Available

Available online
online at
at www.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com

Available ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
online atonline
Available www.sciencedirect.com
at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect
Procedia CIRP 00 (2020) 000–000
Procedia CIRP 00 (2020) 000–000
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia CIRP 00 (2017)
Procedia 000–000
CIRP 99 (2021) 196–201
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

14th
14th CIRP
CIRP Conference
Conference on
on Intelligent
Intelligent Computation
Computation in
in Manufacturing
Manufacturing Engineering,
Engineering, CIRP
CIRP ICME
ICME ˈ20
ˈ20

Advanced
Advanced materials
28th CIRPand
materials and multi-materials
multi-materials
Design applied
Nantes,in
applied
Conference, May 2018, aeronautical
aeronautical and
inFrance and
automotive
automotive fields: aa systematic
fields: the systematic review approach
A new methodology to analyze functionalreview approach
and physical architecture of
existingDavid
products
David Blanco for
Blanco anMaría
,, Eva
Eva assembly
María Rubio ,,oriented
Rubio Marta
a, c
a, c product
Marta María
María Marín family
Marín and
and J. identification
J. Paulo
Paulo Davim
Davim
a, *
a, *
a
a
b
b

a
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), St/Juan del Rosal 12,
a
Paul Stief *, Jean-Yves Dantan, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Industrial Engineering School, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), St/Juan del Rosal 12,
E28040 Madrid, Spain
E28040 Madrid, Spain
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France
c Programa de Doctorado en Tecnologías Industriales
c Programa de Doctorado en Tecnologías Industriales
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34-913-988-226; fax: +0-000-000-0000. E-mail address: erubio@ind.uned.es
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34-913-988-226; fax: +0-000-000-0000. E-mail address: erubio@ind.uned.es
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu

Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of
of this
this study is to
to conduct aa systematic review of
of the scientific literature published from 01/01/2015 to
to 01/01/2020, on
InThe main business
today’s
structural
objectiveenvironment,
lightweight
studythe
materials and
is trendconduct
towards
multi-material
systematic
more product
applied to
reviewvariety
studies of
the
andscientific literature
customization
aeronautical and
publishedDue
is unbroken.
automotive fields.
from
The
01/01/2015
toanalysed
this development, 01/01/2020,
bibliography need on
the includes of
structural
agile lightweight materials
andmost
reconfigurable production and systems
multi-material
emerged applied to studies
tonumber
cope with of aeronautical
various productsand and
andan automotive
product fields. To
families. Thedesign
analysed bibliography
andarticle.
optimize includes
production
the 30
the 30 most cited
cited references of the period with a total of 1340 of citations average of 44.7 citations per All the articles
systems
meet asselection
the well as references
to choose
criteria of
of
thethe
the
periodproduct
optimal
well-known
with a total
global matches,number
citation productof 1340
database Web
of citations
analysisof methods
Science,
andareanneeded.
have
averageIndeed,
been
of 44.7 most
published
citations
in of the
English,
perknown
in
article.methods
Open
All the articles
Access, aimare
they to
meet
analyze the
a selection
product criteria
or one of
product the well-known
family on the global
physical citation
level. database
Different Web of
product Science,
families,have been
however, published
may differin English,
largely in in Open
terms of Access,
the numbertheyandare
applicable
applicable articles
articles toto the
the aeronautical
aeronautical or
or automotive
automotive fields,
fields, and
and published
published in
in journals
journals with
with an impact
anproduct factor
factor Q1-Q2,
impact family Q1-Q2, or
or prestigious
prestigious conference
conference
nature of components.
proceedings. Finally, This
an fact impedes
analysis is carried anout
efficient
and comparison
some conclusions andare
choice
drawn:of appropriate
aluminium alloys and FRPs combinations
(Fiber Reinforcedfor the production
Polymers) are
proceedings.
system. Finally,
A newthat an
methodology analysis
is more is carried
proposed out
to analyzeand some
existing conclusions
products are drawn: aluminium
in view ofcomponents,
their functional alloys and FRPs
and physical (Fiber Reinforced
architecture. The of
aimPolymers)
isart are
to cluster
the
the materials
materials that have
have raised
raised more interest
interest during
during this
this period,
period, multi-material
multi-material components, additive
additive manufacturing
manufacturing and
and states
states of the
the art are
are the
the
these
most products in new assembly oriented product families for the optimization of existing assembly lines and the creation of future reconfigurable
most recurring
assemblyrecurring
systems.
themes,
themes,
Based
drilling
drilling
on Datum
is
is the
the
Flow
most
most analysed
analysed
Chain, the
machining
machining
physical
process,
process,
structure
metal-polymer
metal-polymer
of the products is17%
is
is the
the multi-material
analyzed. multi-material
Functional
type
type most
most studied,
subassemblies studied, and
and the
the USA
are identified, USA
and
and
and the
the UK
UK lead
lead the
the number
number of
of articles
articles published
published within
within this
this selected
selected bibliography
bibliography with
with 17% of
of the
the publications
publications each.
each.
a©functional
2020 analysis
The Authors. is performed.
Authors. Published
Published by Moreover,
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V. a
B.V. hybrid functional and physical architecture graph (HyFPAG) is the output which depicts the
2021 The
© 2020
similarity between product families B.V.
by scientific
providing design support to both, production system planners Computation
and product designers. An illustrative
Peer-review
This is an open
Peer-review under responsibility
access article under of the CC BY-NC-ND committee licenseof the 14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) in Manufacturing
example of a under
Engineering.
responsibility
nail-clipper is used to ofexplain
the scientific committee
the proposed of the
methodology. 14thAnCIRP Conference
industrial on Intelligent
case study Computation
on two product in Manufacturing
families of steering columns of
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering,
Engineering.
thyssenkrupp Presta
15-17 July 2020. France is then carried out to give a first industrial evaluation of the proposed approach.
©Keywords:
2017 TheLightweight;
Authors. Published by Elsevier
Multi-material; B.V. Aluminium; Titanium; Aircraft; Automotive; Sustainable; Machining; Systematic review
Magnesium;
Keywords: Lightweight; Multi-material; Magnesium; Aluminium; Titanium; Aircraft; Automotive; Sustainable; Machining; Systematic review
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Design Conference 2018.

