CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION ON SIWES

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was designed by the
Federal Government Establishment by decree No. 47 with statuary responsibility
of man power training to bridge the gap the theoretical class work and the actual
practical experience which is really what the labor market require of a graduate.
The program was established in 1973 and board as industrial Training Fund (ITF)
with the view of generating trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the
country's development plan. Despite the obstacles and huddles such as
accommodation problems during the program, these are worthy adventure. I salute
the pioneers and right thinking person that initiate (SIWES).

1.1 I.T. F MEANING AND OBJECTIVES

The Industrial Fund (ITF) was established by the federal military government
under the leadership of Yakubu Gawan. By the decree No.47 of 1971. The
objectives of the program were to promote acquisition of skills in industrial and
commerce with a view of generating indigence trained manpower sufficient that
meet the Nigerian economy. After three years of it operation, ITF established the
student industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), as part of its manpower
development program.
The major aim and objectives of SIWES is to bridge the gap between theories
learned and the practical aspect found in the field or industry as it may be. In
addition, the following are some of the aim and objective.
1. To strengthen the relationship between institution of learning and the industries.
2. To expose and prepare student for the industrial challenges that is likely to be
encountered in the future.
3. To create the mind set of industrial based skills necessary for smooth transition
from class room to the world of application (field) after graduation.
4. To expose students to know how to handle, maintain and make use of tools and
equipment that may not be available at their institutions of learning.
5. The SIWES also aims at preparing student for work after graduation.

1.2 ROLES OF STAKE HOLDERS

A) THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
i. The federal government provide fund to the necessary agencies to carry out its
duties effectively.
ii. It provides laws and decree.
B) INDSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)
i. To provide materials, logistics and firm for the smooth running of the training.
ii. Organizes orientation for the prospective student to prepare them before going to
the field.
iii. Formulate policies for suitable and smooth running of the scheme.
iv. Provide insurance cover for student on SIWES.
C) ROLE OF STUDENTS
The students are beneficiaries of the scheme and therefore have a role to play
which include.
i. To be regular and punctual at all times.
ii. To attend SIWES orientations organized by the ITF before going out to the field.
iii. To be obedient and adhere to the rules and regulations of the organization.
iv. Report daily activities carried out by the student in the log book.
v. To avoid changing places of attachment unnecessarily.
vi. To be diligent, honest and take pride in the organization.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 ENGINEERING TOOLS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Every Technician certainly needs equipments or tool use to do various jobs and
repair, Likewise the electrician will not be able to be away from a variety of
electrical work tools that are required to be carried out when doing work, whether
when installing an electrical installation, doing electrical repairs, or just to carry
out inspection and maintenance various electrical installation equipment.

For Example, an Engineer will not be able to do various electrical-related jobs if he

does not carry the test-pen. Testpen is one of the many electrical work tools that
must be carried and used by every technician when performing various electrical-
related jobs, there are many more various work tools that are usually carried and
used by engineers.

2.2 BASIC TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND THEIR USES

Below are the basic electrical tools and their uses with some brief explanation on
each and every tool/equipment mention

2.3 PLIERS
Pliers are available in different types, shape, and sizes. They are also available in
both insulated and uninsulated handles. An insulated handle should be used when
working on or near hot wires. It Is also used for cutting big and small wires.
PARTS OF PLIERS
Nose or Jaws: This is the working end of pliers and the part that varies most from
type to type
Fulcrum or Pivot point: Is the center of the pliers where the joint and handle
connect. The pivot point allows you to apply enough force for the jaw to perform
their function
Cutters: this sharpened section of the pliers is located at the base of the jaws near
the fulcrum of the pliers. Cutters are used for cutting wires and cables and other
materials.
Handles: this is the part you hold. Handles can be either straight or curved and are
usually coated with a material for better gripping, but they can be bare metal as
well.

TYPES OF PLIERS

1. Needle Nose Pliers

The jaws of this type of pliers are elongated and pointed at
the tip. Needle nose pliers are very versatile and can be
used for wide variety of application such as electrical work,
jewelry making, bending and twisting wire, and fishing.
2. Bent Nose Pliers
 Bent nose pliers are similar to needle nose pliers, but the
joint are bent at the mid point usually at a 45 or 90 degree
angle. These pliers are commonly used in electrical work
where bending and shaping are necessary for working in
spaces where the angles is too hard to reach with needle
nose pliers
3. Tounge and Groove Plier: are known by many names
including channel lock, groove joint, tongue-and-groove,
and straight jaw plier. This tool is most often used in
plumbing work, but a pair of tongue and groove pliers also
has many uses for electrical project. It will see frequent use
for removing knockout from metal electrical boxes,
tightening cable clamps, and adjusting expansion types
ceiling fan boxes.

