ISSN: 2581-8651 Journal of Humanities and Education

Vol-3, Issue-6, Nov – Dec 2021 Development

https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/jhed.3.6.10 (JHED)
Peer-Reviewed Journal

Poetic Justice in Bill Cain's 9 Circles

Ghassan Awad Ibrahim

Department of English, Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, Iraq

Received: 14 Nov 2021; Received in revised form: 14 Dec 2021; Accepted: 20 Dec 2021
©2021 The Author(s). Published by TheShillonga. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Abstract
The research paper tackles difficult social problems such as raping and killing especially innocent people due to
psychological diseases such as brutality and sadism which lead only to horrific consequences for both wrongdoers and
victims. Poetic justice is a significant theme in all genres of literature since readers of any literary work expect that virtue is
rewarded and vice is punished or in other words they expect good characters reap the fruit of what they previously sow of
good deeds while bad characters deserve their disgraced destiny due to their malignant or bad deeds they have done before.
In his masterpiece 9 Circles, Cain shows politics and its ways to impose its negative impact on the behavior of some people,
prompting them to do evil attacks against others when he relies on a real story of an American soldier who tortures and kills
not only some innocent people but also some animals for enjoyment.
Keywords— Poetic Justice, Horrific Consequences, Brutality, Politics, and Wars.
I. INTRODUCTION War victorious, Agamemnon has been slain by his wife for
The concept of poetic justice is a universal and committing the atrocious crime against their daughter "The
significant theme not only worldwide but also in literature general responsible for the victory at Troy, Agamemnon, is
to achieve justice and social equilibrium. And if justice is slain by his wife upon his return for the previous crime of
not achieved somewhere in this world, literature would having had his daughter slain as a sacrifice so the Greek
achieve it because "It was a widely held belief that ships might raise the winds to sail off to fight." (Malpede,
literature should reflect a moral point of view and that a 2011: xv) Moreover, children and women who are far
work of literature should reward the virtuous and punish away from war also cannot escape the brutality and
the wicked." (Cuddon, 1980: p. 519) The term Poetic atrocities of their enemies as the chorus in the play sings
Justice is "invented by Thomas Rymer in Tragedies of the the following song which also criticizes war as it claims
Last Age Considered (1678) to convey the idea that the uncountable numbers of people lives "They came back, to
evil are punished appropriately and the good rewarded as widows, to fatherless children, to screams, to sobbing. The
they should be." (Ibid, p. 519) men came back, as little clay jars,full of sharp cinders, war
is a pawnbroker – not of your treasures." (Aeschylus,
9 Circles which is written by the American playwright Bill
1999: p.24)
Cain (born 1950) in 2010 concentrates on the brutal crimes
of an American soldier against an Iraqi civilian family Thus, one of the most international social problems over
after the U.S. - led invasion to Iraq in 2003 to accomplish ages is the cruel and violent treatment or behavior of man
the concept of poetic justice.Evil has remained virtually against other people which generates fears inside people,
unchanged since the creation of mankind. Agamemnon including playwrights, such as Cain to show in his
which is considered one of the ancient plays written in the masterpiece 9 Circles the atrocities and the civiliantrialto
fifth century B.C. by Aeschylus, a Greek playwright, achieve justice of a real story of Steven Dale Green
shows that the protagonist, Agamemnon, and the military represented by Daniel Edward Reeves in the play, who
leader whose name bears the name of the play is so cruel served as an American soldier in the U.S. army during the
that he slays his own daughter as a sacrifice to Apollo, a U.S.-led invasion to Iraq in 2003. In fact, Reeves in Cain's
god in the Greek mythology, to stir the wind so that his play "was suggested by the true story of Steven Dale
military ships can move. After returning from the Trojan Green, a high school with a troubled emotional history
who was in prison on his third misdemeanor charge just