Keywords: Assembly; Design method; Family identification

1.
1. Introduction
Introduction nuclear
nuclear or or agricultural
agricultural alsoalso show
show increasing
increasing interest
interest thanks
thanks to to
the
the good and diverse general properties that these materials
good and diverse general properties that these materials
Environmental
Environmental legislation
legislation is is becoming
becoming increasingly
increasingly show:
show: excellent
excellent weight/strength ratios, good
good fatigue
1. Introduction of the product range weight/strength
and characteristics ratios,
manufactured fatigue
and/or
restrictive
restrictive regarding CO2 and NOx emissions.
regarding CO2 and NOx emissions. In In this
this behaviours,
behaviours, wear
wear resistance,
resistance, dimensional
dimensional stability,
stability, coefficients
coefficients
assembled in this system. In this context, the main challenge in
framework,
framework, and
and to
to meet
meet current
current and
and future
future requirements,
requirements, new
new of
of friction,
friction,andexpansion,
expansion, electrical and thermal conductivity,
Due to the fast development in the domain of modelling analysis iselectrical
now notand onlythermal
to copeconductivity,
with single
innovative
innovative materials,
materials, design techniques and manufacturing resistance to corrosion or high temperatures creep.
communication and andesign ongoing techniques
trend ofanddigitization
manufacturing and products, a limited product range or existingcreep.
resistance to corrosion or high temperatures product families,
processes
processes are
are being
being developed
developed aiming
aiming to increase
to important
increase The topic covered by
by the studies isis extensive since any
digitalization, manufacturing enterprises are facing but The
also totopic covered
be able to analyze the
andstudies
to compare extensive
productssince any
to define
sustainability
sustainability by reducing fossil fuel
fuel consumption, and
and one
one of plastic material or lightweight metal alloy with a structural
challenges in by reducing
today’s fossil environments:
market consumption, a continuing of plastic material or lightweight metal alloy with
new product families. It can be observed that classical existing a structural
the
the important
important working
working lines
lines is
is the
the use
use of
of lightweight
lightweight structural
structural application
application is
is contained
contained in
in this
thisincategory.
category. For
For this
this reason,
reason, it
it is
is
tendency towards reduction of product development times and product families are regrouped function of clients or features.
materials to
to replace
materials productreplace heavier
heavierInconventional
conventional materials
materials [1].
[1]. The
The interesting
interesting to
to provide
provide interested
interested researchers
researchers with
with a
a clear
clear and
and
shortened lifecycles. addition, there is an increasing However, assembly oriented product families are hardly to find.
number
number of
of studies
studies related
related to
to lightweight
lightweight materials
materials for
for global
global idea of
of the
ideaproduct latest
latest trends
the family trends in
in the
the studies
studies associated with
demand of customization, being at the same time in a global On the level, products differassociated
mainly in withtwo
structural
structural use
use has
has maintained
maintained a
a growing
growing trend
trend in
in recent
recent this
this set
set of
of materials
materials and,
and, what
what are
are the
the topics
topics of
of greatest
greatest
competition with competitors all over the world. This trend, main characteristics: (i) the number of components and (ii) the
decades,
decades, led mainly by
by this need
need to to optimize fuel
fuel consumption interest, either
either as independent materials or
or forming multi-
which is led mainly the
inducing this
development optimize
from macro consumption
to micro interest,
type of components as (e.g.
independent
mechanical, materials
electrical, forming multi-
electronical).
and
and the
the consequent
consequent reduction
reduction of
of associated
associated pollutants
pollutants in
in material
material compounds.
compounds.
markets, results in diminished lot sizes due to augmenting Classical methodologies considering mainly single products
industries
industries such
such as
as automotive
automotive and
and aeronautics.
aeronautics. In
In addition,
addition, Aiming to answer the
the questions, aa systematic review of the
product varieties (high-volume to low-volume production) [1]. or Aiming
solitary, toalready
answer existingquestions,
product systematic
families review
analyzeofthe the
other
other industries suchsuch as as shipbuilding, railway, medical, literature published during the period 01/01/2015 to
To copeindustries
with this augmenting shipbuilding,
variety as well railway,
as to bemedical,
able to literature published during the period
product structure on a physical level (components level) which 01/01/2015 to
identify possible optimization potentials in the existing causes difficulties regarding an efficient definition and
2212-8271 ©system,
production 2020 The Authors. Publishedtobyhave
Elsevier B.V. knowledge
2212-8271 © 2020 The it is important
Authors. Published by Elseviera precise
B.V. comparison of different product families. Addressing this
Peer-review
2212-8271 ©under
2021responsibility
The Authors. of Published
the scientific
bycommittee of the 14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering.
Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review
2212-8271 underThe
© 2017 responsibility of the by
Authors. Published scientific
Elseviercommittee
B.V. of the 14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering,
15-17 July under
Peer-review 2020. responsibility of the scientific committee of the 28th CIRP Design Conference 2018.
10.1016/j.procir.2021.03.027
 David Blanco et al. / Procedia CIRP 99 (2021) 196–201 197
D. Blanco et al / Procedia CIRP 00 (2020) 000–000

01/01/2020 was carried out targeting at obtaining an unbiased,

truthful and representative selection that shows its trend
during the last five years, and subsequently, performing an
analysis of the information obtained and drawing conclusions.
Systematic reviews are very common in the biomedical
literature field. They carry out an analysis of the qualitative
and quantitative aspects of an area of knowledge to synthesize
the existing information. For the selection of studies to be
included in this systematic review, an engineering-oriented
methodology based on the PRISMA statement has been used
with the target of minimizing the risks of bias, both in the
selection stage of the relevant scientific literature to be
included in the review and the subsequent analysis stage [2].
In section 2, the methodology and inclusion and exclusion
criteria used to select the scientific literature included in the
analysis are described; in section 3, results are presented and;
in 4, conclusions are detailed.

