indiarealtime/2015/02/11/its-official-india-has-passed-china-to-become-the-worlds-fastest-growing-
economy/, February 11th 2015 (Accessed Date: November 28th 2018)

Exhibit XIII: India’s Gender Parity Score Amongst the Lowest in the World
Source: “INDIA’S ASCENT: FIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION”, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/
mckinsey/featured%20insights/employment%20and%20growth/indias%20ascent%20five%
20opportunities%20for%20growth%20and%20transformation/indias-ascent-executive-briefing.ashx, August 2016 (Accessed
Indian women continue to bear the burden of household chores, juggling with
multiple responsibilities which confine them to homes leaving no time for income
generation or any other activity. Indian women had been doing ten times more
unpaid care work than what Indian men do vis-à-vis the global average of three
times, without recognition and deserved respect.55
As per 2018 International Labor Organization report, unpaid care work was the
main barrier for women’s participation in labor markets.56 With 78.2% Indian
females doing domestic work against only 2.9% males, ‘unpaid care work’ was
quoted as one of the main reasons for women being outside the labor force limiting
their opportunity to engage in paid work (Exhibit XIV). Unpaid care work has been
55
“Indian Women Do 10 Times As Much Unpaid Work As Men: McKinsey”, https://www.huffingtonpost.in/
2015/11/04/indian-women-economy_n_8469456.html, July 15th 2016 (Accessed Date: November 24th 2018)
56
Namita Bhandare “Indian Women, Inordinately Burdened By HouseWork, Pay The Motherhood Penalty”,
https://www.indiaspend.com/indian-women-inordinately-burdened-by-housework-pay-the-motherhood-
penalty-69404/, August 4th 2018 (accessed date: November 20th 2018)

considered as the overlooked barrier in women’s economic empowerment. Experts

opined that this constrains their productivity and the size of the active labor force.
Exhibit XIV: Unpaid Care Work – Reasons for Being Outside the Labor Force
Men Women
7% 6.8% 80.5%
78.2%
80%
6% 66.6%
70%
5.2%
5% 4.6% 60%
Value (in %)
Value (in %)
4% 50%
39.7% 33.7%
2.9% 40%
3%
2.4% 30%
2%
20%
1% 10%
0% 0%
Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka
India Pakistan India Pakistan
Country Country
Source: “India’s female workforce participation stands at 24%; motherhood, gender inequality in household work to blame”,
https://www.firstpost.com/india/indias-female-workforce-participation-stands-at-24-motherhood-gender-inequality-in-
household-work-to-blame-4892161.html, August 4th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
While male employment rates in South Asia are in line with those of other countries
at the same income level, female employment rates are way below.57 Within South
Asia, in 2013, India had the second-lowest rate of female employment participation
only after Pakistan.58 While Pakistan’s female labor force participation rate has
been increasing, India’s has been falling gradually (Exhibit XV).
According to an April 2017 World Bank report, female labour force participation in
India was lower than what it was two decades before. The rate dropped significantly
from 36.9% in 2005 to 23.7% in 2016 (Exhibit XVI).
57
Martin Rama and Ana Revenga, “How to boost female employment in South Asia”, https://
www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/06/12/how-to-boost-female-employment-in-south-
asia/, June 12th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
58
Eric Dodge and Jennifer Johnson, “How To Get India’s Women Working? First, Let Them Out Of The
House”, https://scholar.harvard.edu/rpande/news/how-get-india%E2%80%99s-women-working-first-
let-them-out-house, April 9th 2016 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)

Exhibit XV: Female Employment Rates in South Asia are Low
Source: Martin Rama and Ana Revenga, “How to boost female employment in South Asia”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/
future-development/2018/06/12/how-to-boost-female-employment-in-south-asia/, June 12th 2018 (Accessed Date: November
20th 2018)
Exhibit XVI: Female Labour Force Participation in India (%)
36.90
34.80 35.40 33.90
28.60 27.00
23.70
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2016
Source: Namita Bhandare, “Why Indian Workplaces Are Losing Women”, https://thewire.in/labour/indian-workplaces-losing-
women-nationwide, August 5th 2017 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)

