EXERCISE 1: Underline the phrases in the following sentences.

1. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

2. Having seen three birds in the bush, he let the one in his hand fly away.

3. The birds in the bush having been captured, Jojo found his hands full.

4. He lived to snare birds and burn bushes.

5. To part from friends is to die a little.

EXERCISE 2: Underline all the subordinate clauses below, noting the function of each.

1. She knew where she was going and how she would get there.
Nominal clause
2. He ate when he was hungry and drank whenever he could.

3. He had but a single purpose, which he concealed from everybody, including himself. Relative
clause

4. Criminals who have status in their world frequently serve an apprenticeship in crime. Relative
clause

5. While making hay, you ought to see whether the sun is shining.

Adverb clause

EXERCISE 3: Convert the following simple declarative sentences into compound and complex sentences.

1. Jack loves Jill. Jill loves herself.

Jack loves Jill and Jill love herself

2. The pound has a diminished value so it no longer buys a pint of beer.

3. Ideas have consequences. The consequences are sometimes far reaching.

Ideas have consequences which are sometimes far reaching.

4. He reached for the moon. He stubbed his toe.

He reached for the moon, he stubbed his toe.
5. The American way of speaking and writing differs from the English way. It is not therefore inferior.
Although the American way of speaking and writting differs from the English way, it is not therefore
inferior.

EXERCISE 4: Divide each of the sentences below into its constituent parts, and label each part S, V, O, C
or A.

1. Computers are fairly commonplace today. S V C A

2. We have a computer here.S V O A

3. Full-scale computers use a large number of programs.S V

4. These programs have to be changed from time to time.S V C

5. A special period will need to be set aside for this operation.S V C

6. Thinking about this led us to an interesting conclusion. S V C

7. Someone having a dream could be performing a similar operation.S V O

8. Most people have had the experience of dreaming in a feverish state.S V O C A

9. Then the sleeper sees dreams as a jumbled sequence of unimportant detail.S V O A

10. This jumbled sequence of detail keeps dancing in front of his eyes.S V A