2. Methodology and selection criteria for relevant

scientific literature

A systematic review of the scientific literature published

during the last five years, from 01/01/2015 to 01/01/2020 has Fig. 1. Research equation for literature review.

been carried out on lightweight structural materials and multi-

dissimilar materials, predictive models, statistical analysis
materials applicable to aeronautical and automotive fields, and
for process optimization, additive manufacturing and
where machining processes and new manufacturing processes
machining processes applied), materials studied, and article
have a relevant role.
nationality taking the first author as a reference.
To carry out the analysis and to eliminate any possibility of
bias, the same criteria of quality, inclusion and exclusion have
been applied to all the studies, and the Web of Science (WoS) Table 1. Summary of inclusion and exclusion criteria of included literature.
database has been used. This database is provided by Inclusion / exclusion Feature
Thomson Reuters and, integrated into ISI Web of Knowledge criteria
(WoK). In the initial search, 464 potential articles to be
Publication period From 01/01/2015 to 01/01/2020
included in the research were preselected.
Date of searches 02/01/2020 (first) and 30/03/2020 (second)
The search equations can be seen in figure 1. Their main
objective is to find the literature associated with the Type of studies Articles: scientific journals and conference
aeronautical or automotive fields that include multi-materials proceedings
or lightweight structural materials, and where some machining Keywords, synonyms and (See figure 1. Research equation for literature
process is included. Besides, the search has been narrowed to search strategy review)
the period 2015-2020, including only studies published in Bibliography sources All databases included in Web of Science (WoS)
Open Access, in journals with a Q1-Q2 impact factor or Language English
proceedings of renowned conferences, all of them published in
Type of publication Only Open Access
English in the domain "Science technology".
Quality criteria required for 30 most cited peer-reviewed articles included in
Once the pre-selection criteria were applied to the search,
publication WoS databases. Only scientific journals Q1-Q2
verification was made to ensure that each article met the pre- rated and conference proceedings.
established inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in table 1.
Afterwards, the resulting articles were filtered by the number
of citations during the period 2015-2020, and finally, the 30
most cited articles that met the pre-established criteria were 3. Results and discussion
selected.
For the storage and analysis of the extracted information, a The final selection consists of the 30 articles most cited
simple database was created in Excel format where the main that meet the pre-established selection and exclusion
information of each article is collected: title, authors, the conditions set out in the previous section. The collection had
scientific journal with its percentile classification or the 1340 citations during the period 2015-2020, with an average
prestigious conference where was published, year of of 44.7 citations/article (data updated on 03/30/2020). The
publication, DOI, number of total citations, whether it is selection consists of 20 articles published in scientific journals
accepted or not and the reasons for rejection if there were, (14 in Q1 and 6 in Q2), and 10 articles published in
identification of topics included in the study (state of the art, conference proceedings.
hybrid compounds, multi-material type and problem of joining According to the data analysis, the materials that currently
generate the most interest among lightweight structural
198 David Blanco et al. / Procedia CIRP 99 (2021) 196–201
D. Blanco et al / Procedia CIRP 00 (2020) 000–000
materials are aluminium alloys that appear in 43.3% of the
studies, followed by FRPs (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) in
30%, and titanium alloys in 23.3 %. In the analysis of the
percentages, it must be taken into account that an article can
research several materials.
During the analysed period, aluminium has been studied in
several lines of research. The joining of different parts or
pieces of the same part is one of the problems to be solved
frequently. Conventional arc welding generates a lot of heat in
the welding process producing deformations, so new
techniques for welded joints are being studied, in [3] a review
