APPLI

EDCHEMI
STRY1
(
CBCGS MAY2017)
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q1]
(a)Whatar
ecat
ionandani
onexchanger
s? (
3)
Ans:
-Ion-
exchanger
esi
nsar
einsol
ubl
e,cr
oss-
li
nked,
longchai
nedor
gani
cpol
ymerwi
tha
microporousstr
ucture.Thef uncti
onalgroupatt
achedtothechai nsar er
esponsiblef
ortheion-
exchangeproperti
es.Resinscont ai
ningacidi
cfuncti
onalgroupslike-COOH, -
SO3Hetc.are
capableofexchangingtheirH+i onswi t
hothercat
ionswhichcomei ntothei
rcontact
.Those
contai
ningbasicfuncti
onalgr oupsli
ke- NH2,
=NHashy drochlor
ideet carecapableof
exchangingthei
ranionswi thotheranionswhichcomei nt
ot hei
rcontact.Theionexchange
resi
nsar ecl
assif
iedasf ol
lows:
1.Cat
ionexchanger
esi
ns
Thesear
emai nl
ystyr
enedivi
nylbenzenecopol
ymerwhi
chonsulphonati
onorcarboxy
lat
ion
becomecapableofexchangi
ngtheirhydr
ogeni
onswit
hthecat
ionsinthewater
.
2.Ani
onexchanger
esi
ns.
Thesear estyrenedivi
nylbenzeneorami nef
ormaldehydecopoly
merwhichcont
ainaminoor
Quaternaryammoni um orquaternar
yphosphonium orter
ti
arysul
phoni
um gr
oupsasanintegr
al
part oft heresinsmat ri
x.Theseaftert
reat
mentwi t
hdil
.NaOHsoluti
on,becomecapableof
-
exchangingtheirOH anionswithani
onsinwat er
.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q1]
(b)Gi
vet
hepr
epar
ati
on,
proper
ti
esandusesofpol
ymet
hylmet
hacr
ylat
e
pol
ymer
. (
3)
Ans:
-Thi
sist
hei
mpor
tantt
her
mopl
ast
icr
esi
n.I
tisal
soknownasLuci
teorpl
exi
glass.
PREPARATI
ON:
Iti
sobtai
nedbypoly
meri
zat
ionofmethylmethacr
ylat
ewhi
chisanest
erofmethylacr
yli
c
aci
d,CH2=C(CH3)
COOH,
inpr
esenceofacety
lperoxi
deorhy
drogenper
oxi
de.I
tisanacryli
c
poly
mer.
PROPERTI
ES:
 I
tisahar
d,f
air
lyr
igi
dmat
eri
alwi
thahi
ghsof
teni
ngpoi
ntofabout130-
140℃.
 I
tbecomesr
ubber
-l
ikeatat
emper
atur e65℃.
eabov

 I
thasanoutst
andingshape-
for
mingpr
oper
ti
esduet
owi
despanoft
emper
atur
efr
om i
ts
r
igi
dstat
etoviscousst
ate.
USES:
 Formaki
nglenses,opt
icalpartsofinst
ruments,ai
rcr
aft,
li
ghtf
ixt
ures,
art
if
ici
aley
es,
windscr
een,bonespli
nts,decorat
iveart
icl
esetc.
 Asi
tismor
etr
anspar
entt
hangl
ass,
iti
susedf
ormaki
ngwi
ndowgl
asses.
 I
tisf
oundi
npai
nts.I
tisusedascl
oudandpourpoi
ntdepr
essantaddi
ti
vesi
nlubr
icant
s.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q1]
(c)A10mlofsampl eofwast ewaterwasrefl
uxedwi t
h20mlofpot assi
um
di
chromatesoluti
onandafterrefl
uxi
ngtheexcessunreacteddichromaterequir
ed
36.
2mlof0. 1M FASsol
uti
on.Abl ankof10mlofdist
il
ledwat eronr efl
uxi
ngwith
20mlofdichromatesol
uti
onr equi
red46mlof0.1M FASsol uti
on.Calcul
atethe
CODv al
ueofwast ewat
er. (3)
Ans:
-Gi
vendat
a:- Vb=46ml Vt=36.
2ml
N =0.
1M Ve=10ml
Tof
ind:
- COD

(
Vb-
Vt)
×Nor
mal
it
y×8000
Sol
uti
on:
- COD =
Ve
(
46- 2)
36. ×0.
1×8000
=
10
=784ppm
Hencet
heCODv
aluei
s784ppm.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q1]
(d)Def
ine: (
3)
i
) Fl
ashpoi
nt.
i
i
) Oi
l
iness.
i
i
i) Pourpoi
nt.
Ans:
-
i
)FLASHPOI
NT.
Flashpoi
nti
sdefi
nedast
helowesttemper
atur
eatwhichthelubr
icantsgiv
esoffenough
vapourst
ocauseamomentaryf
lashwhenastandar
dtestfl
ameisbr oughtneari
t.
Goodl
ubr
icantshoul
dhav
ehi
ghFLASHPOI
NT.
i
i
)OI
LINESS.
Oil
inessofalubr
icantisthemeasureofit
scapacit
ytosti
ckont ot
hesurf
aceofmachinepart
s
undercondi
ti
onsofpr essureorl
oad.Mineraloi
l
shaveverypooroi
li
nesswher
easvegetabl
eoil
s
possesgoodoili
ness.
i
i
i)POURPOI
NT.
Af
tercool
i
ngoi
l
,thet
emper
atur
eatwhi
chi
tceasest
ofl
owi
scal
l
edi
tspourpoi
nt.
Goodl
ubr
icantshoul
dhav
elowPOURPOI
NT.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q1]
(e)
Whati
sreducedphaser
ule? (
3)
Ans:
-:
-Insomesy
stems,
anequi
l
ibr
ium exi
stsbet
weensol
i
d–l
i
qui
dphasesandgaseous
phaseispr
act
ical
l
yabsent.Hencet
heef
fectofpr
essur
eonsuchsy
stem canbenegl
ect
ed.
Theniti
s
Necessar
ytot
akei
ntoaccountonl
ytwov
ari
abl
esv
iz.t
emper
atur
eandconcent
rat
ion.
Suchsystem showingsoli
d–li
quidequi
l
ibr
ium i
scal
l
edcondensedsy
stem andphaser
ule
appl
iedtosuchsy st
em isasf
oll
ows:-