MGI estimated that around 17% of GDP is contributed by women in India, far behind
Sub-Saharan Africa at 39% and China at 41%.59 However, experts opine that the
economic gains from women participating equally in the labor market are sizable.
MGI also analyzed that higher participation of women in workforce would spur the
economic progress. As per MGI analysis, offering equal opportunities to women
could potentially add $70,000 crore to India’s GDP by 2025 with an additional
6.8 crore women joining the workforce. This implies an addition of 1.4% GDP to its
already strong performance.60
Various other studies highlighted how lower female labour force participation or
weak entrepreneurial activity drag down economic growth and that empowering
women has significant economic benefits in addition to promoting gender equality.
Modi Government also believed that women’s empowerment was vital to India’s
broader economic development. In line with the same, it launched many schemes
for women which aimed at their upliftment.
Various Women W
Women elf
Welfar
elfare Schemes Launched
are
Modi drew analogy of women power with the incarnation of Shakti – the Goddess
of power. He strongly believed that greater opportunities for women can contribute
greatly to the broader economic development. For women to be equal participants
in work, they will have to be equal partners in the society. Indian Government has
been attempting to bring about change in the society by launching many women
welfare schemes. A few noteworthy women welfare programs introduced by the
Government of India are highlighted in Exhibit XVII.
59
“Urbanisation, growing middle class and inclusion to lift Indian prosperity”, https://www.consultancy.uk/
news/12921/urbanisation-growing-middle-class-and-inclusion-to-lift-indian-prosperity, February 21st
2017 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
60
Ibid.
Source: https://www.sayingtruth.com/important-schemes-by-the-government-of-india/
Exhibit XVII: Government Schemes for Women Upliftment
S. No. Name of the Scheme Aim of the Scheme
1 Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao To ensure survival and protection of a girl child;
To ensure education of the girl child
2 One Stop Center scheme To offer support to women suffering from domestic abuse or violence
3 Sukanya Samriddhi Account To help families save money for their daughters
4 Mahila Haat To support women entrepreneurs and women self-help groups
5 Pradhan Mantri Matritva To support pregnant women and lactating mothers

Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
6 Rajiv Gandhi National To provide affordable day-care services to working women

Crèche Scheme
7 Women’s Helpline 1091 To provide emergency assistance to women in trouble, especially

those facing violence of any kind
8 Support to Training and To make a significant impact on women by upgrading skills;

Employment Programme The target group includes the marginalized asset-less rural
(STEP) for Women and urban poor women
9 SWADHAR Greh Scheme To provide temporary accommodation, maintenance and

rehabilitative services to women and girls rendered homeless due to
family discord, crime, violence, mental stress and social ostracism
10 Pradhan Mantri Mudra Loan To provide easy finance of up to INR 10 lakh to women entrepreneurs
Yojana
11 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala To offer free LPG connections to BPL women

Yojana (PMUY)
Women Empowerment thr

Empow ough PMUY
through
Traditionally, though women had been working hard for their families, they were
not given due importance and their role often overlooked in the family and the
society. However, PMUY was aimed to empower women by issuing the connection
in the name of woman beneficiary to enhance her importance in the house. Women
empowerment means giving woman a say in the affairs of the family in particular
and the society at large.

The main motive of PMUY was providing clean fuel for better lives of women. The
initiative which was in line with Indian Government’s dream of creating
smoke-less villages across the country also became a moment of pride for the
women in BPL families who got an identity of their own with LPG connection being
given in their names (Exhibit XVIII).
Exhibit XVIII: PMUY – Women Empowerment
Source: http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/PageAT.asp?id=2017/may3017/Page7, May 30th 2017, Page 7 (Accessed Date:

November 24th 2018)

PMUY also strengthened women’s status in their families and in turn in the society
as they owned the gas connection. As PMUY is a women empowerment scheme,
its eligibility criteria also ensured that women felt empowered (Exhibit XIX).
Exhibit XIX: PMUY – A Women Empowerment Scheme
PMUY Eligibility Criteria Empowering Women of BPL Families
Only women are eligible to apply for • As the scheme was initiated exclusively for women, it brings in
PMUY scheme greater clout and status in their families in particular and
society at large.
• By ensuring that the cylinder is in the name of the women,

