Mba Part1

KALASALINGAM ACADEMY OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
(Deemed to be University)
Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil – 626 126.
OFFICE OF THE CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS
MBA18R5218 - Micro Finance
Question Bank + Key Report
Mapping
Questions in Unit-1 Pattern Mark
COs
Topic: CLIENT
77266 Who are the clients to micro finance institution? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Women
Microentrepreneurs
Small farmers
Landless and smallholders
Resettled persons
Indigenous persons
Low-income persons in Remote or subsistence areas
Topic: FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
77247 List the Suppliers of financial intermediation (sectors). Remember CO1 2

Key:
1) Formal sector institutions
2) Semi-formal sector institutions
3) Informal sector institutions
https://edu.kalasalingam.ac.in/question_bank_report/key/2168 1/23
77251 Explain the Suppliers of Financial Intermediation Services. Understand CO1 16

Key:
Formal sector
Semi formal sector
Informal sector

Topic: FORMAL
77254 What do you mean by Formal Financial institutions? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Formal financial institutions are chartered by the government and are subject to banking regulations
and supervision. They include public and private banks, insurance firms, and finance companies.

Topic: GOVERNMENT MANDATE
77279 Write about government mandate for sectoral credit allocation. Remember CO1 2

Key:

While some MFIs may benefit from government credit allocations through accessing funding from
commercial banks, sectoral mandates almost always distort the market. MFIs participating with
banks to access these allocated funds must be aware of imposed conditions that may affect their
operational sustainability— for example, below-market interest rates.
Topic: IMPACT ANALYSIS
77700 What is micro finance Impact Analysis? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Microfinance impact analysis is the process by which one determines the effects of microfinance as
an intervention.
The effects examined depend on the outcomes that were sought.
(or) Knowing the role of micro finance in fulfilling the objective of micro finance ie removing
poverty etc.
77769 Who are the likely users of impact analysis? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Some likely users of microfinance impact analysis are:
1) Microfinance practitioners
2) Donors
3) Policymakers
4) Academics.
Topic: IMPACT ASSESSMENT
77756 What is house hold method of Impact assessment? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Measuring asset accumulation at the household level is an approach that is also increasingly
recommended as a focus of impact study, especially as a way to get around the inherent difficulties
in measuring income changes accurately.
77240 Compare the Quantitative and Qualitative method of impact assessment.
Understand CO1 8
Key:
The major underlying difference between quantitative and qualitative approaches is their
philosophical position on
“reality.” The qualitative approach essentially says there are multiple
forms of reality and which “reality” is in play depends on whose point of view one takes. Advocates
of the qualitative approach say, for example, that poverty
cannot be defined only by the donor or
project personnel but must also be defined by the poor themselves, because
poverty is more than
simply lack of income. The quantitative approach essentially assumes that there is only one
reality
that can be counted. In the case of poverty, the quantitative approach would think it appropriate to
have
external surveyors determine adequate poverty indicators such as amount of income, assets,
access to basic services,
health, nutrition, potable water, and other measurable variables, either by
yes or no answers or actual counting.
These basic differences have been summed up in the
commonly held notion that quantitative impact analysis is
more of a “science,” while qualitative
approaches are more of an “art”.
77913 Describe the Characteristics of Quantitative Approaches of Impact assessment. Understand CO1 8

Key:
Quantitative approaches to microfinance impacts rely on predesigned and pretested questionnaires.
These are formal rather than unstructured, because the responses must be comparable and easy to
count. Because survey questionnaires are structured and relatively fixed, little interactivity is likely
between surveyor and respondent.
As a result, survey questionnaires rely almost totally on respondent recall. This may be unreliable if
the events being recalled are far back in time.
Because of the widespread coverage necessary, the cost of designing, testing, and administering
quantitative
approaches is usually greater than that of qualitative approaches.
The reason quantitative approaches have traditionally been attractive to policymakers, however,
derives from
the notion that there is strength in numbers. Numbers offer confidence and reliability precisely
because they are presumed to represent true measures. If the methods used have been applied with
rigor, the precision of the results can be verified.
77880 Explain the characteristics of Qualitative approach of impact assessment? Understand CO1 8

