Professional Documents
Culture Documents
White South Africans - Wikipedia
White South Africans - Wikipedia
Statistics Religion
Historical population Christianity (85.6%), Irreligious
Fertility rates (8.9%), Judaism (0.9%), Other
Life expectancy (4.6%)
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History
The history of White settlement in South Africa started in 1652 with the settlement of the Cape of
Good Hope by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) under Jan van Riebeeck.[5] Despite the
preponderance of officials and colonists from the Netherlands, there were also a number of French
Huguenots fleeing religious persecution at home and German soldiers or sailors returning from
service in Asia.[6] The Cape Colony remained under Dutch rule for two more centuries, after which it
was annexed by the United Kingdom around 1806.[7] At that time, South Africa was home to about
26,000 people of white ancestry, a relative majority of whom were still of Dutch origin.[7] However,
the Dutch settlers grew into conflict with the British government over the abolition of the slave trade
and limits on colonial expansion into African lands. In order to prevent a frontier war, the British
Parliament decided to send British settlers to start farms on the eastern frontier.[8] Beginning in 1818
thousands of British immigrants arrived in the growing Cape Colony, intending to join the local
workforce or settle directly on the frontier.[7] Ironically most of the farms failed due to the difficult
terrain, forcing the British settlers to encroach on African land in order to practice pastoralism.[8]
About a fifth of the Cape's original Dutch-speaking white population migrated eastwards during the
Great Trek in the 1830s and established their own autonomous Boer republics further inland.[9]
Nevertheless, the population of white ancestry (mostly European origin) continued increasing in the
Cape as a result of immigration, and by 1865 had reached 181,592 people.[10] Between 1880 and 1910,
there was an influx of Jews (mainly via Lithuania) and immigrants from Lebanon and Syria arriving
in South Africa. Recent immigrants from the Levant region of Western Asia were originally classified
as Asian, and thus "non-white", but, in order to have the right to purchase land, they successfully
argued that they were "white". The main reason being that they were from the lands where
Christianity and Judaism originated from, and that the race laws did not target Jews, who were also a
Semitic people. Therefore arguing that if the laws targeted other people from the Levant, it should
also affect the Jews.[11][12]
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The first nationwide census in South Africa was held in 1911 and
indicated a white population of 1,276,242. By 1936, there were an
estimated 2,003,857 white South Africans, and by 1946 the number had
reached 2,372,690.[11] The country began receiving tens of thousands of
European immigrants, namely from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
Greece, and the territories of the Portuguese Empire during the mid to
late twentieth century.[13] South Africa's white population increased to
over 3,408,000 by 1965, reached 4,050,000 in 1973, and peaked at
5,044,000 in 1990.[14]
Apartheid era
Under the Population Registration Act of 1950, each inhabitant of South Africa was classified into one
of several different race groups, of which White was one. The Office for Race Classification defined a
white person as one who "in appearance is obviously a white person who is generally not accepted as a
coloured person; or is generally accepted as a white person and is not in appearance obviously a white
person." Many criteria, both physical (e.g. examination of head and body hair) and social (e.g. eating
and drinking habits, familiarity with Afrikaans or a European language) were used when the board
decided to classify someone as white or coloured.[4] This was virtually extended to all those
considered the children of two white persons, regardless of appearance. The Act was repealed on 17
June 1991.
