UNIT 3

MATERIAL SYSTEMS

Physics and
Chemistry
2º ESO
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SOLUTIONS
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Rubbing alcohol
Cava
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How would you explain the process of solution?

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+
- + - +

water Salt (sodium chloride)

The opposite poles are atracted to each other

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+
- +
- +
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+
- + - +

The opposite poles are atracted to each other

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+
- + - +

SOLUTION OF SALT (NaCl)

VIDEO (Spanish)
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Page 76
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Types of solutions

1. Depending on the physical state of the components

2. Depending on the proportion of the components

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Types of solutions

1. Depending on the physical state of the components

2. Depending on the proportion of the components

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Dust, smoke on the air

Fog
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Rubbing alcohol (desinfectant) is a mixture of alcohol and water

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GAS SOLUTIONS

In the air, which substance will be

the solvent?

And the solute?

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LIQUID SOLUTIONS_ Liquid (solvent) and solid (solute)

Undissolved salt Dissolved salt

Forces of attraction solvent and solute > forces of attraction solute → SOLUTION

Forces of attraction solvent and solute < forces of attraction solute → NO SOLUTION
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LIQUID SOLUTIONS_ Liquid (solvent) and liquid (solute)

Miscible liquids Immiscible liquids

Similar properties (similar forces of attraction) → SOLUTION

Different properties (different forces of atraction) → NO SOLUTION

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LIQUID SOLUTIONS_ Liquid (solvent) and gas (solute)

How a carbonated drink is made?

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LIQUID SOLUTIONS_ Liquid (solvent) and gas (solute)

How a carbonated drink is made?

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LIQUID SOLUTIONS_ Liquid (solvent) and gas (solute)

How a carbonated drink is made?

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SOLID SOLUTIONS

Alloys: Mixture of metals.

defined structure random structure

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The amount of solute is small in comparison to the solubility

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The amount of solute is close to solubility

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The amount of solute is bigger than the solvent can dissolve

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SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION

supersaturated solution
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Factors which affect solubility

Contact surface

Stirring

Temperature

Pressure
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Factors which affect solubility

Contact surface

Stirring

Temperature

Pressure
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Factors which affect solubility

Contact surface

Stirring

Temperature

Pressure
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Factors which affect solubility

Contact surface

Stirring

Temperature

Pressure
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Factors which affect solubility

Contact surface

Stirring

Temperature gases decrease their solubility with Tª

Pressure
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Factors which affect solubility

Contact surface

Stirring

Temperature gases decrease their solubility with Tª

Pressure
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Concentration of solutions

Mass percent concentration

DEMO
Volume percent concentration

Concentration in grams per litre

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Mass percent concentration

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solution
solute solvent
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Exercise 1:

Calculate the % in mass of a solution which has 30 g of solute in 100 g of

solution:
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Exercise 1:

Calculate the % in mass of a solution which has 30 g of solute in 100 g of solution:

 
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Exercise 2:

Calculate the % in mass of a solution which has 30 g of solute and 70 g of

solvent:
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Exercise 2:

Calculate the % in mass of a solution which has 30 g of solute and 70 g of solvent:

Mass solution = mass solute + mass solvent = 30 g + 70 g = 100g

 
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Exercise 3:

Calculate the mass of solute which there are in 100 g in a solution of a 35% in
mass:
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Exercise 3:

Calculate the mass of solute which there are in 100 g in a solution of a 35% in mass:

Mass solute =  
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Exercise 4:

Calculate the mass of the solvent which there are in 100 g of a solution of 25%
mass.
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Exercise 4:

Calculate the mass of the solvent which there are in 100 g of a solution of 25% mass.