PMUY scheme promotes women empowerment.
Women applicant should be from • By making women from BPL families as beneficiaries of this
the BPL class scheme, government aims to free them from the laborious task
of fetching and using the conventional fuels.
• This offers them additional time for other productive and

income generating activities.
The woman applicant should be above • By ensuring that only adult women are eligible for this scheme,
the age of 18 years the government is indirectly discouraging child labour and
child marriages.
Any woman applying for the • By mandating only women with savings bank account eligible for
PMUY scheme has to have a the scheme, government ensures that majority of the
savings bank account in any of the underprivileged women are also being brought into the
nationalized banks across the country financial inclusion ambit.
• With increased savings, PMUY brings in qualitative changes in the

living standards of poor households.
Prepared by the authors
In the RMP survey, carried out to assess the impact of PMUY, 65% of the
respondents said that they spent 3-4 hours in cooking before they got LPG
connection (Exhibit XX). When asked about the problems they face while using the
other sources of fuel, 73% respondents opined that it takes a lot of time in cooking
using conventional fuels (Exhibit XXI). However, 98% of respondents opined that
cooking done using LPG saves a lot of time (Exhibit XXII). The survey also revealed
that 97% of the respondents felt that LPG is better than their previous sources of
fuel (Exhibit XXIII).

Exhibit XX: Time Taken for Cooking Before Getting LPG Connection
6% 4%
Less than 1 hour
24%
1–2 hours
3–4 hours
66%
More than 5 hours
Source: “Impact Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)”, 2018, Survey conducted by RMP, Mumbai
Exhibit XXI: Problems Faced While Using Conventional Fuels
584
600
500
400
300
200
83 117
100
1 14
0
More Less time to Extra money Any other No response

cooking time take care of spend
family

Exhibit XXII: Use of LPG Saves Time
785
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
6 2 9
0
Yes No Don’t know No response
Exhibit XXIII: Is LPG Better than Conventional Fuels?
780
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
4 8 10
0

PMUY has made cooking easier and convenient and less time consuming than
ever for the underprivileged women. The more empowered the women are, the
lesser their time burden and the more likely that they get engaged in
income-generating activities which increases the purchasing power of the
household and a better say of women in their families and the society. As per RMP
Survey, 92% of the respondents revealed that the scheme was successful in
improving their self-esteem (Exhibit XXIV). Moreover, the young girls who earlier
accompanied their mothers in collecting firewood, could now attend school and
get educated.
Exhibit XXIV: Did PMUY Help to Increase Your Self Respect?
800
734
700
600
500
400
300
200
54
100
6 8
0
Also, with the increasing income of the family, there is more likelihood that children
would be better educated which in the long term would lead to even higher income
generation for the household.
Also, women felt more empowered than ever with the emergence of a platform
like Pradhan Mantri LPG Panchayat (PMLP) which enabled them to share their
experiences about LPG usage. PMLP, an interactive communication platform, was
launched on September 23rd 2017, for rural LPG users to discuss various subjects

such as safe usage of LPG, its benefit to the environment, women empowerment,
women health, etc.61 It also motivated the consumers to use LPG as a clean cooking
fuel on a sustained basis. Around 100 women beneficiaries from various parts of
the country participated in the event organized at Rashtrapati Bhavan on
February 13th 2018.62 The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas intends to conduct
one lakh PMLPs across India before March 31st 2019.63
CHALLENGES AND WAY F

