Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Electrical Machine Lab (ENEE3101)

Experiment No. 9

Report No. 3

Prepared by Mikel Hayek – 1180133

Partner: Hammam Awwawdeh

Khaleel Tabakhna

Instructor Dr. Ali Abdo

Teacher Assistant Eng. Al Mutasem Bellah Omar

BIRZEIT First Semester2021

Abstract:
In this experiment we will be capable of some aim, the first one studying the compounded-
wound motor, reverse the direction of rotation. Secondly, Studying the Speed control methods of
the compounded DC motor then measuring and interpreting the compounded-wound motor load
characteristics. Then studying a Universal Motor and reversing the direction of rotation and
Speed control of a Universal Motor and studying its load characteristics.
By using DC Multifunction Machine ,Machine Test System ,CBM 10 computer-based analysis
of electrical machines, 2 RMS meters, Resistive load , Field Regulator Generator ,Universal
motor, Power Circuit Breaker Module (PCBM), Motor protection switch, 2.4...4 A ,Isolating
variable transformer 0 ...260 V, Power factor meter ,Starter for 300W Series resistor and DC
Motor Supply, 300 W, 0-260 V 725 852.

I
Contents
Abstract:......................................................................................................................................................2
Theory:........................................................................................................................................................4
Compound DC motors.............................................................................................................................4
Construction........................................................................................................................................4
Types of Compound Motors................................................................................................................4
Differential Compounding...................................................................................................................4
Speed Regulation.................................................................................................................................5
Universal motor.......................................................................................................................................6
Working of Universal Motor................................................................................................................6
Applications of Universal Motor..........................................................................................................7
Procedure:...................................................................................................................................................8
Basic Circuits of Compounded Wound motor.........................................................................................8
Load Characteristics of Compounded Wound motor..............................................................................8
Compounded Wound motor with a starting resistor.............................................................................10
Speed Control Circuits of Compounded Wound motor.........................................................................11
Field resistance control..........................................................................................................................13
Basic Circuits of Universal Motor...........................................................................................................13
Efficiency Test and Recording Load Characteristics of Universal Motor................................................13
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................15
Reference:.................................................................................................................................................16

II
Table of figures:

Figure 1Differential Compounding circuit....................................................................................................6

Figure 2speed regulation of shunt, compound, and series-connected dc motors.......................................7
Figure 3 universal motor.............................................................................................................................7
Figure 4Speed/load characteristics of a universal motor............................................................................8
Figure 5Basic circuit for studying the compounded DC motor....................................................................9
Figure 6 load torque (T) the following quantities: speed, current (IE and IA), power factor, input power,
output power and efficiency.....................................................................................................................11
Figure 7 Connection of the compounded wound motor with a Starter Series Resistor............................12
Figure 8relationship between VA vs. n and R............................................................................................13
Figure 9Computer Recording of Load Characteristics of the Compounded Motor....................................13
Figure 10Circuit for determining the efficiency of a universal motor........................................................14
Figure 11load torque (T)) the values of speed, current, power factor, input power, output power and
efficiency...................................................................................................................................................16

Table of tables:
Table 1Nominal Data for the Machine under Test......................................................................................9
Table 2Measured values for determining the load characteristic of a compounded-wound motor.........10
Table 3The speed/armature-voltage characteristic of a Compounded wound motor..............................12
Table 4 Field Resistance control Data........................................................................................................14
Table 5Nominal Data for the Machine under Test (Universal Motor).......................................................15
Table 6Measured values for producing universal motor load characteristics...........................................15

