FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

BUILT ENVIRONMENTAL
Draft Final Year Project Report FYP 2

THE STUDY OF STORMWATER DISCHARGE ON THE PERMEABLE

PAVEMENT

by

Sharul Alia Shahira Binti Jafari

AF160054

Cluster Examination Panel Approval by Supervisor

1 Signature and official stamp:
KKAP Dr. MOHD AZLAN BIN MOHD
KKBP YUSOFF
2
KKIG PUAN NOOR ALIZA BINTI AHMAD
KKSB

Date of submission
to FKAAB office: 15 JULY 2020
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

STATUS CONFIRMATION FOR UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT REPORT

THE STUDY OF STORMWATER DISCHARGE ON THE PERMEABLE

PAVEMENT
ACADEMIC SESSION : 2019/2020

I, SHARUL ALIA SHAHIRA BINTI JAFARI, agree to allow the

UndergraduateProject Report to be kept at the Library under the following terms:

1. This Undergraduate Project Report is property of the Universiti Tun Hussein

Onn Malaysia
2. The library has the right to make copies for academic purposes only.
3. The library is allowed to make copies of the report for educational exchange
between higher educational institution.
4. ** *lease Mark ()
(Contain information of high security or of great
CONFIDENTIAL importance to Malaysia as STIPULATED under the
OFFICIAL SECRET ACT 1972)
RESTRICTED (Contain restricted information as determined by the
organization/institution where research was
conducted.)

 FREE ACCESS

Approved by,

__________________________ ____________________________
(WRITER’S SIGNATURE) (SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE)
ENCIK WANAFNIZAN BIN WAN
MOHAMED @ WAN ABD GHANI

Permanent Address:
SHARUL ALIA SHAHIRA BINTI JAFARI
NO 59 JALAN SEJAHTERA 8A/KU8,
TAMAN MERU SEJAHTERA,
41050, MERU, KLANG

Date: 14 JULY 2020 Date: 14 JULY 2020

NOTE:
** If this Undergraduated Project Report is classified as
CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach the letter from the
relevent authority/organization stating reasons and duration for such
classifications.
THE STUDY OF STORMWATER DISCHARGE ON THE PERMEABLE
PAVEMENT

SHARUL ALIA SHAHIRA BINTI JAFARI

A project submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the Degree of Bachelor Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil and Built Environment

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JULY 2020
 ii

I hereby declare that the work in this project report is my own except
quotations and summaries which I have duly acknowledge

Student : …………………………………………….
SHARUL ALIA SHAHIRA BINTI JAFARI
Date : 14 JULY 2020

Supervisor : …………………………………………….
ENCIK WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN
MOHAMED @ WAN ABD GHANI

Date : 14 JULY 2020

 iii

Dedicated to

My beloved parents,
Jafari Bin Abdullah
Che Norhayati Binti Che Merah

My Siblings,
Abe
Asha
Boy

My Supervisor,
Encik Wan Afnizan Bin Wan Mohamed @ Wan Abd Ghani
Dr Hartini Binti Kasmin

My dear friends
Kimah, Mekwa, Baithi, Syuh, Na’ah, Afi, Ken, Zati
And Everyone

May Allah S.W.T bless you all and thank you for everything
Thank you for the 4 years of most beautiful memories
in my life
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum,
In a name of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, most gracious and most merciful, with His permission,
Alhamdullilah the report has been complete.
I would like to thank En. Wan Afnizan Bin Wan Mohamed as my final
project supervisor at University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, he is a very responsible
supervisor and takes care of all undergraduate project students who are under them.
Also, I would like thank to my sub-supervisor Dr Hartini Binti Kasmin, she also
made great guidance and constructive comments to me during the time I conducted the
study. I can learn a lot of guidance and admonition given while under both
supervisions.
I do not forget too, for my parents who been giving passion, advice and never
stopped praying that I succeeded during my studies at university level from
matriculation, up to Bachelor level at University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
until I complete my undergraduate project.
I would like to thanks all my beloved friends who stay with me up and down
all the time during my studies. Without support from all my friends, it would be hard
for me go through all of these alone. Sincere from bottom of my heart, thank you for
these 4 years memories. I would keep it as one of my most precious and beautiful
memories in my life.
 ii

ABSTRACT

This study is focusing on the workability of the permeable pavement where this
structure is design in order for help reducing the risk of the flooding since it is one of
the control measurement structure of the stormwater runoff. Urban area is most critical
area since it has a low infiltration rate compared with the rural area due to the
infrastructure that being built over the surface of the earth. This permeable are usually
being implement at the area with the low traffic load such as parking lots and
pedestrian areas. This study is focusing interlocking and turf block pavement where it
is one of the types of permeable pavement. Objective that need to be achieve in this
study is to predict the time required for the 3 different material of dry pond to reach
empty point of the pond. To compare the effectiveness of infiltration between different
type of permeable pavements. Data from the previous study is collected to achieve the
objective. From the calculation, the percentage rate of the infiltration for the turf block
pavement is 98.7% and for the interlocking block pavement is 92.3%. The percentage
are used to calculate the time required for dry pond reach empty point. Time required
for the turf block pavement is 5.8 minute where it is the lowest compare to the
interlocking pavement 5.9 minute and asphalt pavement 9.11 minute. By using the
time required for pond to reach the empty point, it can conclude that turf pavement has
a better hydrological performance compare to the interlocking block and asphalt
pavement. To find the best result, further studies using various of type of permeable
pavement should be consider.
 iii

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada kebolehkerjaan turapan permeabiliti, di mana struktur

ini direkabentuk khas bagi membantu dalam mengurangkan risiko banjir kerana ia
merupakan salah satu struktur dalam kawalan larian air hujan. Kawasan bandar yang
pesat adalah kawasan yang amat kritikal, hal ini kerana kawasan ini mempunyai kadar
peresapan yang rendah berbanding dengan kawasan luar bandar disebabkan oleh
infrastruktur yang dibina di atas permukaan bumi. Turapan telap ini kebiasaannya
digunapakai di kawasan yang mempunyai beban lalu lintas yang rendah seperti tempat
letak kereta dan kawasan pejalan kaki. Kajian ini tertumpu kepada pengunaan batu
bata kekunci dan blok pengayun rumput dimana ia merupakan salah satu daripada
jenis-jenis turapan telap. Objektif yang perlu dicapai dalam kajian ini adalah untuk
meramalkan masa yang diperlukan untuk 3 jenis turapan untuk kolam kering mencapai
titik nilai kolam yang kosong dan untuk membandingkan keberkesanan penyusupan
air hujan di antara 3 jenis turapan. Data dari kajian sebelumnya diambil untuk
mencapai objektif tersebut. Dari pengiraan yang telah dilakukan, kadar peratusan
penyusupan untuk turapan blok pengayun rumput adalah 98.7% and untuk turapan
blok batu bata kekunci adalah 92.3%. Peratusan yang diperoleh digunakan untuk
mengira masa yang diperlukan untuk kolam mencapai titik kering. Masa yang
diperlukan oleh turapan blok pengayun rumput adalah 5.8 minit dimana ia adalah masa
yang terendah jika dibandingkan dengan jenis turapan yang lain, turapan batu bata
kekunci memerlukan 5.9 minit manakala turapan aspal ialah 9.11 minit. Dengan nilai
masa yang diperoleh dari pengiraan ini, dapat disimpulkan bahawa turapan blok
pengayun rumput mempunyai prestasi hidrologi yang lebih baik berbanding dengan
blok batu bata kekunci and turapan aspal. Untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang lebih
baik, kajian lanjutan dengan menggunakan jenis turapan telap yang berlainan harus
dipertimbangkan.
 iv

CONTENT

ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
LIST OF TABLE vii
LIST OF FIGURE viii
LIST OF SYMBOL x
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem statement 3
1.3 Objectives 4
1.4 Scope of limitations 4
1.5 Significant of study 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RIVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Impact of the urbanization toward hydrology cycle 7
2.3 Stormwater 9
2.3.1 Stormwater management 9
2.4 Infiltration 13
2.5 On-site detention (OSD) 14
2.5.1 Primary outlet 17
2.5 Parking lot with dry pond concept 19
2.6 Primary outlet 17
2.6.1 Orifice 17
2.6.2 Rectangular-nocth weir 18
2.6.3 Underdrain 18
2.7 Permeable pavement 19
2.7.1 Types of permeable pavement 20
2.7.1.1 Permeable concrete 20
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2.7.1.2 Permeable asphalt (PA) 21

2.7.1.3 Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP) 21
2.7.1.4 Concrete grid pavers (CGP) 22
2.7.1.5 Plastic grid pavers (PG) 22
2.8 Permeable pavement ( Plastic Grid Pavers) system 23
2.8.1 Light Load 24
2.8.2 Medium load 25
2.8.3 Heavy Load 25
2.9 Rainfall performance on the permeable pavement 26
2.9.1 Influence of the permeable pavement 26
2.10 Hydrograph 27
2.10.1 Hydrograph characteristic 27
2.11 Conclusion 28
CHAPTER 3 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Study Area 31
3.2.1 Location 31
3.3 Permeable pavement system 33
3.3.1 Material of pavement 33
3.3.1.1 Interlocking pavement 34
3.3.1.2 Turf block 35
3.4 Equipment 36
3.4.1 Area velocity flow module 36
3.4.2 High density polyethylene pipe (HDPE Pipe) 36
3.5 Collecting Data 42
3.5.1 Tabulated data 38
3.6 Simple linear regression 38
3.7 Standard error 39
3.8 Drawdown calculation 40
3.8.1 Asphalt pavement 40
3.8.2 Turf and interlocking pavement 41
3.9 Conclusion 42
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data analysis 43
 vi

