Biochemistry

[3rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT103101BT
[Pre-requisites: Basic Bioscience]

Course Objectives
To impart knowledge of structural and functional aspects of biomolecules, molecules of life, starting at simple building
blocks and culminating in complex metabolism
Course Content

Unit-1:
Biochemistry of Water, Buffer in its biological significance, Henderson-Hasselbach equation; Homeostasis, Enzymes:
Introduction, classification, kinetics, Regulation, catalytic mechanism and inhibition.

Unit-2:
Biomolecules: Introduction, Classification, Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids, and Protein.

Unit-3:
Introduction to metabolism, Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Gluconeogenesis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Electron transport
chain and Oxidative phosphorylation, Calvin cycle, Hatch and Slack cycle.

Unit-4:
Nitrogen metabolism in ureotelic organism, Biosynthesis and catabolism of essential amino acid, Purine and
Pyrimidine biosynthesis and catabolism. Fatty acid biosynthesis, β- oxidation of fatty acid.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, D. L. Nelson and M. M. Cox, 4th Edn, WH Freeman and Company,
2005.

Optional Materials: Reference Books

1. Biochemistry, J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer, 6th Edn., WH Freeman and Co mpany, 2007.
2. Biochemistry, R. H. Garret and C. M. Grisham, 3rd Edn., Brooks Cole, 2004.
3. Biochemistry, D. Voet and J.G. Voet, 4th Edn., John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2011.

1
Biophysical Techniques
[3rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT103102BT
[Pre-requisites: Basic Biosciences]

Course Objectives
To introduce the concepts of biophysics and impart knowledge of various analytical techniques in application.

Course Content

Unit-1:

Introduction to Biophysical Technique: Introduction to Biophysical Technique used in biotechnology,

chromatography: Principle, methodology and application of chromatographic techniques like Column
Chromatography, Paper Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, High Performance
Liquid Chromatography.

Unit-2:

Electrophoretic Techniques: Agarose Gel El ectrophoresis, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate -Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis, Capillary Electrophoresis, Isoelectric Focusing, Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis.

Unit-3:

Microscopy and Spectrophotometry: Phase contrast microscopy, Confocal Scanning Micros cope, Scanning &
Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM & TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy, Double beam spectrophotom e t er , UV &
Infrared spectrometer.

Unit-4:

Advance Biophysical Techniques: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Circular Dichroism, FT -IR/Raman

Spectrometer, X-ray Diffractometer, Surface Plasma Resonance, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance..

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Keith Wilson and John Walker, 7th
Edn, Cambridge University Press , 2010.
2. Physical Biochemistry by David Freifelder, 5th Edn, W. H Freeman and Company, 1982
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. Biophysical Techniques by Iain D. Campbell, Oxford University Press; 1 edition, 2012 (ISBN:
9780199642144).

2. Methods in Modern Biophysics by Bengt Nölting, Springer, 2010 (ISBN 978 -3-642-03022-2).

2
Bioprocess Calculations
[3rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT103103BT
[Pre-requisites: Chemistry, Physics]

Course Objectives
1. Understand the material and energy balances of bioprocesses.
2. Perform material and energy balances on biochemical processes/equipment without and with reactions.
3. Perform unsteady state material and energy balances
Draw the flow diagram and solve the problems involving recycle, purge and bypass in a proc ess or unit.

Course Content

Unit 1:
Introduction to Engineering Calculations: Physical Variables Dimensions and Units Systems of units in engineering
concepts, procedure for steady state and material balance calculations with and without chemical reacti ons.

Unit 2:
Concept of limiting; excess reactants; fractional conversion; percentage of conversion; percentage yield; excess air
calculations; material balances involving simultaneous equations; material balances involving recycle; by-pass; and
purge streams; stoichiometry of substrate, product formation and microbial growth.

Unit 3:
Steady-state energy balances: General energy balance equations; enthalpy calculation procedures; enthalpy change in
non-reactive processes; steam tables; procedure for en ergy balance calculations without reaction; energy balance
worked examples without reaction; enthalpy change due to reaction. Solving simultaneous material and energy
balances. Heat of reaction for processes with biomass production; Energy balance equation for cell culture;
fermentation energy balances worked examples.