III
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Theory:
Compound DC motors
DC compound motor is essentially a combination of Series DC motor and Shunt DC motor.
Construction
In a compound motor, we have both series winding and parallel winding. A winding is connected
in series with the armature as in a Series DC motor. Another winding is connected in shunt with
the armature as in a Shunt DC motor. This combination presents us the double advantage of
having the torque characteristics of a series motor and the constant speed characteristic of a shunt
motor in one compound wound motor.
Types of Compound Motors
Depending on the relative polarity of the series and shunt windings, we have different types of
compound motors. There are 3 major classifications of DC compound motors:
1. Cumulative Compound Motors
2. Differential Compound Motors
3. Compound Interpol Motors
Compounding is the expression used for the technique of employing a series winding in
combination with a shunt winding to attain stronger or weaker fields. Cumulatively compounded
motor results when a stronger field is being produced while a differentially compounded motor
results when a weaker field is being produced, however, differentially compounded motor is
unstable and is not appropriate for any application.
The techniques available for the control of speed in a Cumulatively Compounded DC motor are
the same as those available for a shunt motor: by changing field resistance (RF), armature
voltage (VA) and armature resistance (RA).
Cumulative compound wound motors are virtually suitable for almost all applications like
business machines, machine tools, agitators and mixers etc. Compound motors are used to drive
loads such as shears, presses and reciprocating machines.
Differential Compounding

Excellent speed regulation can be obtained with a differential compound motor. When a motor is
connected as a differential compound machine, the series field opposes the shunt field so that the
field flux is decreased as a load is applied .As a result, the speed remains substantially constant
with an increase in load. With over-compounding, a slight increase in speed is possible with an
increase in load. This speed characteristic is achieved only with a loss in the rate at which torque
increases with load.
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Figure 1Differential Compounding circuit

Since the field decreases with a load increase, a differential compound motor has a tendency to
speed instability. When starting a differential motor, it's recommended that the series field be
shorted since the great starting current in this field may overbalance the shunt field and cause the
motor to start in the opposite direction.

A differential machine is connected and tested on installation, using the same procedure outlined
for a cumulative compound motor. For the differential motor, however, the series windings
should be connected in the opposite direction from that of the shunt winding. Don't exceed load
on nameplate or reversal of direction may occur.

Speed Regulation

The speed regulation of a cumulative compound-wound motor is inferior to that of a shunt motor
and superior to that of a series motor. It is a compromise between a series motor and a shunt
motor.

The graph shows that the percent of speed regulation of a compound wound dc motor is lower
than that of a shunt motor but higher than that of a series motor.

Figure 2speed regulation of shunt, compound, and series-connected dc motors

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Universal motor 
Universal motor is a special type of motor which is designed to run on either DC or single phase
AC supply. These motors are generally series wound (armature and field winding are in series),
and hence produce high starting torque .That is why, universal motors generally comes built into
the device they are meant to drive. Most of the universal motors are designed to operate at higher
speeds, exceeding 3500 RPM. They run at lower speed on AC supply than they run on DC
supply of same voltage, due to the reactance voltage drop which is present in AC and not in DC.
There are two basic types of universal motor:
compensated type
uncompensated type

Figure 3 universal motor

Working of Universal Motor

A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC supply. When the universal motor is
fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor. When current flows in the field winding, it
produces an electromagnetic field. The same current also flows from the armature conductors.
When a current carrying conductor is placed in an electromagnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force. Due to this mechanical force, or torque, the rotor starts to rotate.

When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional torque. Because, armature winding and
field winding are connected in series, they are in same phase. Hence, as polarity of AC changes
periodically, the direction of current in armature and field winding reverses at the same time.
Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverses in such a way
that the direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains same. Thus, regardless of
AC or DC supply, universal motor works on the same principle that DC series motor works.
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The speed of a universal motor is low at full load and very high at no load. Usually, gears trains
are used to get the required speed on required load. The speed/load characteristics are (for both
AC as well as DC supply) are shown in the figure.

Figure 4Speed/load characteristics of a universal motor

Applications of Universal Motor

1. Universal motors find their use in various home appliances like vacuum cleaners, drink
and food mixers, domestic sewing machine etc.
2. The higher rating universal motors are used in portable drills, blenders etc.
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Procedure:
Basic Circuits of Compounded Wound motor
We connect the circuit as shown and set the Output of the DC motor supply to 220V

Figure 5Basic circuit for studying the compounded DC motor

The speed was measured and = 2106 rpm and the direction is CCW. After that the direction was changed
of rotation by changing the current flow in the armature had become CW.