Post-apartheid era
In an attempt at post-Apartheid redress, the Employment Equity Act of 1994, legislation promotes
employment of black people (Black Africans, Indian, Chinese, and Coloured population groups, as
well as disabled people). Black Economic Empowerment legislation further empowers blacks as the
government considers ownership, employment, training and social responsibility initiatives, which
empower black South Africans, as important criteria when awarding tenders, private enterprises also
must adhere to this legislation.[15] Some reports indicate a growing number of whites in poverty
compared to the pre-apartheid years and attribute this to such laws – a 2006 article in The Guardian
stated that over 350,000 Afrikaners may be classified as poor, and alluded to research claiming that
up to 150,000 were struggling for survival.[16][17]
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As a consequence of Apartheid policies, Whites are still widely regarded as being one of 4 defined race
groups in South Africa. These groups (blacks, whites, Coloureds and Indians) still tend to have strong
racial identities, and to identify themselves, and others, as members of these race groups[18][4] and
the classification continues to persist in government policy due to attempts at redress like Black
Economic Empowerment and Employment Equity.[4]
Since the 1990s, there has been a significant emigration of whites from South Africa. Between 1995
and 2005, more than one million South Africans emigrated, citing violence as the main reason, as well
as the lack of employment opportunities for whites.[19]
Current trends
crime.[26] In a study, Johan Burger, senior researcher at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), said
that criminals were specifically targeting wealthier suburbs. Burger explained that several affluent
suburbs are surrounded by poorer residential areas and that inhabitants in the latter often target
inhabitants in the former. The report also found that residents in wealthy suburbs in Gauteng were
not only at more risk of being targeted but also faced an inflated chance of being murdered during the
robbery.[27]
The global financial crisis slowed the high rates of white people emigrating overseas and has led to
increasing numbers of white emigrants returning to live in South Africa. Charles Luyckx, CEO of
Elliot International and a board member of the Professional Movers Association said that in the past
six months leading to December (2008), emigration numbers had dropped by 10%. Meanwhile, he
revealed that "people imports" had increased by 50%.[28]
As of May 2014, Homecoming Revolution has estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans
have returned to South Africa in the last decade.[29]
Furthermore, immigration from Europe has also supplemented the white population. The 2011 census
found that 63,479 white people living in South Africa were born in Europe; of these, 28,653 had
moved to South Africa since 2001.[30]
At the end of apartheid in 1994, 85% of South Africa's arable land was owned by whites.[31] The land
reform program introduced after the end of apartheid intended that, within 20 years, 30% of white-
owned commercial farm land should be transferred to black owners. Thus, in 2011, the farmers'
association, Agri South Africa, coordinated efforts to resettle farmers throughout the African
continent. The initiative offered millions of hectares from 22 African countries that hoped to spur
development of efficient commercial farming.[32] The 30 percent target was not close to being met by
the 2014 deadline.[33] According to a 2017 government audit, 72% of the nation's private farmland is
owned by white people.[34] In February 2018, the Parliament of South Africa passed a motion to
review the property ownership clause of the constitution, to allow for the expropriation of land, in the
public interest, without compensation,[35] which was supported within South Africa's ruling African
National Congress on the grounds that the land was originally seized by whites without just
compensation.[36] In August 2018, the South African government began the process of taking two
white-owned farmlands.[37] Western Cape ANC secretary Faiez Jacobs referred to the property clause
amendment as a "stick" to force dialogue about the transfer of land ownership, with the hope of
accomplishing the transfer "in a way that is orderly and doesn’t create a 'them' and 'us'
[situation]."[38]
Demographics
The Statistics South Africa Census 2011 showed that there were about 4,586,838 white people in
South Africa, amounting to 8.9% of the country's population.[40] This is a 6.8% increase since the
2001 census. According to the Census 2011, South African English is the first language of 36% of the
white population group and Afrikaans is the first language of 61% of the white population group.[3]
The majority of white South Africans identify themselves as primarily South African, regardless of
their first language or ancestry.[41][42]
Religion
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Approximately
87% of white White South Africans by their native tongue[39]
Language Percent
South Africans
Afrikaans 61%
are Christian, English 36%
9% are
irreligious, and
1% are Jewish. The
Religion among White South Africans
largest Christian Religion Percent
denomination is the Christianity 87%
Dutch Reformed Irreligious 9%
Church (NGK), with Other 3%
White South Africans as a 23% of the white Judaism 1%
proportion of the total population population being
0–20% 60–80% members. Other
20–40% 80–100% significant denominations are the Methodist Church (8%), the
Roman Catholic Church (7%), and the Anglican Church (6%).[43]
40–60%
Migrations
Many white Africans of European ancestry have migrated to South Africa from other parts of the
continent due to political or economic turmoil in their respective homelands. Thousands of
Portuguese Mozambicans, Portuguese Angolans, and white Zimbabweans emigrated to South Africa
during the 1970s and 1980s. However, the overwhelming majority of European migration correlated
with the historic colonization of the region (some migrating for the purpose of capitalizing on the
exploitation of resources, minerals and other lucrative elements found in South Africa, others for a
better life and farming opportunities without many restrictions in newly colonised lands).