Unit 4:
Introduction to unsteady-state material and energy balances. Models of Unsteady state material and energy balance
and their solutions; unsteady state mass and energy balances, unsteady state material and energy balances on
reactive and non-reactive process, heat of mixing and solution, integrated balances.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Bhatt B.I, and Vora S.M, Stoichiometry, 4 th Edition, Tata McGraw -Hill, 2005.

2. Himmelblau, D.H, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 6 th Edition, Prentice
Hall India, 2003.
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. Pauline M. Doran, Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Elsevier, South Asia Edition, 2005
2. Hougen, O.A, Watson, K.M and Ragatz R.A, Chemical Processes Principles (Part - 1): Material and
Energy Balances, 2nd Edition, Asia Publication House, 2001.

3
Object Oriented Methodology
3
[ rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Information Technology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT103104IT
[Pre-requisites: Programming in C, Computer Programming (C++)]

Course Objectives
1. To provide a detailed understanding of the object-oriented concept.
2. Understanding inheritance and exception handling.
3. To relate practical and theoretical concepts with the help of java, GUI and UML programming.

Course Content
Unit-1: Object-Oriented Concepts
Introduction to class and instances, An Overview of Java, Data types, Variables and Arrays, Operator s , Ex p re s s ion s ,
Control statements, String handling. Package definition, Types of interfaces & Streams, File operations.

Unit-2: Inheritance, Polymorphism & Exception Handling

Inheritance, Polymorphism, method overriding, access specifiers, Fundamentals of except i on h a n dli ng , Ex ce p t ion
types, Multithreading, Java thread model, creating threads, thread priorities, synchron izi ng t h r ea ds , i n t er -t hr ea d
communication.

Unit-3: Socket Programming & GUI

Introduction to socket programming, Graphical User Interface Components, Threads, Multithreading, Java Da t a ba s e
Connectivity, Networking, Collections, GUI Programming: MVC Architecture, Event Handling, Ap p let s , a n d Swi n g :
Applet design, AWT packages, Applet event handling, parameters to applets.

Unit-4: Object-Oriented Modelling

Building blocks of UML, Structural & Behavioral Modeling. UML Diagrams: Modeling Requirements, Use Case
Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams, Class Diagram, Activity Diagram, Statechart Diagram, Deployment Diagram.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Java The complete reference, 9th edition, Herbert Schildt, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd.
2. Understanding Object-Oriented Programming with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearson Education.
3. Michael Blaha, James Rumbaugh: Object-Oriented Modeling and Design with UML, 2 nd Edition, Pearson
Education, 2005

Optional Materials: Reference Books

1. An Introduction to programming and OO design using Java, J. Nino, and F.A. Hosch, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Introduction to Java programming, Y. Daniel Liang, Pearson Education.
3. Object Oriented Programming through Java, P. Radha Krishna, Universities Press.
4. Practical Object-Oriented Design with UML - Mark Priestley, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.
5. Object-Oriented Design with UML and JAVA - K. Barclay, J. Savage, Elsevier, 2008.
6. The Unified Modeling Language User Guide - Booch, G., Rumbaugh, J., and Jacobson, I, 2 nd Edition, Pearson,
2005.

4
Microbiology
[3rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT103105BT
[Pre-requisites: Basic Biosciences]

Course Objectives
1. To understand the roles and characteristics of microorganisms.
2. To study in detail the growth and diversity of microorganisms.
3. To evaluate the metabolic pathways and analyze how microorganisms cause diseases.
4. To insight appropriate methods for control of the growth of micro-organisms.

Course Content
Unit 1
Introduction to Microbiology: History, Types of microbes, General characteristics and morphology of prokaryot i c a n d
eukaryotic microbes, Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, classical & molecular methods of taxonomy of
microorganisms. - Microscope and Microscopy - preparation of Light-Microscope examinations

Unit 2
Microbial growth and metabolism: Culturing of microorganisms, Culture Media, Isolation of pure cultur e. Mi cr ob ia l
growth. Growth curve and quantitative measurement of microbial Growth. Introduction to metagenomics approach t o
study unculturable microbes. Nutritional types, Microbial Metabolism: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration , Mi cr obia l
fermentation, Photophosphorylation in microbes, Nitrogen fixation by microorganism.