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days before he was allowed to enlist in an army desperate
for recruits." (Malpede, 2011: xxv)
Cain is so interested in literature, especially stories, that he
expresses his own personal view about them since as he
believes that stories are his "way of understanding the
world. I think that's true for most of us. We can understand
an event if we can fit it into a story – so we must be careful
with our stories." (Cain, 2010: p. 4) Moreover, Cain
believes that stories form man's personality when he
expresses his own view about this important subject in the
note of his play, writing:
I was five when I was first
introduced to one of the stories
that shapes our world on a
daily basis. Since it was the
first movie my parents ever
took me to see, it made a
tremendous, foundational
impact on me. It was an
allegory about a coalition of
the Good who defeat absolute
Evil with the help of God and
brutal, murderous violence. It
was called Walt Disney's Snow
White and the Seven Dwarfs. It
is the children's version of a
story that shapes a great deal of
our understanding of the world.
(Cain, 2010: p.4.)
Furthermore, it seems that Cain is also influenced by
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the Austrian Neurologist and
the founding father of psychoanalysis, who finds the
solution of understanding his traumatized patients in
reading and comprehending stories in English literature
about violent acts, behaviour of characters and their past
and how this literature paves the way to psychotherapy
science it enables him to cure his mentally-disturbed
people as Freudhimself confesses by his own words that "I
have not always been a psychotherapist but was trained,
like other neuropathologists, to use local diagnosis and
electro-prognosis, and I myself still find it strange that the
case histories that I write read like novellas and lack, so to
speak, the serious stamp of science." (Freud and Breuer,
1952: p. 164) In her groundbreaking book, Trauma
Explorations in Memory (1995), Cathy Caruth (born
1955), the American professor of English, confirms the
significance of literature which lies in opening a window
"on traumatic experience because it teaches readers to
listen to what can be told only in indirect and surprising
ways. Sociology, film, and political activism can also
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provide new ways of thinking about and responding to the
experience of trauma." (Caruth, 1995: cover page)
Moreover, Caruthjustifies and confirms that the literary
influence on Freud was so thoughtful that he found
literature indispensable in showing the inseparable
relationship between literature and psychoanalysis when
Caruth explains in her masterpiece Unclaimed Experience:
Trauma, Narrative, and History (1996)that "If Freud turns
to literature to describe traumatic experience, it is because
literature, like psychoanalysis, is interested in the complex
relation between knowing and not knowing. And it is,
indeed at the specific point at which knowing and not
knowing intersect that the language of literature and the
psychoanalytic theory of traumatic experience precisely
meet."(Caruth, 1996, p.3)
Compared to The Divine Comedy, written by the famous
Italian poet Alighieri Dante (1265-1321), which according
to Cain is "a vista full of blinding light where you can see
what you have always hoped for – the love that moves the
universe," (Cain, 2010: p. 5)9 Circles is a revelation of
truth publicly as it is described by the playwright himself
as saying that the play "is modeled, the soldier's journey in
9 Circles is a journey through terrible darkness into
transforming light. In some of the darker scenes, it is
important to remember this." (Ibid, p. 5)
II. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Although the short military service of Reeves in the U.S.
Army while occupying Iraq, he has committed atrocities
against an innocent Iraqi family. 9 Circles begins when
Reeves is summoned by the officer in charge the
"LIEUTENANT" to inform him that he is honourably
discharged "Daniel Edward Reeves – an army private for
less than a year – nineteen – maybe twenty – texas – enters.
Lean. Intense.Standing at rigid military attention. This
young man desperately wishes to remain a soldier. …
Honourable – discharge."(Cain, 2010: p. 9) In fact, Reeves
has been too much annoyed as soon as he hears the order of
his honourable discharge, asking the Lieutenant not to sign
the order by telling him "Don't sign"as anindication of
dissatisfactionwhen the latter intends to sign the order
because he wants to remain a soldier. According to the
following conversation, Reeves like some other of his
young peers istrained to commit brutalities and atrocities,
including killing people and this is the very thing which is
confirmed by the Lieutenant when he wonders " Son, I
don't know why they're sending your home. Seems to me
you're everything we want in a soldier."(Ibid, p. 10)
REEVES. Some things don't bother me the way they
bother other people.
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LIEUTENAT. Like? citizens, are unmasked in war.