Key:
1) Intensivity (a continuous or regular presence among clients over time). This enables the
researcher to deepen his or her understanding of what is going on and in turn enables trust to
develop on the part of the respondent. Naturally, one cannot be present among people over time
without social interaction—hence the word “participant” in the term “participant observation.”
2) Structured observation. Observation is not as passive a function as it might seem. The researcher
studying
microfinance impacts has in mind some hypotheses about indicators and will naturally pay close
attention
to them. They are thus part of a structured observation plan. The actual activity in the field may
include
formal interviewing, using a questionnaire or interview guide. The observation part comes into play
as a
form of research control. As a simple example, in asking about household assets a respondent may
mention
having recently purchased a radio or mirror. If the interview takes place in the respondent’s home,
the
trained (observant) interviewer will look around to see if the radio or mirror is in sight. If it is not,
the interviewer may then ask where it is.
3) Triangulation. Triangulation involves checking data with respondents and cross-checking with
others to
get different points of view of the same phenomenon.Careful use of triangulation helps to deal with
the
problems of the inherently untrustworthy respondent and causality.
4) Open-endedness. This is the characteristic that causes some methodological distress, because it
implies that there may be no closure to the effort or that it has no methodological rigor. In fact, the
notion of open-endedness is a response (again) to human dynamism and complexity. It is another
way of saying that the impact assessment process must be prepared to go where the data lead. Often
findings or indications of findings are a surprise and may not fit a prior hypothesis.
Topic: INFORMAL
77238 What is Informal financial intermediaries? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Informal financial intermediaries operate outside the structure of government regulation and
supervision.
They include local moneylenders, pawnbrokers, self-help groups, and NGOs, as well as the savings
of
family members who contribute to the microenterprise.
Topic: INTEREST RATE
77219 How is the interest rate policy of micro finance institution? Remember CO1 2

Key:
here is reason to question the appropriateness of interest rate limits in any form, financial institutions
that can demonstrate services to the poor at a reasonable cost

Topic: INTRODUCTION
77186 What do you understand by micro finance? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Microfinance has evolved as an economic development approach intended to benefit low-income
women and

men. The term refers to the provision of financial services to low-income clients, including the self-
employed.

77190 Write the activities of Micro finance institution. Remember CO1 2

Key:
Lending Schemes (product or service), Saving schemes
Topic: LEGAL ENFORCEMENT
77214 Explain the Legal Enforcement of Financial Contracts of Micro finance institutions. Remember CO1 8

Key:
Some legal systems allow lenders to formally charge borrowers when they fail to repay a loan,
which can lead to imprisonment or fines. Usually just the threat of jail or a visit from police can
work as an effective deterrent for borrowers who are considering defaulting on a loan. It is useful for
microfinance providers to determine the various legal sanctions available when clients do not adhere
to their agreements and the ability and effectiveness of the courts to enforce financial contracts.

Topic: MICRO ENTERPRISE
77659 What is a micro enterprise? Remember CO1 2

Key:
It is a business with no worker(owner only) as per Indian defn but is other country the workers are
less than 10 is said as micro enterprise.
or
A business operating on a very small scale, especially one in the developing world that is supported
by microcredit.
77721 Explain the types of micro enterprise. Understand CO1 8

Key:
(or)
Types of Micro Business
Micro enterprises (term often used outside the United States)

SOHO (Small Office, Home Office)
Home based businesses.
Solopreneurs (an entrepreneurial business that has one person in it)
Freelance artists and consultants.
Self-employed.
Independent contractors
77765 Explain the types of micro enterprise. Understand CO1 8

Key:
(or)
Types of Micro Business
Micro enterprises (term often used outside the United States)

SOHO (Small Office, Home Office)
Home based businesses.
Solopreneurs (an entrepreneurial business that has one person in it)
Freelance artists and consultants.
Self-employed.
Independent contractors

Topic: MICRO FINANCE CASE STUDY
77673 Discuss the challenges faced by Micro finance institutions in tamilnadu. Analyze CO1 8

