Running head: INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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Explain the term information system

An information system is a collection of interconnected components that gather, store, and

analyze data as well as provide information, knowledge, and digital products.

Identify three types of Information Systems that could be used at Cybertech

Security Company. Describe three functions that could be performed by each.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Transaction processing systems provide functions for usage in custom business

applications, such as data access, intercomputer connection, and user interface design and

management. It gathers, saves, updates, and retrieves an enterprise's data transactions.

Transaction processing systems also make an effort to ensure predictable response times to

requests, albeit this is less important than in real-time systems. Transaction processing supports

only predetermined, organized transactions, rather than enabling the user to run arbitrary

applications as time-sharing. Each transaction is typically brief, and the processing activity for

each transaction is pre-programmed.

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Management Information System (MIS)

At the management level, MIS largely serves the planning, controlling, and decision-making

activities. For the most part, they rely on underlying transaction processing systems for data. The

core operations of the company are summarized and reported on by the MIS. The information

system makes it easier to make decisions. Controlling events forces them to follow a set of rules.

Setting performance criteria, assessing performance against those goals, and rectifying

discrepancies are all part of it.

Decision Support System (DSS)

More informed decision-making, timely problem-solving, and greater efficiency in dealing

with issues, operations, planning, and even management are all possible with decision support

systems. In organizations, a decision support system analyzes and synthesizes vast amounts of

data to assist in decision-making. With this information, it produces reports that may project

revenue, sales, or manage inventory. Through the integration of multiple variables, a DSS can

produce a number of different outcomes based on the company’s previous data and current

inputs. Based on current and historical company data, decision support systems are used to make

actionable decisions or generate many probable outcomes. Simultaneously, decision support

systems can be used to generate reports for consumers that are simple to understand and can be

customized based on user preferences.

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Why are information system keys for pandemic response?

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has changed our world forever. Thousands of

people are dying, millions of people are in lockdown, and many businesses will not survive.

 During a pandemic, more than in any other public health situation, information systems play

a critical role in managing data and other information at the speed the situation requires. They

provide essential evidence for taking action, making the most informed decisions possible, and

adjusting policies to allow for better intelligence on actions to improve health. Information

systems also provide immediate, expeditious, and coordinated data access and sharing, and they

facilitate the prioritization of care, access, and response, especially for people in conditions of

vulnerability.

Five Characteristics of High-Quality Information.

Five characteristics of high-quality information are accuracy, completeness, consistency,

uniqueness, and timeliness. Information needs to be of high quality to be useful and accurate.

The information that is input into a data base is presumed to be perfect as well as accurate. The

five characteristics of high-quality information are:

Accuracy- The accuracy of any data refers to how correctly it describes the real-life conditions

it aims to represent without being deceptive. When you base your next course of action on

insights from inaccurate data, your efforts will not have the desired effects. Inaccurate

information can cause significant problems to an enterprise with severe consequences. Obsolete

information, errors and redundancies are some of the constituents of an inaccurate dataset.
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Completeness- Accuracy of information is just not enough. It should also be complete which

means facts and figures should not be missing or concealed. Telling the truth but not only is of

no use. Completeness refers to how comprehensive the information is. When looking at data

completeness, think about whether all of the data you need is available. When there is no

variation in the collected dataset compared to an organization’s needs and expectations, the data

can be considered complete. Complete datasets are characterized by their lack of empty or

incomplete fields. Without a complete picture of a situation the data describes, it is difficult to

perform accurate analyses. Making decisions based on such flawed insights can badly impact

businesses and waste valuable resources.

Validity- In the realm of data quality characteristics, validity means that a piece of

information doesn’t contradict another piece of information in a different source or system.

Validity is a vital data quality characteristic. When pieces of information contradict themselves,

you can’t trust the data. You could make a mistake that could cost your firm money and

reputational damage. Validity is also referred to as data integrity. A dataset is considered valid

when data points appear in the correct format, are of the right type and the values are within

range. Datasets that don’t match the validation criteria are difficult to organize and study, and

would therefore require extra effort to align with the rest of the database. In most cases when a

dataset is invalid and needs manual fixing, the extraction process and the source are the primary

culprits rather than the data itself.

Consistency- Many systems in today’s environments use or collect the same source data.

Regardless of what source collected the data or where it resides, it cannot contradict a value

residing in a different source or collected by a different system. There must be a stable and

steady instrument that collects and stores the data without inconsistency or unnecessary variance.
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When dealing with multiple datasets or different periodical versions of the same dataset,

corresponding data points must be consistent in terms of data type, format and content. With

inconsistent data, teams get different answers for the same question.

Timeliness- This refers to how up to date the information is. The timeliness of information is

an important data quality characteristic, because information that isn’t timely can lead to people

making the wrong decisions. In a high-quality dataset, the data is collected as soon after the

event it represents as possible. With time, every dataset becomes less accurate, consistent and

useful as it becomes a representation of the past and not the current reality. So, to get the best

possible output from your efforts, the freshness and relevance of your dataset is one of the most

important features.

Discuss three (3) areas of the research that was done by Cybertech security

that you think would have changed during the past three (3) years.

