Applets: Documents (I.e., Web Pages)

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APPLETS
Applets are Java programs that can be embedded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
documents (i.e., Web pages).
When a browser loads a Web page containing an applet, the applet downloads into the Web browser and
begins execution.
The browser that executes an applet is generically known as the applet container.
The Java 2 Software Development Kit (J2SDK) includes an applet container (called the
appletviewer) for testing applets before you embed them in a Web page.
Most Web browsers in use today do not support Java 2 directly.
// WelcomeApplet.java
// A first applet in Java.
// Java core packages

import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
//Java extension packages

import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
// draw text on applet’s background

public void paint( Graphics g )
{
// call inherited version of method paint
super.paint( g );
// draw a String at x-coordinate 25 and y-coordinate 25

g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
} // end method paint
} // end class WelcomeApplet
Class Graphics enables a Java applet to draw graphics such as: lines, rectangles, ovals and strings of
characters and also enables applications to draw.
is an import statement that tells the compiler load class JApplet from package javax.swing.
When you create an applet in Java, you normally import the JApplet class.
every Java applet you create contains at least one class definition
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet
Keyword extends indicates that class WelcomeApplet inherits existing pieces from another class.
The class from which WelcomeApplet inherits (JApplet) appears to the right of extends. In this inheritance
relationship,
Java Week 03: Struktur Kontrol

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JApplet is called the superclass or base class

and
WelcomeApplet is called the subclass or derived class.
Using inheritance here results in a WelcomeApplet class definition that has the attributes (data) and
behaviors (methods) of class JApplet,
as well as the new features we are adding in our WelcomeApplet class definition (specifically, the ability to
draw Welcome to Java Programming! on the applet).
To enable our applet to draw, class WelcomeApplet overrides (replaces or redefines) the default version of
paint by placing statements in the body of paint that draw a message on the screen.
When the applet container tells the applet to “draw itself” on the screen by calling method paint, our
message Welcome to Java Programming! appears rather than a blank screen.
super.paint( g );
calls the version of method paint inherited from superclass JApplet
g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
 instructs the computer to perform an action (or task), namely to draw the characters of the string
Welcome to Java Programming! on the applet.
 This statement uses method drawString defined by class Graphics (this class defines all the drawing
capabilities of a Java program, including strings of characters and shapes such as rectangles, ovals
and lines).
The statement calls method drawString using the Graphics object g (in paint’s parameter list) followed by
a dot operator (.), and followed by the method name drawString.
The method name is followed by a set of parentheses containing the argument list drawString needs to
perform its task
Before you can execute the applet you must create an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file to load the
applet into the applet container (appletviewer or a browser).
To execute a Java applet, an HTML text file must indicate which applet the applet container should load and
execute.
WelcomeApplet.html that loads into the applet defined in Fig. 3.6 into an applet container
<html>
<applet code = "WelcomeApplet.class" width = "300" height = "45">
</applet>
</html

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// Fig. 3.8: WelcomeApplet2.java

// Displaying multiple strings in an applet.

// Java extension packages

public class WelcomeApplet2 extends JApplet {
// draw text on applet’s background

{
super.paint( g );
// draw two Strings at different locations

g.drawString( "Welcome to", 25, 25 );
g.drawString( "Java Programming!", 25, 40 );
} // end method paint
} // end class WelcomeApplet2
1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeApplet2.class" width = "300" height = "60">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

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// Fig. 4.11: Analysis.java

// Analysis of examination results.

import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class Analysis {
// main method begins execution of Java application

public static void main( String args[] )
{
// initializing variables in declarations
int passes = 0, // number of passes
failures = 0, // number of failures
student = 1, // student counter
result; // one exam result
String input, // user-entered value
output; // output string
// process 10 students; counter-controlled loop

while ( student <= 10 ) {
// obtain result from user

input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Enter result (1=pass,2=fail)" );
// convert result to int

result = Integer.parseInt( input );
// process result
if ( result == 1 )
passes = passes + 1;
else
failures = failures + 1;
student = student + 1;
}
// termination phase
output = "Passed: " + passes +
"\nFailed: " + failures;
if ( passes > 8 )
output = output + "\nRaise Tuition";
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output,

"Analysis of Examination Results",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE );
System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application
} // end method main
} // end class Analysis

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// Fig. 5.5: Sum.java

// Counter-controlled repetition with the for structure

import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class Sum {
// main method begins execution of Java application

public static void main( String args[] )
{
int sum = 0;
// sum even integers from 2 through 100

for ( int number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2 )
sum += number;
// display results
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, "The sum is " + sum,
"Sum Even Integers from 2 to 100",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE );
System.exit( 0 ); // terminate the application
} // end method main
} // end class Sum

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// Fig. 5.7: SwitchTest.java

// Drawing lines, rectangles or ovals based on user input.

import java.awt.Graphics;

import javax.swing.*;
public class SwitchTest extends JApplet {

int choice; // user's choice of which shape to draw
// initialize applet by obtaining user's choice

public void init()
{
String input; // user's input
// obtain user’s choice

input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Enter 1 to draw lines\n" +
"Enter 2 to draw rectangles\n" +
"Enter 3 to draw ovals\n" );
// convert user's input to an int

choice = Integer.parseInt( input );
}
// draw shapes on applet's background

{
super.paint( g );
// loop 10 times, counting from 0 through 9

for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
// determine shape to draw based on user's choice

switch ( choice ) {
case 1:
g.drawLine( 10, 10, 250, 10 + i * 10 );
break; // done processing case
case 2:
g.drawRect( 10 + i * 10, 10 + i * 10,
50 + i * 10, 50 + i * 10 );
case 3:
g.drawOval( 10 + i * 10, 10 + i * 10,
50 + i * 10, 50 + i * 10 );
default:
g.drawString( "Invalid value entered", 56 10, 20 + i * 15 );
} // end switch structure

} // end for structure
} // end paint method
} // end class SwitchTest

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1

// Java core packages

//Java extension packages

public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

// draw text on applet’s background

// draw a String at x-coordinate 25 and y-coordinate 25

} // end method paint

} // end class WelcomeApplet

import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics

import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet

public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet

Java Week 03: Struktur Kontrol

JApplet is called the superclass or base class

public void paint( Graphics g )

g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );

Java Week 03: Struktur Kontrol

// Fig. 3.8: WelcomeApplet2.java

// Java core packages

// Java extension packages

public class WelcomeApplet2 extends JApplet {

// draw text on applet’s background

// draw two Strings at different locations

} // end method paint

} // end class WelcomeApplet2

Java Week 03: Struktur Kontrol

// Fig. 4.11: Analysis.java

// Java extension packages

public class Analysis {

// main method begins execution of Java application

// process 10 students; counter-controlled loop

// obtain result from user

// convert result to int

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output,

System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application

} // end method main

} // end class Analysis

Java Week 03: Struktur Kontrol

// Fig. 5.5: Sum.java

// Java extension packages

public class Sum {

// main method begins execution of Java application

// sum even integers from 2 through 100

System.exit( 0 ); // terminate the application

} // end method main

} // end class Sum

Java Week 03: Struktur Kontrol

// Fig. 5.7: SwitchTest.java

// Java core packages

// Java extension packages

public class SwitchTest extends JApplet {

// initialize applet by obtaining user's choice

// obtain user’s choice

// convert user's input to an int

// draw shapes on applet's background

// loop 10 times, counting from 0 through 9

// determine shape to draw based on user's choice

} // end switch structure