F=C–P+1…knownascondensedphaser
ule.
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q1]
(f
)Whatar
ethedr
awbacksofnat
uralr
ubber
? (
3)
Ans:
-Thedr
awbacksofnat
uralr
ubberar
easf
oll
ows:

 I
tswel
l
sconsi
der
abl
yinor
gani
csol
vent
sandgr
adual
l
ydi
sint
egr
ates.
 I
thasl
i
ttl
edur
abi
l
ity
.
 Whenstr
etchedtoagreaterext
ent,i
tsuffersper
manentdefor
mat
ion,
becauseoft
he
‘
sl
idi
ng’
orslippageofsomemol ecul
archainsovereachot
her.
2
 I
tisweak:i
tst
ensi
l
est
rengt
hisonl
y200kg/
cm.

 Nat
uralr
ubberi
sbri
tt
lebelow10℃ andabov
e50℃,
itbecomessof
t.Hencei
tisusef
ul
onl
yinli
mit
edtemperat
ureranges.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q1]
(g)Expl
ainCVDmet
hodf
orpr
oduct
ionofCNT’
s. (
3)
Ans:
-Thi
sisv
erygoodmet
hodf
rom l
argescal
epr
oduct
ionofcar
bonnanof
iberSWNT,
MWNT.
Hy drocarbons( e.g.,met hane, ethane)ar eal l
owedt odecomposeov ermet alcat alyst(e.g.,
Co,
Fe)t oproduceCNT.Ty picalyieldf orCVDar eappr oximately30%.Thi sprocessi ncl udes
product i
onofl argeamountofCNT’ sbyCVDofacet y l
eneov ercobal
tandi ron..Et hy l
enecanbe
usedwi t
hr eacti
ont emper aturesof545℃ f ornickelcat al
ystCVDand900℃ f oranuncat alyzed
processt hatproducescar bonnanost ructurewi thopenends.Met hanecanal sobeusedas
car bonsour ceforsy nthesizat i
on.cat alyti
cdecomposi ti
onofH2/CH4mi xt
ur eov ercobal t,
nickel,andi r
oni susedt oobt ainy ieldsofSWNTsat1000℃.TheusageofH2/CH4at mospher e
bet weenanon- reduci bleoxi desuchasAl O orMg
2 3
Al O andoneormor
2 4
et r
ansitionmet aloxides
canpr oducet hecomposi tepowder scont ainingwel ldi
spersedCNTs.Thus, higherpr oporti
on
ofSWNTsandl owerpr oportionofMWNTscanbeachi evedusingthedecomposi ti
onofCH4
ov erthenanopar t
icles.Ther malcat alyti
cdecomposi ti
onofhy drocar
bonhasbecomeanact ive
areaofr esearchandcanbeapr omi si
ngr out eforthebul kproducti
onofCNTs.Ther emov alof
thecat aly
stsuppor tv iaanaci dt reatmentwhi chsomet imescoul ddestr
oyt heor iginalstructur
e
oft hecarbonnanot ubei sani ssuei nthissy nt hesi
sr oute.Howev er,al
ternativecat alyst
suppor tsthataresol ubl einwat erhav epr ovenef fectivefornanotubegrowt h.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q2](a)Cal
cul
atet
heamountofli
me( 80%pur i
ty)andsoda(90%purit
y)r
equi
red
forsoft
eni
ngof50,000ofhar
dwaterwhosechemi calanal
ysi
sresul
tsar
egiv
en
below.Ca(
HCO3)=40.5mg/L,Mg(HCO3)2=73.
0mg/ L,MgSO4=60.0mg/L,
Ca
SO4=34.
0mg/
L,Ca
Cl2
=27.
5mg/
LandNaCl=20.
0mg/
L. (
6)
Ans:
-

I
mpur
it
ies(
mg/
li
t) Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionf
act
or CaCO3equi
val
ent Requi
rement
(mg/l
it
)

(HCO3)2=40.
Ca 5 100
40.
5×
100
=25
L
162 162

(HC03)2=73.
Mg 0 100
73×
100
=50
2L
146 146
Ca
Cl =27.
5 100 100 S
2 27.
5× =24.
8
111 111
Ca
SO4=34 100 100 S
34× =25
136 136
Mg
SO4=60 100 100 L+S
60× =50
120 120

NaCldoesnotr
eactwi
thl
i
meandsoda.
74
LI
ME=
100
[CaCO3equivalentofCa(HCO3)2+2×Mg(HCO3)2+MgSO4]×
Vol
umeofwa ter 100
×
1000 % pur
ity

=74×[
25+2×50+50]
×
50000 100
×
100 1000 80
=8093.
75gms.
106 Vol
umeofwat
er 100
SODA=
100
[
CaCO3e
qui
val
entofCa
Cl2
+Mg
SO4+Ca
SO4]
×
1000
×
%pur
ity
.

106 100000 100

= [ 8]
25+50+24. × × .
100 1000 85
=5877.
1gms.
Thel
i
mer
equi
rementi
s6541.
6gmsandsodar
equi
rementi
s8203.
15gms.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q2]
(b)i
)Wr
it
eabr
iefnot
eonconduct
ingpol
ymer
s. (
3)
Ans:
-Pol
ymer
sar
einsul
atedbecauseoft
heabsenceoff
reeel
ect
rons.I
nbecomi
ngel
ect
ri
cal
l
y
conducti
v e,apolymerhastoimi t
atemet althatist
heelectr
onneedst obef reetomov e.Such
typeofpolymerarecalledConductingpolymer .Pol
ymerswithconjugateπ-elect
ronbackbones
displ
ayunusualelectr
onicpropert
iessuchasl owenergyopti
caltr
ansiti
on, l
owi oni
zat
ion
potenti
alsandhighelectr
onaffini
ti
es.Ther esulti
saclassofpolymer sthatcanbeoxidisedor
reducedmor eeasil
yandmor ereversibl
ythanconv enti
onalpoly
mer s.Theeffectofthi
s
oxidat
ionorreducti
ononpol ymeriscalleddopi ngi
.e.
,convertaninsulati
ngpolymerto
conducti
ngone.

