ENGINEERED SOMPOSITE PTPING SYSTEMS

The FIBERBONDG)
Engineering Guide

in
FUTURE PIPE INDUSTRIES
www.fiberbond.com
www.futurepipe,com

JUNE 2OI5
TABLE OF CONTENTS

L lntroduction

II. S€ries Descriptions

III. Supporting FIBERBOND@ Piping Systems

ry. CalculatingExpansion

V. ControllingExpansion

\aL Hydraulics

\4I. Other Design Considerations

VIII. Physical and Mechanical Properties

IX. Appendix I: References

X. Appendix II: Governing Equations

Wat is FM?

FM was originally an ab brettiat ion for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic. As

qdditionalfiber reinfotce lents vere inlroduced, the term hqs been expandetl to
reJbr to Fiber Reinforced Plastic. You may also hear ofterms such as GRP (glass
reinfurced plastic), RTP (reinforced thermosetting plasti4 and RTRP (reinforced
lhetuosetling resin pipe). Even more specific, there is GRE (glass reinforced
epo4t), GRVE (glass reiforced vinyl ester) and GRUP (glass reinfurced
uns alulated pobesler). The list of terms seems to go on and on.

What these tet' 1s do haye in common is lhat they refer to a reinforcecl plastic trtith
q lhermoselting resin as the natrix. Unlike therntoplastics (such as PVC, CPVC,
PE, etc.), Ihermosetting resins arc infusible and insoluble whenfully cured cmtl
thus pt'ol,ide better mechanical properties. Combine d ytith the r einfor cing;fibers,
FRP has an excellent sb'e gth-to-weight ldtio y)hile naintaining wry good
coftosion resislance lo awide range o;fmedia.

JT]NE 2015 EDITION

INTRODUCNON losses and water hammer in a is awarc of the limls of currently
FIBERBOI{D@ Pipins System. availabLe industry standards and learns

F]BERBOND@ Engineered
how ihe product is deslgned and
Composite Piping Systems are
Future Pipe Industries is committed manufactured. We feel it s mporlant
to supporting its customen. An thal the englneer designing a
economical choices for use in
engineering stalf is on hand to FIBERBONDO Piplng System has a
conosive flujd transpod. The answer all your questions or design woking knowledge of how ihe raw
FIBERBOND@ product is an
altemative to stainless steels,
the system with the customer. materials interact to provlde the
chemlcal reslstance and the
copper-nickel, and other reinforced
FIBERBOND@ Custon Piping mechanical properties of the pipe.
and non-reinforced plastics and
Systems once the engineer understands ihese
alloys. FIBERBOND6) can be used
basic principles, he or she can truly
in environnents at temperatures up
In addirion to the FIBERBONDO apprecjate the fl exibility FIBERB0ND@
to 250"F (121"C) and pressures up
Engineered Composite Pipins Piping Systems offer in soving difficult
to 290psig (2Obarg). The
S€ries, Future Pipe Industrieso corroslon pping problems atlhe lowesl
information contained in this ofers a custom line of
piping possible cosi. The lnformation in the
Engineer;ng Guide js the first step
systems. FIBERBOND@ custom FIBERBoND@ Eoqineeinq Guide
lowards designing the opiimum products arc pipe systens cove6 the design of Series 20HV,
FIBERBOND@ Piping System.
engineercd by Future Pipe 20FR-E, 20JF, 20FR16, 20FR20,
lndustries nr meet individual 20JF16 and 110FW lt is our mulual
FIBERBOND@ FRP Piping customer specifications. By interest that ihe FIBERBoND@ Piping
S\stems the system,
customizing an System selecled meets the cusiomefs
All FIBERBOND@ Piping Series optimum pipe product is produced deslgn crleria and is insta ed al the
use a glass-fiber rejnforcement
savine the customer time and mosl economical cost wilhin the
bound in a resin matrix. Together,
material. The custom products guidelines set forth by this eng neering
the glass-fibers provide strength ofitred in the FTBERBOND@ line guide and olher lnduslry standards.
and, the resin matdx provides are engineered, manufactured, The success of your jnstallation is
superior corrosion resistance.
fabricated, and installed by Future imporlantlo ourcompany...afteral, our
FIBERBOND@ Engineered
Pjpe Industries. future depends on it.
Composite Piping Series are
filament wound producis w;th a
windine angle of54'. This is ihe
pdncipal axi s ofl oading for intemal
pressure. FIBERBOND@ Series
Statement ol Policy
20r{v, 20FR,E, 20JF, 20C,
20FR20,20FR16, and lloFW all Slandads arc a recoqnized customer
utjlize this winding pattem.
need and progress has been made ln
developing reliable standards for
Using the FIBERBONDo'
composite pipe. However, one of the
Etrsilleerins Guidc
The purpose of 'The
major benelits of FIBERBoND@
Engineered Composile Plping Sysiems
FIBERBOND@ Enginecring
man!factured by Fuiure Pipe lndushies
Guide" is to help rhe customer
is lhe ability lo engineerthe mechanica
select the proper support spacing,
guidespacing, and anchoring for an
and physical propertes to meel

above ground pjpingsystem. Other

individual customer service
requirements. Under cefi ain condit ons,
nethods to deal wirh fie flexibility
industry standards, which are
of the system, such as expansion
msunderstood and/or misappled,
loops, are also evaluated. ln
addition.'"the FIBERBOND@ become a hindrance to the
development of new and improved
Engineering Guide" will also allow
the customer to approximate head
products. lt is important ihat lhe
eno neer workinq with composile plpe

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GUIDE

SUPPORTING
FIBERBOND@ PIPING Table I Temperature Corr€ction Facton
SYSIEMS 20FR-E
Supporis are designed into a piping 2OHV, 2()JF,
sysGm to prevent excessive 2(]I{V-D, 20JFl6, 11OFW
deflection due to the pipe and fluid 20HV(FDA) 20FR16,
$eiShr. V&e[-- rhe m_BLrpqL 20FR20
deflection is lnnircdJ-diJi in.. rhe 1.00 1.00 1.00
bending stress on the pipeline is 100 t00 100
normally below the allowable I75F (79c) 0.93 0.99
levels of the pipe and fittings. 200F (9lc) 092 0.99
However, in designs that arc more 225F I lO7.\ N/R 0198
stringent it rnay be necessary to use 250F (121c) 097
shorterspacing. This can betue if Conecrion factors areequivalent to 3.5% per'looFrise above 150"F for
there are a nrunber ofheavy inline 20HV, and 20HV-D, lJ% per l|]dF for 20FR-E 20FR-16, 20FR20.
components, such as valv€s, in the and 20J1. and 0.25"" per l0"f for I l0lW.
system, or if the design pressure
and/or temperature are nea( the
product limits. Once suppod
for the Types I, IL [l', and IV
s pport conditions.
spacing is calculated, the maximum
stress levels should be determined.
Above 150'F, ihe support spacins
Support conditions are defined as
may have to be degraded per the
Type I, Il, lll, or IV. The standard
Temperature Correction Factors
conrmonly used is fie Type II Table to account for the lower
condjtion in which the pipe spans
rnodulus values.
two ormore supports. The Types I,
Ill, and IV conditions refer to
single-span, tdple-span, and fi xed-
ends, respectively. For very short
runs and anchor locations. lhese
conditions should be comidered.
Referto the Suppot Types diagram

Figure 1 Support Type Loading Conditions

JUNE 2015 EDITION

 Tnble 2 Recommended Support Spacing (feet and meters)*
Size 20HV 2OJF ll0Fw 20FRl6 20FR20 20c
2OFR-E
2111. 9.8 - 12.8 7.8 - lt.8 8.1 - 1l.7 9.8 - r2.8 9.8 - 12.8 9.8 - 12.2
(3.0 - 3.9) (2.3 - 3.6) (2.5 - 3.6) (3.0 - 3.e) (3.0 - 3.9) (3.0 - 3.7)
3in. 10.6 - 1,1.5 8.9 - 13.6 8.6 - r 3.1 I0.6 - 14.5 10.6 - 14.5 10.6 - 13.8
(3.2,4.4) 12.7 - 4.1) (2.6 - 4.0) (3.2 - 4.4) (3.2 - 4-4) 13.2 - 4.2)
4in- l l.l - 15.8 9.6 - 15.0 8.9 - 14.2 ll.l - I5.8 l l.l - 15.8 I 1.1 - 15.0
(3.4 - 1.8) 12.9 - 4.6) (2..7 - 4.3) (3.4 - 4.8) (3.4 - 4.8) (3.4 - 4.6)
6in. 12.9 - t 8.8 l1.6 - 18. I 41.0 - t7.3 11.7 - lz8 12.7 18.6 11.7 - 16.9
(3.9 - 5.7) (3.5 , s.5) (3.3 - 5.3) (3.5 - 5.4) (1.8 - 5.7) ,(r.5 - 5.1)
8in. 14.5 - 21.3 13.3 - 20.7 12.7 - 20.0 13.5 - 20_5 14.7 -2t.5 13.4 - I9.3
(4.4 - 6.5) (4.0 - 6.3) (3.8 - 6.11 (4.l - 6.3) (1.5 -.6.6) (4.0 - 5.9)
l0in. 15.8 - 23.5 14.8 - 23.0 14.2 - 22.3 r3.6 - 20.6
(4.8 - 7.2) (4.5 - 7.0) (4.i - 6.8) (,1.6 - 7.0) (5.0 - 7.3) (4.1 - 6.3)
l2in. 17.t - 25.6 16.2 -25.1 15.6 - 24.4 16.5 ,25.1 18.2 - 26.5 t5.1 - 2L6
(5.2 - 7.8) (1.9 - 7.6) (4.7 - 7.4) (5.0 - 7.6) (5.5 -8.1) (4.6 - 6.9)
i4in. 16.4 - 26.A 16.9 - 26.5 18.0 - 27.i I8_8 - 28.0 16.4-21.6
(5.0 7.9) (5.1 - 8.1) (5.4 - 8.1) (5.7 - 8.5) (5.0 - 7.5)
l6in. t7_6 -27.8 18.0 - 28.3 t9.2 - 29.2 20.t - 29.9 17.6 - 26.1
(5.3 - 8.5J (5.5 - 8.6) (5.8 - 8.9) (6.r - 9.0) (5.3 - 8.0)
l8in. 18.7 - 29.6 l9.l ,30.0 20.1,30.0 21.4 - 10.0 I8_7 - 28.0
(5.7 -9.0) (i.8 - 9.0) (6.2 - 9.0) (6.5 - 9.0) (5.7 - 8.5)
20in. 19.8 - 30.0 24.2 - 30.0 21.4 - 30_0 19.8 - 29.6
(6.0 - 9.0) (6.r - 9.0) (6.5 - 9.0) (6.0 - 9.0)
24in. 2l.7 - 30.0 22.1 - 30.0 23.5 - 30.0 - 30.0
21 .',l
(6.6 - 9.0) (6.7 - 9.0) (7.1 - 9.0) (6.6 - e.0)
l0in. 20.1- 300 20.8 - 30.0 2r.7 - 30.0 20.3 - i0.0
(6.2 - 9.0) (6.3 , 9.0) (6.6 - 9.0) (6.2 - 9.0)
22.1 ,30.0 22.8 - 30.0 23.8 - 30.0 22.3 - 30.0
(6.8 - 9.0) (6.9 - 9.0) (7.2 - 9.0) (6.8 - e.0)
42i^. 1',7.4 -30.0 lE.0 - 30.0 21.3 - 30.0 17.4 - 30.0
(5.3 - 9.0) (5.4 - 9.0) (6.5 - 9.0) (5.3 - 9.0)
48in. 18.6 - 30.0 19.2 - 30.0 22.8 - 30.0 r 8.6 - 30.0
(5.6 - 9.1) (5.8 - 9.0) (6.e - e.0) (5.6 9.0)
NTable is based on Eq. I dd Eq-2 in appendix II. Valid for waler and sea$aler (s.g. = 1 .0 lo I 0' )- The maxreco'nmended
suppon spacineis 30n (9ml Spans are based on a maximun deflection of0.5oin (l2.5mm) and anaximuur beDding slress that
varies liom 500psi (3.4MPa) to I ,50 0psi ( I 0.3 MPa). The sm aller value is lbr piping sections with heavy inline conpo nents or
\€rl shor! rum of pip ing. The higher value i s for long straight runs of piping. c. g-, for I 0" 20FR-E pip€, spals up 10 I 5.8fl (4.8m)
should be used tbr shon runs ofpipins or piping with valves and spans up lo 23.5ft (7.2m) can be used for lons slraighl runs of
piping.