Load Characteristics of Compounded Wound motor

We set the connect circuit as figure 5 then we take the nominal data

Table 1Nominal Data for the Machine under Test

Nominal Voltage (armature) VN: 220 V

Nominal Current (armature and series ) IAN 1.8A
Nominal Current (exciter winding) IEN: 0.25 A
Nominal Speed nN: 1645 rpm
Nominal Power PN: 300 W

Pn 300
Nominal Torque= = =1.74 N . m
wn 1645∗2 π
60
Pin=Vn∗( Ien+ Ian )=220∗( 1.8+0.25 )=451Watt .
Efficiency=¿

When the torque is the nominal the IA=1.9 A and the IE=0.35

Pin=Vn∗( Ien+ Ian )=220∗( 1.5+0.34 )=404.8 Watt .

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Efficiency=¿
Change the load torque according to Table 9.2, and measure the speed, IA and IE

Table 2Measured values for determining the load characteristic of a compounded-wound motor

Measure T/TN 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

T/[Nm] 0 0.35 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.74 2.09
n/[rpm] 2145 2016 1893 1780 1674 1642 1465
IA/[A] 0.07 0.43 0.69 1.2 1.4 1.5 2
IE/[A] 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
Calculate n/nN 1.304 1.226 1.15 1.08 1.02 1 0.89
IA/IAN 0.04 0.23 0.38 0.67 0.78 0.8 1.1
IE/IEN 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36
P1/[W] 92.4 171.6 228.8 338.8 382.8 404.8 514.8
P1/PN 0.308 0.572 0.763 1.129 1.276 1.349 1.716
P2/[W] 0 73.85 136.7 193.76 243.5 299 320.5
P2/PN 0 0.246 0.455 0.646 0.811 0.99 1.06
η 0 43% 59.7% 57.2% 63.6% 73.8% 62.2%

Chart Title
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
T/[Nm] 0 0.35 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.74 2.09

n/[rpm] IA/[A] IE/[A]

P1/[W] P2/[W] η

Figure 6 load torque (T) the following quantities: speed, current (IE and IA), power factor, input power, output power and
efficiency

In the figure show the speed, currents IE and IA, input power, output power and
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Efficiency with the load torque. We show the speed decrease when the load torque increases but
the power input and the power output increase when the load torque increase. And the IE is
constant but the increase when the load current increase.

In conclusion we note that when the armature current increase the field branch is not affected so
the current passing through it remains constant and the power input increase. But when the speed
decrease the power output increase then the efficiency increase.

Compounded Wound motor with a starting resistor

We change the connected circuit to match Figure 7 to investigate the effect of Series Starter Resistor and
set the Starter Series Resistor to its maximum value (100 %position).

Figure 7 Connection of the compounded wound motor with a Starter Series Resistor

We press the ON button of the PCBM 6. And measure the startup armature current (IAs, 100%) is 2.5 A,
and measure the steady state armature current (I Ass, 100%) is 0.45A
We set this time the Series Starter Resistor at 10%value and measure the startup armature current =3.6 A
and steady state armature current= 0.5A
When the starter resistor 100% position has low current than the 10% position we conclude that when the
position increase there are some effect on the starter current then change the speed and we know the
effect work to power loss.
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Speed Control Circuits of Compounded Wound motor

Set the armature series resistance to 0% and Set the load to torque to 0.7 Nm then record the armature
voltage and fill your results in Table 9.3

Table 3The speed/armature-voltage characteristic of a Compounded wound motor

R [ %] 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50
Measure VA[V] 220 220 220 218 215 210 210 205
N [rpm] 1920 1912 1905 1895 1880 1850 1818 1790
Calculate VA/ VN 1 1 1 0.99 0.977 0.954 0.954 0.931
n / nN 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08

