DNA THE BOOK OF LIFE

GENETIC ENGINEERING WILL CHANGE EVERYTHING FOREVER-CRISPR

Student: Augustin Ionuț-Flavius Specialization: Genetic Engineering year1

HISTORY of DNA and GENETIC ENGINEERING
o Humans have been engineering life for thousands of
years through selective breeding. We
strengthened useful traits in plants and animals.
We became very good at this but never truly
understood how work. We discovered the Code
of life, deoxyribonucleic acid DNA in 1960 , a
complex molecule that guys at the growth
development function and reproduction of
everything alive.
o The structure of the DNA molecule consists of four
associated nucleotides that form a code that
carries instructions. The modification of the order
of the four nucleotides leads to the modification
of the being
o The first genetic changes began in 1960 with the
help of radiation creating random mutations in
o In the 70's, scientists introduced snippets with DNA into bacteria,
plants and animals to study and modify them for various
reasons: research, Medicine, agriculture and for fun.
o The first genetically modified animal was born in 1974, turning mice
into a standard tool for research, saving millions of lives.
o In the 80's, the first patent granted to a microbe designed to absorb
the oil appeared.Fig2
o Today, we produce many chemicals through Genetic Engineering
such as coagulation factors, growth hormones and insulin.
o The first genetically modified food was available to the general
public in 1994: the Flavr Savr tomato by modifying the genes
that cause putrefaction.Fig3

Fig2
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM OMG
o In the 90's, there was also a brief foray into Human
Genetic Engineering.
o To treat maternal infertility, babies were designed to
carry the genetic information from three people
making them the first humans to have three genetic
parents.
o Today there are super-muscular pigs, salmon growing
up seeing with the eyes, featherless chickens and
frogs with transparent skin.
o On the fun side, we've created things that glow in the
dark like fluorescent zebrafish that cost only $10.
 CRISPR
Clustered Regulary Interspaced Short Polindromic
Repeats
o Today the technology of genetic editing has advanced and the costs
are tens of times lower and the modification time has decreased to
a few weeks with the help of CRISPR techniques.
o CRISPR technology has the potential to change humanity forever.
o The CRISPR technique appeared with the fight between bacteria and
viruses (PHAGII). Phages hunt bacteria and kill 40% of bacteria
every day, this has led scientists to look for the importance of
CRISPR that occurs when phages implant in bacteria their own
genetic code that bacteria if they become immune become saving
the virus's DNA in the DNA archive.
o Called CRISPR safely until the immune system needs it when the
bacterium attacks the DNA file and creates a secret weapon a
protein called CAS9 that scans the inside of the battery to identify
the intruder virus comparing each piece of DNA with the sample in
the archive, when it identifies the combination It also activates the
removal of the virus's DNA, making it useless, thus protecting the
bacteria from attack. Especially the fact that the Cas9 protein is very
precise, like a DNA surgeon. The revolution began when scientists
realized that CRISPR is programmable so they could give it DNA
sequences that would take them exactly where it was needed. The
manipulation techniques were like a map, CRISPR is like a 5G GPS.
 DNA
o DNA is the "recipe" needed for the synthesis of proteins, organic molecules essential for living organisms;
o A DNA molecule contains areas called genes, areas without function, and areas with a role that is still
unknown;
o Deoxyribonucleic acid has a double helix structure. The "ladder" consists of two elastic organic chains
which are connected by the "steps" made by the hydrogen bonds.
o The "steps" are actually only four kinds, joining pairs of nitrogenous bases, which can be four different
types of organic molecules, adenine (denoted A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T);
o The four bases (A, C, T and G) can only be combined in a certain way, namely: adenine only with thymine
(A + T or T + A), and cytosine only with guanine (G + C or C + G); in other words, a type A base,
wherever it is in the chain, can only be combined with a type T base, and vice versa; similarly, G can
only be combined with C, and vice versa;
o The order matters: A + T is not the same as T + A; see the genetic code that is taken from RNA.
o Given that any base can be combined in one way, for notation only one double-stranded chain can be
chosen by convention (the sequence of the other chain results from the rules of combination);
o The basic sequence is the canonical form of information, in other words, nothing else is needed
to fully describe a DNA sequence;
o Duplication of the DNA molecule is possible by "breaking" the sequence "along" it (the "steps"
disintegrate) by the action of proteins; the resulting two strands are copied by a protein
complex called DNA polymerase. As each base on the initial strand can only be combined with
its predetermined pair, the end result consists of two identical DNA sequences, unless some
errors occur that cause genetic mutations;
o Three pairs of nitrogenous bases normally form a "codon". It encodes an amino acid. Several
codons together encode a protein.
o Mutations are nothing more than imperfections in the process of DNA synthesis: a base is
accidentally ignored ("skipped"), inserted or copied imperfectly, or the chain is cut too early or
bases are added to the ends; these basic "operations" generate all possible mutations.
o Genetic mutations are basically an alteration of some of the information in the DNA molecule. It
is sufficient, for example, to delete only a pair of nitrogenous bases from a gene, for the whole
function of the gene to be abolished. If a pair of nitrogenous bases is deleted, the codon it was
part of will encode another amino acid, which will encode another protein, which, in the end
(probably most often, but not necessarily), may to alter the latter's biological function.
Mutations can have three kinds of effects: negative, positive or neutral (they do not affect
functions for better or worse).
o These mutations are caused either by so-called mutagenic factors (cosmic radiation, chemicals,
etc.) or by the imperfect fidelity of the enzymatic synthesis (DNA polymerase) of DNA.
o Genetic mutations can also be induced intentionally by specialists.
o DNA is found in virtually any cell (exceptions: red blood cells (erythrocytes) and cells (fibers) of
the eye lens are cells that do not become functional until they lose (by expulsion, ejection) the
nucleus (and other organs), but ceases to meet the criteria that define a living cell (because it
can no longer be divided or maintained ("repair") structurally speaking):
• BIBLIOGRAFi
• https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inginerie_genetic%C4%83
• GMO SAPIENS The Life-changing Science Of Designer Babies.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY&t=43sÂ
• GENETIC ENGENERING-AUREL POPESCU University of Ploiesti
•