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GIIIDE

CALCULATING temperature use, thus mahng tenperdturc .ha ge and total
EXPANSION thermal expansion linear. etpa,itor. Future Pipe Industries
feels thal a better desi$ will resull
Thermal Expatrsion fiom this approach.
The length change for any Pressure Er?ansion
aboveground piping s)stem must Although generally n€gle cted, axial
be calculated. The
thermal expansion due to intemal pressure
expansion of contact molded and can sometimes be in equal
filament wound fiberglass pipe in magnitude to thennal expansion
the a,\ial direction is generally two due to the low modulus values of
to five times greater than that of fiberglass pipe. The result is a
some steels! thus making it signj ficant , pr essure expansion,
importani to adequately design for which must be taken into account to
these length changes. The thermal achieve accurate results.
expansion of fiberglass pipe is a Thoughout the rest of tlis design
tunction ol the expansion guide, F ture Pipe Inlustties
coeficient, tempemtur€ change, rcconmends thdt bath thenml an l
and ihe lolal lenglh of the piping ptetsurc dpansion be included in
system. Thermal expansion the design calc lations ,hen
coeficients of FRP are generally justifed. Th s, the Anchat Laads
constant over their designed tables, Guide Spaci g tabks, etc.,
prcride dqta dccodi g to

Table 3 Thermal Expansion*

AT (deg F) Expansion AT (deg F) E\pansion AT(deg Expans ion

(in./ 100ft) (in./100ft) C) (mm/m)
5 0.06 105 t.26 5 00s
10 0.12 I t0 1.32 t0 0.18
t5 0.18 |5 t.38 l5 0.2'7
20 024 120 1.44 20 0.36
25 0.30 125 1.50 25 0.45
30 0.36 130 t.56 30 054
35 0.42 135 1.62 35 0.63
40 048 140 168 40 0.72
0.54 145 r.74 45 0.81
50 0.60 150 1.80 50 0.90
55 0.66 155 1.86 55 0.99
60 0.'72 160 1.92 60 1.08
65 078 165 1.98 65 l,17
70 0.84 170 2.04 '70 1.26
75 0.90 1',75 2.10 75 I 35
80 0.96 180 2.16 80 r.44
85 1.02 185 222 85 1.53
90 108 ts0 2.28 90 L62
95 I r4 195 2.34 95 1.71
100 1.20 200 2.40 100 I80

t{ge 5 JUNE 2015 EDITION

 Table 4 Press re Erpansion (in/l00ft and mm/m) @ s0psig (3.4barg)*
Size 2oHv 2OJF
t lloFw 20FRl6 20FR20 20c
20m-E
2in 0.023 0.015 0.038 0.023 0.023 0.429
(0.01e) (0.012) (0.032) (0_019) (0.0r9) (0.024)
0.033 0.020 0.054 0.033 0.033 0.040
(4.027) (0.0r7) (0.045) (0.027) (0.027) (0.034)
0.042 0.025 0-069 0.042 0.042 0.052
(0.035) (0.021) (0.057) (0.035) (0.03s) (0.043)
0.049 0.031 0.070 0.061 0.051 0.075
(0.040) (0.026) (0.058) (0.050) (0.042) (0.063)
0.053 0.036 0.07r 0.062 0.051 0.078
(0.044) (0.030) (0.059) (0.051) (0.042) (0.065)
l0!n 0.056 0.040 0.071 0.062 0.051 0.096
(0.047) (0.033) (0.059) (0.052) (0.043) (0.080)
l2in 0.058 0.043 0.071 0.061 0.050 0.095
(0.048) (0.036) (0.060) (0.052) (0.042) (0.079)
0.078 0.073 0.063 0.057 0_096
(0.065) (0.061) (0.053) (0.048) (0.080)
l6in. 4.017 0.073 0.063 0.057
(0.064) (0.061) (0.053) (0.048) (0.080)
0.0'7'7 0.073 0.064 0.057 0.095
(0.064) (0.06r) (0.053) (0.04?) (0.079)
20in. 0.076 0.073 0.064 0.094
(0.063) (0.06r) (0.053) (0.079)
24in. 0.076 0.073 0.063 0.094
(0.063) (0.061) (0.053) (0.078)
30in. 0_l l2 0.106 0.097 0. 38
(0.093) (0.08e) (0.081) (0. 15)
36in. 0.llt 0.106 o.t)t)l 0. 37
(0.092) (0.08e) (0.081) (0. l4)
42in. 0.221 0_205 0.144 0.274
(0.r84) (0.r7r) (0.120) (0.229)
,18in. 0.220 0.206 0.144 0.272
(0.183) (0.172) (0.120) 10.227)

*_Iable is b6ed on Eq.4 in alpendix Il wirh P = 50psig. For design conditions, multiply the value in lhis
ldb e b) \P 50) il P i. in pie or Lt 1.4, ill
is i1 hdr.

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GTIIDE

CONTROLLING tables inthis section account for the

D(PANSION thermal and pressure expansion of

FTRF,R RONI,O Engineered
Anchor Loads Composite Piping Systems. To use
One advantage in the design of tiese tables, rcfer to the system
fibergiass piping systems is the low design pressure and temperature.
modulus values. lngeneral, For more conservative results the
fiberglass pipe tensile modulus degradation ofmodu[ a.nd strength
vahes are 1/151h to l/30d1 fiat of are neglected in fie eq ations.
steel. One immediate benefil ofthis
mechanical property is the small
end loads creacd from lernperature
and pressure ellects, allowing
lighter anchors. For anchor-to-
anchor conditions, it is normally
not necessary to include prcssule
expansion in the design as presswe
effects only occur at direction
changes. Flowever, for each design
case the pressure effects need
assessment. The Anchor Loads

Tabl€ 5 Anchor Loads obs) Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JF*

Series 20lry rnd 20FR-E

Sire Temperature Chatrge (d€g F T€mp€rature Change (dcg F
20 60 100 r40 z0 60 100 140
Expansion (ir./100 ft) Exprnsion (in./100 ft)
o.24 o-72 1.20 t_68 o-24 o.72 1.20 1.68
2ir. t,484 2,474 3.464 938 2,8t4 4.640 6.566
3in. 715 2,t44 3,574 5.003 1,323 3,969 6,615 9,260
2,804 4.673 6,542 1,708 5,123 8.539 I1.95,1
6in 1,735 5,206 8_676 t2-t47 2,859 8,577 14,294 20,4t2
8in. 2,',]63 8,288 13,813 19,338 1,231 12.7t0 21,184 29,657
l0in. 4,0t 1 12.050 20,n84 28,l] 8 5,841 | 7,524 2q,207 40,890
l2ln. 5,498 16,493 27,489 38,485 '7,673 23,019 38,364 5t,7t0
l4in 5,652 16,957 28.262 39,567
l6in. 7,367 22,t01 36.8i5 51,569
l8in. 9,308 46,542 65,159
20in. I |,477 14,410 57.383 80,116
16.493 49.480 82,467 115.454
\6,974 50.923 84.872 118,821
i6in. 24,110 '13.231 \22,051 170,871
121n. 16,428 40,284 82,140 114,997
48in. 21,441 64,14 107.207 150,090

+Table is bascd on Eq.i in appendix lI

JUNE 2015 EDITION

Flgure 2 Anchors are placed along straight runs ofpiping to alleviate expansion, especially in higher
temperature systems (above 150F, 65c).