Key:
Challenges:
1.Lack of funds to meet requirements
2.To much of travel to receive funds back
3.Lack of proper knowledge for the loan takers in selecting product or services
4.Documentation methods are not so appropriate
5.Employee Attrition
6.Lack of proper HR Policies
7.Time theft
8.Employee False claims
9) Multiple borrowing is a serious concern:
10) Delay in service delivery makes business for moneylenders
11) Severe lack of training and education
12) High turnover rate and unfair competition
13) Misuse of credit causes more miserable lives for borrowers
14) Lack of central database
15) Sectoral disbursement without technical experts

Topic: MICRO FINANCE MODELS
126967 Explain the Micro finance models in India. Understand CO1 16

Key:

The microfinance models are developed in order to cope with the financial challenges in
financially backward areas. There are various types of microfinance companies operating in
India.
Joint Liability Group (JLG)

Joint Liability Group can be explained as the informal group consists of 4-10 individuals who try
to avail loans against mutual guarantee from banks for the purpose of agricultural and allied
activities. This category generally consists of tenants, farmers and other rural workers. They
work primarily for lending purposes, although they also offer the savings facility. In this type of
institution every individual of a borrowing group is equally liable for the credit. This kind of
institution is simple in nature and requires little or no financial administration.

However, one of the serious problems of this structure is personal preferences in lending credit
which resulted in a partial failure of the system. Of late due to various promotional initiatives
taken by banks such as Indian bank, Karur Vysya Bank and Indian Overseas Bank, the credibility
of Joint Liability Group model has received a boost (The Hindu, 2016). It still remains a
landmark movement in the area of protection of farmer’s land ownership rights.
Self Help Group (SHG)

Self Help Group is a type of formal or informal group consisting of small entrepreneurs with
similar kind of socio-economic backgrounds. Such individuals temporarily come together and
generate a common fund to meet the emergency needs of their business. These groups are
generally non-profit organizations. The group assumes the responsibility of debt recovery. The
advantage of this micro-lending system is that there is no need for collateral. Interest rates are
also generally low and fixed especially for women. In addition various tie-ups of banks with
SHGs have been implemented for the hope of better financial inclusion in rural areas.

One of the most important ones is NABARD SHG linkage program where many self-help groups
can borrow credit from bank once they successfully present a track record of regular
repayments of their borrowers. It has been very successful especially in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka and during the year of 2005-06. These states received
approximately 60% of SGH linkage credit.
The Grameen Bank Model

Grameen Model was introduced by the Nobel laureate Prof. Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh
during 1970s. It has been widely adopted in India in the form of Regional Rural Banks (RRB).
The goal of this system has been the overall development of the rural economy which generally
consists of financially backward classes. But this model has not been fully successful in India as
rural credit and system of recovery are a real problem. Huge amount of non-performing assets
also led to failure of these regional banks. Compared to this model Self Help Groups have been
more successful as they are more suited to the population density of India and far more
sustainable.
Rural Cooperatives

Rural Cooperatives in India were set up during the time of independence by the government.
They used the mechanism to pool the resources of people with relatively small means and
provide financial services. Due to their complex monitoring structure, their success has been
limited. In addition, this system only catered to the credit-worthy individuals of rural areas, not
covering a large part of the country’s financially backward section.

Joint Liability Self Help Rural
Grameen Bank Model
Group Group Cooperatives
Starts with only 2

members per group in
5-10 members 10-20 members 70-80 members
Size a village, eventually
per group per group per group
increased after loan is
successfully repaid
Generally Regular savings Savings and deposits

Primarily lending
lending only, in deposit to extremely poor
services for
Services irrespective of accounts with sections of the society
agricultural
savings the financial for business, health
purposes
amount institutions. and housing
Field Manager visits
Cooperative
villages to form
Members society consisting
groups of 5 and lends
invest loan of members are
All individuals to 2. Amount
amount for formed for a
of group work recovered is
Model different singular purpose;
together on the reinvested in further
purposes, but such as real
same activity lending and
are guarantors estate,
infrastructure
of each other agriculture,
development in
infrastructure, etc.
villages
More formal Formal structure

All members
with defined consisting of Unit All members
interact with
positions in Manager, Field interact with the
Structure the financial
each group like Manager, etc. Who financial
institution
treasurer and interact with every institution jointly
individually
secretary family in a village

Topic: OBJECTIVE
77246 write any two objectives of Micro finance institution. Remember CO1 2