4.2 Data collected 44

4.3 Simple linear regression 46
4.3.1 Average percentage of interlocking 46
4.3.2 Average percentage of turf block 50
4.4 Time required for discharge 53
4.4.1 Asphalt pavement 54
4.4.2 Interlocking and turf pavement 54
4.5 Discussion 55
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 57
5.2 Recommendation 58
REFERENCES 59
APPENDIX 62
 vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Total volume data of runoff in 1st April 2012 to 30th April 2012 38
Table 4.1: Total volume data of runoff in 1st April 2012 to 30th April 2012 44
Table 4.2: Percentage of infiltration at the interlocking block pavement 46
Table 4.3: Value of the y, ŷ and (ŷ-y)2 of interlocking block pavement 48
Table 4.4: Value of the reduction of data 49
Table 4.5: percentage of infiltration for turf block 50
Table 4.6: Value of the y, ŷ and (ŷ-y)2 of turf block pavement 52
Table 4.7: Reduction of data for turf pavement 53
 viii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1. 1: Rainfall distribution at Peninsular Malaysia 2

Figure 1. 2 : Rainfall distribution at East Malaysia 2
Figure 2. 1: A schematic diagram of various fluxes within the hydrologic cycle 7
Figure 2. 2 : A conceptual diagram of the hydrologic cycle 8
Figure 2.3: Typical Stormwater Management Measures 11
Figure 2.4: Stormwater Management Hierarchy 11
Figure 2.5: illustration of surface flow before development 12
Figure 2.6: illustration of surface flow after development 12
Figure 2.7: shows the different of rate of infiltration for a different case 13
Figure 2. 8: Hydrograph schematic 14
Figure 2.9: Illustration of detention pond 15
Figure 2.10: Typical on-site detention storage facilities 16
Figure 2.11: Permeable concrete cylinder showing water passing through 20
Figure 2.12: Typical top surface of hardened permeable concrete 21
Figure 2. 5 : Typical surface of the permeable asphalt 21
Figure 2. 6 : Typical surface of the PICP 22
Figure 2. 7 : A typical grid pavement for occasional vehicular traffic 22
Figure 2. 8 : Typical installation of the plastic grid pavers 23
Figure 2. 9: Cross section of a typical block paver permeable pavement 24
installation without underdrain
Figure 2. 19: Typical hydrograph 27
Figure 3. 1 : Flow chart of the methodology 30
Figure 3.1: Location of the HTC Kuala Lumpur 31
Figure 3.2: shows the total area that been measure by the Google Earth 32
Figure 3.3 shows the total value of area for HTC Kuala Lumpur 32
 ix

Figure 3.4: Implement of three (3) different type of pavement at the HTC 33
Kuala Lumpur
Figure 3.5: Cross section of the interlocking pavement block 34
Figure 3.6: Cross section of turf grass pavement 35
Figure 3.7: Portable doppler area velocity flow 36
Figure 3.8: HDPE Pipe that been install at site 37
Figure 3.9: The installment of HDPE pipe and Portable doppler area velocity 37
flow at the outlet
Figure 3.10: Shows the example of the simple linear regression line in certain 39
data
Figure 3.11: The value of the ŷ can be obtained from the graph 40
Figure 4.1: Comparison of volume stormwater runoff between asphalt and 45
interlocking block pavement.
Figure 4.2 shows the simple linear regression line based on data percentage 47
of the infiltration on interlocking block pavement.
Figure 4.3 shows the simple linear regression line based on data percentage 51
of the infiltration on turf block pavement.
 x

LIST OF SYMBOL

BCM, bcm - Billion cubic metre

Q, q - the orifice flow rate/ pipe capacity (m3/s)
Cd - orifice discharge coefficient
Ao - area of orifice (m2)
Ho - effective head orifice measures from centroid of opening (m)
g - acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
t - time to empty (s)
y - depth of water in the storage (m)
As - storage water surface area at depth y (m2)
H1,2 - effective heads orifice measured from centroid of opening(m)
A - cross-sectional area of the pipe (m2)
ys - water depth at the upstream invert of the pipe (m)
yc - water depth at the downstream invert of the pipe (m)
S - pipe longitudinal slope (m/m)
L - pipe length (m)
KL - sum of loss factors for the pipe system
 xi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Gant Chart Final Year Project I

Appendix 2: Gant Chart Final Year Project II
Appendix 3: Graph Of Rate Percentage Of Infiltration For Turfing Block
Appendix 4: Graph Of Rate Percentage Of Infiltration For Interlocking Block
Appendix 5: Implement Of 3 Different Type Of Pavement
Appendix 6: Table of Final Result
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Malaysia is a country that located in the Southeast Asia with the latitudes 1˚ and 7˚N
and longitudes 100˚ and 119˚E (Ismail, et al, 2012). With the approximately 330,000
sq.km, Malaysia are divided to the 2 part which is West Malaysia (Peninsula) and East
Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001). Malaysia contain 14 states
including Sabah and Sarawak with present population of 31.62 million people in 2017.
Malaysia's climate is equatorial with high humidity, marked by monsoons annually s
outhwest (April through October) and northeast (October through February). For
Peninsular Malaysia, it has an average volume of 320 billion cubic meters (bcm), for
Sabah 194 bcm and Sarawak 476 bcm (Ismail, et al, 2012). In Malaysia, the
construction of drainage channel is very important because of the frequent rainfall that
can cause flooding if it has not been properly designed.
 2

Figure 1. 3: Rainfall distribution at Peninsular Malaysia (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001)

Figure 1. 4 : Rainfall distribution at East Malaysia (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001)

The Urban Stormwater Manual (MSMA) is used by Malaysia as a guideline for

any drainage system that needs to be designed. MSMA are published by the
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID) in 2000 as a long-term national
guidelines and priorities are thoroughly implemented to ensure efficient urban
drainage system in controlling the quantity of water runoff that being discharge (NOH,
2001).
Mostly, all cities in the Malaysia are depend on pipe network systems, which in the
19th century were widely developed. Traditional systems collect storm runoff and then
disperse it to watercourses and sewer system in that area. This traditional system is
 3

effective in term of controlling the quantity of the water runoff but in term of the
quality of water cannot be control (Ismail, et al. 2012).
This pipe network system is functional to avoid flood from occur at the downhill area.
The rapid urban development requires a good pipe network system to allow water
runoff to flow out in a controlled rate. Control of the water runoff discharge will avoid
an increasement in river water level that can cause flood event at the downhill area.
Permeable pavement is being design with the more void space compared with the
normal pavement. This permeable pavement can allow stormwater to infiltrate either
to the bottom reservoir or the exfiltrate into the soil during the rainfall event (Lariyah
M.S, et al. 2014). Meaning that there will be few percent of the stormwater runoff that
will not being discharge directly to the drainage. This will help in term of controlling
and reduce the volume of stormwater runoff discharge in order to avoid flood events
from occur.
Permeable pavement is normally in Malaysia being applied at the place such as parking
lots, pedestrian walkways, gardens, basketball court, tennis court surfaces, and the
residential streets. There are several different types of permeable pavement and the
main differences between each type of pavement are the total pore space, the spatial
arrangement of the underlying layers and their structural strength (Lariyah M.S, et al.
2014).
The most common types include permeable concrete (PC), permeable interlocking
concrete pavers (PICP), concrete grid pavers (CGP), permeable asphalt (PA), and
plastic grid pavers (PG). The selection type of the pavement is depending on it design
and site characteristic because not all site is suit to use permeable paving (Ismail, et al.
2012).

1.2 Problem statement

For urban area, flash flood is event that commonly occur during the heavy rainfall.
Flash flood is event that happen with the high velocity flows of water in a short time
warning. Fact state that flood is one of most dangerous type of flood since this type of
flood has destructive power with incredible speed and unpredictable. It also often
 4

causes significant damage to infrastructure, the environment and loss of lives since it
often happens without a warning (Norashikin, et al. 2018).
Urban area is known as a rapid developing area where it required good pipe network
system in order to avoid flash flood from occur since urban area seen to have large
reduction of green and forested area. This situation leads to the flash flood to occur
because of the limited rate of the water absorption at the urban area.
Thus, in urbanization area any constructions will use the on-site detention (OSD) pond
system such as concrete tank, parking area and etc, to store the stormwater during
rainfall event and as a prevention of stormwater from being released in large quantities
into the lowlands in one period. If large quantities of the stormwater runoff being
discharge in one period, tendency of flood will occur at the low land area will increase.
For the too compact of urban area, it hard to construct of the on-site detention where
there has to limited space area.

1.3 Objectives

This study is focusing on the workability of the permeable pavement to detent the
stormwater runoff to help in reducing the risk of the flood from occur. There are two
objectives that will be focused in this study which is:

i. To predict the time required for the 3 different material of dry pond to reach
empty point of the pond.
ii. To compare the effectiveness of infiltration between different type of
permeable pavements.

1.4 Scope of limitations

This study is focusing on the investigate the workability of the permeable paving in
aspect of detent the stormwater runoff.
 5

i. Characteristic of current permeable pavement that are used in the market will
be reviewed and tested.
ii. This study will analyze the volume of the stormwater discharge of these
pavements.
iii. The data collection will be analyzed to compared to know the best type of
permeable pavement.