Table 6 Anchor Loads (lbs) - Series 110FW 20C+

Series 11oFw Scdes 20C

Size Temperatur€ Chanse (deq F) Tenpcrature Chatrge (deg F
20 60 100 t40 2n 60 100 140
(in./100 ft) (in./100 ft)
0.21 0.72 1.2[ 1.68 0.24 0.72 1.20 t.68
2in 1.484 2.1',74 3.464 399 1.198 2.796
iin. 715 2.144 3_574 5_003 1.731 2.88,1 4.038
,lin. 935 2.804 1,673 6,542 754 2.263 3.772 5.281
6in. t,7i5 5.206 8,676 12,t41 I 109 1.128 5.547 7.766
2.763 8,288 13,813 19,338 1.844 5.533 12,910
l0in 4.017 12.050 20,084 28,1l8 2,288 6,864 I l_440 t6,at7
12in. 5,498 16,493 27,489 38,485 3_295 9,885 t6,414 23.064
l4in. 7.329 21.988 36,646 5t,in5 4,562 l],687 22.8t2 31,9i6
l6in. 9,278 27.833 46.388 64_943 5.946 2C,7li 4t.621
lSir I1.453 34.i58 57,263 80,r68 7.51i 22.540 i7,566 52.593
20in. ll_854 41_563 69.2?2 96,981 9,263 27.790 46.316 6,1.843
24in. i8,0t5 96,692 135,369 t3,3t2 39.937 66.5Q 93.187
20.452 61.355 102 749 t4t,t62 r3,?01 41.102 68.504 95.905
24.575 85,',724 t42-871 200_023 t9,702 50.107 98.512 t37.917
42in 2t 184 63,s51 105,918 148.286 l3_260 66.299 92,819
26.870 80.611 134.352 188.093 17,306 51,919 86.5i1 t2t,r44

*Table is based on Eq.5 in appcndix Il

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINI],ERING GIIIDE

 Table 7 Anchor Loads 0bs) Series 20FR16, 20FR20*

Series 20FR20
Sze Temp€rature Change (deg F lhanse(degF
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
Expansior (in./I00 ft) ExDarsior (in./100 ft)
n.t4 o.72 1.20 t.6a o.24 o.72 I.20 1.68
2in. 495 t.484 2,474 1.464 495 t,484 2,474 3,464
3in. 715 2,t44 3,574 5.003 715 2,t44 1,574 5,001
2,804 4,673 6,542 2,804 4,673 6,512
1,374 1,123 6,872 9,621 1,663 4,988 8,313 11,618
2,342 7,026 I t,710 16,394 2.878 8,615 14,391 20,148
l0in. 1,564 10.693 17,822 24.95r 4,425 l3_275 10.'r75
l2;n. 5,042 15.125 35.292 6,418 19.255 32.09t 44,928
7,025 21,076 35.t2',7 49.178 7,838 23.513 39.188 54.864
9,047 27,140 45.231 63,328 t4,127 30.381 50.6i4 70.888
l8in. I1,323 56,6r6 79,262 I2,881 18,648 64.414 90.179
20in. ]],854 41,563 69.272 96,981
24irr. 19,91r 59,732 99.55,1 139,376
19,615 58,844 98,07:l 137,103
28,074 84,22t 140.368 196,5t5
42in. 2i.205 75.886 126.477 I77.068
48in. 32.765 98,244 16i,824 22q,l5l

*Table is bded on Eq.5 in appendix Il

JIJNE 2015 EDITION

 Table 8 Anchor Inads (kIY)
Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JI, 20IIV-C, 20HV(FDA), 2oFR-EC, 20JT-C*
Series 20HV and 20FR-E

kN) kN)
1.1 11 .1

11 5

22 1

'Tab e s based on Equation 5 in Appendix ll

.IIINE 2OI 5
 Table 9 Anchor Loads (kI{)
Seri€s 11oFW 20C*

kN) kN)
1.1

11.3

55

12 22.1

20 5 5.7

'Table s based on Equation s n Append x L

Page I I .II]NE 2OI5 EDITION

 Table 10 Anchor Loads (kN)
Series 20FR16, 2oFR16-C, 20FR20, 20FR20-C*

tN) kN)
11 55 11
15 15 15

24.1

214.7

'Tab e is besed on Equalloi 5 ii Appendi! rr

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GT]IDE

Guide Spacing
In the pipe wall, conpressive forces
iolrr expansion may result in
buckiing, aM in seneral, jnstabilitn
unless the piping system is properly
restrained with guides. cuides are
rigidly fixed to the srpporting
structure to provide pjpe suppolt
and prevent buckling due to
expansion while still allowing the
pipe to move in the axial direction.
Under normal conditions, tlle linear
expansion of the piping
between anchor points can b€
controlled without exceedjng tle
allowable axial stress levels of the
pipe and fittings. The bending-
comprcssive modulus ratio that is
used is
only valid at ambient
temperatures. However,
modulus values degrade above
I 5 0" F at similar rates, the rati o will
not be affected. The reconmended
guide spacing design, however,
does not take into account the
combined loading etrects of
buckling and dead weight. If a more
conservative desigl is desied, this
phenomenon should be investigated
turther. Since guides act as
suppots, ihe guide spacing should
be designd with the support
spacing for optimum results. The
system
guide spacing datais based on fixed
ends. If ihe systen has direction
chanses, expansion loops, or
expansion joifis, guide spacing
may be jncreased. This increase js
dependent upon a total system
evaluation,
if the

Table 11 Guide Spacing (ft) - Series 20HV,20FR-E,20JF*

Se rie! 20lry. 20FR-E Sedes 20JF
tmperature ChaDg€ (deg F lhange (des F
20 60 100 r40 20 60 t00 110
(in.^00 ft) (in./100 ft)
0.24 o.'t2 1.20 t.6E 0.24 0.72 1.20 l_68
2in 6.7 5.6
iin. 21.5 1r4 8.1 21.5 12.4 81
4in. 28.0 t6.2 t2.5 10.6 28.0 'J6.2 12.5
6in. 41.5 21.0 18.6 t5.7 41.5 24.0 18.6 15.7
it I 24.6 24.6 20.8
259 25.9
l.2in. 82.0 47.l 36./ 31.0 82.0 47.3 36.7 ll0
l4in. 96.3 55.6 43.1 36_4

l6in. r09.8 63.4 49.1 41.5

123.3 '71.2 55.1 46.6
20in. 612 5t 7
24in. 163.8 '73.3 61.9
30in. 202.2 116.8 90_4 76.4
242.3 r39.9 108.,1 91.6
42ir 279 5 16t.4 125.1) t05.7
3192 184l 142 8 12t) 7

'Table;s based onEq.6 in appendix ll

Pag€ ll .]UNE 2015 EDITION

Figure 3 Guides are added lo control €xpansion and prevent buckling and instability ilr the system,

Table 12 Guide Spacing (ft) - Series 11{)FW 20C*

Series 20C
Sizc Tenperrtur€ Change (deg F Tenr pe ratur€ Chanse(deq F
20 60 100 140 20 60 100 140
ExpaDsion (in./100 ft) Eapansion (in./I00 ft)
0.21 0.72 1.20 r.68 0.21 o.7z 1.20 1.68
2ii1. 155 14 9 5.6
3in. 22.0 12.7 9.8 2l.5 12.4 8l
4in. 28.6 16.5 12.8 10.8 28.0 16.2 l2 5 r0 5
42.1 24.3 18.8 15.9 4l.l 23.7 18.4 15.5
8in 321 249 21 0 24.4 20.6
l()in 261 25.6
12in. 82.6 36.9 31.2 81.2 :t6.i
l4in. 97.7 i6.4 43.7 36_9 96.3 55.6 43.1 i6.4
l6in 111 7 61.2 49.7 109.8 6i.4 49.1 4i.5
lSin 1217 724 55.8 471 t2l 3 717 55.1 46.6
20i.. 138.2 79.8 522 B68 51.7
),65.2 95.4 62.5 163.8 71.3
243.7 t17.6 9t-l 77.0 202-2 I16.8 90.4
140 7 r09.0 92.t 242.3 r39.9 108.4 91.6
42in 280 I 162 2 125.6 1t)6 2 179 5 I61.4 125.0 10i.7
48in. 320.6 r 85.1 1212 3192 142.8 r20.7

+Table is based onEq.6 in appendix ll

TIIE FIBERBOND@ ENGII{EERING GT]IDE

 Table 13 Guide SpaciDg(ft) - S€ri€s 20FRl6,20FR20*

Size lhangc (dcs F) Tem pe raturr Change (deg f

20 60 100 140 20 60 r00 140
Expansion (in./r00 ft) Expansion (in./r00 ft)
0.24 0.72 l.ztl I.68 o.24 n.72 '1.20 1.68
2in. 14.9 8.6 6.1 5.6 14.9 IJ.6 6.7
3i!. 21.5 t2.4 8.1 21.5 t2.4 9.6 8.1

4iir. 28.0 t6.2 12.5 10.6 28.0 16.2 12.5 10.6

4tl 117 249 15.6
8in. 31.5 244 20.6 55.I il.8 208
l0in. 682 19.4 :i0 5 2i.8 68.8 .19.7 30.8 264
12i!. 8l.7 47.2 36.6 30.9 82.5 36.9 31.2
l4in. 91.0 56.0 43.4 36.7 562 4i.6 36.8
05 lll0
l8in 124 I 717 124 1 n.a
20in. 1]7.7 79.5 61.6 52.0
24in. 164.8 95.2 73.7 62.3
202 I 117 1 94.7
243 I 140 i 108 7
42in. 281 I 162 3 t25.7 106 2
48in. i20.9 143.5 121.3

rTable h based on Eq.6 in appendix ll

JIJNE 2015 EDITION

 Table 14 Guid€ Spacing (m)
Series 20HV, 20FR-E, 20JI, 2oIIV-C, 20HV(FDA), 20FR-EC, 20JF-C*
ser es 2oHV and 20FR-E

kN) (N'
12

26 22

5 11 .1

10 220
15 2

124.1

'Tab e is based on Equation 6 n Append x I

JL]NE 2015
 Tabl€ 15 Guide Spacing (m)
Series ll0FW,20C*

10

NJ N)
11
22 17
2.8
25
5.2

254

Tab e s based on Equaiion 6 nApp€ndrl

JTINE 2015 EDITION

 Table 16 Guide Spacing (m)
S€ri€s 2oFR16, 20FR16-C, 20FR20, 20FR20-C*

2.2 17

11 1

11.5 1 0.1

113

17 3 15 I

' Tabl€ is based on Equat on € in Appendix ll.