Unit 3
Introduction to viruses: General characteristics, Bacteriophages and Eukaryotic viruses - General structure, s ym m e t r y
and infection cycle. Microbial pathogenicity and host-pathogen interaction.

Unit 4
Applied Microbiology: Mode of action of antibiotic. Probiotics, Nutraceuticals from microbes. Mi cr ob ia l f e r me n te d
products. Control of microorganisms - physical agents and chemical agents.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Microbiology by Pelzar, Chan & Kreig [1986] Mc Graw Hill. 2.
2. Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David A. Stahl, David P. Clark: Brock Biology of Microorganisms,
Pearson, 13th Edition, 2011.
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. John L. Ingraham, Catherine A. Ingraham: Introduction to Microbiology, A case History Approach, Thomson
Brooks/Cole, 3rd Edition, 2004
2. Joanne M. Willey, Linda M. Sherwood, Christopher J. Woolverton: Prescott, Harley, and Klein’s
Microbiology, McGraw Hill Higher Education, International Edition, 7th Edition, 2007

5
Mathematics-III
[3rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Mathematics 4-0-0, (4) EPR BT103001MA
[Pre-requisites: Mathematics-I, Mathematics-II]

Course Objectives
To enable the students to apply the knowledge of Mathematics in various fields:

1. Introduce the Fourier Series and Fourier Transform

2. Introduce the concepts of Laplace Transform and its application in solution of differential equations and
improper integral
3. Able to form and solve the partial differential equation using different analytical techniques with application
in solution of wave and Laplace equations
4. Introduce to Z –Transform with application in solution of difference equations.

Course Content

Unit-1: FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM

Expansion of function as Fourier series, Functions having points of discontinuity, Change of interval, Even & Odd
functions, Half-range series, Harmonic analysis, Fourier Transformation, Inverse transformation, Finite cosine and
sine transform.

Unit-2: LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Definition, Transform of elementary functions, Properties of Laplace transform, Transform of derivatives and integrals,
Multiplication by , Division by t, Evaluation of Integrals, Periodic functions, Inverse Laplace transform, Convolution
theorem, Application of Laplace transform to find the solutions of ordinary differential equations.

Unit-3: PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Formation, Solutions by direct integration method, Linear equations of first order, Homogeneous linear equations with
constant coefficients, Non-homogeneous linear equations, Method of separation of variables with applications in
finding the solution of wave, heat and Laplace equations.

Unit-4: GROUP THEORY

Definition and examples, Permutation group, Cyclic group, Subgroup, Cosets, Langrange’s theorem, some theorems on
subgroup, Homomorphism and Isomorphism of groups, Normal subgroup, Quotient group, Fundamental the orems of
homomorphism on groups.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. S. Grewal - Khanna Publishers.
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig - John Wiley & Sons.
3. Contemporary Abstract Algebra by Joseph A. Gallian, Narosa Publishing House.
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. Advanced Engg. Mathematics by R. K. Jain and S. R. K. Iyengar–Narosa Publishing House.
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. V. Ramana, McGraw Hill.

6
Biochemistry and Microbiology Laboratory
[3rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 1-0-0, (1) Core BT103401BT
[Pre Requisite- Basic Biosciences Lab]

Course Objectives (CO)

Understand explicitly the concepts
Develop their skills in the preparation, identification and quantification of microorganisms and their biochemical
analysis
To experimentally verify the theoretical concepts

Course Content
1. Isolation and enumeration of microbes from Soil/water/air sample.
2. Isolation of pure culture using streak plate and pour plate methods.
3. Staining Techniques (Simple, Gram staining, spore staining, Staining of fungal cell and Identification. )
4. Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria (Indole test, methyl red test, voges proskaeur test, citrate utilization, starch
hydrolysis, urease test, catalase test, oxidase test)
5. Storage/preservation of micro-organisms
6. Estimation of protein in the given microbial culture by Lowry method.
7. Estimation of reducing sugar in given microbial culture by Dinitrosalicylic acid method.
8. Separation of protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique.
9. Estimation of nucleic acid in given sample.
10. Purification of protein by gel filtration technique.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry by Jayaraman
2. Practical Microbiology by Aneja
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. Biochemical Methods by Sadasivam and Manickam