WA ORW
FORWARD
ORWARD
Though PMUY witnessed huge success by issuing five crore LPG connections much
before the target date, there are still some challenges to be addressed. Experts
suggest that additional steps need to be taken to ensure that all the homes of
rural and urban poor in India shift to LPG for cooking.
Affordability is one of the major concerns as households shift from conventional

fuels to LPG. Though the subsidy amount is transferred immediately to the women
beneficiaries’ accounts through DBT, they have to save and pay the full market
price of the LPG for their subsequent refills. As PMUY segment of the society
depends on marginal daily wage earnings as well as seasonal agricultural incomes,
they feel the pinch of refill cost and hence the percentage of beneficiaries coming
back for refills has been dwindling.
Also, overcoming behavioral challenge is another aspect adding to the decreasing

percentage of LPG adoption. As biomass and other conventional fuels like cow
dung, crop residue, twigs and fuel wood are available free of cost in many parts of
the country, transition to priced fuel like LPG is quite challenging. Experts opined
that a feasible solution could be to increase the amount of LPG subsidy for PMUY
beneficiaries to reduce the cost burden of LPG refills. It was suggested that
government should encourage a transforming shift towards Piped Natural Gas
(PNG) in the urban areas so that their share of the subsidies can be made available
to PMUY beneficiaries. This could improve LPG adoption rate significantly.
61
“Government launches Pradhan Mantri LPG Panchayat”, https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/government-
launches-pradhan-mantri-lpg-panchayat-09201748343.html, September 23rd 2017 (Accessed Date:
November 20th 2018)
62
“President Kovind hosts LPG Panchayat at Rashtrapati Bhavan”, https://www.business-standard.com/
article/news-ani/president-kovind-hosts-lpg-panchayat-at-rashtrapati-bhavan-118021300759_1.html,
February 13th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)
63
“PRADHAN MANTRI LPG PANCHAYAT SCHEME”, http://micsias.in/2018/10/15/pradhan-mantri-lpg-
panchayat-scheme/, October 15th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 30th 2018)

Source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/over-2-lakh-families-yet-to-be-covered-under-
centre-s-ujjwala-scheme-in-uttarakhand/story-3kM7zedaRVm4mQZVUw4hKP.html
PMUY is applicable for the BPL card holders only. However, there are many other
rural families who don’t carry a BPL card but yet use traditional fuels in their
houses and suffer from major health issues. Government may look at including
such families also under the scheme, industry observers opine.
Another challenge faced by the beneficiaries was to travel longer distances for
refilling the cylinders. As the LPG distribution centers are not located closer,
beneficiaries had to travel over 10 km-15 km for refills.64 It was suggested, either
the distribution network has to be increased or door-to-door refilling facility has
to be offered. Distributors could be adequately incentivized to offer necessary and
timely services to the beneficiaries.
The dream of ‘truly smokeless kitchens’ can be achieved only if the government
addresses challenges which go beyond just connections to actual usage of LPG.
Kirk R Smith, Professor of Global Environment Health at the School Of Public
Health, University Of California, Berkeley, said, “Ujjwala Yojana is a remarkable
initiative which should continue to be implemented. It has largely benefitted the
country and will help India in achieving the 2030 goal of replacing all cooking fuel
with modern substitutes.”65
64
Aarti Gupta, “Connecting the Dots”, https://www.businesstoday.in/from-the-mag/connecting-the-dots/
story/269206.html, February 11th 2018 (Accessed Date: November 30th 2018)
65
“Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, a ‘remarkable initiative’: Berkeley professor”, https://www.newsnation.in/
india-news/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-a-remarkable-initiative-berkeley-professor-article-
179306.html, August 12th 2017 (Accessed Date: November 20th 2018)

Source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H6koFgL3ALU/VZ5Qavz06lI/AAAAAAAAuV8/B2qgO7EL_So/s1600/lpggiveitup.jpg

Annexure I: Development Schemes Launched by Modi Government Since 2014
S. No. Scheme Launched Budget Objectives Impact
1 Namami Gange July 10th INR 2,037 Clean and protect river –
Project 2014 crore Ganga (by 2020)
2 Pradhan Mantri August – Make India a global ZED certification given

Zero Deficit Zero 15th 2014 manufacturing hub and to MSMEs which follow
Effect (ZED) reduce bad effects of the set standards
Scheme products on
environment
3 Pradhan Mantri August – Provide access to More than 31 crore bank