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GI'IDE P{gc 18

Cuide Spacing for D ection in dre fiberglass fittings, and the distance to the 6nt guide or
Changes specjfically elbows, at directional hanger. The equation used by
Directional changes, as part ofihe changes must be kept below the Future Pipe Industries
geomety ofthe piping system, can allowable bending stress level of approximates a cantilever beam
alleviate the stresses created due to the pipe and fittings. The stress deflected due 10 ihefln.l and
thermal and pressule expansion. level in tlle pipe and fittjngs pressure expansion. There are more
However- the stress levels creared depends on the total length change accurate equations, however. since

Table 17 Guide Spacing at Direction Changes (ft and m) - All Series+

Size Series 20lry.20FR-E '

Total Expansiotr (in. aDd nm) Total Erpansion (ijr. aod mn)
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
(r2.5) (J7.5) (62.s) (87.s) (r2.s) (37.s) (62.s) (87.s)
2in i.3 9.2 I l_8 l4_0 5.7 9.8 t2.7 15.0
(1.6) (2.8) (3.6) (4.2) (l.7) (3.0) (3.8) (4.5)
3in. 6.3 10.8 14.0 16.6 6.6 lt.4 t4.7 t7.4
(1.9) (3.3) (4.2) (5.0) (2.0) (3.5) (4.5) (5.3)
4i'i. 7.1 t2.3 15.9 18.8 7.4 128 16.5 19.5
12.1) (3.7) (4.8) (5.7) (2.2) (3.e) (i.0) (5.9)
8.6 14.9 19.2 22.8 15.3 19.8 23.1
(2.6) (1.5) (5.8) (6.9) (2.1) (4.6) (6.0) (7.1)
9.9 t7.t 22.t 26.2 10_1 t7.5 22.6 26.7
(3.0) (5.2) (6.7) (1.9) (3.1) (5.3) (6.8) (8.1)
l0in ll.0 l9.t 24.7 292 11.2 19.4 25.) 29.7
(3.3) (5.8) l'7.s) (8.8) (3.1) (5.9) l7.6) (9.0)
l2in 12.1 27.A 3r.9 12.2 2t.2 27.3 32.4
(3.7) (6.3) (8.2) (e.7) (3.7) (6.4) (8.3) (e.8)
r3.0 22.5 29.r 34.4
(i.9) (6.8) (8.8) (10.4)
13.9 24.1 3 t.l 36.',7
(4.2) (7.3) (e.4) 01.l)
14.7 25.5 32.9 38.9
(1.5) (7.7) (10.0) 0 t.8)
20in 15.5 26.9 34.7 41.0
(.7) (8.1) (10.5) 112.4)
1',7.0 29.4 3',7.9 44.9
(5.1) (8.e) (11.5) 03.6)
r8.8 32.5 42.0 49.',l
(5.7) (e.8) 1t2.7) (1i.0)
20.5 35.6 45.9 54.4
(6.2) (10.8) (13.e) (16.5)
42ir 22.4 i8.0 49_t 58.1
(6-7) 01.5) o4.e) (t7.6)
23.5 ,10.6 52_5 62.1
o-1) 02.3) (15.9) (18.8)

*Tablc is bded on Eq.7 in appendix II: since the values in ihis table ee a tunction ol the pipe O.D.. the
ql' e' $ l ..tua| ) \ dr) .lie 1rl) fi^ - ..eie, ro .er'es.

JT]IIE 2015 EDITION

 Figure ,l A properly guide FRP system at direction changes is one form ofcontrolling thermal and
pressure expansion.

A"A

J/ ru Eo! vrth Wr;r Fnd-r

_____@d_
t)__________lnw__
rf
Se.tirn d-A

a lnorc coNervative result is
produced fomr t|is equaiion. this
mcthod is recom,nended. I-lowever.
Futrrc Pipe Industries does
recommend a more conservative
gorerning equation when adhesive
bonded joints are used. This
equation accounts fur the bending
stength ofthe elbow joint, not the
pipe, with a safety factor of 8.0. In
general, if the elbowjoint strength
;s neglceted, guide spacing
requirenenls increase liom 25% in
large diameter pipe to 200% in tables are for butt-welded joirls.
small diamecr pipe. A larger T}e butt weld has a higherbending
dircctional guide spacing strength ihan an adhesive bond.
requirement can nean less This factor should be taken inlo
flexibility in des;gning the sysiem. account in the design of
Refer to Appendix II for the design FIBERBONDG) Engineered
equatiorB. The Guide Spacins for Composite Piping Systems.
Direction Changes table in this
section provides the niinimum
recommended guide spacing afGr a
direclional change. Tlre values are
valid only for the expansions gi\ren.
The guide spacing values in rhese

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GUIDE Pagr 20

Expansion Loops more conservative and should be
An cxpansion loop is another considered in any detailed design.
nerhod rsed 10 alleviale stresses Other effects. like seisnic loads,
due lo length changes in the piping but especially wind Loads, have not
sysGm. Expansion loops are been accounied for in ihis design.
generally employed between With longer aDd longer expansion-
extremely long straighl runs ofpipe loop leg lenglhs, the stresses in the
to alleviate the end loads and elbows increase dueto the moments
buckling between anchors. As with crealed- This conlbined loading
Guide Spacing for Dhection condition should b€ evaluated in the
Changes, lhe design recommended detailed desisn. The Expansion
by Future Pipe lndustries is a Loop rable ili this sectioD coniains
simplified approach, however, it die recorixnended leDgths lbr the
leads to more coDsavative data. expansion loop legs perpendicular
Other equations are more accxrate. to the piping stem.
taking into accountlhe flexibilily of
the entire loop, but again, they are
omitted forthe rcasons stated in the
previous section. Again, the design
paramclers include ihermal and
pressure €xpansion. not jusL
lenrperature changc. In addiiion, as
in all dher calculations. the
modulus values have not been
degrad€d above 150'F. Degrading
the mod li leads io resulls that are

Figure 5 Expansion loops are another form of controlling thermal and pressurc erpansion iD a
fib€rglass PiPing system.

B lei€th 5 equo to one-hzlF ,i A

C Lenqth Ir aolr tm€s the nomia dlsmeter
aeg fD. a 6tn. ppln€ system. C = 24n)
D -€rE-i , our t€E- frE. Lle or-ar dEBLer '
<eE far z An PiPln! 5y.tem, D = 84ii,)

(5e" lrev ous F+ure)

JI]NE 2015 EDITION

 Table 18 Expansion Loop Leg Lengths - "A" L€g (ft and m) - Series 20IIV,20FR-E, 20JF*
Size Se ries 20 HV. 20FR-E Series 20JF
Total Expansion (in. and Inr Total Exprnsion (ir. |nd ftm)
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0
(2s) (7s) o2s) (r7s) (2s) (7s) o25) o7s)
2in 5.3 9.2 I1.8 14.0 5.7 9.8 )2.7 150
(1.6) (2.8) (3.6) (4.2) (t.7) (3.0) (3.8) 14.5)
lin. 6.3 10.8 l4 0 r6.6 6.6 11_4 11.7 t7.4
0.e) (3.3) (1.2) (5.0) (2.0) (3.5) (4.5) 15.3)
4ir. 7.1 12.3 r5.9 18.8 7.4 12_8 16.5
(2.1) \3.1) (4.8) 15-7) 12.2) (l.e) (5.0) (5.9)
6in 8.6 14.9 t9.) 22.8 8.8 15.3
12.6) (4.5) (5.8) (6.e) 12.7) (4.6) (6.0) \7.1)
t7.1 22.r 26.2 l0.l 17.5 22.6 26.7
(3.0) 15.2) 16.7) (7.e) (3.1) (5.3) (6.8) (8.l)
loih I1.0 l9.l 24.',l 29.2 I1.2 l9_4 25.1 29.7
(3.3) (5.8) (7.5) (8.8) (3.4) (5.9) (7.6) (e.0)
l2in t2.1 27.0 3t.9 t2.2 21.2 27.3 32.4
(3.7) (6.3) (8.2) 19.7) (3.7) (6.1) (8.1) (9.s)
l4in 13.0 22.5 29.). 31.4
(3.e) (6.8) (8.8) (10.4)
24.1 3l.l 36.7
(1.2) (7.3) (e.4) (r l.r )
lSir 14.7 25.5 32.9 38.9
(4.5) (7.7) 00.0) (r 1.8)
20in 15.5 26.9 34.7 41.0
(1.7) (8.1) 00.5) (12.4)
24in. 17.0 29.4 37.9 44.9
(5.1) (8.e) 0t.s) (r.6)
r8.8 32.5 42.0 49.7
(5.7) (e.8) 112.7) (r5.0)
20.5 35.6 45.9 54.4
(6.2) 00.8) 03.9) (16.5)
42in 22.0 38.0 49.r 58.1
(6.7) (11.5) 04.9) (17.6)
23.5 40.6 52.5 62.1
17.1) (12.r) (15.9) 08.8)

{Table is bascd on Eq.7 in appendix IIi since lhe values in this iable are a funclion of thc pipe O.D.. the
values $illactuallv lafy slightly film series 1o series.

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GL'IDE

Head L6scs itr Fittings
Elbows, reducers, tees, etc., also
produce pressure losses. For
example, in standard elbows, the
pressure loss is created by the
resistance due to the length and due
to the bending in the elbow. On the
other hand, reducers create pressure
losses due to the reduction in size-
All fifiings have specific
characteristics that lead to pressure
losses. One way to account for
these losses is to represent the
fitting by an equivalent iength and
teat this length as in the previous
section. Thjs method provides an
accurate estimate of the pressure
losses in a sysiem. However, since
all manufacturers have their own
data for their products, it
impossible to amass a1l ofthe data
make reference to
manufacturer's literaturc for other
fitlings outside of ihis engineering
guide.
The Equi\alent Pipe Length for
Fitiings table provides the engineer
dala for standard fiberglass filtings.
To use fhe lable, simply read fie
value under the fitting heading for
the particular nominal diameter
desired. Thig value can then be used
as an equi\alent straight length ol
pipe and the pressrn3 losses can be
calculated as in the previous
section. Since ihis approximation is
only true for turbulenl flow, an
approximation must be made for
laninar flow: In rhis equaiion, L is
is the equivalent length in feet and D
is the inside diameter in inches
tbe
ral =ral
D I
r-Lll
r..^ | rooo
One additional item should be
mentioned rcgading pressure
losses and an adhesive bonded
system. lt is imperative rbat
qualified FRP pipe fitters install ihe
piping systen. It is very common
to have inexperienced fitters place
too much adhesive on the fittings
which will result in,as much as 50%
fi lting. This results
pipe closure at a
in huge pressue losses in the
system. No matter how careful the
system is designed, the quality,
reliability, and efficimcy of the
system is only as good as the FRP
.

neededto evaluate every system. lt

is recommended that the engineer

Table 20 Eqnivalent Lengths of F'ib€rglass Fittings (ft)

Size (in.) 90'Elbow 450 Tcc Reducer
Elbow
Long Short Run Branch
2in '7 9 4 18 2
3in. 9 t2 7 4 25 2
ll 14 t0 5 32
6i.. t5 1' ll 8
l8 23 ln 5
l0in. 21 27 l9 l2 12 1
l2in. 24 3l 22 14 85
14in. 27 32 24 16 97 9
29 .18 27 l8 10
18in. 32 41 29 20 t21 1l
20in. l4 31 22 t32 t2
24in. 39 50 3i 26 l5i l4
30i!. 45 59 4l 3l 188 t'/
36in. 5l 67 47 37 220 2t)
42in. 51 14 52 42 25t 23
48in. 63 8l 57 47 282 27
54in. 6E EE 62 52 3t2 28
73 95 67 57 342 31
* Based on equations in Benedict * Valid for a flow rate of l0 fl,/sec.
For I fl/sec, nutiply b) 1.9, for 5 n/sec, by 1.2, md for l5 ff/sec, by
0.89. Reducer valEs are for one size reduction, e.9., a I 2in. x I 0in.
reducer is equallo 8liof l2in. pipe.