REEVES.The basics, sir.Killing people. It bothers some This betrayal is so deep that
people, sir. many never find their way back
to faith in the nation or in any
LIEUTENAT. It doesn't bother you?
god. They nurse a self-
REEVES. Sir, we came here to kill people, sir. destructive anger and
LIEUTENAT.(Gung-ho.) resentment, understandable and
justified, but also crippling.
Soldier, we came here to help build a nation. That is our
Ask a combat veteran
mission. Operation Iraqi Freedom. And that's a very
struggling to piece his or her
unusual expression because it's both a euphemism AND
life together about God and
oxymoron. You don't see a lot of them but when you do,
watch the raw vitriol and pain
run, because it means there are no words to describe the
pour out. They have seen the
unspeakable fuck-up you are in.
corruption and staggering
REEVES.(Gung-ho-er.)hesitated hypocrisy essential to war.
Sir, I don't mean we're here to kill all the people. Just the Those of us who refuse to heed
ones who hate freedom. Whoever is left when the killing their suffering and their words,
stops – that's the nation. brought to life in the hands of
these playwrights, become
LIEUTENANT. Son, I don't know why they're sending
complicit in the evil they
your home. Seems to me you're everything we want in a
denounce.
soldier. (checking his file.) You're nineteen?
(Malpede, 2011: x)
(Ibid, pp. 10-11)
For Reeves, he is so aggressive that he has the quality of
Moreover, the Army Attorney, another character in the
anger and determination that make him ready to attack
play, confirms to Reeves that he is not only trained to do
other people in cold blood. When he is in jail, wearing an
atrocities such as raping and killing peoplebut also
orange jumpsuit as he has been already tried and convicted,
prompting other soldiers to do the same evil things,
he confesses to his heinous murders and is determined to do
advising him " not going to manipulate me like you
more: "GUILTY! GUILTY! I meant to say, 'Hand me over
manipulated those men – good men probably – in your
to Iraqis. Let them bury me up to my neck in sand and
squad. You got them to kill and to rape – and you did it
stone me to death. Televise it. I'll sing 'God bless America'
easily - because that is what you were trained to do." (Ibid,
till I'm dead and people will see what I'm made of and who
p. 25)Therefore, one can discern that the authorities use
those fucking people are.'" (Cain, 2010: p. 23) Being
Reeves or any other soldiers who are trained for special
sadist, Reeves is not only utterly obsessed in torturing and
purposes of committing atrocities and brutalities for their
killing people but he is also infatuated with killing animals
own advantage as Chris Hedges in his forward in Karen
for fun. After being asked for several times by the civilian
Malpede'sActs of War: Iraq and Afghanistan in Seven
lawyer, another character in the play, who will be
Plays (2011) explains that "Those who make war work
representing him in his current trial, about the reason that
overtime to reduce love to smut, and all human beings
stands behind killing a dog, Reeves answered Fuck! the
become objects, pawns to use or kill."(Malpede, 2011:
Dog!.
viii)Besides, in wars where any evil act is mostly justified,
the American journalist Chris pours his tirade against LAWYER. Why did you throw the dog off the roof?
warmongers, including politicians and religious Reeves. Fuck! The Dog!
institutions, considering them fraud that deceive people in
LAWYER. You want to be guilty about something? Start
a way that is illegal or dishonest:
here. You DID this. Why? Why did you throw the dog off
War is always about betrayal. It is about the roof?
betrayal of the young by the
REEVES. I thought it was – (What?) – funny.
old, of cynics by idealists, and
of soldiers and Marines by (Ibid, pp. 45-46)
politicians. Society's
institutions, including our
Apparently, Reeves is a very dangerous man, and can be
religious institutions, which
very brutal and reckless especially when he tells the
mold us into compliant
LAWYER about what did he tell the shrink, a female