Twocondi
ti
onsf
orapol
ymert
obecomeconduct
ingar
e:-
1.Pol
ymerpossessconj
ugat
edoubl
ebonds.
2.Pol
ymerhast
obedistr
ibut
edei
therbyr
emov
ingoraddi
ngel
ect
ront
othemat
eri
al.Thi
s
pr
ocessi
scal
leddopi
ng.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q2]
(b)i
i
)Ment
iont
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
chsemi
-sol
i
dlubr
icant
scanbe
used (
2)
Ans:
-Thesemi
-sol
i
dlubr
icant
scanbeusedunderf
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

 I
nsituat
ionswheretheoilcannotremaini
npl
aceduet
ohi
ghl
oad,
lowspeed,
i
nter
mi t
tentoper
ati
on,suddenjerketc.
 I
nsituat
ionwherebeari
nghastobeprot
ectedagai
nstentr
yofdi
rt
,dust
,moi
stur
eet
c
becausegreasesar
elessl
iabl
etocont
aminati
onbythese.
 I
nsituat
ionswheredr i
ppingorspurt
ingofoilisundesi
rabl
ebecauseunli
keoi
ls,gr
eases
i
fuseddonotspl ashordr i
poverart
iclesbei
ngpr epar
edbythemachinese.
g.,machi
nes
usedinpaper
,food,texti
l
eanddy ingindustr
y.
 Whent
hemachi
nei
swor
kedatsl
owspeedandhi
ghpr
essur
e.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q2](
c)Expl
ainwi
tht
hehel
pofchemi
calr
eact
ions‘
set
ti
ngandhar
deni
ng’
process
ofcement. (4)
Ans:
-Whencementi
smi
xedwi
thwat
er,
itf
ormsacementpast
e.I
tunder
goessev
eral
hydrat
ionreacti
onstofr
om gelandcryst
all
ineproduct
s.Thecompoundsthusformedare
responsi
bleforsol
idi
fi
cat
ionandgradualhardeni
ng.Theprocesscompr
isesofi)Set
ti
ngist
he
i
nit
ialst
if
feni
ngofthecementpat
eduet
ogelf
ormat
ion.i
i
)har
deni
ngi
sthegai
nofst
rengt
h
duetocryst
all
i
sat
ion.
Thepr
ocessofsol
i
dif
icat
ionconsi
stsoft
hreest
eps:
-
 I
nit
ialsett
ingi
sduetot
hehy drati
onoft
ri
cal
cium al
umi
nat
e(C3A)andgel
for
mat
ionof
t
etr
acal ci
um al
uminof
err
it
e( C4AF)

3Ca
COAlO +6H2O→ 3Ca
2 3
OAlO6H2O + 880kL/
2 3
kg

4Ca
OAlOFeO +7H2O→ 3Ca
2 3 2 3
OAlO6H2O+Ca
2 3
OFeOHO+420kJ/
2 3 2
kg

 Di
cal
ci
um si
l
icat
e( )andTr
C2S ical
cium si
l
icat
e( )hy
C3S drol
ysest
ofr
om t
ober
moni
tegel

3[
2Ca
OSO2]+4H2O→3Ca
i O.2S
i (
O26H2O +CaOH)
2
+250kJ
/kg

2[
3Ca
OSO2]+6H2O→3Ca
i O.2S
i (
O23H2O+3CaOH)
2
+500kJ
/kg

 Fi
nalsett
ingandhardeni
ngofcementpastei
sduet ot
hefor
mat i
onoftober
moni
tegel
andcryst
all
isat
ionofcal
cium hy
droxi
deandhydr
atedt
ri
cal
cium al
uminat
e.

SEQUENCEOFCHEMI
CALREACTI
ONSFORSETTI
NGANDHARDENI
NGOFCEMENT.

 Atfir
sthydr
ati
onoftri
cal
cium al
uminat
e(C3A)andtet
racal
cium al
umi
nof
err
it
e(C4AF)
takespl
ace.Thi
sleadstotheini
ti
alset
ti
ngofthecement.
 Nextthehy
drati
onoftr
ical
cium si
li
cate( )begi
C3S nswi
thi
n24hour
sandget
scompl
eted
wit
hin7days.Thi
sprovi
dest hei
nit
ialst
rength.
 Dical
ci
um si
li
cate( )begi
C2S nstohydr
ateaf
ter7day
sandget
scompl
etedi
n28day
s.
Thisi
sresponsi
bleforincr
easedst
rengt
hofcement.
CEMENTPAS
TE→HYDRATI
ONOFC3AANDC4AF→GELATI
ONOFC3S
→HYDRATI
ONOFC3S
.
ANDC2S

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q3]
(a)Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eon:
1)I
nject
ionmoul
dingmet
hodf
orpl
ast
ic.
2)Pol
ymeri
nmedi
cineandsur
ger
y. (
6)
Ans:
-1)I
NJECTI
ONMOULDI
NG.
ThismethodisonlyapplicabletoTher mopl asti
cr esi
n.Themoul dingplasti
cpowderi sf edi
nto
aheatedcyl
inder.Fr
om t hereitisi
njectedintot het i
ghtl
ylockedmoul datacontrolledrateby
meansofascr ewarrangementorbyapi stonplunger .Themoul diskeptcoldtoallowt hehot
pl
asti
ctocureandbecomer i
gid.Whent hemat eri
alhav ebeencuredsuf f
ici
ent
ly,hal fofthe
mouldisopenedtoallowt heinject
ionoft hef i
nishedar t
icl
ewithoutanydeformation.heat i
ng
i
sdonebyoi lorel
ectri
cit
y .
1.ADVANTAGE:-Thismet hodhashighspeedpr
oduct
ion,l
owmouldcost,
ver
ylowcostof
materi
alandlowfinishi
ngcost.Henceiti
sthemostwidel
yusedmethodf
ormouldi
ngof
ther
moplasti
cs.
2:
-DI
SADVANTAGE:-
Sincealar
geamountofcav
iti
escannotbef
il
ledsi
mul
taneousl
y,t
her
eis
l
imit
ati
onofdesi
gnofart
icl
estobemoul
ded.

