Industry Unit

Topic Key Points Case Studies/Examples

1. Sectors of Know the 4 sectors of employment:
Employment  Primary – Involves collecting/harvesting/mining for
a natural resource.
 Secondary – Using the resource to produce a
product ready to be sold.
 Tertiary – Any form of employment that provides a
service or sells a product.
 Quaternary – High-tech, great expertise.
Employment that requires research and development.

LEDCs – Mostly involved in the primary and secondary

industries (e.g. farming, sweatshops).
MEDCs – Secondary & tertiary industry, where some of the
most developed MEDCs have people involved in quaternary
employment.

The Clarke-Fisher Model: Shows how the percentage of

people employed in each sector of employment changes
over time, as a country develops.

2. Location of an An industry is a system of inputs and outputs. Page 136

Industry
Know the physical and human factors which affect the Page 138 – Wales:
decision on where to locate an industry:  Know that the limestone
mining industry went into
Physical Factors – Raw materials, Power/Energy, Natural decline in the rural areas
Routes, Site & Land (poor transport,
 Human Factors – Labour, Capital (money), markets, communication etc) and
transport, economies of scale, Government policies, relocated to Port Talbot.
Technology, Facilities  This improved access,
transport and trade.
 This relocation caused
the surrounding rural
areas to go into a Cycle
of Decline.
 You MUST know what this
is, be able draw it and
explain how it works, and
then apply your
knowledge of Wales to it.

3. High-tech & Footloose Industry – An industry that does not have to Nottingham Business Park:
Footloose be tied with raw materials, and therefore have more  Developed on the rural-
industries freedom in choice of location. urban fringe on the west
of the city, adjacent to the
High-Technology Industry – Industries which have been M1 motorway.
developed in the past 25 years and whose processing  Developed because the
techniques involve microelectronics. site has excellent access
(e.g. to London and other
 Most of these industries have developed on the rural- cities) and much room for
urban fringe on Greenfield sites. expansion.
 Know the advantages of developing on a Greenfield  Know all the reasons why
site and why they appeal to businesses. it is good for businesses
 You must know what some of the impacts to locate here and not in
(environmental, economic and social) are on the the CBD.
fringe.
Page 140
 The M4 Corridor:
 Investment into this transport route (which links the
west of the UK to London) has improved the
accessibility of many Greenfield sites along the
motorway.
 This development can place these areas into a cycle
of growth, where the attractive environment attracts
business investment. This creates jobs and cause
people to migrate to these areas.
 Know the reasons why businesses have chosen to
locate here and what benefits they are getting.

4. Manufacturing TNC – Trans National Corporation Page 144

Industries &
TNCs  Many TNCs have relocated to LEDC countries to take South Korea – Use your notes
advantage of the cheap labour and less strict (if any!) to be clear on how South Korea
working laws. has grown, and what the
 TNCs create positive and negative impacts on the impacts are on the country e.g.
host country that the company locates in (see page Samsung company.
144).

Something you must study... Pollution in South Korea:

 High concentrations of
Environmental Effects: Phenol in the Nakdong
 Because of the rapid growth, not much care was and Han rivers from
taken into the environment and the impacts on it. industries locating along
 Industrial Pollution the floodplains.
 Acid Rain – Use page 221 to make notes on what  This water gets into the
acid rain is and how it affects the environment. river water which flows
  Chemicals leach into water supplies and natural into underground water
routes. supplies in rural South
Korea.
 Illnesses and agriculture
suffered.
 Protests were rare, and
the government was in
full support of these
businesses locating in
South Korea.
5. Nike & TNCs Know a little about Nike:
 HQ in Oregon, USA.
 CEO – Phil Knight – Worth $1.23 billion
 Know which part of the products are done where (e.g.
farming of material in LEDCs, clothing made in
LEDCs, researched in MEDCs)
 Nike operates through International
Subcontracting, which allows them to exploit the
workers in subcontracting factories.
 This leads to social & ethical issues (e.g. issues of
sweatshops, working conditions, pay etc.)
 Make sure you are clear on how TNCs aren’t
technically being illegal, and how they are getting
away with it.