Meanwhile, many white South Africans have also emigrated to Western countries over the past two
decades, mainly to English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia and New
Zealand. However, the financial crisis has slowed the rate of emigration and as of May 2014, the
Homecoming Revolution has estimated that around 340,000 white South Africans have returned in
the last decade.[29]
Distribution
According to Statistics South Africa, white South Africans make up 8.9% (Census 2011) of the total
population in South Africa. Their actual proportional share in municipalities is likely to be higher,
given the undercount in the 2001 census.[44]
The following table shows the distribution of white people by province, according to the 2011
census:[3]
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Politics
White South Africans continue to participate in politics, having a
presence across the whole political spectrum from left to right.
Former South African President Thabo Mbeki stated in one of his speeches to the nation that: "South
Africa belongs to everyone who lives in it. Black and White."[48] The history of white people in South
Africa dates back to the sixteenth century.
Prior to 1994, a white minority held complete political power under a system of racial segregation
called apartheid. During apartheid, immigrants from Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan were
considered honorary whites in the country, as the government had maintained diplomatic relations
with these countries. These were granted the same privileges as white people, at least for purposes of
residence.[49] Some African Americans such as Max Yergan were granted an "honorary white" status
as well.[50]
Statistics
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Historical population
Statistics for the white population in South Africa vary greatly. Most sources show that the white
population peaked in the period between 1989 and 1995 at around 5.2 to 5.6 million. Up to that point,
the white population largely increased due to high birth rates and immigration. Subsequently,
between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s, the white population decreased overall. However, from
2006 to 2013, the white population increased.
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White % of total
Year Source
population population
1904 1,116,805 21.6% 1904 Census
1,270,000
1911 22.7% 1911 Census[11]
3,088,492
1960 19.3% 1960 Census
3,238,000
1963 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1963
3,323,000
1964 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1964
3,398,000
1965 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1965
3,481,000
1966 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1966
3,563,000
1967 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1967
3,639,000
1968 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1968
3,728,000
1969 19.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1969
3,792,848
1970 17.1% 1970 Census
3,920,000
1971 17.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1971
4,005,000
1972 16.9% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1972
4,082,000
1973 16.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1973
4,160,000
1974 16.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1974
4,256,000
1975 16.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1975
4,337,000
1976 18.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1976
4,396,000
1977 17.9% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1977
4,442,000
1978 18.5% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1978
4,485,000
1979 18.4% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1979
4,522,000
1980 18.1% 1980 Census[14]
4,674,000
1982 18.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1982
4,748,000
1983 18.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1983
4,809,000
1984 17.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1984
4,867,000
1985 17.5% 1985 Census[14]
4,900,000
1986 17.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1986
5,068,300
1991 13.4% 1991 Census
5,121,000
1992 13.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1992
5,156,000
1993 13.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1993
5,191,000
1994 12.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1994
5,224,000
1995 12.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1995
4,434,697
1996 10.9% South African National Census of 1996
4,462,200
1997 10.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1997
4,500,400
1998 10.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1998
4,538,727
1999 10.5% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 1999
4,521,664
2000 10.4% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2000
4,293,640
2001 9.6% South African National Census of 2001
4,555,289
2002 10.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2002
4,244,346
2003 9.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2003
4,434,294
2004 9.5% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2004
4,379,800
2005 9.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2005
4,365,300
2006 9.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2006
4,352,100
2007 9.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2007
4,499,200
2008 9.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2008
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2009 4,472,100 9.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2009
4,584,700
2010 9.2% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2010
4,586,838
2011 8.9% South African National Census of 2011
4,602,400
2013 8.7% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2013
4,554,800
2014 8.4% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2014
4,534,000
2015 8.3% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2015
4,515,800
2016 8.1% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2016
4,493,500
2017 8.0% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2017
4,520,100
2018 7.8% Stats SA: Mid-year population estimates, 2018
Fertility rates
Contraception among white South Africans is stable or slightly falling: 80% used contraception in
1990, and 79% used it in 1998.[51]
The following data shows some fertility rates recorded during South
Africa's history. However, there are varied sources showing that the white fertility rate reached below
replacement (2.1) by 1980. Likewise, recent studies show a range of fertility rates, ranging from 1.3 to
2.4. The Afrikaners tend to have a higher birthrate than that of other white people.
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Life expectancy
Year Average life expectancy Male life expectancy Female life expectancy
1985[55] 71 ? ?