2)
POLYMERI
NMEDI
CINEANDSURGERY.
Mat er
ial
swhi charenotcausingadverseeffectonbloodandot hert
issuescanbeusedi n
diagnost
ic,surgi
calandcanbei mplantedinthebody .Theycanbedev el
opedfrom metals,
ceramicsandpol ymers.Usesofpolymersint hef
iel
dofmedi cineandsurgeryarei
ncreasing
daybyday .Character
isti
csofbiomedicalpolymersare:
1.
shoul
dbebi
o-compat
ibl
e,canbef
abr
icat
edi
ntodesi
reshapeorf
orm wi
thoutbei
ng
degr
aded.
2.canbeeasil
yst
er i
l
izedwi
thnoal
ter
ati
oni
npr
oper
ti
es,
shoul
dhav
eopt
imum phy
sicaland
chemicalpr
opert
ies.
3.Theyshoul
dnotdest
roycel
l
ularel
ement
sofbl
ood,
enzy
mesorpr
oducedt
oxi
coral
l
ergi
c
reacti
ons.
4.
Theyshoul
dhav
epur
it
yandr
epr
oduci
bil
i
ty.
Exampl
esar
easf
oll
ows:
POLYMER APPLI
CATI
ON
1.PMMA. Cont
actl
enses.
2.si
l
iconr
ubber
,pol
yur
ethane. Hear
twal
l
s,dr
aint
ubes.
3.Pol
yvi
nylchl
ori
de. Di
sposabl
esy
ringes.
4.pol
yal
kylsul
phone. Membr
aneoxy
genat
or.
5.
Acr
yli
chy
drogel
s Gr
aft
ing

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q3]
(b)i
)Dr
awandexpl
aini
mpor
tantf
eat
uresofphasedi
agr
am ofwat
ersy
stem.
(
3)
Ans:
-Inwat
ert
her
eisonl
yonecomponenti
.e.
,wat
erandi
tst
hreephases:i
ce,
wat
er,
steam
whi
charesol
i
d, l
i
qui
d,andgaseousrespect
ively.Fi
gurebel
owr
epr
esent
sphasedi
agr
am or
pr
essur
ev/stemper
atur
ediagram f
orthewat ersyst
em.
ThreecurvesOA, OB,andOCrepr
esentstheequi
l
ibri
um condi
ti
onsbet
weent
wophasessol
i
d
wit
hv apour,vapourwithl
i
qui
dandliquidwit
hsoli
dphaseofwat er
.
CurveOCr epr
esentstheequili
bri
um betweensoli
dandl i
quidphaseofthewater
.Thiscurvei
s
knownasf usi
onpressureormel ti
ngpointcurv
e.Alongthiscurvet
her
ear etwophasesin
equil
ibr
ium t
hati
siceandwat er
.Atatmosphericpressur
e,iceandwatercanbeinequi
li
bri
um
onlyatonetemperaturei
.e.
,thefreezi
ngpointofwater.
Wehav
eC=1,
P=2t
hus,
F=C-
P+2=1.

CurveOBr epr
esentstheequil
ibr
ium betweenl i
quidandvapour.Iti
sknownasv apor
izati
on
curve.Hereal
soi ti
snecessar
ytost at
eeithertemperatur
eorpr essure.E.
g.,
atatmospheric
pressure,waterandvapourcanexisti
nequi l
ibri
um onl
yat1t emper atur
ei.
e.,t
heboili
ngpoint
ofwat er
.Water-vapoursy
stem hasonedegr eeoff r
eedom F=C-P+2=1.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q3]
(b)i
i
)Menti
ontheRawmat
eri
alofPor
tl
andcemental
ongwi
tht
hei
r
per
cent
agecomposi
ti
on. (
2)
Ans:
-
CONSTI
TUENTS PERCENTAGE(
%)
Li
me 60-
68
Si
l
ica 17-
25
Al
umi
na 3-
8
 Gy
psum 2-
3
I
ronoxi
de 2-
4
Sul
phurt
ri
oxi
de 1-
2
Al
kal
ioxi
des 0.
5-1.
3

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q3](c)Tenthousandlit
resofhardwaterwasmadesof twithzeoli
te.The
exhaustedzeoli
terequi
redatotalamountof8litofNaClsolut
ioncontai
ning150
gm perlit
reforr
egenerati
on.Calcul
atethehar
dnessofwat er. (4)
Ans:
-1l
i
treofNaClsol
uti
on = 150gm ofNaCl
∴8l
i
tresofNaCl = 8×150gm ofNaCl
= 1200gm ofNaCl
50
Quant
it
yofNaCli
nter
msofCaCO3 = 1200× g
mofCa
CO3e
qui
val
ent
58.
5
equi
val
enthar
dness
= 1,
025.
64gm ofCaCO3equi
val
ent

= 0256×103CaCO3equi
1. val
ent

= 0256×106CaCO3equi
1. val
e .
nt

Har
dnessof10,
000l
i
tresofwat
er = 0256×106mg.
1.
6
1.
026×10
∴Har
dnessof1l
i
tres = =102.
6mg/
li
t
10000
∴Har
dnessofwat
er = 102.
6ppm

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q4]
(a)Expl
ainI
on-
exchangeprocessf
orSof
teni
ngofhar
dwat
er.Whatar
eit
s
adv
antagesanddi
sadvantages (
6)
Ans:
-Ion-
exchanger
esi
nsar
einsol
ubl
e,cr
oss-
li
nked,
longchai
nedor
gani
cpol
ymerwi
tha
micropor
ousst
ructure.Thefunct
ionalgr
oupsat
tachedtothechai
nsar
eresponsi
blef
ort
hei
on-
exchangepr
opert
ies.Theionexchangeresi
nsareclassi
fi
edasfol
l
ows:
1.Cat
ionexchanger
esi
ns
2.Ani
onexchanger
esi
ns.