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psychiatrist who had met Reeves in the jail to discuss his
wicked psyche that he "WANTED TO KILL
EVERYBODY." (Ibid, p. 50)
In the early beginning of his trial, Reeves has denied all the
accusations of his atrocitiesagainst him so that he may get
away with murder, accusingrandomly insurgents of doing
that "don't DO things LIKE THIS. Insurgents did this. We
investigated it. That report – it's nothing but lies." (Ibid, p.
21) Earlier, Reeves after returning home(America) is
arrested and taken to a police station for driving under the
influence(DUI) of alcohol. In the police station he is
informed by a Young Female Lawyer (YFL), a character in
the play,according to a source of information that he
brutally murders three Iraqi family members, including the
father and little girl,in addition to the 14-year- old daughter
whose bodyis set on fire after raping and killing her:
… Well – it says Private
Daniel Reeves and several of
his squadmates – currently in
the brig in Iraq – went to a
house. There Private Reeves
herded an Iraqi man, woman
and child into the bedroom
where he shot and killed them.
Then he went into the living
room where two of the soldiers
were holding a woman down
and he raped then killed her.
Afterwards, they set her body
on fire."
(Ibid, p. 21)
On March 2006, Reeves committed his capital crimes
against the aggrieved family when he had shot the father,
the mother, and their four-year-old daughter dead before
raping and murdering their eldest daughter whose name is
Hayat in the play meaning Life in English language while
her real name is AbeerQasim Al-Janabi. Luckily, only two
sons of the plagued family survived that horrific and
disgraced event as they were at school. Ironically, the house
where Reeves committed his atrocities is near a U.S.
checkpoint in the town of the Al-Yusufiyah, which is
situated near the large town of Mahmoudiya, some 35 km
south of the Iraqi capital Baghdad. The large area where the
towns of Al-Yusufiyah, Mahmoudiya,
Iskandariyah, Latifiyah and Jurf Al Sakhar which lie
between Baghdad and the province of Babel, some 100 km
south of Baghdad is called The Triangle of Death because
of the many attacks and explosionsoccurred there after the
2003 U.S.-led invasion to Iraq.
During the trial of Reeves, theprosecution,a group of
lawyers who try to prove that a person in a trial is guilty,
expressestheir sorrow over the terrible acts of Reeves, as
saying: "It was not an 'event' or an 'incident'. It was a crime.
Very real.Very brual."(Ibid, pp. 65-66)In her
groundbreaking book, Trauma and Recovery: The
Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political
Terror (2015), the American psychiatrist Judith Herman
(born 1942), reveals that "The problem of coming to terms
with endemic abuses of power also pertains to crimes of
sexual and domestic violence. Because subordination of
women and children has been so deeply embedded in our
culture, the use of force against women and children has
only recently been recognized as a violation of basic human
rights." (Herman, 2015: p. 244)Besides, she reveals that the
real nature of the American policy in falsifying facts "in the
name of national security" so that the reality of America
cannot be distorted openly by its some soldiers' atrocities
committed in Iraq and Afghanistan:
Fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan, like the
operations of CIA 'black sites'
and NSA surveillance became
all but invisible: outsourced,
undeclared, off the books. A
docile citizenry could go about
its business, apparently
unaware of or indifferent to the
atrocities committed on its
behalf, in the name of national
security, by the U.S. military or
by legions of clandestine
'contractors' who wore no
uniforms. The active collusion
of members of the legal
profession enabled the pretense
that war crimes were not war
crimes. The active participation
of members of the healing
professions, particularly
psychologists, in the sadistic
rites of 'enhanced interrogation'
enabled the pretense that
torture was not torture.
(Ibid, p. 249)
Apparently, Reeves is not only a murderer of innocents but
also a sadist who obtains pleasure from not only hurting
other people and making them suffer physically or mentally
as he confesses: "I make people nervous. People get –
careful – when they're around me." (Cain, 2010: p. 17)
Furthermore, he has a debauched history as he practices
sexual intercourse with his mother in the past and this the
very thing which has been confirmed by the Army attorney
when he discloses the crime of incest to Reeves, when