1997 73.5 70 77
2009[56][57] 71 ? ?
Unemployment
Free State
Gauteng[59] 8.7%
KwaZulu-Natal[60] 8.0%
Limpopo[61] 8.0%
Mpumalanga[60] 7.5%
North West
Income
Population group Average income (2015) Average income (2011) Average income (2001)
White R 444 446 (321.7%) R 365 134 (353.8%) R 193 820 (400.6%)
Indian/Asian R 271 621 (196.6%) R 251 541 (243.7%) R 102 606 (212.1%)
Coloured R 172 765 (125.0%) R 112 172 (108.7%) R 51 440 (106.3%)
Black R 92 983 (67.3%) R 60 613 (58.7%) R 22 522 (46.5%)
Total R 138 168 (100%) R 103 204 (100%) R 48 385 (100%)
Percentage of workforce
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Free State
KwaZulu-Natal[60] 11% 6%
Limpopo[61] 5% 2%
Mpumalanga
North West
Total
Languages
Religion
Religion among white South Africans remains high compared to other white ethnic groups, but
likewise it has shown a steady proportional drop in both membership and church attendance with
until recently the majority of white South Africans attending regular church services.
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Military
Flight Lieutenant Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor VC, DSO, MC and bar, DFC fighter ace, 1st World
War
Major William Bloomfield VC, South African East African campaign, 1st World War
Captain William Faulds VC MC, Delville Wood, 1st World War
Major John Frost DFC, South African Air Force fighter ace during the Second World War
Lieutenant Colonel Reginald Frederick Johnson Hayward VC, Western Front, 1st World War
Captain Petrus Hugo DSO DFC, fighter ace, Second World War
Squadron Leader Albert Gerald Lewis DFC, South African fighter ace, 2nd World War
Adolph "Sailor" Malan, Second World War ace fighter pilot
Squadron Leader John Dering Nettleton VC, Battle of Britain
Major Oswald Reid VC, 1st World War
Captain Clement Robertson VC, Western Front
Lieutenant Colonel John Sherwood-Kelly VC CMG DSO, Second Boer War, Bambatha Rebellion,
1st World War
Captain Quentin Smythe VC, North Africa 2nd World War
Major Edwin Swales VC DFC, pilot during the Second World War
Lieutenant Kevin Winterbottom HC, South African Air Force
Staff Sergeant Danny Roxo HC, 32 Battalion, South African Army
General Constand Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM MMM MP, former South African military chief and
former leader of the Freedom Front Plus
Air Vice Marshal John Frederick George Howe, CB, CBE, AFC (26 March 1930 – 27 January
2016)
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Business
Etienne de Villiers, investor; media and sports executive
Ivan Glasenberg, CEO of Glencore Xstrata, one of the world's largest commodity trading and
mining companies[68]
Sol Kerzner, accountant and business magnate mainly in the casino resort sector
Harry Oppenheimer, chairman of Anglo American Corporation for 25 years and De Beers
Consolidated Mines for 27 years
Nicky Oppenheimer, chairman of the De Beers diamond mining company and its subsidiary, the
Diamond Trading Company
Anton Rupert, founder of the Rembrandt Group
Johann Rupert, chairman of the Swiss-based luxury-goods company Richemont and South Africa-
based company Remgro
Desmond Sacco, Chairman and managing director of Assore Limited
Christo Wiese, consumer Retail business magnate
Politics
Louis Botha, farmer, soldier, statesman; first Prime Minister of South Africa
P. W. Botha, former State President of South Africa
F. W. de Klerk, former State President of South Africa
Marike de Klerk, former First Lady of South Africa, murdered in her home in 2001
Sir Patrick Duncan Governor-General at the start of the Second World War
Ruth First, anti-apartheid activist and scholar
Sir James Percy FitzPatrick, author, politician and businessman
Derek Hanekom, Deputy Minister of Technology; prominent ANC member of Parliament
Nicholas Haysom, Former legal adviser to Nelson Mandela, former United Nations Special
Representative to Afghanistan
Geordin Hill-Lewis, Mayor of Cape Town
Sandra Laing, white girl reclassified as "Coloured" during the apartheid era
D. F. Malan, former Prime Minister of South Africa
Pieter Mulder, former Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries; leader of the Freedom
Front Plus
Andries Pretorius, former leader of the Voortrekkers who was instrumental in the creation of the
South African Republic
Harry Schwarz, lawyer, politician, diplomat and anti-apartheid leader
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Joe Slovo, former leader of the South African Communist Party played key part in constitutional
negotiations in 1990s
Field Marshal Jan Smuts, soldier, politician and former Prime Minister of South Africa during both
World Wars. Only person to sign both world War peace treaties on the winning side.