 CATI
ONEXCHANGERESI
NS.
Ther
ear
emai
nlyst
yrene-
div
iny
lbenzenecopol
ymer
s,whi
chonsul
phonat
ionor
 car
boxyl
ati
on,
becomecapabl
eofexchangi
ngt
hei
rhy
drogeni
onswi
tht
hecat
ionsi
nthe
water
.

 ANI
ONEXCHANGERESI
NS.
Therearestyrene-div
inylbenzeneorami ne-f
ormaldehy
decopolymer s,
whichcontainamino
orquaternaryammoni um orquat er
naryphosphoni
um orter
ti
arysulphonium gr
oupsasan
i
ntegralpartoftheresinsmatrix.Theseareaft
ertr
eatmentwit
hdil.NaOHsol uti
on,become
-
capableofexchangingt hei
rOHani onswithani
onsinwater.

PROCESS:
Thehardwateri
spassedfi
rstt
hroughcat
ionexchangecol
umnwhi chremov esal
lthe
2+ 2+ +
cat
ionsl
ikeCa , Mg et
c.f
rom i
tandequi
v al
entamountofH ionsar
er el
easedfor
mt hi
s
col
umnt owater
,
+ 2+ 2+ +
2RH + Ca → R2Ca +2H
+ 2+ 2+ +
2RH + Mg → R2Mg +2H

Aftercati
onexchangecolumnt hehar dwaterispassedt
hroughani
onexchangecol
umn,which
2- - -
remov esallt
heanionsli
keSO4,Cletc,presentint
hewaterandequi
val
entamountsofOHions
arereleasedfrom t
hiscol
umnt owat er.
' - - ' - -
ROH + Cl→ RCl+ OH
- 2- - -
2R'OH + SO4 → R'SO +2OH
2 4
 - - -
2R'OH + CO2
3
- '
→ R2CO3+2OH

+ -
H andOHi onsgetcombinedtopr
oducewat
ermolecul
e.Thusthewat
ercomi
ngoutfr
om t
he
exchangerisfreefr
om cati
onsaswel
lasani
ons.I
on-f
reewateri
sknownasdei
oni
zedor
demineral
isedwater.

ADVANTAGES:
1.Thepr
ocesscanbeusedt
osof
tenhi
ghl
yaci
dicoral
kal
i
newat
er.
2.I
tproduceswat
erofveryl
owhar
dness.Soi
tisv
erygoodf
ort
reat
ingwat
erf
orusei
n
hi
ghpressur
eboil
ers.
DI
SADVANTAGES:
1.Theequi
pmenti
scost
lyandmor
eexpensi
vechemi
cal
sar
eneeded.
2.I
fwatercont
ainst
urbidit
y,t
hentheoutputofthepr
ocessisreduced.Thetur
bidi
tymust
bebel
ow10ppm.I fitismore,i
thastober emovedfi
rstbycoagulat
ionandfi
lt
rat
ion.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q4]
(b)i
)9mlofoili
stakenfr
om machi
neandi
trequi
res1.
5mlof0.
04NKOH.
Fi
ndaci
dval
ue(densit
y=0.81g/ml
) (
3)
Ans:
-Gi
vendat
a: v
olumeofoi
l = 9ml
Vol
umeofKOH = 1.
5ml
Nor
mal
i
tyofKOH = 0.
04N
Tof
ind: Aci
dval
ue

Vol
umeofKOH×Norma l
it
yofKOH×56
For
mul
a: Aci
dval
ue =
we
ightofoil
mg/
gm

1.
5×0.
04×56
Sol
uti
on: Aci
dval
ue = mg/
gm
9
=0.
373mg/
gm
 Aci
dval
ueoft
heoi
li
s0.
373mg/
gm.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q4]
(b)i
i
)Wr
it
eanot
eonDeccayofConcr
ete. (
2)
Ans:
-Thecementconcr
eteal
thoughmechani
cal
l
yst
rong,
butduet
othepr
esenceoff
reel
i
me
i
tbecomesuscept ibl
etotheattackofacidi
cwat er
.Alkal
inewat erdonothav emar kedeff
ecton
concretestr
engt
h.Alsoli
meismor esolubl
einsoftwaterthanhar dwat erandhence
deter
iorat
ionofconcret
eincontactwithsoftwaterismore.Pr esenceofsulphatescause
maximum damagebecausei treactswithtr
ical
cium al
umi natetoform sulphoal
umi nat
eswhich
occupiesmor ev
olumeandhenceunder goexpansionmaki ngthecementst ruct
ureweak.
PROTECTI
ONOFCONCRETE
 Bygiv
ingacoat
ingofbi
tumi
nousmat er
ial
.Thi
spr
event
sdi
rectcont
actbet
ween
concr
eteandwater
.Thi
sisaver
yinexpensi
vemet
hod.
 Bycoat
ingthesur
facewit
hsil
i
conf l
uori
deinasolubl
efor
mtoget
herwithoxi
desofZn,
MgorAl.thepr
eci
pitat
eofcal
cium f
luor
ideso-
for
medi nt
hecapi
l
lar
iesprev
ents
di
ssol
uti
onofli
me.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q4]
(c)Whataretheaddi
ti
vesmi
xedwi
thpl
ast
icsf
ori
tscompoundi
ng?Expl
ain
t
hei
rfunct
ions. (4)
Ans:
-Byusi
ngdi
ff
erentt
ypesofaddi
ti
vest
hepr
oper
ti
esoft
hebasepol
ymermaybemodi
fi
ed
i
nver
ymanydi
ff
erentway
ssot
hatt
her
angeofuseoft
hepol
ymeri
sext
ended.
Themai
ncompoundi
ngi
ngr
edi
ent
sar
e:
1.RESI
NS.
2.PLASTI
CIZERS.
3.FI
LLERSorEXTENDERS.
4.LUBRI
CANTS.
5.PI
GMENTS.
6.CATALYSTS.
7.STABI
LIZERS.
Ther
efunct
ionsar
easf
oll
ows:
 RESI
NS.
1.I
tist
hebi
nderwhi
chhol
dst
hev
ari
ousconst
it
uent
stoget
her
.
2.I
tdet
ermi
neswhi
chmet
hodofmoul
dingi
stobeused.Resi
npar
toft
hef
ini
shedpr
oduct
maybe30-
100%.
  PLASTI
CIZERS.
1.I
ncr
easest
hef
lexi
bil
i
tyoft
hepl
ast
ics.
2.I
mpar
tsf
lamepr
oof
ness.
3.Reducesr
esi
stancet
owar
dschemi
cal
s,sol
vent
set
c.
4.Exampl
es:
-veget
abl
esoi
l
s,est
ersoff
att
yaci
ds.