7
OOM Lab using JAVA & UML
3
[ rd Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Information Technology 1-0-0, (1) Core BT103402IT
[Pre-requisites: Programming in C, Computer Programming (C++)]

Course Objectives
1. To provide a detailed understanding of the object-oriented concept.
2. Understanding inheritance and exception handling.
3. To relate practical and theoretical concepts with the help of java, GUI and UML programming

Course Content
1. List of 10 -15 Assignment/Practical will be allotted by the Instructor in the respective Lab.

8
Cell and Molecular Biology
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT104101BT
[Pre Requisite- Basic Biosciences]

Course Objectives
1. Understand the membrane and transport system
2. Understand the cell signalling and communication
3. Acquainted with post transcriptional and translational modifications.
4. Know the metabolism of DNA, RNA and proteins.
5. Understand the regulation of gene expression.

Course Content

Unit 1 – Cell membrane and Transport

Electrical properties of membranes, transport processes across the plasma m embrane, membrane channels & pumps,
mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, membrane transporters.

Unit 2 – Cell Communication and Signaling

Cell surface & intracellular receptors, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors & protein kinase, signal
transduction pathways viz MAPK/cAMP, second messengers, molecular transmission, regulation of signaling
pathways.

Unit 3 – Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Modification

Processing of hnRNA, tRNA, rRNA, 5'-Cap formation, 3'-end processing, polyadenylation, splicing, RNA editing,
nuclear export of mRNA, various types of PTMs.

Unit 4–Metabolism of Biomolecules and Regulation of Gene Expression

DNA methylation, damage & repair, DNA recombination, RNA stability & transport, cat alytic RNA, micro RNA,
aptamers, protein folding, protein trafficking & degradation, Control of gene expression at transcription/translation
level, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotr & eukaryote, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression, ge ne
silencing.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Essential Cell Biology by Alberts.
2. Molecular Cell Biology by Harvey Lodish, David Baltimore.

Optional Materials: Reference Books

1. The Cell: A molecular Approach by Cooper.

2. Genes IX by Lewin.

9
Enzyme Technology
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT104102BT
[Pre Requisite- Biochemistry, Microbiology]

Course Objectives
1. Understand the concepts and mechanisms of enzymes.
2. Understand the isolation purification and immobilization techniques.
3. Determine the kinetic parameters of enzymatic reactions
Industrial and clinical applications of enzymes
Course Content

Unit 1: Introduction, history and catalysis of Enzymes:

Why enzymes, Brief history, Enzyme nomenclature & classification, Enzyme units, the mechanism of en zym e a ct i on,
Proximity and orientation effects etc. Coenzyme and Cofactors, Zymogen, Holo enzyme, Ribozyme & Abzymes,
Allosteric enzymes. Lock and key, Indu ced fit and Transition state Hypotheses. Mechanism of Serine proteases -
Chymotrypsin, Lysozyme.

Unit 2: Enzyme kinetics: Factors affecting the enzyme activity-

Concentration, pH and temperature. Kinetics of a single -substrate enzyme catalysed reaction, Michealis-Menten
Equation, Km, Vmax, L.B Plot, Turnover number, Kcat. Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibition (Reversible Inhibition -
Competitive, Non Competitive, Uncompetitive, Mixed, Substrate, Allosteric and Product Inhibition).

Unit 3: Enzyme immobilization: Methods of immobilization of enzymes-

Physical & chemical techniques, Kinetics of immobilized enzyme, Effect of external ma s s t r a n s fe r & i n t r a -pa r t icle
diffusion, limitation & applications of immobilized enzymes, Bioreactors using immobilized enzyme. In t r o d uct i on t o
Cross linking enzyme activity (CLEA) and Magnetic CLEA. Carrier free immobilization, enzyme r e a ct ion i n or g a n ic
solution.