of the process parameters of laser welding applied to
aluminium UNS A92024 T3, one of the most common
lightweight materials in the aerospace industry, is performed
and, in [4,5] FSW (Friction Stir Welding) process is studied,
which provides great advantages when joining dissimilar
materials to form multi-material compounds, this process does
not require melting of the base materials since its peak
working temperature is 0.6-0.95 melting temperature.
On the other hand, CFRPs (Carbon Fibre Reinforced
Polymers) also have very attractive properties that make them
good candidates as lightweight structural components, such as
its low density, high stiffness/weight ratio, excellent fatigue
behaviour and wear resistance, high dimensional stability, low
coefficients of friction, expansion and electrical conductivity
[6–8].
Regarding titanium, this is a difficult material to machine
due to its low thermal conductivity, high chemical reactivity,
and high hardening [9–11] but it has advantages that include it
among the most studied materials, such as its high mechanical
resistance, corrosion, fracture, and lightness [1,12].
Furthermore, during the defined period there are also
studies dedicated to steels [13], to new alloys such as gamma
alloys [14] or NiTi alloy that has memory effect and
superelasticity [15], to copper alloys [4], to nickel-chromium-
based austenitic superalloys [16] and magnesium alloys [17].
Regarding the topics included in the selected articles, 27%
carry out the analysis of a multi-material or hybrid
component, 23% deepens in the knowledge of an additive
manufacturing technique, 23% makes a state of the art of a
knowledge area, and 17% of the works develop a predictive
model of a process aiming to optimize it. In the same way to
the previous analysis of the materials studied, a study may
include several topics in its development.
Each type of lightweight structural material has specific
advantages, so in many cases, they are combined by creating
multi-materials or hybrid compounds to take advantage of the
characteristics of each of them [5].
The joining of these materials continues being a challenge,
Li and his team [18] make a state of the art of the SPR process
(Self Piercing Riveting), a current method of joining
aluminium and composite materials for hybrid structures in
the automotive industry, and currently used by companies in
the industry such as Audi, Jaguar, Land Rover, Volvo, BMW,
Daimler, Tesla and Ford.
Compared to other methods, SPR has many advantages as
it is not necessary to pre-drill the materials. Besides, no
fumes, sparks or noise are generated, no surface treatments
are needed, and several materials can be joined while
maintaining high static and fatigue resistances. On the other
hand, other open lines seek to replace the joined structures
with rivets with laser beam welding, e.g., Tian and his
collaborators [19] propose two models of hot cracking
prediction in laser welding. They validate the models with
good results through experimental tests using high-resolution
X-ray tomography to identify weld defects. Although some
unpredicted pore problems appeared, the model is considered
a good guide reference to the welding process and for
selecting the welding material.
Another line of research in multi-materials are metal
matrix compounds. AMCs (Aluminium Matrix Composites)
have improved physical and mechanical properties over
standard materials such as a good resistance/weight ratio,
good ductility, high strength and elastic module, low dilation
coefficient, excellent wear resistance, high creep temperature,
corrosion resistance, good fatigue behaviour. For these
reasons, they are used in the automotive, military, aerospace,
medical and electrical industries [20]. However, they are
difficult-to-machine materials, with a low MRR (Material
Removal Rate) and high surface roughness that hinders their
large-scale industrial application in the aforementioned
industries, for this reason, techniques such as PM-EDM
(Powder Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining), that
significantly improve them both MMR and surface quality
obtained in machining, are being studied [21].
The additive manufacturing process is also shown as an
important line of research. It optimizes the cost of
manufactured parts by reducing the waste material and the
time required for the new component to reach the market.
Furthermore, it also provides greater design freedom to reduce
the weight by enabling complex geometries [13].
There are several propositions in recent literature for the