Jan Dhan Yojana 28th 2014 financial services for all accounts created
(PMJDY) households in the
country
4 Make in India September – Encourage MNCs and Job creation and raise
25th 2014 domestic companies to contribution of
manufacture in India manufacturing to
25% of GDP
5 Swachh Bharat October – Clean and hygienic India Clean up initiative,

Abhiyan 2nd 2014 garbage collection,
toilets, etc.
6 Udaan Scheme November – Encourage girls for Focuses on 3 dimensions

14th 2014 higher education – curriculum design,
transaction and
assessments
7 Deen Dayal September INR 1,500 Develop skills and Aimed to train 10 lakh
Upadhyaya 25th 2014 crore productive capacity of youth in the age group
Grameen rural youth from poor of 15-35 years in 3 years
Kaushalya Yojana families to achieve
(DDUGKY) inclusive growth
8 Sansad Adarsh October – Development of model Each Member of

Gram Yojana 11th 2014 villages by social, Parliament needs to
(SAGY) cultural and choose one village in
infrastructure his/her constituency and
development develop it
Contd...

9 Pradhan Mantri Launched INR 12,661 Improve health of INR 6,000 provided to
Matritva Vandana in 2010, crore pregnant women and pregnant and lactating
Yojana (PMMVY) renamed lactating mothers and mothers
in 2017 reduce effect of under
nutrition; Partial
compensation to working
women and ensure
proper rest and nutrition
10 Goods and June 30th – Imposed on sale, Includes State VAT/sales

Services Tax (GST) 2017 manufacturing and tax, entertainment tax,
Bill usage of goods & entry & octroi tax,
services central sales tax,
purchase tax, luxury tax,
etc.
11 Pradhan Mantri April 8th – Provide financial support Shishu loan – up to

Mudra Yojana 2015 for growth of micro INR 50,000
(PMMY) enterprises Kishore loan –
INR 50,000 to INR 5 lakh
Tarun loan – INR 5 lakh
to INR 10 lakh
12 Pradhan Mantri May 9th – Provide life insurance Life cover of INR 2 lakh
Jeevan Jyoti Bima 2015 cover to all Indian @ annual premium of
Yojana (PMJJBY) citizens of 18-50 years of INR 330
age, with savings bank
account
13 Atal Pension May 9th – Increase number of Fixed pension ranging
Yojana (APY) 2015 people (aged between between INR 1,000 –
18-40 years) covered by INR 5,000
pension scheme,
especially unorganized
sector workers
14 Pradhan Mantri June 25th – Provide 5 crore Subsidy ranging

Awas Yojana 2015 affordable homes to between INR 1 lakh -
(PMAY) people of economically INR 2.3 lakh; provide
weaker sections and home loans
low-income group by
2022
15 Soil Health Card February INR 568 Help farmers improve Distribute 14 crore soil
Scheme 17th 2015 crore the productivity by health cards by 2017
letting them know the
nutrients and fertilizers
required for their farms
Contd...

16 Digital India July 1st – Deliver government Broadband in 2.5 lakh

2015 services electronically by villages; 4,00,000 public
improving online internet access points
infrastructure and and wifi hotspots;
internet connectivity 1.7 crore job creation
17 Skill India or July 15th – To train and develop Provide employment and
Pradhan Mantri 2015 skills of 50 crore youth encourage
Kaushal Vikas by 2022 entrepreneurship
Yojana (PMKVY)
18 Beti Bachao, Beti January Initial Save and empower the Savings scheme called
Padhao Yojana 22nd 2015 amount of girl child Sukanya Samriddhi
INR 100 Account was introduced
crore
19 Deen Dayal July 25th INR 76,000 Provide continuous Improvement in