 FI
LLERSorEXTENDERS.
1.Reduci
ngt
hecostofpl
ast
ics.
2.I
ncr
easest
het
ensi
l
est
rengt
handhar
dness.
3.Reducest
hef
lexi
bil
i
ty.
4.Exampl
es:
-mi
ca,
sawdust
,chal
ket
c.

 LUBRI
CANTS.
1.I
mpar
tsgl
ossyf
ini
sh.
2.Pr
eventst
icki
ngt
opl
ast
ict
othemoul
d.
3.Exampl
e:-waxes,
soaps.

 PI
GMENT.
1.Theypr
ovi
decol
ourt
othef
inalpl
ast
icmat
eri
al.
2.Dy
esgi
vet
ranspar
entcol
our
sandpi
gmentgi
vesopaqueones.
3.Exampl
es:
-or
gani
candi
nor
gani
cdy
esst
uff
s.

 CATALYST.
1.Theyar
eaddedt
oonl
yther
moset
ti
ngpl
ast
ic.Theyaccel
erat
est
her
ateofpol
ymer
isat
ion.
2.Exampl
es:
-H2O2,
Zn,
ammoni
aandi
tssal
ts.

 STABI
LIZERS.
1.I
nor
dertopreventthedecomposi
ti
onanddi
scol
our
ati
onoft
hepl
ast
icatt
hemoul
ding
t
emper
atur
e, stabi
l
izer
scanbeused.
2.Exampl
es:
-st
ear
atesofPb,
Ca,
Ba,
Pbsi
l
icat
eset
c, O4.
PbCr

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q5]
(a)i
)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenTher
mopl
ast
icandTher
moset
ti
ngpl
ast
ic. (
3)
Ans:
-
THERMOPLASTI
C THERMOSETTI
NG
1.
For
medbyaddi
ti
onpol
ymer
izat
ion. 1.For
medbycondensat
ionpol
ymer
izat
ion.
2.
Canbemoul
dedandr
emoul
ded. 2.
Remoul
dingi
snotpossi
ble.
3.Theysoft
ensonheat
ingbecausethe 3.
Theydonotbecomesof tonheat
ing,because
l
inearchai
nscansl
ipovereachother cr
osslinksr
etai
nthestr
engthonheati
ng.But
veryeasi
ly
. pr
olongedheati
ngcauseschar
ri
ng.
4.
Sof
t,weakandl
essbr
it
tl
e. 4.Har
d,st
rongandbr
it
tl
e.
5.
Sol
ubl
einsomeor
gani
csol
vent
s. 5.
Insol
ubl
einal
mostal
lor
gani
csol
vent
s.
6.
Rel
ati
vel
ylowmol
ecul
arwei
ght
. 6.
Rel
ati
vel
yhi
ghmol
ecul
arwei
ght
.
7.
Exampl
e:PVC,
PE,
Tef
lon. 7.
Exampl
e:UF,
PF,
Nyl
on6-
6,et
c.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q5]
(a)i
i
)Wr
it
eanot
eonVi
sco-
elast
icst
ate. (
3)
Ans:
-Vi
scoel
ast
ici
tyi
sthepr
oper
tyofmat
eri
alst
hatexhi
bitbot
hvi
scousandel
ast
ic
character
ist
icswhenunder goi
ngdefor mat
ion.Vi scousmat erial
s,li
kehoney
,resi
stshearfl
ow
andst r
ainli
nearl
ywithti
mewhenast ressisappl ied.Viscoelast
icit
yisamolecul
ar
rear
rangement .Whenast r
essisappliedtoav iscoel ast
icmat er
ialsuchasapolymer,par
tsofa
l
ongpol ymerchainchangepositi
onals.Syntheticpol ymers,woodsandhumant i
ssues,aswel
l
asmet alsathightemperat
ure,showsi gni
ficantv iscoel
asti
city.
PROPERTI
ES:
 Theybehav
eli
keanel
ast
icmat
eri
alaswel
lasv
iscousmat
eri
alwhenst
ressi
sappl
i
ed.
 Theydi
ssi
pat
eener
gyi
nfor
m ofheatwhenal
oadi
sappl
i
edandt
henr
emov
ed.
USES:
 Theyar
eusedf
ori
sol
ati
onv
ibr
ati
on.
 Theyar
eusedf
ordampeni
ngnoi
se.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q5]
(b)i
)Wr
it
eanot
eonUl
tr
afi
l
trat
ionmet
hodf
orpur
if
icat
ionofwat
er. (
3)
Ans:
-Ul
tr
afi
l
trat
ioni
sav
ari
etyofmembr
anef
il
tr
ati
oni
nwhi
chf
orcesl
i
kepr
essur
eor
concentrat
iongr adi
entsleadt oasepar ati
ont hr
oughasemi permeablemembr ane.Suspended
soli
dsandsol utesofhi ghmol ecul
arwei ghtareretai
nedintheso- call
edretentat
e,whilewater
andlowmol ecularweightsolutespasst hroughthemembr anei ntheper meate(fi
lt
rat
e).This
separat
ionpr ocessisusedi nindustryandr esearchforpur
ifyingandconcent r
ating
macromol ecularsolut
ions,especial
lyproteinsoluti
ons.Ult
rafil
tr
ationisnotfundament al
ly
dif
fer
entfrom microfi
lt
rati
on.Bothoftheseseparat
ebasedonsi zeexclusi
onorparti
clecaptur
e.
Iti
sfundament al
l
ydi f
ferentf
rom membr anegasseparati
on,whichseparat
ebasedondi ffer
ent
amountsofabsor pti
onanddi f
ferentr
atesofdif
fusi
on.Ultr
afi
lt
rati
onmembr anesaredefinedby
themolecularweightcutoffofthemembr aneused.Ul
trafi
lt
rat
ionisappli
edincross-
fl
owor
dead-
endmode.