1.5 Significant of study

The significances of this study are as the following:

i. To provide details information about the workability of the permeable
pavement in term of detent the stormwater runoff.
ii. To be serve as a reference for the future reseach in the permeable pavement.
iii. To provide addtional knowledge of permeable pavement to be widely used in
Malaysia.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss about how the permeable pavement will help in reducing the
stormwater runoff from the past research. For the urban areas, asphalt road surface is
lead individually to a large part of impermeable ground cover, thus the quantity of the
surface runoff is deciding by it. During late 1960s, the research has been conducted in
order to create new type of pavement by the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Multiple type of porous pavement has been designed and available at the market since
then (Yau et al., 2016).
Permeable pavement is a pavement with the high porosity where it will
improve the rate of the infiltration of the pavement compare to the normal asphalt
pavement. Permeable pavement are created firm surface of the pavement that strong
enough to support light vehicle load and pedestrians (Mullaney & Lucke, 2014).
For the rapid urban areas, the control measure of the stormwater runoff is the
implementation of On-Site Detention (OSD) (Cuell, 2016). For some cases where at
the region that rapid of development, OSD are being replace with the permeable
pavement in order to control the surface runoff to reduce the risk of the flood from
occur.
 7

2.2 Impact of the urbanization toward hydrology cycle

Urbanization is an area that are rapid in growth of their development, where the native
pervious soils are being disturbed and sealed by the large infrastructure such as roof,
roads, and pavement. Hydrology cycle is a movement of the water continuously either
on earth surface or below it. Urbanization will cause major impact to the hydrological
cycle since it related to the porous surface of the earth that will allow the infiltration
of the runoff. It is important to know and understand how the urbanization will affect
the hydrology cycle (Pumo et al., 2017).
Stormwater are moving through the physical processes of evaporation, condensation,
precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow form on reservoir to
another, such as from river to ocean, of from ocean to atmosphere. It will be preserved
in the sea, in the air, above and below the surface of the earth (Pagano & Sorooshian,
2014). Figure 2.1 shown the hydrology cycle of the water from the precipitation where
it passes through various forms such a liquid, solid (ice) and vapor in several process.
The important reservoirs within the hydrologic cycle are ocean, atmosphere,
cryosphere, land surface and groundwater.

Figure 2. 10: A schematic diagram of various fluxes within the hydrologic cycle
(Pagano & Sorooshian, 2014)
 8

Hydrology cycle is naturally happened in a cycle way thus, this process will be
interrupted due to the human activities in developing an urbanization. Urbanization are
referring to the general population increase and the amount of settlement
industrialization. Due to the growth of human in urban areas, the need to develop a
city will becomes more rapid. With this rapid development, it will give impact to the
hydrology cycle where the urban areas will disrupt the amount of water infiltration
into the ground. This situation happens due to the infrastructure that being built on the
surface of the ground. According to the study, around the world, 3% of the surface of
the earth are had been paved (Eduardo-Javier, Valerio-Carlos, Daniel, & Jorge , 2019).
Figure 2.2 is about the concept of the hydrologic cycle where is shows the flow of the
precipitation including the process and phases that occur during the cycle.

Figure 2. 11 : A conceptual diagram of the hydrologic cycle (Pagano & Sorooshian,

2014)

Infiltration is a one of the important process in hydrology cycle. Infiltration is the

downward entry into the soil of water from surface such as rainfall or irrigation. It
replenishes the soil moisture deficiency. Due to the gravitational force, the surplus
water moves down into the soil and builds up groundwater storage (Pagano &
Sorooshian, 2014). Infiltration rate are depending on the opening surface of earth that
allowed water to infiltrate. Thus, this will lead flash flood to occur during the rainfall
 9

event. These studies prove that with the if the area has high infiltration rate it can
reduce the stormwater runoff. This reduction of stormwater runoff will be lowering
the risk of flash flood from occur during the raining event.

2.3 Stormwater

Stormwater is a water that generate during the precipitation event. All the
infrastructure that sealed the surface of earth will reduce the rate of infiltration which
is lead to the increasement of the stormwater runoff. Compared to the natural
stormwater runoff, volume of urban stormwater runoff is higher due to the ratio of
impervious surface that resulting less water are infiltrate by the ground(Sartipi et al,
2019). This stormwater runoff will flow into the nearest drainage system mixed with
the any pollution at the surface such as: animal waste, oil, pesticides, trash and
fertilizers. Due to this, the runoff is not being filter that can cause reduction in water
quality.
The uncontrollable of stormwater surface runoff may lead to a few problems
such an increased flooding due to the stormwater runoff will approaches waterways
much faster and in higher quantities than in natural landscapes. It can also cause
degraded water quality since it carries a lot type of pollution without being filter into
the waterways. Streambank erosion also cause by the stormwater runoff since there is
sudden increasement in stream volume and velocity (Vermont Department of
Environmental Conservation, 2018).

2.3.1 Stormwater management

Stormwater management is a solution that need to be done within a catchment in order

to reduce existing stormwater problems and to prevent any new problem to occur. In
order to fulfil the needs of an urban population, stormwater management are involved
in development and implementation in structural and non-structural to measure
conveyance and storage function of stormwater system.
 10

There is an approach that based from the broad and holistic principle for
effective management of stormwater environment of its catchment and receiving
waters as shown in Figure 2.3. This include the hydrological, water quality, vegetation,
and aquatic habitat (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001). These approaches are important in
order to achieve a balanced of environmental outcome. An appropriate stormwater
management hierarchy based on this principle is shown in Figure 2.4.
The storage of the detention and retention can be classified into on-site,
community and regional storage bases on their size and location. For the on-site
detention, it normally being construct at the development site such as parking lot and
roof top since it only provides small storage to detain the runoff on the site(Ponds,
2000). Community storage are normally built at the public open spaces or in
combination with a sport and public recreation facilities (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001).
Regional storage is a large community storage that located near to the major
drainageway and the range areas of the upstream watershed are about 130-acres to one-
square mile (SEMSWA et al., 2017)

Figure 2.12: Typical Stormwater Management Measures (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001)
 11

Figure 2.13: Stormwater Management Hierarchy (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001)

2.4 Infiltration

The different of the surface before and after development are shown in figure 2.5 and
figure 2.6. the significant differences in this surface in the total volume of the surface
runoff due to the development where there is increment of impervious surface that will
reduce the infiltration rates (Pallavi.S.S, 2002).

Figure 2.5: illustration of surface flow before development(Pallavi Shashank Shinde,

2002)

Figure 2.6: illustration of surface flow after development (Pallavi Shashank Shinde,
2002)
 12

If rain occurs on an unsaturated soil slope, a part of the overall rainfall will infiltrate
into the earth, while at the surface will produce run-off (total rainfall minus total
infiltration). Water that permeate into the slope will increases the soil's water content
and reduces in-situ suction, thus reducing the soil 's capacity of infiltration. For this
reason, after a rainfall occurrence the proportion of the overall rainfall will be
constantly varies due to the infiltration and run-off (Pallavi Shashank Shinde, 2002).
During rainfall, the point at which the rate of infiltration into a partly saturated
soil will change from a controlled supply (where it dependent to the rainfall intensity)
to being capacity controlled (where depend on the soil infiltration capacity) varied
because of the rainfall intensity. Figure 2.7 show the relationships between the time
and infiltration rate, for a range of rainfall intensities. Assuming the intensity of the
rainfall is constant during a rainfall event, they describe a range of possible soil
responses: Case A: The saturated permeability (Ks) of the soil are higher than the
rainfall intensity (Ri). Assumed that All rainfall is percolate into the soil, and
throughout the rainfall event, the rate of infiltration remains constant (equal with the
rainfall intensity). For Cases B and C: In these scenarios Ks is smaller than Ri. At the
initial period of the precipitation, the capacity of infiltration exceeds Ri, and all water
will be infiltrates into the soil. From Figure 2.7 noted that the main assumptions of
the Mein–Larson model are that the soil minimum capacity of the infiltration is equal
to the saturated permeability and the run-off shall will not occur until the intensity of
the runoff reaches it saturated permeability of the soil (Xue & Gavin, 2008).

Figure 2.7: shows the different of rate of infiltration for a different case (Xue &
Gavin, 2008)
 13

2.5 On-site Detention (OSD)

On-site detention (OSD) are widely used in construction as an alternative to reduce the
volume of the water that being discharge. OSD are normally construct at the urban
stormwater drainage system where it will retain or detain the stormwater runoff from
being discharge in large quantity in one period (Shinde, 1997). On-site detention are
using the concept of detention, where it will act as a temporary storage of the
stormwater before release it slowly to the nearest drainage and downstream. This is
different from the retention where the water will not being discharge from the area of
retention and the subsequently are being released by infiltration and evaporation only.
(MSMA 1st Edition, 2001)

On-site detention is commonly been design as to functional in reducing of the quantity

of stormwater discharge but not for controlling the quality of the water that being
discharge. On-site detention as a one of the successful detention facilities where it can
provide reduction of the runoff volume for some extended period that been design
(Kenneth Quah, 2013). On-site detention had been proved that it can reduce the peak
and volume of the runoff a shown in the Figure 2.7 where it shown the different of the
duration in discharge of three different type of development.

Figure 2. 8: Hydrograph schematic (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001)

 14

2.5.1 On-site detention dry pond concept

Detention are one of the structures that been design with the aim to prevent
downstream floods and degradation by decreased flow levels. Urban detention started
in the 1960s when it was found that a rise in storm flooding and increasing flood
damage causes by the development. The main objective of the detention system is to
control and reducing the peak runoff rate. An inlet, a constricted outlet and a storage
basin are normally the basic elements that been consider as a detention facility(anwari,
2018).
Dry pond is one of the on-site detention structures that used on the development
site to detain runoffs. These types of facility structures often integrate, rooftop, parking
lot and cistern storage to functional as a dry or wet detention ponds also works as
infiltration basins and infiltration trenches.
Figure 2.9 shown how detention work. The inlets of the basin can be multiple.
When it reaches the ability of the basin, a secondary overflow or emergency spillway
is implemented to allow water to flow out from the basin. The spillway could be in the
form of earthen channels excavated on the sides of the dam or wide weirs, deeper than
the main outlet. The primary outlet may also be constructed to serve as an emergency
spillway. Detention storage shall be the depth of the reservoir above the offset level of
the drain. For the dry basin, the drain is flushed to the bottom of the pond. It should be
fully discharging the stormwater within a couple of hours after the flood occurrence
(Ponds, 2000).