2.4 SCREW DRIVERS

Screwdrivers are used To tightening a screws. Multi-screwdriver set is used to tight
a shape of star, plus, minus, hexagon or any other type of screws. Electricians keep
screwdrivers with them at all times, for removing and installing cover plates,
outlets, switches, and many other devices. Screwdrivers with insulating rubber
jackets covering the handles are designed for better safety when doing electrical
work

A screwdriver comes in various sizes and with several tip shapes. Screwdrivers
used by electricians should have insulated handles. Using a screwdriver for a
particular job, the width of the screwdriver tip should match the width of the screw
slot.

2.5 MEASURING TOOLS

A measuring tool (eg. Tape, ruler, etc) is used To measure wire length and other
items, the electrician finds considerable use for measuring tools such as the
extension or zigzag rule, push-pull rule and a steel tape as shown below
 fig 1

2.6 MULTIMETER
 A Multimeter is an electronic instrument, every electronic technician and
engineer’s widely used piece of test equipment. A multimeter is mainly used to
measure the three basic electrical characteristics of voltage, current, and resistance.
It can also be used to test continuity between two points in an electrical circuit.
The multimeter has multi functionalities like, acts like ammeter, voltmeter,
and ohmmeter. It is a handheld device with positive and negative indicator needles
over a numeric LCD digital display. Multimeters can be used for testing batteries,
household wiring, electric motors, and power supplies.
The essential parts of the multimeter mainly include a display, power source,
probes, and controls.

How to use a Multimeter?

The function and operation of a multimeter are similar for both analog and digital
types. This instrument includes two leads or probes namely red and black & three
ports. The black color lead is used to plug into the common port, whereas the red
color leads plug into other ports based on the requirement.

Once the leads are plugged in, the knob can be switched ON in the center of
the instrument so that the appropriate function can be done for the
specific component test. For instance, once the knob is situated to 20V DC,
then the multimeter will notice DC voltage up to 20V. To calculate low
voltages, then set the knob in the multimeter to the 2V/200mV range.
To obtain a reading from the meter, you need to touch the end of each probe
to the end of the terminals of components. Types of multimeter devices are
very safe to utilize on devices and circuits to provide the current or voltage
that does not go above the highest rating of the meter.

While measuring, we must be very cautious so don’t touch the bar ends of the
metal in the tester when activated otherwise you will get an electrical shock.

Functions of Multimeters
These instruments are capable of different readings based on the model. So basic
types of multimeter are mainly used to measure amperage, resistance, voltage,
checks continuity and a complete circuit can be tested like the following.

 Resistance in Ohms
 Capacity in Farads
 The temperature in Fahrenheit/ Celsius
 AC Voltage & Amperage
 Inductance Henrys
 DC Voltage & Amperage
 Frequency in Hz
 Conductance in Siemens
 Decibels
 Duty Cycle

TYPES OF MULTIMETER
There are different types of multi meter, but below are the three most common
types
Digital Multimeter
The Digital Multimeter consists of an LCD, a knob to select various ranges of the
three electrical characteristics, an internal circuitry consisting of a signal
conditioning circuitry, an analog to digital converter. The PCB consists of
concentric rings that are connected or disconnected based on the position of the
knob. Thus as the required parameter and the range are selected, the section of the
PCB is activated to perform the corresponding measurement.

To measure the resistance, current flows from a constant current source through the
unknown resistor, and the voltage across the resistor are amplified and fed to an
Analog to Digital Converter and the resultant output in form of resistance is
displayed on the digital display. To measure an unknown AC voltage, the voltage
is first attenuated to get the suitable range and then rectified to DC signal and the
analog DC signal is fed to an A/D converter to get the display, which indicates the
RMS value of the AC signal.

Similarly to measure an AC or DC, the unknown input is first converted to a

voltage signal and then fed to an analog to digital converter to get the desired
output(with rectification in case of AC signal). Advantages of a  Digital
Multimeter are its output display which directly shows the measured value,  high
accuracy, ability to read both positive and negative values.

Analog Multimeter
The Analog Multimeter or VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter) is constructed using a
moving coil meter and a pointer to indicate the reading on the scale. The moving
coil meter consists of a coil wound around a drum placed between two permanent
magnets.

As current passes through the coil, the magnetic field is induced in the coil which
reacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets and the resultant force
causes the pointer attached to the drum to deflect on the scale, indicating the
current reading. It also consists of springs attached to the drum which provides an
opposing force to the motion of the drum to control the deflection of the pointer.

Fluke Multimeter
The fluke multimeters are protected against the transient voltage. It is a small
portable device used to measure voltage, current, and test diodes. The multimeter
has multi selectors to select the desired function. The fluke MM automatically
ranges to select most measurements. This means the magnitude of the signal does
not have to be known or determined to take an accurate reading, it directly moved
to the appropriate port for the desired measurement. The fuse is protected to
prevent damage if connected to the wrong port.