Appl
i
cat
ions:

1.Fi
l
trat
ionofeffluentfr
om paperpulpmil
l
2.Cheesemanuf acture,seeult
rafi
lt
eredmil
k.
3.Remov alofpathogensf r
om milk
4.Processandwast ewat ertr
eatment
5.Enzymer ecovery.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q5]
(b)i
i
)Gi
vet
hei
mpor
tantf
unct
ionsofl
ubr
icant
. (
2)
Ans:
-1.I
treducessur
facedef
ormat
ion,
wearandt
earbecausedi
rectcont
actbet
weent
he
r
ubbi
ngsur
facei
sav
oided.
1.I
treducest
hef
ri
cti
onalheat
,ori
tact
sasacool
ant.Thi
sreducest
heexpansi
onofmet
al.
2.I
tincr
easest
hemai
ntenancecostandr
unni
ngcost
sofmachi
ne.
3.I
tmakest
her
elat
ivemot
ionofsl
i
dingpar
tssmoot
handnoi
sef
ree.
4.Iti
ncr
easest heeff
ici
encyofmachi
nebymi
nimi
zi
ngt
hel
ossofmechani
cal,
elect
ri
calor
chemicalenergy
.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q5](
c)Whati
sthemathemat
icalform oft
heGi
bbsphaser
uleequat
ion?Expl
ain
t
hemeaningofeachoneoft
het erminvol
vedi
nit
. (
4)
Ans:
-GI
BB’
SPHASERULE: Gi
bb’
sphaser
ulest
atest
hat
,inev
eryhet
erogenoussy
stem i
n
equi
li
brium ,
thesum ofthenumberofphasesanddegr eeoffreedom i
sgreaterthant
henumber
ofcomponentbyt wopr ovi
dedtheequil
ibr
ium betweenanynumberofphasesi snoti
nfl
uenced
bygravit
y,el
ectri
calormagneti
cforcesorbysur f
aceaction,
andi sonl
yinfl
uencedby
temperatur
e,pressureandconcent
rati
on.Iti
sexpressedinthef or
m,
P+F=C+2
Or F=C-
P+2
Wher
e,P=Numberofphases,
C=Numberofcomponent
sandF=Degr
eeoff
reedom.
1)PHASES:
Aphasesisdefi
nedasanyhomogenous,
phy
sical
l
ydisti
nctandmechani
cal
lysepar
able
por
tionofasyst
em,whichi
ssepar
atedfr
om ot
herpart
softhesyst
em bydefi
nit
ebounding
sur
faces.
 Example:1.Agaseousmi
xtur
e,whi
chi
sthor
oughl
ymi
sci
blei
nal
lpr
opor
ti
on,
consi
stsofa
si
nglephase.
2)COMPONENT:
Iti
sthesmal l
estnumberofindependentvar
iableconsti
tuent
staki
ngparti
nt hestateof
equil
i
brium, bymeansofwhi chthecompositionofeachphasecanbeexpr essedinthefor
m
ofchemi calequati
on.Thecomponent sdonotrepresentthenumberofconstit
uentsor
chemicalindivi
dualpresenti
nthesystem.
Exampl
es:1.I
nwatersy
stem t
hephasespresentar
eice,wat
erandwaterv
apour.The
composi
ti
onofeachphasecanbeexpressedbyasingl
ecomponent,
H2O.Henceiti
sa
componentsy
stem.
3)DEGREEOFFREEDOM:
Iti
sdefi
nedasthesmal
lestnumberofindependentv
ari
ablessuchaspr
essure,t
emper
atur
e
andconcent
rat
iont
hatmustbespecif
iedinordertodef
inecomplet
elyt
hestateofasy
stem.
Example:1.Forasy st
em consi
sti
ngofwatervapourphaseonl
y,t
odescr
ibethesyst
em
completel
y,thevaluesofboth,t
hetemperat
ureandpressur
e,mustbest
ated.Hence,t
he
syst
em isbivar
iantordegreeoffr
eedom i
stwo.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q6]
(a)Whati
slubr
icat
ion?Expl
aint
hemechani
sm off
lui
dfi
l
mlubr
icat
ion. (
6)
Ans:
-Anysubst
ancepl
acedbet
weent
womov
ingorsl
i
dingsur
faceswi
thav
iewt
oreducet
he
fr
ict
ionalresistancebetweenthem i
sknownaslubri
cant.Thelubr i
cantwhenint
erposed
betweenthemov i
ngpartsmakesthesurf
acesl
ipper
yandel iminatescohesi
on.Lubri
cantsmay
beusedi nsol i
d,li
quidorsemisoli
dfor
m.Theprocessofr educingfri
cti
onbetweentwomet al
l
ic
sl
idingsurfacesbyt heint
roduct
ionofl
ubri
cant
siscall
edasl ubricati
on.
HYDRODYNAMI
CORFLUI
D-FI
LM ORTHI
CK-
FILM LUBRI
CATI
ON.
I
nt hi
stypeoflubrication,thel
ubri
cantisformingathi
ckfi
lm havingabout1000A°thickness
betweent hemov i
ngsur facessothatthedir
ectsurf
acetosurfacecontactandweldi
ngof
j
unctionrarel
yoccur s.Thecoeffi
cientoff
ri
ctioni
sveryl
owi.e.,0.
001to0. 03under
hydrodynamiclubri
cat i
on.
Whenoi li
sintroducedbetweent hemov ingsurf
aces,someoft heoilmoleculesar
eheldup
ti
ghtl
yatt hesurfaceduetoadsor pti
on.Theremainingoilmoleculesarelooselyar
rangedaway
fr
om met alsurfaces.Fr
ict
ionalr
esistanceisonl
yduet otheinternalr
esistancebet
weent he
part
icl
esofl ubri
cantsmov ingovereachother.Hencelubri
cantchosenshoul dhavethe
maximum v iscosit
y.
Hydrodynami clubr i
cati
onoccur swhent hesur facesar erigidandr etaintheshapedur ing
operati
ons.Forhy drodynami clubricationt ooccur, t
woessent ialconditi
onsar etobesat isfi
ed:
(1)
li
quidmustbev iscousand, (2)t heshapeoft hesur f
aceshoul dbesucht hatawedgeshaped
fi
lm shouldbef ormed.Jour nalbear i
ngconsi stofashaf torj ournalthatrotat
esf reel
yina
supporti
ngmet alsleeveorshel lwi thlubricati
ngoi li
nt heinter f
acebet weenthem.Dur ing
normaloper ati
onst heshaf trotatesatsuf fi
cientspeedt of orcet heoilbetweent heconf orming
curvedsurfacesoft heshaftandt heshel lthuscreat i
ngt heoi lwedgeandhy drodynami cfil
m.
Thisfi
lm allowst hesebear i
ngt osuppor textremel yheav yloads.Wat ches, clock,sewing
machine, fans,gunset c.requireshy drodynami clubricati
on.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q6](
b)i
)Whati
smeantbyTr
ipl
epoi
nt?Appl
yphaser
uleandf
inddegr
eeof
fr
eedom f
ort
ri
plepoi
nt. (
3)
Ans:
-:-TRI
PLEPOI
NT:
-Thet
hreecur
vesOA,
OB,
andOCmeetatOatwhi
chsol
i
d,l
i
qui
dandv
apourco-
exi
sti
nequi
li
bri
um.Thispoi
ntat273.
16K( 0.
0075℃)and4.
58mm ofHgpr
essurei
scal
l
edTr
ipl
epoi
nt.
Thesyst
em i
sinvar
iant
.F=C-
P+2 ∴ F=3- 3=0 ∴F=0.Thi
P=3- smeansthedegr
eeoffr
eedom
i
szerotherefor
eneit
herpressur
enortemperaturecanbechangedwi thoutcausingt
he
di
sappearanceofoneofthephases.I
feit
hertemper at
ureorpressur
ei schangedevensli
ghtl
y,
oneofthethreephasesdi
sappearsandthesystem changesfr
om non- var
ientt
ounivar
iant
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q6]
. (b)i
i
)Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weent
empor
aryandper
manenthar
dnessofwat
er. (
2)
Ans:
-
TEMPORARYORALKALI
NEHARDNESS. PERMANENETORNON-
ALKALI
NEHARDNESS