Figure 2.9: Illustration of detention pond (Ponds, 2000)

 15

OSD can be divided into three types: above-ground storages, below-ground storage or
the combination of the both. Design of the storage will be done by using the simplified
hydrograph that combined with the expected outlet relationship in order to determine
the critical volume of water that need to be stored for that catchment area. For the
above-ground storages suitable for the landscaped areas, impervious areas, and flat
roof because for the above-ground storage it required a lot of space to be construct.
The advantages of the above-ground storage it easy for the maintenance and it
inexpensive compared to below-ground storages. Disadvantage of it that it not suitable
for the area that has limited space since it required some area at ground level (MSMA
1st Edition, 2001)
For the below-ground storage, there is three type of storage which is an
underground tank, pipe packages and combined storages. The advantages of the
below-ground storage are it will not require a lot of space to be construct and more
save compared to the above-ground storage. Disadvantage of the below-ground
surface is the cost for the construction are more expensive compared to above-ground
level. It also demands a high maintenance for the silt and debris clearance and can be
dangerous for the workers during the maintenance.

Figure 2.10: Typical on-site detention storage facilities (MSMA 1st Edition, 2001)
 16

2.6 Parking lot with dry pond concept

Parking lot are design to be one of the detention systems during the storm event.
Stormwater ponds will detain runoff and allow settlement of the pollutants to avoid it
from flow out with the runoff at the outflow. Different from wet ponds, dry pond is
not be design to have large permanent pond of water. However, dry pond is normally
being construct together with the small pools (Palla & Gnecco, 2015).
When rain occurs on a sloping paved area, part of it infiltrates into the earth,
part of it evaporates into the air, and as a result of gravity, the rest flows down from
the roof to the low level. The rain water will forms a surface flow-a thin layer of water,
which rises in thickness as it flows to the edges of the pavement. The length of flow
direction, surface structure, surface slope, and rainfall strength are factors that
influence the level of water on the pavement. The surface of parking dry pond consists
of gutters, cliffs, and inlets around the parking area (Imran, et, el, 2013).
For curved pavements with an absolute minimum of 0.3 per cent, desirable
gutter grades should not be less than 0.5 percent (0.005 ft / ft). Water in a paved
structure potentially to be the biggest source of distress. Efficient removal of a storm
runoff from paved surfaces will have a positive effect on maintenance and repair of
the parking lot. For asphalt roads, a minimum slope of 0.4 per cent (0.004 ft / ft) should
be used. Parking lots with grades flatter than 0.4 percent are subjected to ponding and
are candidates for subterranean storm drain installation. For asphalt surfaces in a
parking lot, a slope of 1 percent to 5 percent is advised to ensure effectiveness of
drainage(Approved & Education, 2012).
Once the runoff reaches the pond, the sediment will settle down to the bottom.
The water that enters as polluted into the drainage will slowly exits the reservoir into
an outfall system, resulting in clearer water discharge into the waterway that connect
to it.
 17

2.6 Primary outlet

The outlet of the OSD is very important in order to control the stormwater discharge.
To control this stormwater discharge, there is a few devices that been installed at the
outlet of the OSD. The devices that normally being install is:

2.6.1 Orifice

Orifice is a simplest device that normally being installed at the outlet of the OSD. An
orifice is a submerged opening with a closed perimeter through which water flows
(MSMA 1st Edition, 2001). To calculate the discharge through the orifice the equation
that can be used is:

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔𝐻𝑜 (1)

Where,
Q = the orifice flow rate (m3/s)
Cd = orifice discharge coefficient (for Do < 50mm use Cd=0.6, for Do use Cd = 0.62)
Ao = area of orifice (m2)
Ho = effective head on the orifice measures from the centroid of the opening (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

To estimate the time that OSD takes to drain out the water, equation that can be used
is:
𝐻2
1 𝐴𝑠
𝑡= − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 (2)
𝐶𝑑 𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔 𝐻1 √𝑦
Where,
t = time to empty (s)
y = depth of water in the storage (m)
As = storage water surface area at depth y (m2)
H1,2 =effective heads on the orifice measured from the centroid of the opening(m)
 18

2.6.2 Rectangular-nocth weir

For asphlat pavement, there is no underground drain provide since it to be assume that
there is no stormwater will infiltrate to the subgrade. Formula for rectangular-notch
weir are used in order to obtain the time required for asphalt pavement to discharge
stormwater (Gingrich, 2004).

2𝐴 1 1
Time required, t = − ( − ) (3)
𝑐𝐿 √ℎ2 √ℎ1

t = time required
A= total area of catchment
L= length of the pipe
h2 = height from pavement to the middle of underground pipe
h1= height of water to the bottom of pond

2.6.3 Underdrain

Underground drain are installed for the turf and interlocking pavement since according
to the MSMA permeable pavement need to have underdrain in order to stromwater
being discharge properly(Gingrich, 2004). The formula that used to calculate the
required time is;

𝐿𝐴 ℎ
Time required, t = 𝐼𝑛 ( 2 ) (4)
𝑘𝑎 ℎ 1

t = time required
A= total area of catchment
a= area of pavement
h2 = height from pavement to the middle of underground pipe
h1= height of water to the bottom of pond
 19

2.7 Permeable pavement

In urban areas, asphalt road surfaces contribute collectively to a large part of

impermeable ground cover, thus playing a major role in order to determine the volume
of the surface runoff. During late 1960, Franklin Institute Research Laboratories in the
United States was labeled as the pioneer for research of new type of pavement. One of
the programs developed was the porous pavement and being supported by the
Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA). Several porous
pavement models have been developed and available on the market since then (Yau et
al., 2016).
Permeable pavement is different from the traditional asphalt pavement that
commonly used in the road construction. Permeable pavement is a pavement that have
large opening of void to be compared with the asphalt pavement. This large opening
will allow water to be infiltrate in to the subsurface storage zone during rainfall
events(Hu et al, 2019).
Permeable pavement is made with the large void space that allow water and air
to pass through. So, instead of using conventional asphalt pavement, permeable
pavement has the advantage of reducing the volume of stormwater runoff toward the
drainage system and improve the quality of the stormwater runoff by infiltration before
reuse or discharge into the main drainage system.

2.7.1 Types of permeable pavement

Permeable pavement exists in a several different types. Among all the types, the main
different between it are the total pore space. Each type serve different amount of the
opening void depends on material itself. Different type of pavement also has different
structural strength and different arrangement of the underlying pervious layers.
Type of the permeable that usually being used in the Malaysia is;
• Permeable concrete (PC)
• Permeable asphalt (PA)
• Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP)
 20

• Concrete grid pavers (CGP)

• Plastic grid pavers (PG)

2.7.1.1 Permeable concrete

The mixture of the Permeable concrete contains washed gravel, Portland cement, fly
ash, and water. The water to cementitious material ratio is typically 0.35-0.45 to 1
(Ismail , Mohd , & Meor, Review Of Permeable Pavement System In Malaysia
Conditon, 2012). For the normal concrete, the opening voids between the coarse
aggregate will be filled by the fine aggregate to reduce the voids. But for the permeable
concrete, this fine aggregate is present in a very small amount of it where it only below
10% by the total weight of the aggregate (Obla, 2010).
For the design of the permeable concrete are being determine by its hydraulic
properties and the mechanical properties. For the hydraulic properties, permeable
pavement should have higher infiltration rate and volume of voids than the normal
concrete. This is to ensure that the stormwater runoff is able to infiltrate into the
concrete. To able to perform is function as a pavement, it is should be able to withstand
the traffic load at that areas.

Figure 2. 14 : Permeable concrete cylinder showing water passing through (Obla,

2010)
 21

Figure 2. 15 : Typical top surface of hardened permeable concrete (Obla, 2010)

2.7.1.2 Permeable asphalt (PA)

Permeable asphalt is mixture of the fine and coarse aggregate that are bounded by the
bituminous-based binder. Void space is large compared with the common asphalt
which is are 15 to 20 percent greater. This due to the reducing of the fine aggregate
that should filled the void space. The asphalt thickness usually are between range from
7.5 to 18 cm (3 to 7 in) but it depend on the load of traffic at that areas (Hunt & Collins,
2007).

Figure 2. 16 : Typical surface of the permeable asphalt (Hunt & Collins, 2007)

2.7.1.3 Permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP)

Permeable interlocking concrete pavers are solid concrete paving unit that can be
assemble into a pattern. Joint between the unit will created an opening that will be
 22

filled with the pea gravel aggregate or contain top soil with grass. These opening void
spaces are normally around 8 to 20 percent of the surface area. The thickness of the
paver should be at least 60mm (2.36in) with the compressive strength of 55 MPa (8000
psi) or greater as state in the ASTM C936 specification (Hunt & Collins, 2007)

Figure 2. 17 : Typical surface of the PICP (Abustan, Hamzah, & Rashid, 2012)

2.7.1.4 Concrete grid pavers (CGP)

Concrete grid pavers are the hollow concrete building block being arrange into a
pattern to create void space between the joint to increase the infiltration rate. For the
concrete grids, the maximum of dimension is 610mm x 610mm (24 in x 24 in) and has
minimum thickness of the webs between opening is 25mm (1 in) also the minimum
nominal thickness is 80mm (3.125in). These dimensions are according to the
specification of ASTM C 1319 (Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, 2006).