Key:
1) Reduction of poverty
2) Woman empowerment or other disadvantaged population groups
3) Employment creation
4) To support the existing businesses grow or diversify their activities
Topic: OBJECTIVES
77345 Explain the objectives of Micro finance institution. Understand CO1 8

Key:
These development objectives generally include one or more of the following:
1) To reduce poverty
2) To empower women or other disadvantaged population groups
3) To create employment
4) To help existing businesses grow or diversify their
activities
5) To encourage the development of new businesses.
Topic: REGULATION
77257 What are the factors considered in Regulating MFIs? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Minimum capital requirements, Capital adequacy, Liquidity requirements, Asset quality, Portfolio
diversification.
Topic: SEMI FORMAL
77253 What do you mean by Semiformal institutions? Remember CO1 2

Key:
Semiformal institutions are not regulated by banking authorities but are usually licensed and
supervised by
other government agencies. Examples are credit unions and cooperative banks, which are often
supervised by a bureau in charge of cooperatives. NGOs are sometimes considered part of the
semiformal sector.
Topic: TARGET MARKET
77320 What are the advantages of focusing on urban market? Remember CO1 2

Key:
The advantages of focusing on an urban market may include:
1) Lower transaction costs (shorter distances) for clients
2) Greater chance that clients will be literate
3) Potential higher chance of repayment, since interactions with clients can be more frequent
4) Possible leveraging through relationships with formal financial institutions, since urban clients
may be physically closer to formal sector banks and more comfortable with visiting banks
5) More developed local infrastructure and more varied markets.
Topic: TARGETING
77638 Describe the disadvantaes of targeting rural market. Understand CO1 8

Key:
However, rural markets may also have disadvantages:
1) There may be a long history of poorly designed rural credit programs (with subsidized credit, no
savings, mobilization, or credit tied to specific activities or purchases).
2) There may be a less diversified economic base.
3) Covariance risk can be significant. For example, if the MFI is engaged in agricultural lending,
many farmers
may grow the same crop or raise the same type of animals, resulting in higher risk in case of drought
or
other climate disorder.
4) There may be no branches of formal financial institutions in the area. This can create problems
when
clients need access to a branch network for savings deposits or loan repayment.
5) It may be more difficult to reach the minimal scale required to break even.
6) There is likely to be a poorly developed infrastructure and a more dispersed population.
Mapping
Questions in Unit-2 Pattern Marks
COs
Topic: CREDIT
77599 What is Individual based Lending? Remember CO2 2

Key:
MFIs have successfully developed effective models to lend to individuals,
which combine formal lending, as is traditional in financial institutions, with
informal lending, as carried out by moneylenders.
77581 What is Group Based Lending? Remember CO2 2

Key:
Group-based lending involves the formation of groups of people who have a
common wish to access financial services. Group-lending approaches
frequently build on or imitate existing informal lending and savings groups.
77563 Write about the sectors of Individual Lending? Remember CO2 2

Key:
1) Formal financial institutions base lending decisions on business and
client characteristics, including cash flow, debt capacity, historical financial
results, collateral, and character. Formal sector lenders have also proven the
usefulness of personal guarantors to motivate clients to repay loans.
2) Informal sector lenders - approve loans based on a personal knowledge of
the borrowers rather than on a sophisticated feasibility analysis, and they
use informal collateral sources.
77491 Explain the methods of credit delivery. Understand CO2 2

Key:
Individual loans are delivered to individuals based on their ability to provide
the MFI with assurances of
repayment and some level of security.
Group-based approaches make loans to groups—that is, either to
individuals who are members of a group
and guarantee each other’s loans or to groups that then subloan to their
members.
77602 Explain the Characteristics of individual lending models. Understand CO2 8

Key:
Characteristics of individual lending models include (Waterfield and Duval
1996, 84):
1) The guarantee of loans by some form of collateral (defined less
stringently than by formal lenders) or a cosigner (a person who agrees to be
legally responsible for the loan but who usually has not received a loan of
her or his own from the MFI).
2) The screening of potential clients by credit checks and character
references.
3) The tailoring of the loan size and term to business needs.
4) The frequent increase over time of the loan size and term.
5) Efforts by the staff to develop close relationships with clients so that each
client represents a significant investment of staff time and energy.
77540 Explain in detail the two methods of credit delivery. Understand CO2 16