Upadhyaya Gram 2015 crore power supply to rural agricultural yield, health,
Jyoti Yojana India education, banking
(DDUGJY) services, etc.
20 Atal Mission for June 24th INR 50,000 Provide basic civic Covering 500 cities and
Rejuvenation and 2015 crore amenities like water towns with a population
Urban supply, sewerage, urban of over 1 lakh
Transformation transportation, parks,
(AMRUT) internet, etc., for poor
21 One Rank One September INR 1,000 Provide same pension, Ex-servicemen,
Pension Scheme 5th 2015 crore for same rank, for same personnel who
duration regardless of voluntarily retire will be
date of retirement to benefitted
armed forces personnel
22 Smart City June 25th INR Develop 109 smart cities Develop basic
Mission 2015 1,31,762 across the country infrastructure (water,
crore electricity, health,
education) with smart
solutions to the citizens
23 Gold November – Reduce gold in physical People can deposit gold

monetization 4th 2015 form in households in bank and earn
Scheme interest of 2.5% on
value of gold
Contd...

24 Digilocker July 1st – Secure dedicated Reduces the

Scheme 2015 personal electronic administrative overhead
space for storing of government
documents of resident departments created
Indian citizens due to paper work, and
residents receive easy
services
25 Ujwal DISCOM November – Obtain operational and Reduces the interest

Assurance Yojana 20th 2015 financial turnaround of burden, cost of power,
state-owned power power losses and
distribution companies improve the operational
(DISCOMs) efficiency of DISCOMs
26 National Heritage January INR 500 Focus on development Implemented in 12 cities

City Development 21st 2015 crore of heritage cities – Ajmer, Amaravati,
and Amritsar, Badami,
Augmentation Dwarka, Gaya,
Yojana (HRIDAY) Kanchipuram, Mathura,
Purim, Varanasi,
Velankanni and
Warangal
27 Pradhan Mantri July 1st – Provide medicines at To sell 500 medicines at

Jan Aushadhi 2015 affordable prices across 3,000 health centres in
Yojana (PMJAY) the country (less than the country; provide
market price) one-time assistance of
INR 2.5 lakh to private
hospitals, NGOs and
other social groups
28 Pradhan Mantri September INR 6,000 To implement various 60% of funds to be used
Khanij Kshetra 17th 2015 crore development and for water supply,
Kalyan Yojana welfare projects in environment and
(PMKKKY) mining affected areas to pollution control;
safeguard health, 40% funds for
economic and infrastructure and
environment conditions watershed development
of tribal people
29 Pradhan Mantri May 9th – Provide accidental Life insurance cover of

Suraksha Bima 2015 insurance cover to all INR 2 lakh with an
Yojana (PMSBY) Indians between age annual premium of
group of 18-70 years INR 12
Contd...

30 Sagarmala Project July 31st INR 70,000 Develop port Quick, efficient and
2015 crore infrastructure cost-effective transport
to and from ports
31 Pradhan Mantri February – Provide insurance cover Premium of 2% for

Fasal Bima Yojana 18th 2016 to Rabi and Kharif crops Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi
(PMFBY) ensuring financial and 5% for commercial
support to farmers in crops
case of damage
32 Startup India, January – Provide support to all Boost entrepreneurial

Standup India 16th 2016 start-up businesses in all spirit, employment
aspects of doing generation and wealth
business in India creation
33 Shyama Prasad February – Create 300 rural clusters Social, economic and
Mukherjee 21st 2016 across the country and infrastructure
Rurban Mission strengthen facilities development in rural
areas
34 Pradhan Mantri November – Develop 3 crore homes Financial assistance of

Awas Yojana- 20th 2016 by 2022 in rural areas INR 70,000 in plain areas
Gramin (PMAY-G) for poor and INR 75,000 in
difficult areas for home
construction
35 Pradhan Mantri November INR 499.94 Encourage young Skill development of

Yuva Yojana 9th 2016 crore generation and prepare young entrepreneurs
(PMYY) them for global and rectify the
competition imbalance between GDP
and employment
36 Mission August 7th INR 42,000 Provide 100 litres of safe Rejuvenate 45,000 water
Bhagiratha 2016 crore drinking water per tanks and cover 25,000
person in rural and 150 rural and 67 urban
litres per person in habitations in Telangana
urban households
37 BHIM (Bharat December – Developed by National Allows users to send or

Interface for 30th 2016 Payments Corporation of receive money from
money) App India (NPCI) based on other UPI payment
Unified Payment addresses
Interface (UPI)
Contd...