Figure 2. 18 : A typical grid pavement for occasional vehicular traffic (Interlocking

Concrete Pavement Institute, 2006)
 23

2.7.1.5 Plastic grid pavers (PG)

Plastic grid pavers or grass paver is a paver that made out of 100 percent of a recycled
plastic. It is specially designed with the interlocking plastic grids that can support
heavy load from the traffic. Plastic grid pavers are the only pavement that has 100
percent of the porous surface where it surface are usually being filled with the crushed
stone or grass. There are a few designs of base for the of the plastic grid pavers which
is with hollow ring, honeycomb or open cells without any base. For the plastic grid
pavers that designed to be filled with the crushed stone, there is fabric that attached to
the base that can prevent the stone from moving down to the sub base.
The plastic material that been used by this paver allow it to be flexible where
it can be use on uneven sites without grading. Load from the traffic will be transfer to
the underlying base course material by the grid ring or the cells. This is to prevent the
compaction of the grass, surface rutting and displacement of soil or stone that may be
cause by the load from traffic. For the grids itself, ignoring the grass or crush aggregate
it can support load up to 100,00 pounds.(Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute,
2006)

Plastic grid pavers

Figure 2. 19 : Typical installation of the plastic grid pavers (Interlocking Concrete

Pavement Institute, 2006)

2.6 Permeable pavement ( Plastic Grid Pavers) system

Figure 2.2 are shown the general structure of the permeable pavement types, pervious
material and fill are considered as the surface layer or cover. The top layer is depending
 24

to the type of permeable pavement that being used such as permeable concrete,
permeable interlocking concrete pavers filled with the gravel or the segmental plastic
pavers filled with the grass and more type of the permeable pavement.(Abustan et al.,
2012)

Figure 2. 20 Cross section of a typical block paver permeable pavement

installation without underdrain.(Abustan et al., 2012)

For the plastic grid pavers, curbs, detention or retention ponds, curtain drains, or any
other drainage facility are not required for the paver to functioning well. This making
them a lot much less expensive and economical compared to the asphalt and concrete
paving since their required drainage facilities in order to functioning properly.
Recommended areas to install this plastic grid pavers are pedestrian walkway, golf cart
part, fires lanes, residential driveways and parking areas (Mullaney & Lucke, 2014).
Installation of the plastic grid pavers had a different of sub base preparation
where it depends to the traffic load that need to be support at that areas. There is three
suggestion of the sub-grade preparation for plastic grid pavers.

2.6.1 Light load

For the light load of traffic, the sub-base depth and preparation are depending to the
site load requirement. The used of the filter fabric are optional for the quality water
 25

control. Staking are not necessary if the slope below 20 degree. This sub-grade that
shown in Figure 2.19 can be applied at the pedestrian and residential pathways, for the
erosion control, and swale and slope stabilization.

2.6.2 Medium load

For the medium load traffic, the sub-base depth and preparation are depending on the
traffic load at the site areas. Between the layer of subgrade and subbase, the installation
of geofabric and geogrid mesh are required according to the site specification
requirement. Using the high void ratio in sub-base material such as the uniform graded
angular stone, the installation of the filter fabric between the sub-base and plastic grid
paver are necessary. This aggregates and depth should be able to allow infiltration of
water to the underground storage. Sub-grade that shown in Figure 2.20 can be applied
at the patios, pads, pathways of golf cart, tractors, pedestrian, and bicycles.

2.6.3 Heavy load

For the heavy load installation, the sub-base depth and preparation are depending on
the site condition. Typical seeding or hydroseeding method are acceptable for the grass
growing or by using SOD for the immediate grass. Between the layer of subgrade and
subbase, the installation of geofabric and geogrid mesh are required according to the
site specification requirement. Using the high void ratio in sub-base material such as
the uniform graded angular stone, the installation of the filter fabric between the sub-
base and plastic grid paver are necessary. This sub-grade shown in Figure 2.21 can be
applied at the driveways, RV pads, or overflow parking areas.
 26

2.7 Rainfall performance on the permeable pavement

Malaysia climate can be categorized as an equatorial where this country being hot and
humid thought out the year. More than 3550mm of precipitation receive by Malaysia
are recoded in the lowland areas. Permeable pavement is playing an important role in
the stormwater management to reduce the risk of the flood event.

2.7.1 Influence of the permeable pavement

From the previous study, the benefits of the permeable pavement are reduction of the
peak flow, stormwater runoff, flood volume and inundation areas (Hu et al., 2019).
The combination technologies of the permeable pavement and green roof are founded
can reducing 23 % of stormwater runoff and 45% of the peak flow (Palla & Gnecco,
2015).
There is a reduction by 40 % of the flood flow events after the implementation
of the rain garden, rain barrel and permeable pavement in an urban watershed
(Ahiablame & Shakya, 2016). In China, the peak flow in a designed five-year storm
can be reduce until 24.7% with the implementation of the permeable pavement at
tourist village in Jurong, east China (Xie, and etc. 2017).
There are several studies that investigate about the impact of the widespread
stormwater in large scale. From the modeled of the impact of rain in 50 ha catchment
area of garden and conclude that there is reduction by 75-85% of sewer overflow
volume (Locatelli et al., 2017). (Roldin et al., 2012) has been modeled the impact of
widespread stormwater infiltration through soak away on 3 km2 of catchment in
Denmark and conclude that there is reduction by 24-68% in sewer overflow volume.

2.8 Hydrograph

Hydrograph is a graph that describing a discharge of the water against time

(Rughunath, 2008). It shows the time distribution of runoff at the point of computing
 27

or measurement, reflecting the complex characteristic of the watershed by a single

curve. It can be used to evaluate the peak flow rate and watershed runoff volumes by
a single storm or set of the storm. Information that gained from the hydrograph can be
used in order to design any flood control analysis. Nature of the hydrograph are
depending on rainfall and the watershed characters.

2.8.1 Hydrograph characteristic

The shape of hydrograph is affected by the drainage and rainfall characteristic.

Drainage characteristic such as soil type and land use, basin area, basin shape and basin
slope. Any changes are land use will increase the amount of the runoff for a given
storm. For the rainfall characteristic such as rainfall intensity, duration, and their
spatial (Rughunath, 2008).

Figure 2. 21 : Typical hydrograph (Rughunath, 2008)

For the typical hydrograph, it can be characterized into 3 part which is, rising limb, a
crest segment, and recession curve (Rughunath, 2008).
i. Rising limb: also known as a concentration curve, it shapes and timing is
influenced primarily by the character of the storm (hyetograph and rainfall
histogram)
 28

ii. Crest: most important of hydrograph since it marks the peak runoff period and
is of greatest interest in terms of designing structures to carry or pass flows.
iii. Falling limb: also known as a recession limb which is represents withdrawal of
water from storage within the basin. Its shape is will considered as a mainly
function of the basin characteristic.
iv. Peak discharge: when the rate of the discharge is greatest at the highest point
of the hydrograph
v. Discharge: the rate of water flow that passing at the specific location in a river
or other channel.
vi. Lag time: the time interval from the center of rainfall excess to the peak of the
resulting hydrograph.

2.9 Conclusion

Permeable pavement is not the new innovation but it commonly being used in
construction especially at parking area and pedestrian walk. However, according to the
result of the present research, this permeable pavement use is still limited. This happen
due to the lack of the study addressing them comprehensively and awareness of this
permeable benefits. (Elizondo, et al. 2020)
In order to reduce the effect of the stormwater runoff, there is variety of the
Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) that been suggested and implement in
construction. Due to permeable pavement completeness and ease of laying in urban
areas, they are most commonly used type of SUDS where it providing a solution to
mitigating the issues caused by conventional road development. (Elizondo, et al.
2020). In addition, by using this permeable pavement it can also improve the quality
of water discharge.
 29

CHAPTER 3

METHODLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will introduce and discuss about methodology of the research including
the study area, equipment and the method that will used during the data collection.
This experiment is conducted in order to achieve the objectives of the study.
Discussion is held in order to determine the performance of the interlocking and turf
pavement as a permeable pavement. Figure 3.1 is a flow chart of the methodology for
the study. The methodology that will be use in this study is to collect the information
from the 3 different type pavements of its hydrological performance.
The data of the stormwater runoff volume from 1 April 2012 to 30 April 2012
are obtain from the previous research that been conduct at Humid Tropic Centre Kuala
Lumpur, where the 3 type of permeable pavement has been install at the site.
 30

START

END

Figure 3. 2 : Flow chart of the methodology

 31

3.2 Study area

This research site is Humid Tropic Centre located in Kuala Lumpur in order to collect
the data. The data collected are during 1 April 2012 until 30 April 2012 within 30 days.

3.2.1 Location

Humid Tropics Centre Kuala Lumpur located at 3°08'50.6"N 101°40'44.5"E, are

chosen as an area to conduct the experiment. Figure 3.1 shows the location of the HTC
Kuala Lumpur (experiment field) that being implemented three different type of
pavement. The three type of pavement are including 2 permeable pavements;
interlocking pavement and turf pavement, another one is traditional asphalt pavement.

Figure 3.1: Location of the HTC Kuala Lumpur

To obtain the total area of the Humid Tropics Centre, software Google Earth has been
used. Figure 3.2 shows the total area that has been measure by the software. Value of
total area are need in order to calculate the time required for dry pond to discharge the
 32

stormwater that detain in that area. The total area that obtain from Google Earth is
41202 ft2. Figure 3.3 shows the result of the area that has been calculated.