JI'NE 2015 EDITION

 Table 19 Properties of Common FIuids and Gases (@ 68F, 20c)*
Fluid Specific Density Kin€matic Dynrmic
Gravity (lb/cu ft) Viscosity Viscosity
(cst)
0.001225 0.0765 14.6 0.0179
1.0 62.4 ] 005 1.005
1.025 64.0 1.061 1n91
Brine 20%Nacl 1.149 '71.',7 I J98 1122
Eihanol (etlyl
0.789 492 I 525 120
alcohol)
JetFuel 062 - 0.88 38.7 - 54.9 12-15,')4Oc 0.11 - 1 .32
0.78 - 0.82 48.',7 - 51.2 2.71 2.11 -222
I-islr crude oil 0.855 53.4 9 234 7.895
Medium Crude
oit
0.855 53.4 4.620 i95
Meihanol
(merhvl alcohol) 0.810 0 7lt 0 592

20% Sodium
122 76.1 4.0 4.88

1.841 114.9 l3.8 25.4

HCI ( .5%,
105 1.9 ] 54
liquid)
Alllalues are tenperoture dependentand valid only for ambienl I empentue unless noted olheNise.
D)nanic (absolure) viscosil] = kinemaLic !iscosiry * S.G.
lS.G. = lkg/mr = 62.41b/ftr. lcsl = 0.0387511 /hr= 0.0lcn':/sec (Stokcs). lcP = 3.6ks/mft =
0.0006721b/ft scc = 0.01s/cn{cc (Poisc).

this guide. The ensineer is direcred
to the references listed in the back
of this guide for further
hformation.
Hcad Loss€s in Straight Lengths
ofPipc
One source ofhead loss is due to the
liictional resislance of the pipe
material. This pressure drop in
FIBERBOND@ Piping Slslems
can be accounted for with the
Darcy-weisbach equation for
water. This analysis calculates ihe
headloss based on the volune flow
rac, pipe insjd€ diameter. and the
friction factor, which is a function
of the surface rougbness and flow
rate. A surface roughness value of
0 00021 in is nsed to A..ormt for
lhe smooth fiberglass pipe interior.
The tables/gmphs on the followins equation for head losses in laminar
pages can be used to calculate the
pressure drop in psi for all
FIBERBOND@) Piping Series.
Knowing the flow rate in It/s and 0.AAl21a rLQ
the nomtual pipediameter, ihehead
loss and llow velocib' can be
delenniied. The information in this
ln lhis equation, v is the absolute
section is valid only for seawater
viscosily in centiloises. L is the
(SG:1.025). Refer to the Fluid pipe lenglh in fe€t, d is the internal
Conve$ion Facton to calculate the
diameter in inches, and Q is the
head losses for other fluids. These
volume flow rate in GPM. Notice
factors are a fluction of lhe fluid
specific graviq, and k;nematic
that the surftce roughness ol the
pipe is not a factor.
viscosiq,. For more accurate
results, ho*€ver, the convcrsion
factors shouldnot be used. Refer to
the hydrauljc equations l0 - 13 in
Appendix II. Also, a diffcrenl
equation must be used to account
for laminar flows. Poiseuille's

T}IE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GI'IDE

HYDRAUUCS
FIBERBOND@ Ensineered
Composite Piping Syslems ofler
sigdficant advantages in flow
propeties over stainl€ss steels,
lined steels, and other alloys due to
its smooth resin rich inlerior surface
and resistance to conosion. Flow
capacities are greater and the
possibiljb, of foLrling is greatly
reduced. The engineer should take
advantage of the superior flow
properties of fiberglass over
altemalive pipe system materials.
Maximum Flow Velocity
The continuous llow velocities for
most liquids;n fiberglass pipirrg
will generally fall between I and 5
meters per second (3.3 and 16.4
ft/sec). One general rule eqration to
for turbulert flows. cenet"lly, for
, =l:'1,' pipes, a Re)'nolds number great€r
than 5000 defines tu$ulent flow.
The Reynolds number is defined as:
This velocjB, should be below the
maximum allowable velocily in the
uD ( tn \
R" =
| \t2 tn. )
Factors Affectin g Velocity
Pressure loss obviously needs to be In the above equarioq u is rhe
considered when selecdng pipe velocity in ft/sec, D is the diameter
sizes and vglume flow rates. This of dre pipe in inches, and v is the
is especially true in small bore pipe kjnemaiic viscosib,, in ft 2/sec. lf the
sizes where pressure losses can flow is laminar or transirional (R.
reach lopsi per 100-feet or more <5000), diferent equations must be
even at vel ocities of l6ftsec or I ess. applied br conection llctors rnLrsi
be used. One example of a
lntennittent exculsions can reacb as
high as 10r/sec (32.8fr/sec). Some
studies have been done for per;ods LLA !)
as long as 3 months and at
conlinuons v€locities up to D
-),,-=-),,,( D 1000

determine the maximum 7.6m/sec (25ftisec) that have shown

conrinuous flow velociry is: In this equation, L is the equivaient
little or no degradaiion ofthe FRP
length in feet and D is the diameter
piping.
64
in inches.
Other factors to consider when
Other Flows
sizing the pipes jnclude 1) erosion,
Morc complex situatiom, such as
2) caviratjon, and i)water hammeL.
In the above equal;ons, u.., is in gas flows, ard h general,
fi/sec and p is in lb/ftr. For erosjve compressible flows, two-phase
Turbulence
fluids, dre marimum velocity can flows, and non-Newlonian flows
be as little as halfofthe values fiom
The information in this section (where the viscosil' is not a
concerning headlosses is only valid
t\is equation. constant), are beyond the scope of
Ifthe volune flow rate (cPM) and Example Hydraulic Calculations:
pipe size arc ihe known variables,
then the actual flow velocity can be Consider an FRP system that is pumping water from a station to
calculated with the following adischarge lin€. The pumps operate at6500cPM and the size is
equadon. 1Sin., FIBERBOND@ Series 11oFW. Calculate lhe velocity and
check lbr turbulence.
o(ttt,n \t lmL. \, r/r I

With Q :6500GPM, the actual velocit

al lsrl .ll bu sec ll l2t l
's:
u: 6500 / (iTl4 * l8) + 231 / 60 / 12 : 8.2 ftAec

Inthe above equation, u is in fusec, The Reynold's nunberisl

Q is the volume flow rate in GPM,
and A isthe interna-L cross-sectional Re : 8.2 * 18 / 0.000010'76 I 12 : 1.14 + 106
area in sq. in.:
Therefore, the flowis turbulent and the graphs and tables in this
section can be used.

P.ec 2l JI'NE 2OI5 EDITION

 Pressurc Cu rves for W !ter

100 00

volun e Iflo$ Rrte (CPv )

+ A11lalues are based on SeaWaler atambicnl tempeEture.

Tabl€ 21 Pressure Curves Conversion Factols

Fluid / Gas
1.014
Brine. l0% Nacl
litht Ctudc LJjl r.654 +/- 20%
Mediud Fuci Oil l'378 +t- 12%

HCI(31.5% liquidl I 12r)

Conversion t.rctors dre ba-sed on thc nuid/gas sfecific gravity and
kinematic viscosjty. ConveNion factoB are dcpcndentupon cach
fluidNith amainum derialion of 5% unles olheNise noted-
Conversion laclors \rerc calcLrlaled fion the Coleb rook e qualioh,
\!hich hai a l% uncertainty.

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GI'IDE Prgc 26

 Pressure Ctrrves for W ater

->l // L
'ELOCI
* /t /,

1t-T ,l
/--> g'
/ 7

7
,u)/,,
(/ (,/, ,'/

t0oo00

Volune Flos Rate (cP jlr )

+ Alllalues are based on SeaWaLer atambient temperature. +See convc6ion percenlages 1o deviate belween

JL]NE 2015 EDITION

Water Hammcr atrd Transi€nts nrade aboul bulterfly valves and
When punrping fluid thLough an other valves that do not have linear
FRP system under normal closing limes. Some butterfly
conditions. the ;nt€mal prcssure is valves that are closed 1o 80% still
naintain€d. However. during pump have flow rates of 50% or nore.
startup/shutdolr, or when valv€s Therefore, closing times nay have
are opened or closed quickly, to be lenglhened to take this innr
pressure surges and transients can
be created that are deldmenlal 1o
the piping system. The tem] water
ha ner desc bes the pressure
surge ihatis createdwhen a\ralve is
opened or closed too rapidly and
there is asudden large change in the
monlcnlu1l 0f the fluid. The term
hansient flow describes the
unsleady flo*, conditions oeated
by one or nrore ol the above-
menliored occunenc€s. Both ofthe
subiecls are ver) detail€d and
involved, howcver, their effects on
an FRP s),slen can not be
overlooked. ]n genel?l, Future Pipe
Industlies reconxnends the
following guid€Unes to deal with
$aler hanxner: 1. Use valves w'th
closing limes in the 3-5 second
range. For hig! fiow mtes or for
large borepiping (> l4in.,600mm),
even longer closing times may be
needed. 2. Never stat pumps into
empg/ discharge lines without the
use ofactuated valves. 3. Corsider
the design of surge ta*s or
Pressurc accumulators inlo
pipelines when t|e lolential 1br
water halxner exists.