improvement of additive manufacturing technology. Qu et al.
[15] propose a new MIG, TIG, and plasma arc welding
equipment that eliminates particle control and distribution
problems by using wire instead of powder as raw material.
Another line of work uses SLM (Selective Laser Melting)
technology, this technology uses the laser as an energy source
to sinter raw material powder, and after, the fatigue behaviour
of titanium parts subjected to very high fatigue cycles is
analysed [22], the residual stresses generated during the
manufacture of 316L parts [23] are studied, or the mechanical
properties of titanium parts manufactured by SLM and after
subjected to a HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing). This after-
treatment improves surface quality, closes microcracks, and
reduces surface stresses [1].
Additive manufacturing processes for polymers such as
FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) also appear in the selected
literature. This technique is applied and studied in the
manufacture of components for a drone, with which it is
possible to maximize flight time by optimizing its weight
[24].
On the other hand, recent literature on lightweight
materials for structural use also includes work aimed at the
development of new processes and equipment. In this sense,
Denkena et al. [25] develop a research prototype with a
modular AFP (Automated Fibre Placement) system to
 David Blanco et al. / Procedia CIRP 99 (2021) 196–201
D. Blanco et al / Procedia CIRP 00 (2020) 000–000
produce complex curved CFRPs structures, presenting in the
article the preliminary equipment validation results.
Regarding the topic of machining, 43% of the selected
articles include the analysis of a machining process, and of
these, 54% analyse the drilling process, being the most
researched machining process.
A common way of joining different parts is by mechanical
fixation, as it ensures good reliability, easy disassembly and
enables inspections. Drilling is a machining operation aimed
at facilitating this mechanical bonding. In many cases, the
parts that will be assembled together are drilled in the same
operation to reduce positioning errors and improve tolerances.
The most common defects in the metal drilling process are
hole size, roundness, position and burrs, while the most
common defects in polymer and composite drilling are matrix
cratering, inter-ply delamination, fibre pull-out, thermal
alteration [10,26,27].
Delamination is irreparable damage, is recognized as the
most critical, it causes 60% of rejections in aviation parts, so
it is included in many of the studies on polymers drilling.
Karpat et al. [8] research the influence of the geometry of the
PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) tools on drilling forces,
torques and wear on CFRPs drilling process, concluding that
the feed rate is the most influential parameter.
Rezende et al. [28] analyse through an ANOVA (Analysis
of Variance) the delamination effect in Al/PE sandwich
panels concluding that tool geometry and, the interaction
between tool geometry and cutting speed are the parameters
that have the greatest influence on the burr height and thrust
force.
Sorrentino et al. [29] study the thermal damage that occurs
in the dry FRPs drilling process, finding significant
differences in CFRPs behaviour compared to GFRPs (Glass
Fibre Reinforced Plastic) as e.g., by increasing the feed rate,
the maximum process temperature decreases for CFRPs and
increases for GFRPs, as does the cutting speed.
Due to the high anisotropy of the FRPs, the damage to the
drilled holes depends significantly on the angle between the
feed force and the fibre direction, and in these compounds, it
varies constantly during half a rotation of the drilling. In this
sense, Bonnet et al. [30] develop a model to estimate the feed
force when the load generated is known for each angular
position. Ojo et al. [31] propose an analytical model for
predicting the critical force of delamination in FRPs,
contributing as a novelty with the inclusion of the effect of
shear deformation on the model.
Regarding the development of new defect control systems
in the new multi-materials, Chan et al. [32] investigate a high-
frequency guided-wave system aimed at finding cracks in
drills caused by an accumulation of stresses and cyclic loads
in ageing aircraft parts.
Besides, other non-traditional manufacturing processes
such as EDWC (Electrical Discharge Wire Cutting) are also
being investigated. EDWC is applied in the development of