38 Setu Bharatam March 4th INR 50,000 Free all national 208 rail over bridges and
project 2016 crore highways of railway under bridges would be
crossings and renovate constructed; 1,500
old bridges bridges would be
widened
39 Pradhan Mantri June 9th – Free health check-ups Free of cost tests will
Surakshit 2016 for pregnant women at include blood pressure,
Matritva Abhiyan government health sugar level, weight,
centres and hospitals for haemoglobin test, blood
9 months test and screening
40 Pradhan Mantri August 1st INR 1,000 To increase the Government will pay
Rojgar Protsahan 2016 crore employment 8.33% as Employment
Yojana opportunities in the Pension Scheme on
country behalf of the employer
41 Pradhan Mantri May 1st – To replace unclean To provided 8 crore BPL

Ujjwala Yojana 2016 cooking fuels with clean households with LPG
(PMUY) and more efficient LPG connections by 2020
connections to BPL
households
42 Pradhan Mantri May 4th – Pension scheme INR 1,000 – INR 5,000
Vaya Vandana 2017 exclusively for senior pension per month
Yojana (PMVVY) citizens aged 60 years
and above
Compiled by the authors from:

1) Deepika Jain, “List of Government Schemes & Pradhan Mantri Yojana 2018”, https://scoop.eduncle.com/list-of-government-
schemes, July 31st 2018 (Accessed Date: November 22nd 2018)
2) Other sources

Annexure II: State-wise PMUY Connections Released
S.No States / Union Territories Number of connections Number of connections

released as on 31-03-2017 released as on 26-11-2018
1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1,189 7,239
2 Andhra Pradesh 63,428 1,88,402
3 Arunachal Pradesh - 35,296
4 Assam 2 23,26,476
5 Bihar 24,76,953 69,07,326
6 Chandigarh - 45
7 Chhattisgarh 11,05,441 26,39,986
8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 3,211 13,066
9 Daman and Diu 73 407
10 Delhi 516 62,506
11 Goa 954 1,048
12 Gujarat 7,52,354 18,73,737
13 Haryana 2,78,751 6,04,219
14 Himachal Pradesh 1,601 85,421
15 Jammu and Kashmir 2,65,787 7,88,998
16 Jharkhand 5,36,912 25,25,036
17 Karnataka 15,840 17,92,221
18 Kerala 11,241 1,49,545
19 Lakshadweep - 285
20 Madhya Pradesh 22,39,821 52,10,958
21 Maharashtra 8,58,808 33,37,035
22 Manipur 25 94,184
23 Meghalaya - 1,29,141
24 Mizoram - 25,029
25 Nagaland - 43,329
Contd...

S.No States / Union Territories Number of connections Number of connections

released as on 31-03-2017 released as on 26-11-2018
26 Odisha 10,11,955 34,94,477
27 Puducherry 760 12,566
28 Punjab 2,45,008 11,29,603
29 Rajasthan 17,22,694 42,87,278
30 Sikkim - 4,985
31 Tamil Nadu 2,72,749 27,06,770
32 Telangana 41 5,13,360
33 Tripura - 1,85,316
34 Uttar Pradesh 55,31,159 98,26,978
35 Uttarakhand 1,13,866 2,62,742
36 West Bengal 25,20,479 67,58,360
Total 2,00,31,618 5,80,23,370
Source: “State-wise PMUY connections released”, http://www.pmujjwalayojana.com/released-connections.html (Accessed date:

November 27th 2018)

Cover page Image Sources:
http://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/inline-images/clean-cooking.jpg
Businessline, 29th January 2016, page 6; https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/

migration_catalog/article18271266.ece/alternates/LANDSCAPE_435/BL29_THINK2_MAIN1
http://pibarchive.nic.in/nda2/final/28.jpg
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CvLNrrxUIAAlrl2.jpg:large
http://www.ummid.com/news/2018/October/16.10.2018/women-in-rural-india.jpg
https://spiderimg.amarujala.com/assets/images/2017/06/27/750x506/ujjwala-
scheme_1498539583.jpeg