1.Causedbytheprocessofdi ssol
ved 1.I
tisduetopresenceofdissolv
edchlor
idesand
bi
carbonatesofcalci
um ,magnesi um and sul
phatesofcalci
um, magnesium,i
ronandotherheav
y
otherheavymetalsandthecar bonatesof metals.
i
ron.salt
sresponsibl
efortempor ary
hardnessareCa(HCO3),Mg (HCO3).
2 2

2.Tempor
aryHar
dnesscanber
emov
edby 2.
PermanentHar
dnesscannotber
emov
edbyboi
l
ingt
he
boi
li
ngwater
. water
.

3.Temporar
yhar
dnessiscal
l
edas 3.I
tisalsoknownasnon-
car
bonat
esornon-
alkal
i
ne
carbonat
esoral
kal
inehar
dness. hardness.

4.
Boi
l
ing: 4.
Canber
emovedbyusi
ngchemi
calandnotbyboi
l
ing
e.
g.Li
mesodamet
hod.
(HCO3)→CaCO3+CO2+H2O.
Ca
2
Ca
Cl +NaCO3→Ca
CO3+2Na
Cl.
(HCO3)→Mg(OH)2+2CO2.
Mg
2
2 2

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Q6]
(c)Descr
ibet
hewetpr
ocessf
ormanuf
act
ureofPor
tl
andcement
. (
4)
Ans:
-Thecal
car
eousr
awmat
eri
alar
ecr
ushed,
powder
edandst
oredi
nsi
l
os.Thear
gil
l
aceous
materi
alsarethoroughl
ymi xedwi t
hwat erinwashmi l
l
st oremovetheadheringorganicmatter
.
Thebasinwashedcl ayi
sst ored.Powder edlimef r
om sil
osandwashedwetcl ayf
rom basins
areal
lowedt ofl
owi nachanneli nri
ghtpr oport
ions.Fr
om thechannel,t
herawmat eri
alarel
ed
togri
ndingmi l
l
swher etheyaremi xedintimatel
yt ofor
m apastecalledslur
ry.Theslurr
yisled
toacorrect
ingbasinwher eit
schemi calcomposi ti
onmaybeadj ustedifnecessary.Thissl
urr
y
cont
aini
ng38-
40%wat
eri
sfi
nal
l
yst
oredi
nst
oraget
anksandar
ekeptt
obef
edi
ntor
otat
ory
ki
ln.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-