Table ll in this s€ction refers to

rcconxnended minimun valve
closure/oparing tirne s. These times
g;ve an approximale prcssure surge
equivalent to the m:Lximum shut-in
prcssure (133% of des jsn pr€ssure).
It should b€ noted ihal lhese times
are based on panicular flow rates
and do not eliminate the potential
negative cftecls of water hammer.
By keeping valrc closing times to
these numbers or h;gher. yoLr are
sinpl) reducing the surge that is
crealed. A second note should be

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GTJIDE Prgc 28

OTHER DESIGN
COIVS/DERAIIONS
Tbcrmal Condrctivif
Thermal conductivity is defined as
the rate of heat transfer per unit
area, per unit tempetature
differential, per unit thickness, per
unjt time. Themal conductiviry is
usually expressed in w/(mrK),
BTU(hr-ft-'F), or Bru-in/(lr-lu-
"F). Most fiberglass products have
lhermal conductiviq/ values that arc
less than l% ofsteel and which are
only 4 - 8 times gr€ater than that of
corrunon insulating materials, such
as fiberglass or elastonedc foan
B€cause oflhis, there are not nearly
of fiberglass
as many applications
piping that require insulation.
However, when rhe oeed ior
insulation is required, wh€ther it is
for controlling heal loss, providing
Personnel protection, or reducing
heat gain, the insulation materials
for fiberglass pipjng can be chosen
in the same manner as for steel
piping.
Heat Tracing
Heat tacing, for fteeze procction
and/or for maintaining the process
fluid at a specified temperanre, by
means of elecldcal tr acing is
acceplable for fiberglass pipe as
long as certain precautions are
taken. 1. The average wall
tenperature created from the heat
trac;ng m st be less than tlre
fiberglass temperature mtjng ofthe
product. 2. The maximum tacing
temperature musl be no more than
100"F above the iemperature rating
of the fiberglass product. 3. The
maximum iemperature al the inside
wall ofihe fiberglass Foduct nust
be less than the t€mperature raiing
oI the fiberglass product for the
paticular fluid in the piping. In
addidon to the above precauljons, j!
is impotant that a spiml wrap be
used for heat tracing. Because of
the low thennal conductivib' of
fiberglass pipe, if only one side of
the pipe is heated, the heat will not
transfer properly creating the
potentjal for bowing to occur in the
piping. It is also agood
recommendation to use the
ninimlun heat tracing temperature
that wiU meet the design
requiremenL. It is not uncommon
in freeze protection applications
that a tmcjng temperature ofas low
as 120"F wlll suffice.
Abrasive FIuids
Fiberglass piping has been used
successfully in a lunber of
difTerenl se ices where is
"bnsion
present. Howev€r, because of the
large nunber of varjables involved
in desjgnins systems for abrasion,
including fluid velocity, parlicle
slze and shape, and temperature, i1
is dijiculf 10 delemine 11.
suitability ol a product in a
parlicular service without actual
test dala. Future Pjpe Industries
offers a custom manufact red
fibergiass product with abrasion
resistant additives built into the
liner. Asain, because ofthe number
ofvariables involved in the design,
it is reconrmended that field test
results be obtained ftoln test spools
install€d inactual servic€
conditioDs.
l,ow Tem peratu re Service
Many llberglass products,
including FIBERBOND@, are
suitable for use at low
temperatures. Tests corducted as
lowas '45"Fhave s|own little or no
degradation in
the mechanical
properties ol the fibeLglass
products. In designs at low
temperatures, ihe effect of
contraction should be investigate d
JUNE 2015 EDITION
catefully. ln addition, fieezing of
the fluid canied inside the piping
system must be prevented to avojd
bursting of th€ fiberglass piping
system.
Static Electricity Internal
Charg€s
Static elecliciB, is generared when
two dissimil materials genente
friciion llom confact. Two tlpical
examples of the pocntial intemal
gereration of siaiic electricity in
fiberglass p;ping systems are 1) dry
gas flowing tfuough a duct systen
al high velocity with non-
conductive paticle trapped in the
flow and 2) non-conductive liquids
flowing through a pipe or falling
tbrcugh into a collection tank. In
most applications for fiberglass
pipe,there is litlle or roconcernfor
the generation of static electdcily.
However, in applications such as
those described above, static
eleclfcity can be a serions concern
thal musl be addressed in the design
phase of the project. Tpical
fiberglass composiles have a
volume resistivib' of 10"13 - l0^l5
ohms-meler. A volume conductive
material typically has a volume
resisliviry of less lhan 10"6 ohlns-
meter. The FIBERBOND@ 20C
Series achieves lhis level ofvolume
resistivity through lhe use of a
bomogenously
laminate. By naking the piping
produci homogenously conduclive,
the slatic electricity that is
generated can be dissipated through
grounding straps as in steel
Static El€ctricity - Hazardous
Static electricity in hazardous areas
is a completely different
phenomena than those created flom
internal charges. In
hazardous
areas, fie dreat is from l) a siatic
charge sourc€ being generated in
fie vicinif of the FRP piping, 2)
that generated charge accumulating
on lhe exteriorofthe piping sysiem.
and 3) the accunulated charge then
crealing a sparkthat could ignile the
flammable atmosphere in
the
hazardous area. While the
likelihood of all of these events
occurring at the right limes is very
lo\ the negative consequences
from this combination of events
colrld be catastrophic.
When siafic electrjcity cannot be
ruled out, we have develop€d
several FIBERBOND@ product
lines just for these appLications.
TIese include Series 20FR-EC,
20JF-C, 20JF16-C, 20FR16-C,
20FR20-C. and 20try-C. All of
these product lines ar€ ideniical to
their base product (20FR-E tor
exanple) except for fie
inco{roration of an electdcally
conductive e)rterior that can be
grounded to earth. Grounding to
earth is very impofant as
conductive materials that are
ungrounded pose a greater danger
(due 10 the increased ability to
accumulale cha(get than non-
conductive materials.
Vacuum Considerations
The potential for vacuum collaps€
can occur in any system. AII
FIBERSOND@ products with
pressur€ ratings of l50psig or
higher are rated for fuU vacuun.
Vacuum mainly become sa concern
with larger diameterpiping (> l2in.
diameter) and with very ihin wall
p;ping, such as t|ose used for duct
service. When pipjng such as these
are used in s€rvices where vacuum
THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GIJIDE
may occur it is important to vedfy
lhe allowable vacuum rating ofthe
product. When economical,
stiffener rings are sometimes
manufaclued into the piping
product to improve the vacuurl
Iating.
This, however, is nainly linited to
duct service and very large
diameter pipi4 (>2,+in. dianeter).
Vibration can be a problem in
fiberglass piping syst€ms ifil is not
designed for properly. The two
concerns of vibration incftrde
damage to the piping system
because of high stresses and
damage to the pjpiDg s)stem
because of abrasion io the pipe at
supports. When high stresses are
created lioln vibration, it is
important to isolate the source. In
these severe cases. a flexible
connection should be nade
between the source and the
fiberglass piping. The abrasion at
supports can be easily avoided by
using wear pads at allsleel
irterfaces. It is siandard pmctice in
FIBERBOND@ Pipins Systems to
use wear pads or some other form
ofrubberpadding at all FRP / Steel
interfaces to prevent this abrasion
Pulsation
Pulsation js usually caused by the
acceleration and decelemlion of a
pumped liquid ftom areciprocating
pump. The forces fiom d s acrion
can create press re spikes several
times larger than the operaiing
pressure of the system. From visual
inspection, the pipe appears to be
vibrating and eventually damage
'$ill be caused to seals, sauses, and
even the piping material itsell
The best defense against pulsation
is lo use a pulsation danrpener such
as a hydro-pneumafic dampener
which essentially consists of a
pressure vessel containirg a
compressed gas that is separaied
liom the liquid by a bladder.
Nontally, the dampener should be
placed as close to the pump as
possible. Note that pulsaljon is
normally uncommon with
centrifugal pumps.
.
Lry/ Weathering
Al1 fiberglass piping will
expe ence sorle changes in
appearance when exposed to
sunlight. Ite exposure to UV will
cause degradation of some fom.
While this degradation generally
does not affect the perfonnance of
lhe product, it is
an aesthetic
problem similar to rusting of steel
piping. Unlike st€e] piping,
howev€r, it isproblemthat can be
a
avoided. All FIBERBOND@
products design€d for use in
aboveground applications are
manufactured with an e)rtemal
conosion barrier. which conlaiis
W inhibiton and a special
polyester fabdc. This exrernal
corrosion bafiier prevenis thc "fibcr
bloom" associated with fiberglass
products thal are not manufactured
with an extemal conosior banier.
ln addition, this extemal corrosion
bani€r makes the FIBEIBOND@
product splash-resislant to
seawater, freshwater, and oils.
Fungsl/ Bacterial Attack
Fiberglass products are considered
inert to marine life. They offer
neither nourishment nor toxic
effects. Therefore. while marine
fouling can occur, loDg-terln
studieshave shown that this fouljng
can easily be cleaned. Fouling is
most common in lines whi.n are
trg( l0
stagnant for long periods of time.
Siudies at one facility where FRP
pipes were left under stagnant
conditions for one-mont\ showed
some fouling to occur. Odrer
facilities have had FRP slstems in
operation for 5 years wirh
maximum fl ow velocities of 5ft/s€c
with no signs of fouling. When
continuous operating I ines naintain
flow velocilies. fouling is
Marine life, such as oysters,
mussels. aDd barnacles tend io
attach less io FRP pipes compared
to steel due to lhe smoolh interior
suface ofFRP.
Hypochlorination is an effeci;ve
mclhod 10 prevent fouling
problems. Sorne studies have
sho\\'n continuous chlodnation
conceDlations as low as 0.25 to
0.5ppm to be effective.
Water Hanm€r
Water hammer is ihe sllrge of
int€rnal pressure created when lhe
liquid velociry suddenly changes.
Since the liquid is essenrially
;ncompressible, any energy that is
applied to it is instantly tansmitted
somewhere else (to the pipes,
fittings, joints, valves, even
suppots).
The bigg€st cause ofwaterhamner
;n FRP systens is drc qujck closing
valve. Unfortunately. there is no
sjrnple calculation to deGrmhe
wheth€rwater hanmer is a concern
or not. Negative faclors that affeci
the magnitude ofwater hammer are
l) fast valve closing limes, 2) long
staight ruDs ol' piping with no
fittings nor branches, and 3) high
operaling velocities.
Factors that are positive and can
help reduce the efiect of water
t!gc Jl
hannner include l) slow
closing/opening valve s, 2) complex
systems wilh lnany branches and
shoa runs ofpiping, and and 3) low
operating velocjties.
The best solulion lo the water
hanxner problem is elimination of
the source. Ifthese sources cannot
be eliminated and lhe water
hanxner problem is severe, sonle
type of sute tank or pressure
accumuiator should be designed
inlo the system. As wilh all
systemsj the surge pressures due lo
waier hammer should b€ kept
below the naximuln allowable
pressure rating of the piping
system.
Cavitatioo
If rhe pressure in a closed piping
syslem w€re to drop below the
fluid's vapor pressure, then cavities
would form. Tbese cavities are air
slaces and the phenomena is also
known as water colun separation.
This is anoilrer consequence of
quick closing rBlves since the same
pressure wave that causes a
pressure surge also caus€s a
T|e result ;s essentially a vacuum
on the piping syslen, which iflarge
enough, can lead to collapse ofthe
pipe wall-And when the water
columns rejoin,ihe result is usually
apressure spjk€ inrhe sysiem. Thjs
is cspecially tue in large diameier
plping systems with thin pipe walls.
With water or seawater sysielns:
water colunn separation is less
likely to occur because ofthe very
low vapor pressue ofthe fluid. For
water, the vapor pressure is about
0.5psia (l4.2psig bclow
alrnospheric) at anbient
temperature and aboxt 3.5psia
(1i.2psig below atnospheric) at
150F.
JUNE 2015 EDITION
Fstigue Loading
The standard long tenn test method
fbr FRP mate als is the ASTM
D2992 Procedur€ "B" which is a
static long telm irternal pressure
1es!procedure. T$ically, when the
number ofcycles in the design life
of the syslen is less tban 7000
(about one cycle per day in a 20-
year design), the syslen can be
considered slatic and
consideration needs to be given to
ladgue Ioading.
When fatigue loadjng is a concern.
faiigue data should be used for
delennining ihe allowablc stresses.
Depending upon the seveLiq, ofthe
fatigue ioadins, the allowable
fatigue stress can be as litrle as half
ofrhe static v.lDe This can he lrue
at l0^8 cycles ofloading.
It should be noted that occasional
loads, such as a 50-year storm
design, are tpically not faligue
cases since the number olcycles is
be]ow7000. Daily wave action, or
the other hand, car be a faligue
An alternalive 10 the fatigue data is
in 15014692 which has a 'lactor'
for de-ratins the staiic auowable
stre ssto a " cycii c ' al lowable siress.
This is the so cal1ed "A3' lacior for
de-rating for cyclic sewice.
Ref€rence shouldbe nade to Pat 3
(design) oflSO14692.
Sodiun Hypochlorite
Sodium Flypochlorite (NaOCl) is a
very strong oxidizer thal, at certain
concedratioDs. can be detrirnental
1o the perfo nance of FRP. Most
FIBERBOND@ products are
suitable for cxposure to Naocl up
to 100ppm and up to 120F (49c). corosjon is dominated by either Safety Factors
Above this concentration, special physical or chemical mechanisms Safery factors (the inverse of the
liners may be required. Corrosion or a combination of both. In ser.r'ice fbctors in ASME 831.3 or
resi siant testing has been perfonned aqueous medi4 a physical attack the partial factors inISOl4692) can
at concentations as high as 15% fhe FRP dre to th. vary widely for FRP materials,
(150,000ppm) wilhsatisfactory osmotic permealion ofthe resin by depending upon the test melhod,
However, at lhe fluid- The physical attack or duration, loading condition, eic.
concentrations above lffl.
a dual- FRP is often more severe when rhe For example. for a short term
laminate (a PVC, CPVC, or PTFE fluid is pure water mther than ionic 'bulst" test such as ASTM D1599,
liner with FRP sfucture) Inay be solutjons. These physical altack 4.0 is a b'pical salcly factor. For a
can rcsult in delaminations or long lenn rellession analysis such
bListeriDgs., as ASTM D2992, the safet factor
would be closer to ] 5. Long term
Chemical attacks can also occur. safety factors for occasional loads
Corrosion Resistance An example is ihe saponificarion by can be even lower. closerto 1.12.
While metallic corrosion is sodiun hydroxide or the oxidatior
dominated b)' electrochemical bysodi n hypochlorite-
corrosion mechanisms FRP