Figure 3.2 shows the total area that been measure by the Google Earth

Figure 3.3 shows the total value of area for HTC Kuala Lumpur

Figure 3.4 show that all 3 pavements are constructed next to each other. All of the
three pavements are constructed with the same surface area which is 267 m2 in order
to study the comparison and behavior between each pavement. During the rainfall
event, the stormwater will be discharge through the underground pipe that had been
install underneath each of the pavement.
 33

Figure 3.4: Implement of three (3) different type of pavement at the HTC Kuala
Lumpur (Mohd Sidek, 2015).

3.3 Permeable pavement system

Porous pavement is one of the alternatives to the traditional asphalt and concrete
surfaces that will allow stormwater to either penetrate below a storage basin or
exfiltrate into the soil and eventually regenerate the water level, while also possibly
eliminating pollutants. This method is used to analyze the hydrological efficiency of 3
different pavement types, including interlocking pavement, turf pavement, and asphalt
paving.

3.3.1 Material of pavement

For this study, three different type of pavement has been used. Two of it are permeable
pavement meanwhile the remain one is an asphalt pavement (normal pavement). For
the permeable pavement, there is installation of underground pipe according to the
MSMA that should be implement.
 34

3.3.1.1 Interlocking pavement

Permeable interlocking concrete pavers are solid concrete paving unit that can be
assemble into a pattern. Joint between the unit will created an opening that will be
filled with the pea gravel aggregate or contain top soil with grass. These opening void
spaces are normally around 8 to 20 percent of the surface area (Hunt & Collins, 2007).
In order to collect the data of the stormwater runoff, system for permeable
concrete interlocking pavements are installed on an open-graded also with perforated
subsoil pipe installed beneath the interlocking pavement, also using the crushed stone
foundation and the foundation provides infiltration as well provided partial treatment
for polluted stormwater runoff. Figure 3.5 shown cross section implement of the
interlocking pavement at the site.

Figure 3.5: Cross section of the interlocking pavement block (Mohd Sidek, 2015).

1. Surface of the drainage system

2. Edge restraint
3. Interlocking pavement block
4. Sand bedding
5. Base (gravel)
6. Subsoil drainage pipe (perforated pipe) wrapped with geotextile
 35

7. Impermeable layer (optional)

8. Existing subsoil

3.3.1.2 Turf block

Turf block pavers are the only pavement that has 100 percent of the porous surface
where it surface are usually being filled with the crushed stone or grass. For this
experiment, turf block is either is a concrete block or plastic cells that were filled with
the soil and the surface were planted with the turf grass. Underneath of the turf block
a low-maintenance groundcover were constructed in order to allow water to pass
through the turf block directly into the ground. Figure 3.6 shown cross section
implement of the interlocking pavement at the site. Turf block area are design based
to the dry pond where it can detent stormwater for certain period. The area underneath
is 4m (length) × 2m (width) × 2.5m (depth) with the subsoil pipe and connected to the
monitoring vault.

Figure 3.6: Cross section of turf grass pavement (Mohd Sidek, 2015).

1. Surface drainage system

2. Edge restraint
3. Grass turf
4. Top soil
 36

5. Turf pave block

6. Sand
7. Geotextile on all side of reservoir
8. Subsoil drainage pipe (perforated pipe) wrapped with geotextile
9. Base (gravel)
10. Impermeable layer (optional)
11. Existing subsoil

3.4 Equipment

In order to collect data of the stormwater runoff discharge, every outlet are equipped
with the Area velocity flow module that are funtional as data collecter.

3.4.1 Area Velocity Flow Module

Area velocity flow module are functional to measure mean velocity and discharge of
stormwater. Area velocity flow module are using continuous wave doppler technology
in order to collect data. Area velocity module are installed at the outlet pipes of every
pavement. This installation is allowing the discharge stormwater data collected more
accurate.

Figure 3.7: Portable doppler area velocity flow

 37

3.4.2 High density polyethylene pipe (HDPE Pipe)

High density polyethylene pipe is a hydrocarbon polymer prepared by catalytic process

using ethylene / petroleum. HDPE pipe are made from thermoplastic which is material
that known for its tensile strength that suitable for installment underneath of the
permeable pavement.

Figure 3.8: HDPE Pipe that been install at site

Figure 3.9: The installment of HDPE pipe and Portable doppler area velocity flow at
the outlet(Mohd Sidek, 2015).
 38

3.5 Collecting data

To ensure the data collected are organized in order to avoid human error, the data
collected are organized in the table.

3.5.1 Tabulated data

The data of the runoff volume from the experiment are collected and tabulated into the
table 3.1. The data collected from 1 April 2012 to 30 April 2012.

Table 3. 1: Total volume data of runoff in 1st April 2012 to 30th April 2012
Date Asphalt pavement Interlocking Turf
(m3) pavement (m3) pavement
(m3)
4/1/2012
.
.
4/30/2012

3.6 Simple linear regression

The regression is one of the statistical procedure where it allows the user to estimate
the straight line or linear, the relationship that are related with two or more variables.
This linear line relationship are used to summarizes the value of change in one variable
that may associated with changes in another variables. In this study, simple linear
regression will be used to remove value of data that may to far from the prediction that
may lead to higher value of error.
 39

100

90

80

70
Simple linear
60 regression
50

40

30

20

10

0
4/11/2012
4/1/2012
4/2/2012
4/3/2012
4/4/2012
4/5/2012
4/6/2012
4/7/2012
4/8/2012
4/9/2012
4/10/2012

4/12/2012
4/13/2012
4/14/2012
4/15/2012
4/16/2012
4/17/2012
4/18/2012
4/19/2012
4/20/2012
4/21/2012
4/22/2012
4/23/2012
4/24/2012
4/25/2012
4/26/2012
4/27/2012
4/28/2012
4/29/2012
4/30/2012
Figure 3.10 shows the example of the simple linear regression line in certain data

3.7 Standard error

Standard error that happen in the estimate where the value of the data observe that may
different from the value data that predict by the regression line. This difference is the
estimate of error in the data collected. The formula that used to calculate the standard
error is;

Σ(𝑦−ŷ)2
Standard error, se= √ (5)
𝑛−2

y = value from the data collected

ŷ = the predicted value from graph
n = number of samples
 40

Infiltration Rate for Interlocking Block

100

90
ŷ predict value from
80 linear regression line
70
Simple linear regression
60

50
value from data
40

30

20

10

0
4/1/2012
4/2/2012
4/3/2012
4/4/2012
4/5/2012
4/6/2012
4/7/2012
4/8/2012
4/9/2012

4/21/2012

4/26/2012
4/10/2012
4/11/2012
4/12/2012
4/13/2012
4/14/2012
4/15/2012
4/16/2012
4/17/2012
4/18/2012
4/19/2012
4/20/2012

4/22/2012
4/23/2012
4/24/2012
4/25/2012

4/27/2012
4/28/2012
4/29/2012
4/30/2012
Figure 3.11: The value of the ŷ can be obtained from the graph

3.8 Drawdown calculation

Parking lot is one of the on-site detention ponds can be detent stormwater for a certain
period before it discharges the stormwater. There will be two formula used in order to
know the different of the time obtain in a different type of pavement. The less time
required are a better dry pond since water cannot be detent at the parking lot area more
than 30 minute and not more than 150mm height of water.

3.8.1Asphalt pavement

For asphlat pavement, there is no underground drain provide since it to be assume that
there is no stormwater will infiltrate to the subgrade. Formula for rectangular-notch
 41

weir are used in order to obtain the time required for asphalt pavement to discharge
stormwater.

2𝐴 1 1 (3)
Time required, t = − ( − )
𝑐𝐿 √ℎ2 √ℎ1

Calculation example

To figure out the time required for dry pond to discharge water, given h1= 1 ft, L = 1.5
ft and area = 20000 ft2. To calculate the required time, value being subtitude into the
equation;

2(20000) 1
t = − (3.13)(1.5) ( 1 − 1)
0.52

= -3528.80s /60
= 1 hour

3.8.2 Turf and interlocking pavement

Underground drain are installed for the turf and interlocking pavement since according
to the MSMA permeable pavement need to have underdrain in order to stromwater
being discharge properly. The formula that used to calculate the required time is;

𝐿𝐴 ℎ
Time required, t = 𝐼𝑛 ( 2 ) (4)
𝑘𝑎 ℎ 1

Calculation example
To figure out the time required for dry pond to discharge water, given h1= 5 ft, h2 =
0.5 ft, area, A = 40000 ft2, a = 50ft2, k = 1.5 ft/hr and L = 4ft. To calculate the required
time, value being subtitude into the equation;
 42

0.5
t = (2133.3) In ( )
5
−4912.12
=
60 ×60
= 1.36 hour

3.9 Conclusion

Based on the result that will be obtain, the performance of the permeable pavement of
turf and interlocking block type will be qualify in term of reducing the stormwater
runoff. The result of the calculation will be compared with the discharge volume by
the asphalt pavement to know each other performance in infiltration of the stormwater.
 43

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data analysis

As mention in the chapter one (1) of this report, the objective of this research is to
predict the time required for the 3 different material of dry pond to reach empty point
of the pond and to compare the effectiveness of infiltration between different type of
permeable pavements.
In this chapter, result and analysis will be discuss in detail. The test was performance
from 1 April 2012 to 30 April 2012 and the data of the stormwater runoff discharge
that collected are to study the hydrological performance of three (3) different
pavement. The collected data are used in the calculation of time required for three (3)
different pavement to fully discharge the stormwater that detent in the dry pond
through the outlet.