Unit 4: Enzyme engineering and downstream processing:

Strategies of isolation and purification of new enzymes from diffe rent sources, Large-scale industrial enzyme
production, downstream processing, Modification of enzymes, Enzyme Structure activity Relationship (SAR) and Dru g
Discovery, Properties of Enzymes. Enzyme Engineering methods, Site directed evolution, cat a lys i s i n n on -a qu eou s
environment.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Enzyme by Palmer (2001); Horwood publishing series.
2. Fundamental of Enzymology by Price and Stevens (2002): Oxford University Press.
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. Enzyme technology by Helmut uhling (1998): John Wiley
2. A. L. Lehringer, d.L. Nelson, M.M Cox- “Principle of Biochemistry “ by Werth publishers.
3. L. Stryer, J.M. Berge, J.L. Tymoezko-“Biochemistry” W.H. freeman & Co. 2002
4. Introduction to protein structure by B randen and Tooze(1998): Garland publishing group.

10
Genetics
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT104103BT
[Pre Requisite- Basic Biosciences, Microbiology]

Course Objectives
1. Acquainted with Mendelian genetics and sex determination.
2. Understand the Microbial, evolutionary and molecular genetics.
3. Understand the genetics of human.
4. Know the developmental and population genetics.

Course Content

Unit 1 – Mendelian Genetics and Sex Determination

Allele, Mendel’s experiments, Mendel’s Laws, Back & test cross, Linkage & crossing over, Deviations of Mendel’s rati os
due of gene interaction, Hugo de Vries mutation theory, Genetic mapping in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Chromosomal basis of sex determination, Sex linked inheritance, Sex influence & sex limited traits, Ge n et ic b a la nce
theory, Cytoplasmic, Polygenic & criss-cross inheritance.

Unit 2 – Microbial, Evolutionary and Molecular Genetics

Methods of genetic transfers – transformation, conjugation, transduction, & sex -duction, Genetic mapping in
microbes, Concepts of neutral selection & evolution, molecular divergence & molecul ar cl ocks , Mol e cu l ar t ool s i n
phylogeny, Origin of new genes & proteins, Gene duplication & divergence.

Unit 3 – Human Genetics

Inborn error in metabolism, Sex linked disorders, Genetic disorders, Molecular basis of genetic diseases, Blood group &
Rh factor inheritance, Erythroblastosis fetalis, Twins, Amniocentesis, Genetic counselling.

Unit 4 – Developmental and Population Genetics

Genes in early development, Maternal effect genes; Pattern formation genes, Homeotic genes, Gene flow, Genetic drift,
Hardy-Weinberg’s law, Selection, Pedigree analysis, Genetic advances in agriculture & medicine.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Principles of Genetics by Gardner.
2. Concepts of Genetics by Klug and Cummings.
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. Genetics by Russel Benjamin Cumming Comp. Inc
2. Principles of Genetics by Robert Tamarin

11
Animal Cell and Plant Tissue Culture
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT104104BT
[Pre Requisite- Basic Biosciences, Microbiology]

Course Objectives
1. Understand the introductory of animal and plant tissue culture
2. Know the basis techniques involved in animal and plant tissue culture
3. Understand the application of animal cell culture
4. Acquainted with application of plant tissue culture
Course Content

Unit 1 - Introduction of Animal & Plant Tissue Culture

Scope of animal & plant tissue culture, Types of cultures, Laboratory Design and Layout, Essential Equipments,
General Safety Measures, Aseptic Techniques & Sterile Handling, Risk Assessment & management, T yp e s of a n i m a l
culture media, chemical composition and common animal medial used in lab, Plant tissue cu lt u re m e di a t yp e s a n d
composition.