THE F'IBF],RBOND@ ENGIIIEF],RING (lI]IDE

 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERNES
Table 22 Typical Strengths and Moduli

Property 20HV,20HV-C, 20FR.E,2OFR.EC, 1lOFW 20c

20HV(FDA),20HV" 20FR16, 20FR16-C,
D 20FR20,20FR20-C,
2OJF,2OJF-C

Temp Rating 150F 185F 250F 185F

(65c) , (85c) (121c) (85c)
AxialTensile 8,400psi 8,400psi 8,400psi 6,780psi
Strensth (57.9[rPa) (57.9[,4Pa) (57.9llPa) (46.7MPa)
AxialTensile 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,130,000psi
(9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (7.8G Pa)

Hoop Tensile 26,400psi 26,400psi 26,40opsi 26,400psi

Strength (182.0[,4Pa) (182.0N]Pa) (182.0[IPa) (140.7MPa)
Hoop Tensile 2,200,000psi 2,200,000psi 2,200,000psi 1,700,000psj
(15.2GPa) (15.2GPa) (15.2GPa) (11.7GPa)
Bending Strength 16,800psi 16,800psi 16,80opsi 13,560psi
(115.8[,4Pa) (115.8[,lPa) (115.8[IPa) (93.slnPa)
Bending Modulus 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,400,000psi 1,130,000psi
(9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (9.7GPa) (7.8GPa)
Density 0.06|b/in.3 0.06|b/in.3 0.06|b/in.3 0.061b/in.3
1.791m3 1.7glmx 1.7glmj 1.7 glm3
Thermal 0.00001in./in /F 0.00001in./in./F 0.00001in./ln./F 0.00001in./in./F
Expansion 0.000018mm/mm/C 0.000018mm/mm/C 0.000018mm/mm/C 0 000018mm/mm/C
Coefficient
Maior Poisson's 0.35 0.35 0.35 035
Ratio,
ErEh*vha=vah
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55

150 150 150 150

Specific 0.0002in 0.0002in 0-0002in 0.0002in
Roughness (0.0005cm) (0.0005cm) (0.0005cm) (0.000scm)

JIJNE 2OI5 EDITION

 APPENDIX : REVISION LOG
APPENDIX I: REFERENCES

March 2010r clarified major and minor

Many exc el lent texls and other references wereutiliz€d in
the Miting ofthis Engineering guide and the following
are recommended for further infonnation:
American Socie0 of Mechanical Engineel.s,
As\4I aode lor Presure P p:ng Bi Li.
Chem;cal Plant and Petrolernn RefiningPiping,
ASME, New York, 1996 E{tition.
poisson's rado; updated wordirrg on fatigxe
loading.
June 2015: No major changes;updated some
wodiDg to naintain consistency iiom one
sect'on to another and with other docrmenrs

Benedic! Robert P., I.,,dalnentdl:r of Pipe

F14,. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Copyrisht
t980

Holnres, Emesl, CEl1g. FIMechE, MIES, FRSA,

Ed., Hd n d boa k af I n du:t tri a I P ipe\,t ot k
Engineeting, John \N iley & Sons, New York.
Copydglrt 1973.

Mallinson,lohn H., P.8., Catosion Resistant

Plastic Conposites inChenical Pldnt DesiEn,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Copyright
r988.

NBS Voluntary Product Standard, PS l5-69,

Custom Contact Molded Reinforced Polyestet
Chemical Resistant Process Equipment,
Department of Commerce.

Pannakian, John, Watethannet Anab)sis,

Prentice-Hall, N ew York, Copyright 1955.

Stringfellow, P.E., Ed., aiberylass Pipe

Ilandbook,The Conpasit€s Instil te, A
Division ofthe Sociely ofthe Plastics IndrLs!y,
New York. Copyright 1989.

Wylie, Benjamin E., Fl td Ttunsienrs, FEB

Press, Ann Abor, MI, Corrccted Edition,
Copyright 1981.

Young, Wanen C.. Roarlr's Fornulas lot Sness

,,r1Stdt,, 6fi Edition, Mccraw-Hill, New
York. Copyrisht 1989.

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GUIDE

 APPENDIX I II: GOVERN IN G SUPPORT SPACING
Stress Based Design
EQUATIONS

The follolling equations were used in the calculations ol L=

design standards for all FIBERBOND6T Engineered
Composite Piping Series. The tuil derivation of each 8 ru ]
equation is not included here. The engineer is direcred to the
rcferences atthe end ofihis guide fortunher infomation. Q)

SUPPORT SPACING L.' Support spacing. ft

Deflection Based Design o - Bendnrg stress. psi
1, - Moment of ine]tia, reinforced- in1
c - Pipe outside radius. in
lE IA ) r \v.- Pipe and fluid $eigh! lblin.
(r)
I fr, I r12,, l
Con' der I{., plc L e\ceot. no$ de rgl rle,, pport, t"r a
muimum bending stress of500psi:
L"- Supporl spacing. ft
Er, - Axialflexural (bendine) modulus, psi o:500 psi
l, - Momentofineftia. rcinforced, ini Ii = n /61 (1.51,1.04t:3.17 nr.1
A Allowabie deflection = 0.5nr. c= 1.75 in.
w.- Pipe and fluid s,eight, lb/in. w. = n /4 (3.5r - l.0r) (0.06) + tr /,1 (3.0r) (0.0361) ( 1.2) =
K - Support t)pe factor 0.46lb/in.
:0.013 for Type I
L": 10.5 ft
= 0.0069 for T}?e ll
:0.0065 for Tlpe III
= 0.0026 for T}?e lV
THERMAL EXPANSION

(tt-.r
Example I Calculationsi
, (too ,.1 _ (3)
Consider a 3in. 201ry Series (200psig) piping sysrem ^/ \. 1n )
op€rating at anbient temperaiurc and 100psis and
carying a fluid with a specific gravily of 1.2. Calculate An"-"r - Th ermal expa nsjon in./100 fl
the rcquired suppot spacing based on a deflectionof0.5" C, - Coeffi cient of themal expansion, in./in./'F
and a bending slress of 1,000psi. A T - Tempemiure clrange, "F

EL,:1,400,000 psi - For totalthermal expansion, mukiply A1".nby (Lengrh /

I.: n i6a (1.5r - 3.044) = 3.17 in.{ r00f0.
A:0.5 in.
K:0.0065 Example 2 Calculaiions:
\v, = n i4 (3.5: ' 3.01) (0.06) + n /a (1.0:) (0.0361) (1.2) = Consider a pipeline, made of 2,1in. piping. Series ll0
046lb,/in. rl00p.ig). ,he opero rg rerrp.rdrrre olrlre.l.rell t
L" = 13.8 fl 180"F. The install ati on temperatrn€ is 75"F. Calculate the
rher naLc{paaion lor a o0 r.eclioror ppinJ.