flapping-powered micro air vehicles to use them in activities
such as surveillance, reconnaissance flight and rescue
missions. The micro vehicle flight duration improves to 120
seconds and a height of 20 m in 20 seconds in the study [33].
199
Reviewing the articles dedicated to the study of multi-
materials, 50% of the studies research a metal+polymer
compound, in 38% metal+metal, and 12% metal+ceramic.
Fibre-reinforced polymers have very attractive properties
such as stiffness, mechanical strength and corrosion, which
make them ideal candidates to be used in multi-material
components. The main families are CFRPs, GFRPs and FMLs
(Fibre Metal Laminates). On the other hand, titanium has a
good mechanical strength/weight ratio and good resistance to
corrosion and fatigue.
For those reasons, both materials are frequently used in the
aeronautical and automotive industries, so it is common to
find them in studies that research their use together as multi-
materials for this type of applications. Xu et al. [10] conduct a
rigorous review of the state of the art regarding advances in
the FRP/Ti hybrid composite drilling process. The article
collects important information on materials, typical damage in
this process, problems in the interface between materials, tool
wear, strategies for a high quality of the drill and the effect of
different types of cooling on machining.
On the other hand, aluminium is the material that appears
in more multi-material compounds, either with other metals
such as steels [5,18] or coppers [4], with ceramics [20,21], or
with polymers [32,33].
Concerning metal-metal components, the most common
are, as already mentioned, studies that include aluminium. Li
et al. [18] perform a complete analysis of the state of the art of
SPR, a mechanical fixation process of 2 or more sheets of
materials by riveting through the top and subsequent sheets,
and which is mechanically fixed to the last sheet by
deformation. The process allows precise alignment of the
components to be joined and, can be used to join parts of the
same material or multi-material parts. Besides, when used in
combination with adhesives, the stiffness of the joints is
further increased.
In the field of metal-ceramic multi-materials, the two
studies included are aluminium matrix composite materials
reinforced with SiC and B4C ceramic particles and with
application in the aerospace and automotive industries.
The first one is a state of the art on aluminium matrix
compounds for industrial use [20] and, the second one is a
non-traditional machining by PM-EDM in which a DoE
(Design of Experiment) is performed based on the Taguchi
methodology to analyse the effect of dust concentration, peak
current, pulse time and duty cycle on the MRR and Ra
(Arithmetical Mean Roughness) responses, and finally,
establish a semi-empirical model [21].
Regarding the nationality of the articles, and taking as
reference the nationality of the first author, USA and UK lead
the number of studies selected with 17% each, followed by
Germany and Italy with 13%. Australia, China, France and
Brazil with 7%, and India, South Africa, Switzerland, Taiwan,
and Turkey with 3%, are also represented in this list.
Table 2 shows a summary of the 10 most cited works in the
period analysed. Focusing the analysis only on these 10
papers, where 80% are publications in Q1 scientific journals,
and with an average of 98.3 citations/article, 40% of articles
include analysis of a titanium alloy, 30% include FRPs, and
only 20% include analysis of an aluminium alloy.
200 David Blanco et al. / Procedia CIRP 99 (2021) 196–201
D. Blanco et al / Procedia CIRP 00 (2020) 000–000

Table 2. Analysis of the 10 most cited papers 2015-2019 at 30.03.2020 • USA and UK lead the number of articles published within
this selected bibliography with 17% of the publications
each.
Number of citations

Predictive model
Acknowledgments

Machining type
manufacturing
State of the art
Classification
References

Machining
The authors thank to the Research Group “Industrial
Material

Additive

Country
Production and Manufacturing Engineering (IPME)” the
given support and, to the Industrial Engineering School-
[9] 287 Q2 Ti X X Milling China UNED (Projects REF2020-04 and REF2020-07), to the
Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities
United
[13] 215 Q1 Ti/Al/St X
Kindom
(Project RTI2018-102215-B-I00) and to the Master in
Advanced Manufacturing Engineering for funding this work.
[15] 120 Q1 New alloys X X USA

[10] 71 Q1 Ti/FRP X X Drilling France

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