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mentioning his mother"You did what you could for her – themselves if they are triggered by a new horrific event. It
your mother. You tried to help out. My guess is that she is thus the epic is so significant to Freud in which:
relied on you as the man of the house…. That's a kind of Its hero, Tancred, unwittingly
incest, Mr. Reeves." (Ibid, p. 25)Malpede in her kills his beloved Clorinda in a
masterpiece Acts of War: Iraq and Afghanistan in Seven dual while she is disguised in
Plays (2011) is concerned over the heinous acts of some the armour of an enemy knight.
brutal and wicked people such as raping and After her burial he makes his
murderingwhich are carried out by some U.S. soldiers in way into a strange magic forest
Iraq and Afghanistan, blaming religion for not enacting which strikes the Crusaders'
severe punishment against brutal acts and violence "If the army with terror. He slashes
New Testament prohibitions of sexual misconduct are to be with his sword at a tall tree; but
stringently interpreted, why, then, are Jesus' injunctions blood streams from the cut and
against violence not binding in the same way? In other the voice of Clorinda, whose
words, what does the commandment 'Thou shalt not kill' soul is imprisoned in the tree,
really mean?" (Malpede, 2011, viii) In fact, it is a crime is heard complaining that he
when Reeves is enlisted as a private in the U.S. army since has wounded his beloved once
he is "deeply troubled nineteen-year-old with convictions again.
for alcohol, drug abuse, violence." (Cain, 2010: p. 64)
(Caruth, 1996, p.3)
Reeves acts brutally when raping and killing Hayat after
depriving her of her family because "Young girls," as the In general, most of soldiers who fight in battlefields suffer
prosecution opines during the trial "need protection. The from the trauma of seeing the horrific scenes of
girl we are connected with living in a war zone – needed bloodshed in addition to the hard circumstances they live
more than most. … She had had another defense – her during wars. Therefore, many of them cannot control their
family. But a soldier deprived her of the protection of her behaviourfor a long time even after returning home as
family when he herded her father, her mother, and four- they suffer nightmares, deliria, hallucinations and anxiety.
year-old sister into the family bedroom and murdered them The American female professor Laurie Vickroy defines
in cold blood." (Ibid, p.64)The Defense who is assigned to trauma "as a response to events so overwhelmingly
protect Reeves has tried to save his client from punishment intense that they impair normal emotional or cognitive
as he told the court that Reeves is traumatized by war and responses and bring lasting psychological disruption."
that is why he is mentally disordered: (Vickroy, 2002: ix) But during the trial of Reeves, the
prosecution has proved that he is sane because he is able
Daniel Reeves told anyone
to think and behave normally and reasonably, and is not
who would listen he intended
mentally ill when he cleverly explains that:
to kill. He wanted to kill
everybody. More specifically, Mr. Reeves is a man, a smart
all Iraqis.(Then) To his young man. He may have been
everlasting credit, he sought undereducated when he was
help. He went to an army inducted into the army, but he
psychiatrist, asked for help, educated himself along the
was given unrecorded way. He learned. (Then.) He
medication, told to get a good learned some Arabic.
night's sleep and was recycled Leadership skills.Even moral
the next day to patrol the area virtue – loyalty – brotherhood
known as The Triangle of – self-sacrifice. He availed
Death. With disastrous himself of his opportunities
consequences. What were his and, troubled by his desire to
superiors expecting? kill, he – sought – help. And
the logical conclusion of this is
(Ibid, p. 66)
– unfortunately –(Then.) He
Moreover, after reading a short story in the epic of the knew what he was planning on
Italian poet Torquato Tasso (1544-1595), Freud concludes doing – was wrong. (Then) He
that the painful and traumatic events which are stored in knew it was wrong. (Then.)
the subconscious of the traumatized person can repeat And he did it anyway. This