C'= 0.000010 in./in./"F

A T = 105'F
Aft*.d = 1.26 in./]00 ft: (90/l00) * L26 = 1.13 in./90 ft

,ITINF], 2OI5 EDITION

PRESSURE EXPANSION ANCHORLOADS

( , ,q(rorr
,l t :,n \ P.) = ,'1,E,^ (5)
Pt = l/)-(P)
[2r! ,E ) lrr.,]
- (4)
P - Anchor loads, lbs
Ai- Cros s-sectional area. total, sq. in
(r L - Axialtensile modulus, psi
A - Expansion, in./in.
1L. )
- Note that the anchor load is not a tunction ofthe loral
leng6: expansion is dimensionless.
It) + 21 tt ,- t- - Modnlus values are not degraded atdesigntemperature (for
:2
conserlative rcsrltt.

PF - Pressure expansion, in./I00
r - Raditrs. in.
t. - Srructural $ all thickness, in.
tr - Liner thickness. in.
lD = Inside diameier, in.
E, -,{\ial
tensile modulus, psi
Eh- Hoop lensile modulus. psi
Example 4 Calculations:
ft
For a 16in. 110 Series (lsopsig) s)sleln calculate the
anchor loads along a stnight run ofpiping with the
following design data: design lemperatlre 140"F, :
install ati on temperature : 70'F, and design pressure -
50psig. FiNt, thetotal expansion ollhe system n€eds nl
be calculated:

v^. - Minor Poisson's ratio

P- tntemal pressure, psi A, - n /4 (17.so'1- 16.2sr): l3.l in'z
E: l,:100.000 psi
Exanrple 3 Calculaiions: C.= 0.000010 in./h./"F
Consider a pipeline nude of 12in. Sedes 20HV 200psig A T= 7O"F
piping with a design pressurc of 200psig and a design r:8.375 in.
lcmperature change of l0'F. Calculale the pressure t:0.39 in.
E,: 1.400.000 psi
v:0.4
r = 6.26 in. Eh:2,200,000 psi
l:0.48 in. P= 50 psig
tr= 0.02 nr. v..:0.63
E,: 1,400,000 psi A = 0 84 1. 0 09 = 0 93 in./100 ft : 0.000778 in./in.
v= 0.,1 P = 36.052 lbs
Eh= 2,200,000 psi
P:200 psig If the layout does nor require pressure expansion io be
v^. = 0.63 included as part ofthe design, ihen:
PF:0.22 in./100 ft
Ci= 0.000010 in./in./"F A:0.84in./l00 ft = 0.0007 nr./in.
AT= 3(]"F P = 32.438 lbs
Aft--i= 0 36 nr /100 ft

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERTNG GUIDE

GUIDE SPACING GUIDE SPACING FOR DIRECTION
CITA.NGES

fl;*'r*t (6)

L" = (1)
La Guide spacinc. ft

I - Moment ofinertia. reintorced. in.1 LDi Guide spacingfor direction changes. ft

A. - closs-sectional area, reinforced, in-r Eb - A\ial flexural(bendins) modulus, psi
A - E\paDsion. in./in. D - Outside diameter, in.
A - Totalexpansion, in.
Eb- A\ial fl exural (bendins) modulus. psj
E.- Compressive modulus, psi o - Allowable bending sirengtb, psi: 1,500 psi
ID - tnside diameler, in.
- Referto the Suppod Spacing section for notes. - E\pansion is rhe leng r change from the anchor 1o the
first direction change.
Exanple 5 Calculadons: - includes a2.3 stress inrensity factor.
-
Consider a piping system operaling at 125"F and
I50psig with an installation temperature ol75'F. Etlrmple 6 Calculations:
For a 1,lin. 20HV system. operating at 155'F
Caiculate the recoDxnended guide spacing for a 6in.
20FR-E systeln.
:
(installation tempe ra0re 75 "F) and l50psig, calculate
the guide spacing at a direction change. The distance
n:3.14159 ftom the elbow to thc anchor is 24.0 ft.
Eb: 1,400,000 psi
I' = 8164 (6.625a- 6.04t:29.23 in.i Eh = 1,400,000 psi
A,: 814 (6.625r- 6.04' = 5.82 in., D: I5.125 in.
E.= 1,,100,000 psi C,- 0.000010 in./h./"F
Ci= 0.000010 in.,rin./"F
'r:80.F
A T= 50"F | = 7.335 in.
r:3.3166 i0. t= 0.,12 in.
t = 0.2925 in. v:0.4
E = 1,100,000 psi P = 150 psig
v: 0.,1
E(: r,400,000 psi
Ei= 2,200,000 psi Eb= 2,200.000 psi
P= 150 psig v.i:0.63
A=0 96+ 0 07 = 1 03 h/100 ft :0.15 in. for 24 firun
v-":0.63
A 06 0.11 0.71 ir./100ft 0.000617in./I LDi = 9.2 ft
L!:23.6 ft
Neglecling prcssure expaDsion. Ior i rem,whcrcrhc finin3joir ma) be$ecler n

A:0.6 in./100 ft = 0.0005 in./in. bendjng thanthe pipe, such as many adhesive-bonded
L:=26.2 ft '\ocket ' systems, re strength ofthe fitting4oint should be
taken jnto accountwith this equa on:

r (2 r)(r j)rnour, ) '' r, r

\ 26 ) t,t2 in.)

JUNE 2015 EDITION

EXPANSION LOOP LEG LENGTHS HYDRAI]LICS
Head Insses in Stnieht Lengths ofPipe

(r.rXr .5)
A.A@216 ILQ ' p
(11)

H - Turbulenthead loss- psi

- Refer to the previous section for notes.
f- Moody's ftiction factor, dimensionless
L - Pipe length, ft
- E\pansion is the length change along both st aighr runs on
D - Fluid density, lb/cu ft
each side of ihc loop, not one shzightrun.
Q - Voiume flo\r'rate, cPM
D - Inside diameter. in.
Lxample 7 Calculitions:
For a 24in. Series 110 piping syst€m, operating at 200"F
(installed at 75oF) and 50psig, calculate the leg lengths
needed to alleviate the stresses along a200 ft section of
A .OOO213 LO v
pipe tretween two anchors . (12)
t o'
D:26.00 in. Ill- tnminar head loss, psi
Eb= 1,,100,000 psi v - Absolute viscosity, cP
o = 1,500 psi L - Pipe length, ft
Ci: 0.000010 in./in./'F Q - Volume flow rate. GPM
AT= 125'F D - Irside diameter, in.
r= 12.50 in.
t - 0.265 in.
E: 1,1{0.000 psi
I t"/ '";rl
l,''ar :
Eh:2.200.000 psi
v: , = o,\ r.e (13,
0.,1
P = 50
v.i :0.63
psig t
A: 1.5 + 0.20: 1.70 in./100 ft = 3.40 in. for a 200 ft nn
Lr,: ll.4 ft
'- = -2
l'/^
orus i '
s,
:! + --------:-. (11)
For .)5 em, \lere he finigJon. ma) be $edkcr in ' i.'' n l t
bcndingthan the pipe, such many adhesive -bond ed
as
"socket" systems. the stengfi ofthe fiiiindjoint should be f,-Moody's friction factor, fil.st guess, dimensionless
taken into accountwith this equation: f- Moody's fiicrion factor, dinensionless
e - Absolute roughness - 0.0002 in.
i1
lF, r A(/ar )tr
r, il-(2 rJ(2 2i2d tt D 'Inside diameter in

1
|
I t,t2h
\

l
(10) R.- Reylold's nunber, dimcnsionless

THE FIBERBOND@ ENGINEERING GL,-IDE

WATER IIAMMER Water Hammer for lrutantan€ous Closure
Celeriry (velocity ofsound in the liqtrid) (Joukowsky\ Folmula)

Kg *114 in)
(1sa)
144 s
(16)
Pressure Wive Speed
Water Hanmer for Tined Closure
a=c for tipia pipet (1sb)
P^ =-rtr T >r.., (17^l
ItA sT
_-
I fi'
fat non isi.t pipes (l5c) P",,. = !!L k, r.r (r7b)
144 s

Definition ofQuick Closing Valve

c - Celerity (Speed ofsoud in the flu;d), ftsec
a - Pressure wave sp€ed, f/sec 2L
K - Liquid bulk modulus, psi (18)
g - Ura!iD - Jl.2R,ec drsed le\el

lD - Inside diameter, in. Pftb - Water Hammer due to instantaneous valve c losure
E - Tensile modulus, psi (in addition to line prcssure). psi
t - Wall thickness- in. a- Pressure wave speed, ftsec
Cr =Pipe restraint coefficient, rypically 0.84 (for a fully
p - Densit, lbrn/ft3
anchored system) to 1.0 (fora s)€tem with expansion)
g - Graviry = 32.2ftlsec'zat sea level

Pd,"" - Water Hammer due to a timed valve closure fin

addiiion io line pressurc), psi
L - Pipe length, ft
T - Valve closuretime, sec

Tq,i r - Closing time for quick closing valve, s

.II]NE 2OI5 EDITION