Market research helps to assess key trends in an effort to anticipate how the market may

change. It helps to identifying new market segments, developing new products and choosing

your target market. Market research is in effect an integral part of any business or organization.

Cybertech in their effort to capitalize on the current trends especially during the Covid Pandemic

would evidently be reflecting changes once the market factors have been affected Three of the

areas of research done by Cybertech that may have changed during the past three to five years

may include:
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Research on Communication or Advertising

The increase in the speed of communication has created a sense of urgency and a need to

share things among people over longer distances and certainly within a much shorter time. Over

the past five years Cybertech would employ the use of the internet and online platform even

more so than before as an integral part of how they communicate internally and externally or

advertise their goods and services. Adding to this impetus and urgent need for change and

ingenuity is the emergence of the Covid Pandemic. Less physical interaction between individuals

made it necessary for online advertising and communication to play a greater role. Certainly,

with more people working from home, spending more time before their computers, and going out

in public less, more is now done online to attract and communicate with customers, with

members of staff, suppliers etc. The use of technology has greatly improved the communication

process.

Research on Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction

Research on customer satisfaction is defined as a measurement that determines how

happy customers are with a company's products, services, and capabilities. Customer satisfaction

information, including surveys and ratings, can help a company determine how to best improve

or change its products and services Customer service technology trends have allowed companies

to provide a more personalized experience, and save money. Rather than waiting hours on the

phone, or days for a reply to an email, customers can make instant communication through the

use of live chats or social media interaction. By the use of this technology Cybertech are able to

gather, disseminate, and action customer concerns in a much faster time. Gathering information

on customer service satisfaction will also be done in a timely manner.

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Research on Decision Making

The main objective of information systems is helping decision makers by providing accurate

and time-based information which is essential to the optimal functioning of any business, helping

them to make the right decisions especially in a turbulent business environment.

Decision-making is a dynamic process that begins with the accumulation of evidence and

each step is itself subject to several dynamic processes, such as planning, information search and

evaluation

This is a cognitive process that results in the selection of a course of action among several

alternative scenarios. ... Therefore, corporate decision-making is the most critical process in any

organization. In a decision-making process, we choose one course of action from a few possible

alternatives.

Describe of 3 three General Information Management Systems and the level

that they fall at.

Transaction Processing System

Transaction processing System is used to keep record of all transaction in a business such

as a sale, receipts, payroll etc. This system is used by users at the operational management level,

A transaction processing system is a computerized system that performs and records the daily

routine transactions necessary to conduct business. Tasks, resources, and goals are predefined

and highly structured at the operational level. The primary function of systems at this level is to

respond to routine questions and to track the flow of transactions through the organization. These

systems aid in helping the manager to answer these questions:

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 How many parts do you have in stock?

 What became of Mr. Smith's payment? To answer these types of questions, information

must generally be easily accessible, current, and accurate.

In the system illustrated by this diagram, three TPS supply summarized transaction data to the

MIS reporting system at the end of the time period. Managers gain access to the organizational

data through the MIS, which provides them with the appropriate reports.

Executive Support System (ESS)

Executive Support Systems address nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation,

and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS present graphs

and data from many sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use. Often

the information is delivered to senior executives through a portal, which uses a web interface to

present integrated personalized business content. ESS are designed to incorporate data about

external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, but they also draw summarized information

from internal MIS and DSS. This information system falls at the strategic level.
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Decision-support systems

These systems are primarily used by mid-to-upper-level-management, Decision support

systems concentrate on problems that are unique and rapidly changing, and for which the

procedure for arriving at a solution may not be completely predefined in advance. They attempt

to respond to questions such as these: What effect would it have on production schedules if we

doubled sales in December? Although decision support system uses internal information from

transaction processing system and management information system, they frequently bring in

information from outside sources, such as current stock prices or competitor product prices.

These systems are used by "super-user" managers and business analysts who want to use

advanced analytics.

• Decision support systems allow for more informed decision making-making,

timely problem solving, and improved efficiency in dealing with issues or operations, planning

and even management.

• A decision support system differs from an ordinary operations application, whose

function is just to collect data.

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The figure above illustrates the DSS built for this company. The system operates on a

powerful desktop personal computer, providing a system of menus that makes it easy for users to

enter data or obtain information.

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References

Ågerfalk, P. Conboy, K. & Myers, M. (2020). Information systems in the age of pandemics:

COVID-19 and beyond, European Journal of Information Systems. Retrieved from:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0960085X.2020.1771968

Bee, R., & Bee, F. (1990). Management Information Systems and Statistics. Management Studies

Series. London: Institute of Personnel Management. retrieved from

https://www.fao.org/3/w7506e/w7506e03.htm

Laudon, K. and Laudon, J. (1994). Management information systems. New York: Macmillan

Pub. Co., pp.74,77,78.

PAHO.(2021).pan American organization. Covid 19 and the importance of strengthening

information system. Retrieved form

https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52127https://www.grepsr.com/blog/characteristics-of-high-

quality-data/

Segal Investopedia. (2021). Decision support system. Retrieved form

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decision-support-system.asp

Zwass, V. (2020). information system. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/information-system