Chart Title
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
R [ %] 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50

VA[V] N [rpm]

Figure 8relationship between VA vs. n and R

We concluded from graph the terminal voltage effect is constant when the R increase but the
speed is decreases but we note that we have some problem in take read the terminal voltage they
must decreases in final value.
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Figure 9Computer Recording of Load Characteristics of the Compounded Motor

When the speed is increase then the torque decrease then we note that the starting torque motor is
large.
D2. Field resistance control

Table 4 Field Resistance control Data

R% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Measure N[rpm] 1920 1950 1970 1990 201 2036 2050 2074 2090 2115 2130
5
IE[A] 0.35 0.31 0.3 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.2 0.2

Basic Circuits of Universal Motor

Change the motor to universal motor (732 00) and connect circuit as figure shown
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Figure 10Circuit for determining the efficiency of a universal motor

We switch on the AC input source and set its value to 100V and press the ON button of the PCBM then
measure the speed is equal 3486 rpm and the direction is CW
After that change terminal A1 and A2 to change direction of rotation had become CCW and the speed is
3310

Efficiency Test and Recording Load Characteristics of Universal Motor

Take the nominal data and se to the table 9.4

Table 5Nominal Data for the Machine under Test (Universal Motor)

Nominal voltage VN: 230 V

Nominal current IN: 2.5/3 A
Nominal speed nN: 3000 rpm
Nominal power PN: 300 W

Pn 300
Nominal Torque= = =0.95 N . m
wn 3000∗2 π
60
Input power=V ∗( IAN + IEN )=230∗3=690Watt
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Efficiency= ( Pout
Pin )
∗100 %=
300
690
=43.478 %

Set the load torque to 0.25Nm, increase the input AC voltage source to the motor’s nominal value (230V),
then set the load torque so that the machine is producing the nominal output power
Change the load torque, measure the speed, the current and the power factor then Fill your results in
Table 9.5

Table 6Measured values for producing universal motor load characteristics

T/TN 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3

T/[Nm] 0.29 0.48 0.67 0.86 1.04 1.24
Measure n/[rpm] 5135 5134 4850 4100 3250 2021
I/[A] 2 2 2.4 2.8 2.7 3.5
Cos (θ) 0.8 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6
Calculate n/nN 1.71 1.71 1.62 1.37 1.08 0.68
I/IN 0.67 0.67 0.8 0.93 0.9 1.2
P1/[W] 368 368 414 450.8 403.7 483
P1/PN 1.23 1.23 1.38 1.5 1.35 1.61
P2/[W] 155.9 257.9 340 369 354 262.3
P2/PN 0.52 0.86 1.13 1.23 1.18 0.87
η 42.4% 70% 82% 81.8% 87.7% 54.3%

Produce plots (on the same graph as a function of load torque (T)) the values of speed, current, power
factor, input power, output power and efficiency.
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Chart Title
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
T/[Nm] 0.29 0.48 0.67 0.86 1.04 1.24

n/[rpm] I/[A] Cos (θ) P1/[W] P2/[W]

Figure 11load torque (T)) the values of speed, current, power factor, input power, output power and efficiency

When the load torque is increase the speed is decreases and the current is increases then power factor is
decreases and the efficiency increases then decreases.

Conclusion:
There were multiple errors in this experiment, such as the wire and the method of connecting it, which
could cause confusion and thus errors in the data and numbers that we collect, the way of looking at
measuring devices and the difference in the angle of view from one person to another, and we
encountered some difficulties, all of which were due to the use of devices for the first time.
Then we came to the conclusion that we studied two types of motors in this experiment: compounded DC
and universal motors. After that, we studied reverse direction in two types by changing two armature
terminals, and we eventually learned how torque is affected by speed, power input, power output, and
efficiency in two types.

Reference:
[1] Electrical machine Lab (ENEE3101, Birzeit University
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[2] ENEE3101 Manual Combined Fall2014.pdf