Unit 2 - Basic Techniques in Animal Cell Culture

Animal cell culture basic techniques, Isolation of animal Cells, Steps involved in Primary Cell Culture, Culture
environment & maintenance, Subculture & propagation, Cell Proliferation & Viability assay, Culture con tamina t ion &
their identification techniques, Cell lines

Unit 3 – Basic Techniques in Plant Tissue Culture

Callus culture, Micropropagation, Haploid production, Somaclonal variations, Embryo culture and Reuse,
Morphogenesis, Molecular marker assisted selection, Molecular marker aided Plant breeding, and Quan t it a t iv e t r a it
loci.

Unit 4- Application of Plant Tissue culture and Animal Cell Culture

Application of biotic stress resistant variety, insect/virus resistance, fungal/bacterial diseases resistance, R esistance t o
abiotic stress, Herbicide resistance, hairy root culture and secondary metabolite production, germplasm preserva t ion ,
Transgenic Animal Production, Applications of transgenic animals. Embryonic Stem Cell Technology, In -vitro
Fertilization, Embryo Transfer Technology and its significance.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. Culture of Animal Cell by Freshney
2. Introduction to plant tissue culture by M.K. Razdan
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. Introduction to cell & tissue culture by Jennie P. Mather and Penelope E. Roberts Plenum Press, New York
and London.
2. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture by Jeffrey W Pollard and John M Walker

12
Thermodynamics & Reaction Engineering
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 4-0-0, (4) Core BT104105BT
[Pre Requisite- Chemistry, Bioprocess Calculation]

Course Objectives
1. Understand the laws of thermodynamics
2. Apply power and refrigeration cycles for bioprocesses
3. Calculate thermodynamic parameters involved in biochemical reactions
4. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solutions

Course Content

Unit 1 - Introduction to Thermodynamics

First and second Law of Thermodynamics and Other Basic Concepts, Calculation of Work, energy and property
changes in reversible processes, Thermodynamics of Flow Process and fluids, Volumetric Properties of Real Gases,
Maxwell’s relationships and their applications Residual Properties Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties using
Equation of State, Power cycles and refrigeration cycles.

Unit 2 - Solution Thermodynamics:

Partial Properties, Concepts of Chemical Potential and Fugacity, Ideal and Non Ideal Solutions, Gibbs free energy ,
enthalpy and entropy. Thermodynamics Theories: Phase and Chemical Reaction Equilibria: Criteria for phase
equilibrium ,Vapour Liquid equilibrium calculations for binary mixtures, Liquid –Liquid Equilibria and Solid
Liquid Equilibria.

Unit 3- Biochemical Thermodynamics: Metabolic Pathways and energetics ;

Energy Coupling (ATP & NADH) Stoichiometry and energetic analysis of Cell Growth and Product Formation
elemental Balances, Degree of reduction concepts; avai lable electron balances; yield coefficients.

Unit 4- Thermodynamics of microbial growth:

Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures; thermodynamic efficiency of growth, Energy balance
equation for free cell culture ; React ion thermodynamics. pH dependence of a Biochemical Reaction, Unfolding
of a protein as a function of Temperature.

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
1. J.M. Smith, H.C. van Ness and M.M. Abbott, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,
McGraw Hill, 2005
2. Stanley I. Sandler, Chemical, Biochemical, and Engineering Thermodynamics, 4Th Edition, Wiley, 2006.
Optional Materials: Reference Books
1. J.A Roels, Kinetics and Energetics in Biotechnology, Elsevier, 2003

2. Robert A. Alberty, Biochemical Thermodynamics: Applications of Mathematica 1stEdition, Wiley

Interscience, 2007.

13
Mathematics-IV (Numerical Methods)
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Mathematics 4-0-0, (4) EPR BT104001MA
[Pre-requisites: Mathematics-I, Mathematics-II]

Course Objective
1. To enable the students to apply the knowledge of Mathematics in various fields:
1. To solve the algebraic, transcendental and simultaneous linear equations and its application.
2. To solve the problems related to data appear equal or unequal intervals and to obtain a functional relationshi p
between the observed values.
3. To calculate the derivative of the function and evaluate the definite Integral from set of numerical values.
4. To solve the ordinary differential equations using different numerical techniques.