Mass solute =  

Mass solvent = mass solution – mass solute = 100 g – 25 g = 75 g

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Exercise 5:

Calculate the mass of a 30% in mass solution which has 50 g of solute:

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Exercise 5:

Calculate the mass of a 30% solution which has 50 g of solute:

 

Mass solution =  
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Exercise 6:

Calculate the mass of the solvent of a 20% in mass solution

which has 70 g of solute:
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Exercise 6:

Calculate the mass of the solvent of a 20% in mass solution which has 70 g of solute:
 

Mass solution =  

Mass solvent = mass solution – mass solute = 350 g – 70 g = 280 g

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Exercise 7:

Calculate the mass of the solution of a 40% in mass solution

which has 120 g of solute:
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Exercise 8:

Calculate the % in mass of a solution which has 150 g of

solvent and 50 g of solute:
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Exercise 9:

Calculate the grams of solvent in a 500 g of solution of 35% in

mass:
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Volume percent concentration

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Volume percent concentration

Exercise 1:

Calculate the % in volume of a solution which has 2 dL of solute and 800mL of

solvent:
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Volume percent concentration

Exercise 1:

Calculate the % in volume of a solution which has 2 dL of solute and 800mL of solvent:

 
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Volume percent concentration

Exercise 2:

Calculate the volume of a solution of 37% in volume solution which has

25 cL of solute:
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Volume percent concentration

Exercise 2:

Calculate the volume express in the SI and in scientific notation of a 37% in volume solution which has 25 cL of
solute:

 
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Volume percent concentration

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Exercise 3:

Calculate the volume of the solvent in a solution of 35% volume

which has 25 mL of solute.
Exercise 4:

Calculate the volume of the solvent in a solution of 17% volume

which has 125 mL of solution.
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Exercise 4:

Calculate the volume of the solvent in a solution of 17% volume

which has 125 mL of solution.
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Techniques: separation of heterogeneous mixtures

 Filtration:
an insoluble solid
in a liquid.
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Techniques: separation of heterogeneous mixtures

 Decantation:
two or more liquids
that do not mix.
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Techniques: separation of heterogeneous mixtures

 Centrifugation:
for colloids of two or more
liquids or a liquid with solids
of different densities
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Techniques: separation of heterogeneous mixtures

 Magnetic separation:
to separate a solid with
magnetic properties from
a mixture
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Techniques: separation of homogeneous mixtures

 Crystallisation:
a soluble solid
in a liquid.
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Techniques: separation of homogeneous mixtures

 Distillation:
two or more
liquids that mix.
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Graphs of solubility

variable

variable
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Graphs of solubility

Solubility in water
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Graphs of solubility
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Graphs of solubility

1. Which T the solubility of the

substance is 50 mg/mL at?
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Graphs of solubility

1. Which T the solubility of the

substance is 50 mg/mL at?

- Find the solubility value on

the X axis and go straight
until you reach the curve.
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Graphs of solubility

1. Which T the solubility of the

substance is 50 mg/mL at?

- Find the solubility value on

the Y axis and go straight
until you reach the curve.

- From that point of the curve

go straight down until you
reach the X axis: that value
will be the temperature.

T = 44 ºC aprox.
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Graphs of solubility

2. Which is the solubility of the

substance at 60ºC?
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Graphs of solubility

2. Which is the solubility of the

substance at 60ºC?

- Find the temperature value

on the X axis and go straight
up until you reach the curve.
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Graphs of solubility

2. Which is the solubility of the

substance at 60ºC?

- Find the temperature value

on the X axis and go straight
up until you reach the curve.

- From that point of the curve

go straight left until you
reach the Y axis: that value
will be the solubility.

Solubility = 85 mg/mL aprox.

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Exercise 1
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Solubility (g/100 g of water)

Temperature (⁰C)
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Do you remember which types of

solutions can be found depending on
the solubility?
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Do you remember which types of

solutions can be found depending on
the solubility?

Supersaturated: the dissolved amount > solubility

Saturated: the dissolved amount = solubility

Concentrated: the dissolved amount is lower and near to solubility

Unsaturated: the dissolved amount is quite smaller than the solubility

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Graphs of solubility

Concentrated
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Potassium
nitate

Copper
sulfate

Sodium
chloride
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Graphs of solubility. Gases

Solubility of O2

Why does the solubility decrease with the temperature?

How the solubility of oxygen could be increased?
What does it happen with the acuatic spices when some hot
contaminated water spills occurs in rivers or seas?