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crime deserves – it demands
judgment.
(Cain, 2010: p. 67)
In his last words, Reeves is full of remorse, telling his
story by his own words about his atrocities and brutalities
of killing the innocent family and raping and killing its
daughter: "This is my story. I did it. I raped her and I killed
her family. I wish I didn't but I thought about it and I
honestly don't see how anything could have been
different." (Ibid, pp. 68-69)Furthermore, Reeves
remembers the pathetic sight of the victimized girl when
he has resisted all her entreaties to spare her life,
remembering the dialogue between him and her who asks
for help "Sa'idny. No act. I knew.I knew what she said. I'm
smart. Sa'idny. I knew what she said. Help me. Help me.
She said – Help. Me. (To her -) Show me. Show me how.
(She speaks.) 'HaliniA'ish.' What? 'HaliniA'ish.' And I
thought no. You don't want that. That's not what you want.
Your family is gone. HaliniA'ishhhhhhh. Let me live."
(Ibid, pp. 73-74) Moreover, he knows very well that
Islamic religion instructs that any woman who commits
adultery willingly must be stoned but in the case of
Hayatshe is brutally raped in her own home and therefore
she would be exculpated from her guilt according to the
same religion. That is why he tells her a moment before he
shoots her dead that "Even if they don't stone you, you'd
always be alone. You don't know what that's like. You
don't want that. You've never been. No, it's better this way.
"Halini A – Bang."(Ibid, p. 74)
Cain has ended his dramatic text of 9 Circles by making
his character Reeves faces death penalty(Blackout. A
breathing out of a spirit into the darkness.)(Ibid, p. 75)But
the reality is different. The fact is that Green does not face
death penalty but a sentence of life in prison, therefore,
poetic justice is fulfilled in the play."However, it seems
that many people still think a work of literature should
show some sense of justice: at its simplest, that the villain
should get his deserts." (Cuddon, 1980: p. 519) Besides,
Cain was asked in an interview carried out by the
interviewer Sarah Saddler the following question:"You
wrote the ending of 9 Circles before Green was sentenced
to live in prison-can you explain why you chose to execute
him?" He answered that "The absolute center of hell in
Dante’s Inferno is an extraordinary place. The center of
hell is frozen, where even tears freeze in the eyes.
Something about that spoke to me. In the very end of the
play, he experiences an epiphany. As she was being raped,
he was being raped. He was in the same position the girl
was in. He was being raped."
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III. CONCLUSION
In order to reform any society, there should be a reward
and punishment to make sure that good behaviour is
rewarded and bad one is punished so that the individuals of
any society can live peacefully. In the case of Reeves who
is brutal, reckless and snobbish, he wants to kill all people
especially Iraqis because he is trained to do so according to
the dramatic text of 9 Circles by his commanders to be so
brutal, malicious and cruel as he intends not only to harm
people but also to kill all of them. He deserves to face
death penalty for committing crimes against humanity
instead of sparing his life according to the court verdict
which stipulates that he is sentenced to life imprisonment
which gives a strong hint that his government is already
lenient with criminals which may cause social disturbance
in the future. By executing Reevesin the play (Green in
reality) as a capital punishment which is legally and
socially accepted to achieve social justice because Reeves
deserves his disgraced and fatal destiny as he has
committed severe crimes against innocent people. By
writing the play, Cain, seemingly intends to say that law
must be implemented to achieve justice in a worldwhich is
mostly void of it.
REFERENCES
[1] Aeschylus (1999), The Oresteia, Ted Hughes (trans), Faber,
London.
[2] Cain, Bill (2010), 9 Circles. New York, NY 10016. Dramatists
Play Service, 440 Park Avenue South.All subsequent textual
quotations and references which will appear in my thesis within
parentheses in the text are based on this reference book. All
spellings are kept as in the original.
[3] Caruth, Cathy (1995)Trauma Explorations in Memory.Baltimore
and London.The Johns Hopkins University Press.
[4] Caruth, Cathy (1996) Unclaimed Experience: Trauma,
Narrative, andHistory,Baltimore and London, JHU Press.
[5] Cuddon, J.A. (1980) A Dictionary of Literary Terms, United
States of America, Doubleday & Company, Inc.
[6] Freud, Sigmund and Breuer, Joseph (1952)Studies in
Hysteria.London. Imago Publishing Co., Ltd.
[7] Herman, Judith (2015) Trauma and Recovery; The Aftermath of
Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. New
York, Basic Books, A member of the Perseus Group.
[8] https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?acce
ssion=miami1371465573&disposition=inline.
[9] Malpede, Karen (2011) et. al. Acts of War, Iraq and
Afghanistan in Seven Plays.United States of
America.Northwestern University Press.
[10] Vickroy, Laurie (2002).Trauma and Survival in Contemporary
Fiction.Charlottesville and London, University of Virginia Press.
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