Course Content
UNIT-1: NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC, TRANSCENDENTAL AND SIMULTANEOUS
LINEAR EQUATIONS

Errors in numerical computation, Error type, Bisection Method, Regula–Falsi Method, Secant Method, Newton-
Raphson Method, Direct Methods: Gauss Elimination, Gauss-Jordan & Crout’s Triangularisation Method, Iterative
Methods: Jacobi, Gauss- Seidel & Relaxation Methods.

UNIT-2: INTERPOLATION AND CURVE FITTING

Finite differences, Forward, Backward & Central Difference Interpolation, Lagrange’s method and Newton’s Divided
Difference method, Principle of Least Squares, Fitting a Straight Line, Fitting a Parabola, Exponential function,
Method of Group Averages.

UNIT-3: NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

Derivatives using Forward, Backward and Central Difference methods, Deri vatives using unequally spaced values,
Newton-Cote’s Quadrature method, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3 rule, Simpson’s 3/8 rule, Weddle’s rule.

UNIT-4: NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Numerical Solution of ODE using Picard’s Method, Taylor’s Series Method, Euler’s Modified Method, Runge -Kutta
Method of Fourth Order, Milne’s Method, Adams–Bashforth Method..

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books

1. M. K. Jain, S. R. K. Iyengar & R. K. Jain Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, New
Age International (P) Limited, Publisher.
2. B. S. Grewal, Numerical Method in Engineering and Science, Khanna Publisher.
3. J. D. Hoffman, Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Publisher.

Optional Materials: Reference Books

1. P. Kandasamy, K. Thilagavathy, & K. Gunavathi, Numerical Methods, S. Chand Publisher.

2. E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons Inc. Publisher.
3. S. S. Sastry, Introductory methods of numerical analysis, PHI, Publisher.

14
Cell and Molecular Biology Lab
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 1-0-0, (1) Core BT104401BT
[Pre Requisite- Basic Biosciences Lab, Biochemistry and Microbiology Lab ]

Course Objectives
1. Experimentally verify the theoretical concepts and knowledge.

Course Content
1. Isolation of genomic DNA from plant cell by CTAB method.
2. Isolation of genomic DNA from microbial/blood cell.
3. Isolation of RNA from yeast cell.
4. Isolation of plasmid
5. Agarose gel Electrophoresis of isolated DNA/RNA/plasmid
6. DNA Elution from Agarose Gel
7. PCR to perform amplification of DNA
8. Restriction Digestion of genomic and plasmid DNA.
9. DNA Ligation
10. Southern blotting

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
Cell and Molecular Biology - A Lab Manual by K. V. Chaitanya.

Optional Materials: Reference Books

Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual" by Sambrook, J., & Russell, D. W.

15
Enzyme Technology Lab
[4th Semester, Second Year]

Course Description
Offered by Department Credits Status Code
Biotechnology 1-0-0, (1) Core BT104402BT
[Pre Requisite- Basic Biosciences Lab, Biochemistry and Microbiology Lab ]

Course Objectives
1. Will be able to isolate an enzyme
2. Will be able to study parameters effect on enzyme production
3. Estimate the kinetic parameters of enzymatic reactions
4. Study various techniques for enzyme purification
Course Content
1. Isolation of Alpha/Beta Amylase.
2. Alpha/Beta Amylase Enzyme purification: Ammonium sulphate precipitation, Gel filtration and ion
exchange chromatography
3. Effect of temperature/pH/concentration on amylase activity.
4. Determination of Specific and total activity calculation
5. Purity analysis: SDS gel electrophoresis, HPLC
6. Enzyme kinetics (Effect of substrate concentration on Enzyme kinetics and determination of Km and Vmax,
Kcat, catalytic affect)
7. Various Techniques of enzyme immobilization, use of sodium alginate for immobilization of amylase
enzyme.
8. Enzyme inhibition kinetics
9. Enzyme production at reactor scale
10. Recycling of co-enzymes

Course Materials
Required Text: Text books
Julio Polaina and Andrew P. MacCabe: Industrial Enzymes Structure, Function and Applications, Springer,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2007.
Optional Materials: Reference Books
Bioprocess Engineering Principles. By Paulin M. Doran. Elsevier Science & Technology Books.2008.
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