4.2 Data collected

Data collected from 1 April 2012 to 30 April 2012 with total of 30 days. There is 2
days with no rainfall event at 15th April 2012 and 26th April 2012. Therefore, the data
obtained is actually 28 days after being reduce by 2 days with no rainfall event. The
data collected are shown in table 4.1.
 44

Table 4.1: Total volume data of runoff in 1st April 2012 to 30th April 2012
Date Asphalt pavement Interlocking Turf pavement
(m3) pavement (m3) (m3)
4/1/2012 0.655 0 0
4/2/2012 5.537 0.303 0
4/3/2012 3.347 1.113 0
4/4/2012 3.09 0.009 0
4/5/2012 1.269 0 0
4/6/2012 2.919 0.019 0
4/7/2012 0.94 0.082 0
4/8/2012 0.169 0 0
4/9/2012 3.388 0.035 0
4/10/2012 5.653 0.215 0
4/11/2012 1.989 0.057 0
4/12/2012 0.978 0 0
4/13/2012 1.409 0.903 0.115
4/14/2012 8.748 3.444 1.904
4/15/2012 0 0 0
4/16/2012 2.153 0.251 0
4/17/2012 0.265 0.009 0
4/18/2012 9.889 1.157 0.395
4/19/2012 4.518 0.899 0.004
4/20/2012 3.674 0.034 0
4/21/2012 1.289 0.043 0
4/22/2012 0.422 0.051 0
4/23/2012 1.039 0.065 0
4/24/2012 0.564 0.083 0
4/25/2012 0.351 0.017 0
4/26/2012 0 0 0
4/27/2012 0.425 0.008 0
4/28/2012 1.12 0 0
4/29/2012 0.155 0 0
 45

4/30/2012 0.059 0 0
Total 66.014 9.797 2.418

For this case study, the asphalt pavement as assumption that there is no infiltration of
stormwater into the impervious surfaces. From table 4.1, the total volume of the
precipitation at the asphalt pavement for 30 days is 66.014 m2. The total volume of the
precipitation at the interlocking block for 30 days is 9.7097. The total volume of the
precipitation at the turf block pavement for 30 days is 2.418.
From the rough data collected, the percentage infiltrate of stormwater for
interlocking block pavement is 96.33% and the percentage infiltrate of stormwater for
interlocking block pavement is 85%.

Comparation of total flow between asphalt, interlocking block and

turf block in April 2012
12
Asphalt Interlocking turf
10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Figure 4.1: Comparison of volume stormwater runoff between asphalt and

interlocking block pavement.

Figure 4.1 shows the comparison of volume stormwater runoff between asphalt and
interlocking block pavement. The different in volume of the are due to the different
ability of infiltration between the asphalt, turf and interlocking pavement. Since turf
block and interlocking block pavement are impervious pavement, it is a proof that turf
block and interlocking block are able to infiltrate more stormwater runoff than asphalt
pavement due to the higher the porosity at surface of the pavement.
 46

4.3 Simple linear regression

In order to obtain more accurate value of the average percentage of infiltration, simple
linear regression is applied. This method is to extract the invalid data that are to
difference from other data where it can allow high error occur in the calculation of
average percentage.

4.3.1 Average percentage of interlocking

The percentage of infiltration are calculated based on the volume runoff from asphalt
pavement since asphalt pavement are assumed that no stormwater will infiltrate from
the surface. Total volume of precipitation is assumed to be equal to the total volume
runoff of the asphalt. The data of percentage is shown in table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Percentage of infiltration at the interlocking block pavement

Date Percentage of infiltration
4/1/2012 100
4/2/2012 94.5
4/3/2012 66.7
4/4/2012 99.7
4/5/2012 100
4/6/2012 99.4
4/7/2012 91.3
4/8/2012 100
4/9/2012 98.9
4/10/2012 96.2
4/11/2012 46.8
4/12/2012 100
4/13/2012 35.9
4/14/2012 60.6
 47

4/15/2012 0
4/16/2012 88.34
4/17/2012 96.6
4/18/2012 88.3
4/19/2012 80.1
4/20/2012 99.1
4/21/2012 96.7
4/22/2012 87.9
4/23/2012 93.7
4/24/2012 85.3
4/25/2012 79.7
4/26/2012 0
4/27/2012 98.1
4/28/2012 100
4/29/2012 100
4/30/2012 100

Infiltration Rate for Interlocking Block

100
90
80
70
Simple linear
60 regression
50
40
30
20
10
0
4/10/2012
4/1/2012
4/2/2012
4/3/2012
4/4/2012
4/5/2012
4/6/2012
4/7/2012
4/8/2012
4/9/2012

4/11/2012
4/12/2012
4/13/2012
4/14/2012
4/15/2012
4/16/2012
4/17/2012
4/18/2012
4/19/2012
4/20/2012
4/21/2012
4/22/2012
4/23/2012
4/24/2012
4/25/2012
4/26/2012
4/27/2012
4/28/2012
4/29/2012
4/30/2012

Figure 4.2 shows the simple linear regression line based on data percentage of the
infiltration on interlocking block pavement.
 48

Calculate the standard error

Formula used to calculate the standard error and the data are from table 4.3;

Σ(𝑦−ŷ)2 (5)
Standard error = √
𝑛−2

Table 4.3: Value of the y, ŷ and (ŷ-y)2 of interlocking block pavement

Date ŷ ŷ- y (ŷ-y)2
4/1/2012 86.2 -13.8 190.44
4/2/2012 86 -8.5 72.25
4/3/2012 85.8 19.1 364.81
4/4/2012 85.5 -14.2 201.64
4/5/2012 85.1 -14.9 222.01
4/6/2012 85 -14.4 207.36
4/7/2012 84.8 -6.5 42.25
4/8/2012 84.5 -15.5 240.25
4/9/2012 84.2 -14.7 216.09
4/10/2012 84 -12.2 148.84
4/11/2012 83.9 37.1 1376.41
4/12/2012 83.7 -16.3 265.69
4/13/2012 83.4 47.5 2256.25
4/14/2012 83.1 22.5 506.25
4/15/2012 83 83 6889
4/16/2012 82.7 -5.64 31.8096
4/17/2012 82.5 -14.1 198.81
4/18/2012 82.3 -6 36
4/19/2012 82 1.9 3.61
4/20/2012 81.8 -17.3 299.29
4/21/2012 81.5 -15.2 231.04
4/22/2012 81.1 -6.8 46.24
4/23/2012 81 -12.7 161.29
4/24/2012 80.9 -4.4 19.36
 49

4/25/2012 80.5 0.8 0.64

4/26/2012 80.1 80.1 6416.01
4/27/2012 80 -18.1 327.61
4/28/2012 79.9 -20.1 404.01
4/29/2012 79.6 -20.4 416.16
4/30/2012 79.3 -20.7 428.49
Total 22219.9

Σ(𝑦−ŷ)2
Standard error = √
𝑛−2

Σ(22219.9)
=√
30−2

=28.17

Reduction of 4 invalid data that are different from other collected data shown in table
4.4.
Table 4.4: Value of the reduction of data
Volume Volume Percentage of
Date precipitation runoff infiltration y ŷ (y-ŷ)2
4/11/2012 1.989 0.057 46.8 83.9 37.1 1376.41
4/13/2012 1.409 0.903 35.9 83.4 47.5 2256.25
4/15/2012 0 0 0 83 83 6889
4/26/2012 0 0 0 80.1 80.1 6416.01
Total 3.398 0.96 82.7 330.4 247.7 16937.42

Σ(𝑦−ŷ)2
Standard error after reduction of 4 data = √
𝑛−2

Σ(5282.24)
=√
30−2

=12.99

Σ Percentage
Average percentage = (6)
n−4
 50

Σ 2401.14
=
30−4
= 92.3%

4.3.2 Average percentage of turf block

The average of infiltration that been calculate from the raw data are shown in table 4.5.

Table 4.5: percentage of infiltration for turf block

Date Percentage of infiltration
4/1/2012 100
4/2/2012 100
4/3/2012 100
4/4/2012 100
4/5/2012 100
4/6/2012 100
4/7/2012 100
4/8/2012 100
4/9/2012 100
4/10/2012 100
4/11/2012 100
4/12/2012 100
4/13/2012 91.8
4/14/2012 78.2
4/15/2012 0
4/16/2012 100
4/17/2012 100
4/18/2012 96
4/19/2012 99.8
4/20/2012 100
 51

4/21/2012 100
4/22/2012 100
4/23/2012 100
4/24/2012 100
4/25/2012 100
4/26/2012 0
4/27/2012 100
4/28/2012 100
4/29/2012 100
4/30/2012 100

Infiltration Rate for Turf Block Pavement

90 100
80

Simple linear
70

regression
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

4/7/2012

4/20/2012
4/1/2012
4/2/2012
4/3/2012
4/4/2012
4/5/2012
4/6/2012

4/8/2012
4/9/2012
4/10/2012
4/11/2012
4/12/2012
4/13/2012
4/14/2012
4/15/2012
4/16/2012
4/17/2012
4/18/2012
4/19/2012

4/21/2012
4/22/2012
4/23/2012
4/24/2012
4/25/2012
4/26/2012
4/27/2012
4/28/2012
4/29/2012
4/30/2012

Figure 4.2 shows the simple linear regression line based on data percentage of the
infiltration on turf block pavement.