Key:
INDIVIDUAL LENDING.
1) Formal financial institutions base lending decisions on business and
client characteristics, including cash flow, debt capacity, historical financial
results, collateral, and character. Formal sector lenders have also proven the
usefulness of personal guarantors to motivate clients to repay loans. They
have demonstrated the value of a businessike approach and the importance
of achieving cost recovery in their lending operations. Finally, they have
established the importance of external regulation to safeguard client savings
and the institution itself.
2) Informal sector lenders approve loans based on a personal knowledge of
the borrowers rather than on a sophisticated feasibility analysis, and they
use informal collateral sources. They also demonstrate the importance of
responding quickly to borrowers’ needs with a minimum of bureaucratic
procedures. Perhaps most important, moneylenders demonstrate that the
poor do repay loans and are able to pay relatively high interest rates.
However, loans from moneylenders are often not taken for productive
purposes but rather for emergency or consumption smoothing.
Characteristics of individual lending models include (Waterfield and
Duval 1996, 84):
1) The guarantee of loans by some form of collateral (defined less
stringently than by formal lenders) or a cosigner (a person who agrees to be
legally responsible for the loan but who usually has not received a loan of
her or his own from the MFI).
2) The screening of potential clients by credit checks and character
references.
3) The tailoring of the loan size and term to business needs.
4) The frequent increase over time of the loan size and term.
5) Efforts by the staff to develop close relationships with clients so that each
client represents a significant investment of staff time and energy.
GROUP BASED LENDING
Group-based lending involves the formation of groups of people who have a
common wish to access financial services. Group-lending approaches
frequently build on or imitate existing informal lending and savings groups.
Group-lending approaches have adapted the model of rotating savings and
credit associations to provide additional flexibility in loan sizes and terms
and generally to allow borrowers to access funds when needed rather than
having to wait for their turn. More wellknown group-lending models include
the Grameen
Bank in Bangladesh. which facilitate the formation of relatively small
groups (of 5 to 10 people) and make individual loans to group members.
village banking model, utilize larger groups of between 30 and 100
members and lend to the group itself rather than to individuals.
Advantages of Group Lending
1) Many group-based lending programs target the very poor, who cannot
meet the traditional collateral requirements of most financial institutions.
2) Peer pressure from other group members can act as a repayment incentive
3) The mandatory savings of group members may be used to pay off the
loan of a defaulter.
4) Another advantage of group lending is that it may reduce certain
institutional transaction costs.
5) People are very careful about whom they admit into their group, given
the threat of losing their own access to credit.
Disadvantages
1) If several members of a group encounter repayment difficulties the entire
group often collapses, leading to a domino effect.
2) Group training costs tend to be quite high, and no individual borrower-
bank relationship is established over time. Not only are institutional
transaction costs high, but client transaction costs are quite high.
3)while it appears that some people work well in groups, there is the
concern that many people prefer to have individual loans rather than being
financially punished for the irresponsible repayment of other group
members.

Topic: CREDIT CARD
77483 Explain any two advantages for MFI in providing credit card. Understand CO2 2

Key:
Credit cards do offer considerable advantages to both clients and MFIs.
Credit cards can:
1) Minimize administrative and operating costs
2) Streamline operations
3) Provide an ongoing line of credit to borrowers, enabling them to
supplement their cash flow according to their needs.
77494 What is Smart card? Remember CO2 2

Key:
smart cards (like debit card), which are similar to credit cards but are
generally not available for use in retail outlets. Smart cards contain a
memory chip that contains information about a client’s available line of
credit with a lending institution.
Topic: CREDIT CARDS
77468 Explain about the Credit card by MFI. Understand CO2 2

Key:
CREDIT CARDS. These cards allow borrowers to access a line of credit if
and when they need it. Credit cards are used when a purchase is made
(assuming the supplier of the goods accepts the credit card) or when access
to cash is desired (the card is sometimes called a “debit card” if the client is
accessing his or her own savings).
Topic: FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
77543 What is Financial Intermediation?
Remember CO2 2
Key:
The primary role of MFIs is to provide financial intermediation. This
involves the transfer of capital or liquidity from those who have excess at a
particular time to those who are short at that same time.
77548 Explain the two key imperatives that must be considered when providing Understand CO2 2
financial services.