On May 1st 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Pradhan
Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, followed by its
pan-India implementation. PMUY, a social welfare scheme, was
launched with the objective of safeguarding the health of women and
children by providing free/subsidized Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
connections to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. The aim was to
replace the conventional cooking fuels with LPG, a clean cooking fuel,
so that women and children were not exposed to health hazards
associated with the use of conventional fuels for cooking and their
procurement. The scheme aimed to provide five crore LPG connections,
issued in the name of women from BPL households, by 2019, which it
achieved by August 2018. The target was later revised to provide eight
crore LPG connections to be issued by 2020. There were three broad
envisaged outcomes of the scheme – safeguarding health of women
and children, protecting the environment and empowering women.
Two years after its implementation and having achieved the initially
set target, PMUY was being hailed as a successful scheme. However,
it was argued if number of LPG connections issued could be the right
parameter for gauging the success of PMUY. Moreover, a lot more
needed to be done to achieve the larger outcomes of health,
environment and women empowerment.
Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini ET CASES

17, Chanchal Smruti, Vakratunda Corporate Park,
G. D. Ambekar Marg, Vishweshwar Nagar, CTS No 256,
Opp. Shriram Industrial Estate, Off Aarey Road (next to Udupi Vihar),
Wadala, Mumbai - 400 031, Goregaon East
Maharashtra, India. Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 063

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Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Y

Pradhan ojana (PMUY):

About 20 kilometers away from Ahmedabad, in Manipur village, Kaliben Thakor

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP), December 2018

4 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 5

attempting to improve the quality of chulhas to attempting a complete shift away

NARENDRA MODI’S GOVERNMENT: POLIC

6 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

Compiled from published sources

Flagship Schemes of the Modi Government

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 7

Exhibit I: PMJDY – Beneficiaries as on 09/05/2018 (in crore)

Bank Name/Type Number of Number of Number of Number of Deposits in Number of

Public Sector Banks 13.73 11.80 13.38 25.53 65,218.25 19.20

Regional Rural Banks 4.28 0.79 2.78 5.07 13,717.03 3.68

Private Sector Banks 0.60 0.40 0.53 0.99 2,268.31 0.92

Grand Total 18.61 12.99 16.69 31.60 81,203.59 23.80

8 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 9

Exhibit II: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan – Achievements

726.34 45.49 24,11,319

386 1,62,899 3,67,259

10 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 11

Exhibit III: DDUGJY – Household Electrification Status (as of May 2018)

Impact of Flagship Devel

12 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

Exhibit IV: Narendra Modi – Awards and Recognitions

1 2007 – Best Chief Minister in nationwide survey by India Today

2 2014 – Indian of the year award by CNN-IBN news network

6 2015 – Ranked 5th on Fortune magazine’s World’s Greatest Leaders

Compiled by the authors

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 13

UJJWALA: BRIGHTENING LIVES BY BRIDGING BARRIERS

14 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 15

16 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

Corporation Limited (HPCL), which distribute LPG through their network of

Exhibit V: Brief Modalities of PMUY

• Security deposit of 14.2 kg/5 kg cylinder

• Security deposit of pressure regulator

• Suraksha Hose (1.2 M)

• Installation/demonstration charges payable to distributor

• Cost of issue of DGCC booklet

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 17

Exhibit VI: Implementation Modalities of PMUY

Compiled by the authors from: “Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana”, http://vikaspedia.in/energy/policy-support/pradhan-mantri-

18 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

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Exhibit VII: PMUY – Achieving 1.5 crore Connections

20 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

Exhibit VIII: One Year of PMUY

Source: “A new beginning of life with clean fuel”, https://indane.co.in/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana.php (Accessed

© www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP) 21

Other Relat ed Schemes

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Exhibit IX: GiveItUp Campaign

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PMUY: HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND EMPO

24 © www.etcases.com and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP)

Exhibit X: Statistics on the Negative Health Impact of

Compiled by the authors

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