A Practical Workshop Companion for Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper Plate Workers: Containing Rules for Describing Various Kinds of Patterns used by Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper Plate Workers, Practical Geometry, Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids, Tables of the Weights of Metals, Lead Pipe, Tables of Areas and Circumferences
Background Steel is one of the older packaging materials. Originally used for round, square, and rectangular boxes and canisters.
Metal cans’ advantages:
l being relatively inexpensive l capable of being thermally processed l rigid l easy to process on high-speed lines l readily recyclable l total barrier to gas and light l an important means of delivering a shelf-stable product Background
Three-piece (left) and two-piece(right) can construction
Background Shallow drawn containers with friction or slip covers
Two-piece shallow drawn cans with double-seamed
(folded) ends l improved appearance l elimination of a possible leakage location
Three-piece steel sanitary food cans
l steel cans with a welded body and two ends, Common Metal Container Shapes
Examples of specialized can shapes
Three-Piece Steel Cans Steel three-piece can bodies can be mechanically seamed, bonded with adhesive, welded, or soldered. l Aluminum cannot be soldered and cannot be welded economically. l Welded sanitary three-piece can bodies are therefore made exclusively of steel. l Mechanical seaming or sealing is used only for containers intended for dry product Three-Piece Steel Cans Adhesive bonding, or cementing, uses a thermoplastic adhesive extruded onto a hot can blank. Being an attractive method for not being subjected to thermal processing. (three-piece beverage containers, some frozen juice concentrate and paint cans)
Soldered a can, (solders : 97.5% lead and 2.5% tin). No
longer permitted for food because of lead. Three-Piece Steel Cans Welded cans, (strong and eliminate potential lead hazards). l body sheet passing between electrodes - an electrical current heats and fuses the metal l Welded seam: about 30% thicker than the two base metal sheets. l Sanitary food cans and bead: to improve resistance to collapse (preventing collapse during pressure differentials encountered during rejoining and enables the can to withstand an internal vacuum). Three-Piece Steel Cans
Double-seaming is the attachment of the can end to the body.
It involves two curling steps Two-Piece Cans Draw Process: Shallow-profile cans (whose height is less than their diameter) can be drawn directly from a circular metal blank. The process is sometimes referred to as "shallow draw.” Two-Piece Cans Draw-and-redraw Process: The first draw produces a shallow cup. The second reduces the diameter as the can is deepened. Cans having a height significantly greater than the can diameter would require a third draw. Two-Piece Cans Draw-and-iron Process: Carbonated beverage cans by D&I process. The thin walls of the D&I container’s usage: not undergo severe thermal processing lend support to the walls (carbonated beverage cans, noncarbonated juices, soft drink can use either steel or aluminum, beer is particularly sensitive to traces of dissolved iron while being relatively insensitive to aluminum. Two-Piece Cans Impact Extrusion Impact extrusion forms ductile metals such as tin, lead, and aluminum into seamless tubes. - Impact-extrusion sequence Impact Extrusion
Two impact-extruded aerosol can designs (left, center)
and a three-piece welded-steel aerosol can(right). Aerosols Aerosol packaging refers to products packaged in a pressurized container having a valve that permits controlled product release as required.
The main advantage of aerosols is their ability to disperse
product into much finer particles that stayed suspended in the air for a much longer time than was available from hand pumps and other systems. Aerosols Aerosol Propellants A typical aerosol product has: l The liquid phase: contains the product to be expelled. l The vapor phase: at an increased pressure and will force the product up the dip tube and expel it through the nozzle whenever the valve is opened.
The product typically occupies about 75%, but never more
than 92.5%, of the available space.
Well-designed aerosol containers will deliver 95% or better
of the contained product. AEROSOLS
In a two-phase aerosol, the propellant is dissolved in the
product. In a three-phase system, the propellant forms a separate layer
A Practical Workshop Companion for Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper Plate Workers: Containing Rules for Describing Various Kinds of Patterns used by Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper Plate Workers, Practical Geometry, Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids, Tables of the Weights of Metals, Lead Pipe, Tables of Areas and Circumferences