Jan Steytler, first leader of Progressive Party of South Africa, former MP
Helen Suzman, anti-apartheid activist and former MP, solo anti-apartheid parliamentarian from
1961 to 1974 representing Progressive Party (South Africa), served on first Independent Electoral
Commission supervising first non-racial national elections in South Africa
Colin Eglin, former leader of the Progressive Party (South Africa) and its successors and former
MP, played key role in building up parliamentary opposition to apartheid in the 1970s and 1980s,
and in constitutional negotiations in 1990s
Zach de Beer, former Progressive Party (South Africa) MP, subsequent leader of Democratic
Party and post-apartheid ambassador to The Netherlands, also played key part in constitutional
negotiations in 1990s
Rick Crouch, City Councillor in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality
Eugène Terre'Blanche, former leader of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging; murdered
Marthinus van Schalkwyk, previous Minister of Tourism and ANC member of Parliament; played a
key role in merging the National Party into the ANC
Hendrik Verwoerd, former Prime Minister of South Africa; primary architect of Apartheid;
assassinated in Cape Town, in the House of Assembly
Helen Zille, former leader of the Democratic Alliance and Premier of the Western Cape
Sport
Willem Alberts, professional rugby player
Kevin Anderson, professional tennis player
Clive Barker, former footballer and football coach, led the South Africa national football team to
victory in the 1996 African Cup of Nations
Matthew Booth, former footballer
Francois Botha, professional boxer
Michael Botha, professional rugby player
Mark Boucher, former professional cricketer
Vincent Breet, rower
Okkert Brits, former pole vaulter, holds the African record and only African in the "6 metres club"
Schalk Brits, professional rugby player
Zola Budd, former track and field runner, broke the world record in the women's 5000 m twice in
under three years
Schalk Burger, former professional rugby player
Jan-Henning Campher, rugby player
Bradley Carnell, former footballer
Gerrie Coetzee, former boxer, first boxer from Africa to win a world heavyweight title
Tony Coyle, former footballer
Hansie Cronje, professional cricketer
Lood de Jager, professional rugby player
Faf de Klerk, professional rugby player
Quinton de Kock, professional cricketer
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Cameron van der Burgh, swimmer who represented South Africa at the 2008 Summer Olympics
and at the 2012 Summer Olympics winning gold at the 100-meter breaststroke in a new world
record
Rassie van der Dussen, professional cricketer
Janine van Wyk, footballer and captain of South Africa women's national football team
Duane Vermeulen, professional rugby player
Douglas Whyte, horse racing jockey, 13-time Hong Kong champion jockey
Ivan Winstanley, former footballer
Neil Winstanley, former footballer
Other
Mariette Bosch, murderer executed by the government of Botswana in 2001 for the murder of
South African Ria Wolmarans
Henri van Breda, murderer who killed his parents and brother in January 2015
See also
White Africans of European ancestry
Bantu peoples of South Africa
Coloureds
Khoisan
Asian South Africans
Indian South Africans
Japanese South Africans
Chinese South Africans
Romani people
References
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df) (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2020.
2. "South Africa – Community Survey 2016" (https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/cat
alog/611). www.datafirst.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
3. Census 2011: Census in brief (http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/C
ensus_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf) (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. p. 21.
ISBN 9780621413885. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statss
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1652–1708. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 13–35. ISBN 978-1904744955.
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