Key:
Two key imperatives that must be considered when providing financial
services are:
1) To respond effectively to the demand and preferences of clients
2) To design products that are simple and can be easily understood by the
clients and easily managed by the MFI.
77552 List the financial intermediation products offered. Remember CO2 2

Key:
The range of products commonly provided includes:
Credit
Savings
Insurance
Credit cards
Payment services.
Topic: INSURANCE
79943 Explain Insurance offered in future by MFIs. Understand CO2 2

Key:
Insurance is a product that will likely be offered more extensively in the
future by MFIs, because there is growing demand among their clients for
health or loan insurance in case of death or loss of assets. The Self-
Employed Women’s’ Association in Gujarat, India, provides a good
example of an MFI that is meeting the insurance service needs of its clients
79941 What is the percentage of contribution by the member to Insure? Remember CO2 2

Key:
Each member is required to contribute 1 percent of the loan amount to an
insurance fund.
79934 Explain the Insurance service offered by MFI. Understand CO2 2

Key:

Insurance
Many group lending programs offer an insurance or guarantee scheme. A
typical example is Grameen Bank. Each member is required to contribute 1
percent of the loan amount to an insurance fund. In case of the death of a
client this fund is used to repay the loan and provide the deceased client’s
family with the means to cover burial costs.
Topic: LENDING
77561 Explain any two advantages of Group based Lending. Understand CO2 2

Key:
77574 Explain the disadvantages of Group based Lending. Understand CO2 2

Key:
Disadvantages of Group based Lending
transaction costs high, but client transaction costs are quite high.
financially punished for the irresponsible repayment of other group
members.
77516 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Group based lending. Understand CO2 8

Key:
Disadvantages
transaction
costs high, but client transaction costs are quite high.
financially
punished for the irresponsible repayment of other group members.
Topic: PAYMENT
79973 What does Payment service include? Remember CO2 2

Key:
In addition to cheque cashing and cheque writing privileges, payment
services include the transfer and remittance of funds from one area to
another.
Topic: PAYMENT SERVICE
80022 Explain the Payment service offered by MFIs? Understand CO2 2

Key:
Payment Services
Traditional banks payment services include cheque cashing and cheque
writing privileges for customers who maintain deposits (Caskey 1994). In
this sense the banks’ payment services are bundled with their savings
services. MFIs may offer similar payment services either with their savings
services (if pplicable) or separately for a fee. If payment services are
bundled with savings services, the MFI can pay an artificially low interest
rate on customer deposit accounts to cover the cost of those services.
Topic: PRODUCTS
77636 Elucidate the Products and Services offered by MFIs. Understand CO2 16

Key:
Products and Services offered:
1) Financial Intermediation – Credit
2) Financial Intermediation – Savings
3) Financial Intermediation – Insurance
4) Credit Cards and Smart Cards
5) Payment Services
6) Social Services
7) Enterprise Development Services
Topic: SAVINGS
77457 What is compulsory saving scheme? Remember CO2 2

Key:
Compulsory savings (or compensating balances) represent funds that must
be contributed by borrowers as a condition of receiving a loan, sometimes as
a percentage of the loan, sometimes as a nominal amount.
77485 Write any two usefulness of compulsory saving schemes. Remember CO2 2

Key:
Compulsory savings are useful to:
1) Demonstrate the value of savings practices to borrowers
2) Serve as an additional guarantee mechanism to ensure the repayment of
loans 3) Demonstrate the ability of clients to manage cash flow and make
periodic contributions (important for loan repayment)
4) Help to build up the asset base of clients. However, compulsory savings
are often perceived (rightly) by clients as a “fee” they must pay to
participate
and gain access to credit.
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KALASALINGAM ACADEMY OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

Micro enterprises (term often used outside the United States)

Micro enterprises (term often used outside the United States)

Joint Liability Group (JLG)

Self Help Group (SHG)

The Grameen Bank Model

Starts with only 2

Generally Regular savings Savings and deposits

More formal Formal structure

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