Calculate the standard error

Formula used to calculate the standard error and value for ŷ can be refer to table 4.6;

Σ(𝑦−ŷ)2 (5)
Standard error = √
𝑛−2
 52

Table 4.6: Value of the y, ŷ and (ŷ-y)2 of turf block pavement

Date ŷ (ŷ-y) (ŷ-y)2
4/1/2012 98.5 -1.5 2.25
4/2/2012 98 -2 4.00
4/3/2012 97.5 -2.5 6.25
4/4/2012 97 -3.0 9.00
4/5/2012 96.5 -3.5 12.25
4/6/2012 96 -4.0 16.00
4/7/2012 95.8 -4.2 17.64
4/8/2012 95.5 -4.5 20.25
4/9/2012 95 -5.0 25.00
4/10/2012 94.5 -5.5 30.25
4/11/2012 94 -6.0 36.00
4/12/2012 93.5 -6.5 42.25
4/13/2012 93 1.2 1.44
4/14/2012 92.8 14.6 213.16
4/15/2012 92.3 92.3 8519.29
4/16/2012 92 -8.0 64.00
4/17/2012 91.5 -8.5 72.25
4/18/2012 91 -5.0 25.00
4/19/2012 90.5 -9.3 86.49
4/20/2012 90.1 -9.9 98.01
4/21/2012 89.9 -10.1 102.01
4/22/2012 89.5 -10.5 110.25
4/23/2012 89 -11.0 121.00
4/24/2012 88.5 -11.5 132.25
4/25/2012 88 -12.0 144.00
4/26/2012 87.5 87.5 7656.25
4/27/2012 87 -13.0 169.00
4/28/2012 86.9 -13.1 171.61
4/29/2012 86.4 -13.6 184.96
 53

4/30/2012 87 -13 169

Total 18621.1

Σ(𝑦−ŷ)2
Standard error = √
𝑛−2

Σ(18621.1)
=√
30−2

=25.78

Reduction of 2 invalid data that are different from other collected data are shown in
table 4.7.

Table 4.7: Reduction of data for turf pavement

Volume Volume Percentage of
Date precipitation runoff infiltration y ŷ (y-ŷ)2
4/15/2012 0 0 0 92.3 92.3 8519.29
4/26/2012 0 0 0 87.5 87.5 7656.25
Total 0 0 0 179.8 179.8 16175.54

Σ(𝑦−ŷ)2
Standard error after reduction of 2 data = √ (5)
𝑛−2

Σ(2085.46)
=√
30−2

=8.63

Σ Percentage
Average percentage =
n−4
Σ 2765.8
=
30−4
= 98.7%
 54

4.4 Time required for discharge

To achieve the objective where need be predicting the time required for pavement to
reach empty point for the pond. The calculation of each pavement is using different
formula.

4.4.1 Asphalt pavement

For pavement discharge all the stormwater detain in the dry pond. The formula that
used to calculate time required for asphalt pavement;

2𝐴 1 1
Time required = − ( − )
𝑐𝐿 √ℎ2 √ℎ1
2(2873.9) 1 1
=− ( − )
3.13(6.56) 0.25 0.5

= - 559.87s/60
= 9.3311 minute

Time required for asphalt pavement to fully discharge the stormwater runoff is
9.311minute with the high of the water is 150 mm has been decided by the MSMA for
the dry pond.

4.4.2 Interlocking and turf pavement

The formula that used to calculate time required for interlocking and turf pavement to
fully discharge stormwater from the underdrain outlet is;

𝐿𝐴 ℎ
Time required, t = 𝐼𝑛 ( 2 )
𝑘𝑎 ℎ 1

Interlocking pavement
92.3
Height = × 150𝑚𝑚
100
 55

= 150-138.45mm
= 11.55mm
= 0.0379 ft

(13.12)(412020 0.5
Time required, t = 𝐼𝑛 ( )
(1.5)(2873.96) 8.24

= -351.3s
= 5.9 minute
Turf block pavement
98.7
Height = × 150𝑚𝑚
100

= 150-148.05mm
= 1.95mm
= 0.001 ft

(13.12)(41202) 0.5
Time required, t = 𝐼𝑛 ( )
(1.5)(2873.96) 8.201

= -350.7s
= 5.8 minute

4.5 Discussion

The result obtain are to study the hydrological performance of the permeable
pavement. Permeable pavement must be proved it efficiency as one of the methods
that can be used in order to reduce the stormwater runoff.
From the result obtain, it proved that permeable pavement has a better result in
term of reducing the volume of stormwater runoff. The percentage rate of infiltration
for turf block permeable pavement are the highest with 98.7% where it can allow
98.7% of precipitation to infiltrate. While for the interlocking pavement percentage
rate of infiltration is 92.3% where the performance is a bit lower compare to the turf
pavement.
From the result of infiltration percentage, it be used to calculate the required
time to empty the dry pond. All of the pavement is passing the minimum required by
 56

MSMA where all the dry pond must be empty in 30 minutes. From the calculation, the
time required for the turf pavement is 5.8 minute and for interlocking pavement is 5.9
minutes. While for the asphalt pavement is 9.11 minute that are higher than others.
The result may be difference if the volume of precipitation is increase due to
the limit of infiltration that can be performed by the permeable pavement. From this
experiment, the total volume of the precipitation for one month are 66.014 m3 that can
be consider as moderate volume. High volume of the precipitation may lead to a better
result of hydrological performance of permeable pavement.
 57

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

Rapid development has causes significant environmental effects as one of the main
problems in urban cities is the flash flood. Flash flooding more often occur in urban
area where the city is full of development such as houses, roads and infrastructure, and
etc. Due to this situation, reduction of the impervious area has increase rapidly.
Permeable pavement is one of the best solution that can be implement at the urban area
in order to increase the impervious are while reducing the risk of the flas flood to occur.
This study is review about the ability of the permeable pavement in term of
infiltration of stormwater runoff. A few studies have been done in China (Xie et al.,
2017), due to the difference condition and local climate, a test need to be carry out in
order to obtain information about permeable pavement performance using Malaysia
data of climate.
To analysis the performance of the three different type of pavement, the
installation of different type of pavement has been done in Humid Tropic Centre Kuala
Lumpur. This impliment is to ensure that volume of percipitation are aqual for every
area of pavement.
Objective of this study is to to predict the time required for the 3 different
material of dry pond to reach empty point of the pond. Since it assume that the asphalt
pavement are unable to allow stormwater to infiltrate, the total volume of the
percipitation are assume to be same with the water discharge from the asphalt
 58

pavement. From the result obtain, it can be conclude that turf pavement has only need
5.8 minute to dry compare to the interlocking pavement that required 5.9 minute and
asphalt pavement need 9.11 minute to discharge the stormwater.
This result is due to the percentage rate of infiltration are different for every
type of pavement. The percentage of turf pavement is 98.7% and for interlocking
pavement is 92.3% where it allow most of the stormwater runoff to infiltrate to the
subgrade. Since asphalt pavement are design without underground drain, the
percentage of infiltration assume to be 0%. Based on this result, it can be conclude that
turf block pavement are most effective type of pavement to be used in term to reducing
the stormwater runoff in the urban areas.

5.2 Recommendations

Based on the result that obtained from the chapter 4, this study has created a few
opportunities to other researcher to gain more information about the permeable
pavement in term of reduction of stormwater runoff. Beside that, this
recommendations are made to provide other researchers that who have similar case
study to make some improvement in order to obtain a better result.
First recommendation is to provide underground drain pipe for the asphalt
pavement in order to reduce error of assumtion that there will be 0% of infiltration rate
at the asphalt pavement. Other than that, uses difference type of the turf pavement and
interlocking pavement where there is a few type of these pavement are produce in the
industry. Last recommendation is to select the study area that have high percipitation
volume in order to observe the permeable pavement is a state that capacity of storage
are full where it will not allow stormwater to infiltration and produce more stormwater
runoff.
 59

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APPENDICES
 63

Infiltration Rate for Interlocking Block

100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
86
ŷ 85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4/11/2012

4/21/2012
4/1/2012

4/2/2012

4/3/2012

4/4/2012

4/5/2012

4/6/2012

4/7/2012

4/8/2012

4/9/2012

4/10/2012

4/12/2012

4/13/2012

4/14/2012

4/15/2012

4/16/2012

4/17/2012

4/18/2012

4/19/2012

4/20/2012

4/22/2012

4/23/2012

4/24/2012

4/25/2012

4/26/2012

4/27/2012

4/28/2012

4/29/2012

4/30/2012
Appendix 1: graph of rate percentage of infiltration for interlocking block
 012345678910 9
111213141516171829202122324252627283930313233435363738494041424344546474859505152535455657586960616263646566768797071727374757677889808182838485868789909192939495969798100
4/1/2012

4/2/2012

4/3/2012

4/4/2012

4/5/2012

4/6/2012

4/7/2012

4/8/2012

4/9/2012

4/10/2012

4/11/2012

4/12/2012

4/13/2012

4/14/2012

4/15/2012

4/16/2012

4/17/2012

4/18/2012

4/19/2012

4/20/2012

4/21/2012

4/22/2012

4/23/2012

Appendix 2: graph of rate percentage of infiltration for turfing block 4/24/2012

4/25/2012

4/26/2012

4/27/2012

4/28/2012

4/29/2012

4/30/2012
64
 65

Appendix 5: Implement of 3 different type of pavement

 66

Data
Type Asphalt pavement Interlocking pavement Turf pavement
of pavement
Percentage of
Infiltration (%) 92.3 98.7
Time required to
discharge stormwater 9.11 5.9 5.8
(minutes)
Percentage of peak
discharge reduction 65.6 85.6
at 14/4/2012 storm
(relative to Asphaltic)
(%)

Appendix 6: Table of Final Result

 WORK PLANNING

Final Year Project 1 2019/2020

Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Registration of supervisor and proposing title

Proposal acceptance: The Study Of Stormwater
Discharge On Permeable Paving

Methodology Class

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 3: Methodology

Submission of draft proposal to Supervisor

Preparation for FYP 1 Seminar

Presentation FYP 1

Planning

Actual
 Final Year Project 2
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 12 July-15
15 July

Correction Draft FYP

Chapter 4: Result and Discussin

Calculate using excel

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

Submission of full report o Supervisor

Thesis Approval from Supervisor

Preparation of Presentation

Submit Technical Paper to Supervisor

Submit Thesis to SV, Faculty and Library

Planning

Actual